FUNDAMENTALS OFEMBEDDED

SYSTEM

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 What is an Embedded System?
An embedded system is one that has computer hardware with
software embedded in it asone of its components.
Or
We can say that it is “A combination of computer hardware and
software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts,
designed to perform a dedicated function.
In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or
product, asis the case of anantilock braking system in acar ”.

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 Applications of Embedded Systems
Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances,
airplanes, vending machines and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone and
PDA)are among the possible hosts of an embedded system.

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Embedded Systems in Automobiles and Embedded Systems in Smart
in telecommunications Cards,
Motor and cruise control system Bodyor Missiles and Satellites
Engine safety Entertainment and multimedia Security systems Telephone
in car E-Com and Mobile access and banking Defence and
Robotics in assembly line aerospace Communication
Wireless communication
Mobile computing and networking

Embedded Systemsin Consumer Electronics Embedded Systems in Peripherals &

Digital Cameras Computer Networking
Set top Boxes Displays and Monitors
High DefinitionTVs
DVDs
Networking Systems
Image Processing
4 Network cards and printers
 Examples

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An embedded system is a combination
of _______.

A. Software
B. Hardware
C. Both a and b
D. Devices
Which of the following are the
sources of embedded system?
A. Cell phones
B. Washing machines
C. Smart watches
D. All the above
 Types of Processors
Embedded systems are domain and application specific and
are built around central core.The core can be of one of the
type:

ASIC
DSP
FPGA

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 Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASIC(Application Specified Integrated Circuit) isacustomized integrated circuit.
It isusually used byaperson or company for avery limited usage.
It is not useful for other usages, for example, an IC designed for a specific line ofcellular
phones of a company, whereby no other products can use it except the cell phones
belonging to that product line.
ASICisjust built for one and only one customer; only in one product line.
Only volume production of ASICsfor one product can make sense which means lowunit
cost for high volume products, otherwise the cost isnot efficient.
Can exploit parallelism to achievehigh performance and havelow power consumption

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In ASIC "S" stands for :-
a) Special b) Specified c) Suspension d) Source
 Field Programmable Gate Array
Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated
circuit that can be programmed or reprogrammed to the
required functionality or application after manufacturing.
Important characteristics of field-programmable gate arrays
include lower complexity, higher speed, volume designs and
programmable functions.
With more technological advances, field-programmable gate
arrays are a convenient proposition for most designs and
markets.
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Weighing Machines.
Traffic Light Count Down Timer.
Parking Lot Counter.
Embedded systems.
Home Automation.
Industrial Automation
In FPGA "G" Stands for:-
a) Ground b) Gate c) Goal d) None of the above
 Digital Signal Processor
A Digital Signal Processor, or DSP, is a specialized microprocessor that has an
architecture which is optimized for the fast operational needs of digital signal
processing.
ADigital Signal Processor (DSP) can process data in real time, making it ideal for
applications that can’t tolerate delays.
Digital signal processors take a digital signal and process it to improve the signal into
clearer sound, faster dataor sharper images.
Digital Signal Processors use video, voice, audio, temperature or position signals
that havebeen digitized and mathematically manipulate them.

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In DSP "S" Stands for:-
a) Source b) Signal c) Sound d) Self
 Components of Embedded System

Layered architecture of an Embedded System

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 Embedded System consist of 3 main components:

1. Embedded System Hardware

2. Application Software
3. Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

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 Embedded System Hardware
An embedded system uses a hardware platform to perform the
operation. Hardware of the embedded system isassembled
with microprocessor/microcontroller. Generally, an
embedded system comprises of the following:
Power Supply
Memory
Processor
Timers
Output/Output circuits
13 Input/Input Circuits
 Embedded System Software
The software of an embedded system is written to execute a
particular function.
It is normally written in a high-level setup like Embedded C, C++,
Python etc. and then compiled down to offer code that can be stuck
within anon- volatile memory in the hardware.
An embedded system software is intended to keep in view of the
followinglimits:
1.Convenience of system memory
2.Convenience of processor’s speed

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Embedded System Comprises of:-

a) Memory b) Processors c) Timers d) All of the above

 Operating System
It acts as a bridge between user applications and underlying system through a set of
system functionalities and services.

The primary functions of an OS are:

I. Make the system convenient to use
II. Organise and manage the system resources efficiently and
correctly.

Depending upon various features of an OS like responsiveness of applications,

purpose of computing system OS isdivided into:
1. GPOS
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2. RTOS
 General Purpose Operating System (GPOS)
GPOSis an OS deployed in general computing system.

It is generalised and contains all kinds of services required for executing generic
applications.

It is non deterministic in behaviour and often induce random delays causing slow
responsivenessof an application at unexpected times.

PC, Desktop are the typical examples where GPOS are deployed.
Windows 10/8.x/XP/MS-DOS are examples of GPOS.
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In GPOS "O" Stands for:-
a) Operation b) Operand c) Operating d) Overall
 Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

Asystem which is essential to finish its task and send its service on time, then onlyit
saidto be areal time operating system.
RTOS controls the application software and affords a device to allow the processor
run.
It is responsible for managing the different hardware resources of a personal
computer and alsohost applicationswhich run on the PC.
This operating system is specially designed to run various applications with an
exact timing and a huge amount of consistency. Particularly, this can be significant
in measurement & industrial automation systems where adelay of a program could
cause asafety hazard.

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 Real Time Embedded System
Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be done in a specific time
period are called real-time systems.
It isof2 types:
1. Hard Real-Time
2. SoftReal-Time
For example, consider a system that has to open a valve within 30 milliseconds when
the humidity crosses a particular threshold. If the valve is not opened within 30
milliseconds,acatastrophe may occur.
Suchsystems with strict deadlines are called hardreal-
timesystems.
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 Hard Real-Time Embedded System

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 Soft Real Time Embedded System
In some embedded systems, deadlines are imposed, but not adhering
to them once in awhile maynot lead to a catastrophe.
For example, consider a DVDplayer. Suppose, you give a command
to the DVD player from a remote control, and there is a delay of a
few milliseconds in executing that command. But, this delay won’t
lead to aserious implication.
Suchsystems are called softreal timesystems .

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In a ______ real time system, it is guaranteed that
critical real time tasks will be completed within their
deadlines.
a) soft b) hard c) critical d) none of the mentioned
 SMART CARD
Smart Card is one of the most used embedded system today.
Commonly used for credit/debit cards, ID card, Medical
card, E-Card etc.

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MICROPROCESSOR V/S MICROCONTROLLER

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Computer Basics

Figure 37-1. Basic blocks of a digital computer.

Computer Basics (cont’d.)

Figure 37-2. Control unit of a computer.

The microprocessor ___________ those instructions from the
memory

A. Fetch
B. Decode
C. Execute
D. None of the above
Computer Basics (cont’d.)

Figure 37-3. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU).

Figure 37-4. Memory layout for a computer.
The program counter is a 16-bit register that
contains the address of the instruction fetched from
memory
While the instruction is being carried out, the program
counter is incremented by one for the next instruction
address
ALU stands for ________.
A. Arithmetic logical unit
B. Addition logic unit
C. Adders logic unit
D. None of the above
Microprocessor Architecture

Figure 37-5. Parts of an 8-bit microprocessor.

 Microprocessor Architecture
(cont’d.)

Arithmetic instructions
Add, subtract, increment, and decrement
Allow microprocessor to compute and manipulate data
 Microprocessor Architecture
(cont’d.)

Logic instructions
Contain at least one Boolean operator
AND, OR, and exclusive OR
Complement instruction
Microcontrollers

Figure 37-7. Block diagram of a microcontroller.