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Writings
Writings
1. STRUCTURE
he describes how cities cause families to In conclusion he says that the days of the cities are
Finally
break up. To sum up numbered.
2. SEQUENCE
Then
he looked outside.
First (of all) he opened the door. After
that
3. ADDING IDEAS
a. Adding adjectives within a sentence.
Furthermore
My father was a In addition
he was a very good one.
teacher. Not only that,
Moreover
4. ALTERNATIVES
a. Joining ideas within sentences:
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HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH – NUMBER 5
5. CONCESSION / CONTRAST
a. Within sentences
Even though
Although my brother prefers country life, he lives in the city.
Whereas
In contrast to me,
Contrasting nouns and pronouns with ideas
As opposed to me, my brother prefers...
in clauses.
Unlike me,
In spite of
living in the city, my brother prefers …
Despite
c. Linking sentences
However
I live in the country I prefer city life.
Nevertheless
On the one hand, country life is peaceful, on the other hand it can be very boring.
a. As soon as
The moment
When
Bob gets home, I'll make his tea.
Immediately
(THERE IS NO FUTURE TENSE IN THE TEMPORAL (= "TIME") CLAUSE!!)
Once
Before
After
d. Linker + noun phrase + ~ing-form Since living here, I've had nothing but trouble.
After living in London, I moved to Liverpool.
I won't do anything until I've heard from you. (Present perfect in the temporal
e. "Bis" = "until"
clause!)
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HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH – NUMBER 5
7. CONDITION
a. If
Provided that
As long as
the good weather holds, the match will take place.
Assuming that
Granted that
Given that
Unless the good weather holds, the If the good weather does not hold,
b. Unless (= "if .... not")
match will not take place. the match will not take place.
8. PURPOSE / INTENTION
a. Affirmative sentences:
b. Negative sentences.
9. REASON (CAUSE)
a. Linker + noun:
She left home because of the quarrels her parents were always having.
b. Linker + clause
10. RESULT
a. Within a sentence:
I haven't any money so I can't help you. (“So” CANNOT be used to join sentences in formal English.)
b. Linking sentences:
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HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH – NUMBER 5
Therefore,
Thus,
Stress makes many students tired. they should relax at the weekend.
Consequently
As a result of this,
11. EXCEPTION
12. EMPHASIS
a. Within a sentence:
especially reading,
All leisure activities, particularly reading, can cause tiredness.
even reading,
13. RESTATEMENT
Good working habits are very important for learning vocabulary.
In other words,
working regularly and systematically will help you to learn vocabulary better and more quickly.
That is to say,
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HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH – NUMBER 5
EXERCISES
Fill in the gaps with a suitable connector. Do not use the same connector more than once.
A.
1. Setting realistic goals helps students to organise their work efficiently ... they provide the students with suitable
incentives.
3. The first sentence of any text you read is most important because it attracts your attention. ... it will decide
whether you continue reading.
4. Books ... pencils, ... a lot of papers were lying untidily on the desk.
5. I don't care what you do. You can ... stay here ... go home.
6. If you can't get to the meeting on time, give me a ring tonight. ... leave a note with Mrs Smith.
7. ... John ... Edward was able to help me. I don't know who else to ask.
10. ... the weather was bad we enjoyed ourselves very much.
11. He wrote a book about New York ... he had never been there.
12. My father offered to lend me half the money towards the cost of the car. ... there was no way for me to raise
the other half so I didn't buy it.
13. He had never had a university education ... he became one of the most influential men in the country.
14. ... the ... living at home can restrict one's personal freedom; ... the ... it can save a student a lot of money.
B. LINKAGE AND REFERENCE.
English food has a bad name abroad (although / because / if) foreigners visiting England often meet it in the more
'popular' type of restaurant (which / it / one) is the easiest to find. The food in (the / a / such) restaurants has to be
served quickly (and / as well as / in addition) being cheap. (Although / Nevertheless / Together with) the food is
often badly cooked (together with / as well as / and) presented without any imagination. This is because some of
the restaurants do not pay enough attention to what their customers want.
(Together with / Moreover / Whereas) these restaurants do nothing for the reputation of British food abroad, the
foreigner who takes a little trouble and compares the restaurants carefully, can eat well in Britain.
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HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH – NUMBER 5
Note: "If" / "Assuming that" can be used in all types of conditional sentences. Other linkers are restricted to probable
conditions.)
Fill in the gaps with suitable linkers. Do not use the same one twice.
1. ... you work hard, you will probably get good marks in the examination.
3. ... you change your working habits, you won't have any success.
4. Don't stand on that chair ... you'll fall over and hurt yourself.
6. ... you don't make any noise, you can stay here.
10. I didn't say anything ... I didn't want to make him angry.
11. ... there was not enough demand the course was cancelled.
12. I went into his room quietly ... I didn't want to wake him.
D.
WORK
To many people the word sounds awful, not necessarily (when / if / because / alternatively) they are
lazy. The man (which / who / what) hates his job in the factory (either / neither / otherwise / or) in the office
may work very hard at the weekend, painting the house. ... he may spend a lot of his weekend in the garden,
digging and planting.
What, then, is the reason for this attitude? Often it is simply (because / although / while) they do not
like the job they are doing. (It / one / the same) may be easy, like making cardboard boxes. ... it may be well-
paid. ... the man still finds the job boring.
Very often they have to do a job (where / which / who) is just a small part of a much larger one, such
as putting in the windows of a car. ... the part they play is so small that they can never have the feeling that
they have really created something.
... in modern society, someone has to do these jobs ... that is the way society is organised. What, therefore,
can be done to make work more attractive? Should the people get more pay (alternatively / neither / or / as
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HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH – NUMBER 5
well as) should they be given more free time? ... if they are given more free time, how can they be taught to
enjoy their leisure?
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