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 Lecture 08

Input – Output Organization

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Reference Book : “Computer Organization and Architecture” by

Stallings

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 Input Output
Organization
Provides an efficient mode of
communication between the central
system and the outside environment
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Input or output devices attached to the
computer are called peripherals.
There are three types of peripherals :
• Input peripherals
• Output peripherals
• Input-output peripherals

I/O Interface
Provides a method for transferring information between
internal storage (such as memory and CPU registers) and
external I/O devices.

They are special hardware components between CPU and

peripheral to supervise and synchronize all input and
output transfer.

They are called interface units because they interface between

the processor bus processor bus and the peripheral device.
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 Accessing I/O Devices
• Single-bus structure
• The bus enables all the devices connected to it to exchange information
• Typically, the bus consists of three sets of lines used to carry address, data,
and control signals
• Each I/O device is assigned a unique set of addresses

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 I/O Mapping
1. Memory-Mapped I/O
• When I/O devices and the memory share the same address space, the
arrangement is called memory-mapped I/O.
• Any machine instruction that can access memory can be used to transfer data
to or from an I/O device.
Move DATAIN, R0
Move R0, DATAOUT
• Some processors have special In and Out instructions to perform I/O transfer.

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 I/O Mapping
1. Memory-Mapped I/O
• A single set of read/write control lines (no distinction between memory and
I/O transfer)
• Memory and I/O addresses share the common address space
-> reduces memory address range available
• No specific input or output instruction
-> The same memory reference instructions can be used for I/O transfers
• Considerable flexibility in handling I/O operations

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 I/O Mapping
2. Isolated I/O
• Many computers use common bus to transfer information between
memory or I/O.
• Separate I/O read/write control lines in addition to memory
read/write control lines
• Separate (isolated) memory and I/O address spaces
• Distinct input and output instructions
- each associated with address of interface register

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 I/O Mapping

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 I/O Mapping

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 Asynchronous Data Transfer

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 Strobe Control

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 Strobe Control

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 Handshaking

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 Modes of Transfer Mechanisms
1. Program-controlled I/O – processor polls the device.
2. Interrupt
3. Direct Memory Access (DMA)

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 Stay Safe – Stay Home

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