PM 2019 405

Secondary Market Research on Socio-economic and Political factors
affecting Pharma Market of United Kingdom, Philippines, South Africa

and Tanzania
Thesis Submitted to the NIPER Hyderabad in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of the
Degree of
Master of Business Administration
in
PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT
by
Cheguri Rajitha
PM/2019/405
Under the supervision of

Dr. B. Lakshmi,
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Management

NIPER Hyderabad
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

HYDERABAD
1
Declaration
I hereby declare that the dissertation work entitled “Secondary Market Research on Socio-
economic and Political factors affecting Pharma Market of United Kingdom, Philippines,
South Africa and Tanzania” is based on the original work carried out by me at
Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India (PHARMEXCIL) and NIPER
Hyderabad, under the supervision of Dr. B. Lakshmi, Assistant Professor, NIPER
Hyderabad. I also affirm that this work is original and has not been submitted in part or full,
for any other degree or diploma to this or any other University or Institution.
Cheguri Rajitha
28/2/2021
2
NIPER LETTER HEAD
Certificate
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “Secondary Market Research on Socio-
economic and Political factors affecting Pharma Market of United Kingdom, Philippines,
South Africa and Tanzania” submitted by Cheguri Rajitha with Regn. No. PM/2019/405
in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Business Administration (Pharm.) in
NIPER Hyderabad. This work is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any
other degree or diploma to this or any other University or Institution.
Dr. B. Lakshmi Dr. B. Lakshmi Dr. Srinivas Nanduri

Guide HoD Dean
3
4
Acknowledgements
It gives me an immense pleasure and pride to express my deep sense of gratitude and
respect for my teacher and guide Ms. Lakshmi Prasanna, Senior Regulatory Officer,
Pharmexcil for her evergreen expertise and inspiring guidance throughout the period of my
work. I am indebted to her for enlightening me on the finer skills of dealing with synthetic
problems. She is the one behind giving me a decisive turn and significant boost to my career.
I consider myself one of the fortunate people to be associated with her.
I am also thankful to Dr. B. Lakshmi, Assistant Professor, NIPER Hyderabad for her
continuous guidance and Support.
-Cheguri Rajitha
5
Abbreviations
ANDA : Abbreviated New Drug Application

MHLW : Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
PPP : Purchasing Power Parity
OECD : The Organization of Economic Co-operations &
Development
STEM : Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
CDC : Centers for Disease Control
COPD : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CKD : Chronic Kidney Disease
OTC : Over the Counter
R&D : Research and Development
CHE : Current Health Expenditure
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
CAGR : Compound Annual Growth Rate
6
Contents
S.No. Title Page No.
Abstract 8
1. Introduction 9-10
2. Objective of the work 10
Secondary Market Research on Socio-economic

and Political factors affecting Pharma Market of
3. 11-63
United Kingdom, Philippines, South Africa and
Tanzania
4. Conclusion 64-65
References 66
7
ABSTRACT
Secondary Market Research on Socio-economic and Political factors affecting Pharma

Market of United Kingdom, Philippines, South Africa and Tanzania helps Pharmexcil to find
out the export opportunities in these countries for Indian Pharma Companies.
The National Health Service (NHS) accounts for more than 98% of the UK prescription
medicines market, which is the sixth largest pharmaceutical market in the world. Most of this
market is driven by the UK's approximately 35,000 general practitioners (GPs). It is an open
market, with most leading foreign pharmaceutical companies having a strong presence.
Increasing demand for personalised treatments, an ageing population, the rise of new
manufacturing technologies and ‘digital’ medicines (drugs with an ingestible sensor
embedded in them), are some of the primary growth opportunities for the UK pharmaceutical
sector according to a report from Santander and manufacturing organisation EEF.
India was found by the data analytics company to be the top import partner of the Philippines
in 2018, contributing 12.6 percent of the total pharmaceutical imports into the country. In
2018, generics accounted for 76 percent by volume of the total pharmaceutical market in the
country. According to the Embassy of India in Manila, India’s pharmaceutical exports to the
Philippines increased from $197.32 million in the Fiscal Year 2017-18 to $220.98 million in
FY 2018-19.
Joint analysis conducted by the African Export-Import (EXIM) Bank and the Export-
Import (EXIM) Bank of India shows that commercial trade between Africa and India
has expanded more than eight-fold from $7.2 billion in 2001 to $ 59.9 billion in 2017.
Africa is home to some of the world’s fastest growing economies thanks to the rise of major
cities, expansion in healthcare capacity across the continent and a maturing business
environment. South Africa in particular boasts the fifth-highest worldwide pharmaceutical
expenditure per capita.
The vast majority of pharmaceutical imports in the private sector supply chain are dominated
by imports from India. India is competing with other countries such as Egypt, Switzerland,
USA and South Africa among the top importing countries. There was almost an equal
distribution of pharmaceutical for both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Data
presented shows a growing trend for the market segment for medicines required for the
management of non-communicable diseases. Generally, the private sector pharmaceutical
market is keeping on rising at a rapid pace. By the year 2021, the growth is forecasted to
increase by 28% compared to the current market value.
8
INTRODUCTION
The Indian pharmaceuticals market is the third largest in terms of volume and the 13th largest
in terms of value. It has established itself as a global manufacturing and a research hub. A
large raw material base and the availability of skilled workforce gives the industry a definite
competitive advantage. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is expected to grow at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.4% to touch US$ 55 billion by 2020.
The Indian pharmaceuticals market is dominated by generic drugs which constitute nearly
70% of the market, whereas over the counter (OTC) medicines and patented drugs make up
to 21% and 9%, respectively. India plans to set up a nearly Rs 1 lakh crore (US$ 1.3 billion)
fund to boost companies to manufacture pharmaceutical ingredients domestically by 2023.
Pharmaceuticals export from India stood at US$ 20.70 billion in 2019-20. India is expected to
rank among the top three pharmaceutical markets in terms of incremental growth by 2020.
India is the largest supplier of generic medicines globally (20 to 22% of the global export
volume). The total drugs & pharmaceuticals export during April 2020 to November 2020 was
US$ 15.87 billion and for the month of November 2020 it was US$ 1.99 billion. India has
exported US$ 3.89 billion of Bulk Drugs & Drug intermediates in FY20 and US$ 2.52 billion
in FY21. India has one of the lowest manufacturing costs in the world. It is lower than that of
USA and almost half of Europe.
PHARMEXCIL (Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India)

The Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council (PHARMEXCIL) was set up by Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, Government of India in 2004 with a mandate to promote Indian
Pharmaceutical exports globally.
TRADE AGREEMENTS
Trade agreement is any contractual arrangement between states concerning their trade
relationships. Trade agreements may be bilateral or multilateral i.e., between two states or
more than two states.
9
Types of Trade Agreements:
1. Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
India signed FTA with following countries:
Sri-Lanka (1998)
Afghanistan (2003)
Thailand (2004)
Singapore (2005)
Nepal (2009)
Malaysia (2011)
2. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)

India-Singapore (29th June 2005)
India-Malaysia (18th February 2011)
3. Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)

India-Mercosur
India-Chile
4. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)

India-South Korea (7th August 2009)
India-Japan (18th February 2011)
5. India – ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Singapore,

Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam)
OBJECTIVES
• To perform secondary market research on socio-economic and political factors
affecting pharma market of United Kingdom, Philippines, South Africa and Tanzania.
• To find out the most opportunistic markets for Indian Pharma Exports.
• To study the trade agreements signed by India.
10
UNITED KINGDOM
GEOGRAPHY
Location: Western Europe, islands - including the

northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland - between
the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea;
northwest of France.
Geographic coordinates: 54 00 N, 2 00 W
Natural resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas,

iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limeston e, salt, clay,
chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable
land.
Population distribution: The core of the population lies in and around London,
with significant clusters found i n central Britain around Manchester and
Liverpool, in the Scottish Lowlands between Edinburgh and Glasgow, southern
Wales in and around Cardiff, and far eastern Northern Ireland centered on
Belfast.
Natural hazards: winter windstorms; floods.
Environment current issues: air pollution improved but remains a concern,

particularly in the London region; soil pollution from pesticides and heavy
metals; decline in marine and coastal habitats brought on by pressures from
housing, tourism, and industry.
11
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN UNITED KINGDOM-
OVERVIEW
The National Health Service (NHS) accounts for more than 98% of the UK prescription
medicines market, which is the sixth largest pharmaceutical market in the world. Most of this
market is driven by the UK's approximately 35,000 general practitioners (GPs). It is an open
market, with most leading foreign pharmaceutical companies having a strong presence.
While the growth rate of this market has been decelerating, it remains one of the fastest
growing components of NHS expenditure. The NHS does not operate any kind of national
reimbursement list, but the UK government has adopted several means to keep medicines
expenditure under control. These include cash incentives and constraints for GPs relating to
expenditure on medicines, individual quarterly updates on GP prescribing, the publication of
a list of medicines that cannot be prescribed by GPs, the switching of some prescription-only
medicines to over-the-counter medicines, and a co-payment system. The main form of
economic regulation in the UK, however, remains the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation
Scheme (PPRS). This limits the rate-of-return on capital attributable to medicines sales to the
NHS, with the intended rate-of-return being equal to that of UK industry overall. The
pharmaceutical industry has generally performed relatively well in the UK market, managing
to preserve incentives to innovation. This reflects the fact that UK GPs have been able to
maintain their clinical freedom, as well as government recognition of the economic
contribution made by the pharmaceutical industry. Current issues of interest in the UK
pharmaceutical market context include the future of the PPRS, the debates over the
imposition of a national formulary and generic substitution, and over parallel trade, the
potential impact of managed-care protocols and computer-based prescribing on
pharmaceutical expenditures, and possible political changes.
12
PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
POPULATION:
NATIONALITY:
noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)
adjective: British
ETHNIC GROUPS:
White 87.2%, black/African/Caribbean/blac k British 3%, Asian/Asian British:

Indian 2.3%, Asian/Asian British: Pakistani 1.9%, mixed 2%, other 3.7% (2011
est.)
LANGUAGES:
English
note: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the
population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 speakers in Scotland),
13
Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the
population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 people in
Cornwall) (2012 est.)
RELIGIONS:
Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholi c, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%,

Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.)
AGE STRUCTURE:
0-14 years: 17.63% (male 5,943,435/female 5,651,780)
65 years and over: 18.48% (male 5,470,116/female 6,681,311) (2020 est.)
population pyramid:
DEPENDENCY RATIOS:
Total dependency ratio: 57.1
Youth dependency ratio: 27.8
Elderly dependency ratio: 29.3
Potential support ratio: 3.4 (2020 est.)
MEDIAN AGE:
Total: 40.6 years
Male: 39.6 years
14
Female: 41.7 years (2020 est.)
Country comparison to the world: 50
POPULATION GROWTH RATE:
0.49% (2020 est.)
BIRTH RATE:
11.9 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
DEATH RATE:
9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)
NET MIGRATION RATE:
2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION:
The core of the population lies in and around London, with significant clusters
found in central Britain around Manchester an d Liverpool, in the Scottish
Lowlands between Edinburgh and Glasgow, southern Wales in and aroun d
Cardiff, and far eastern Northern Ireland centered on Belfast
URBANIZATION:
urban population: 83.9% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 0.89% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
SEX RATIO:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
15
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
MATERNITY MORTALITY RATE:
7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
INFANT MORTALITY RATE:
total: 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)
PHYSICIANS DENSITY:
2.81 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
MAJOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the

novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the UK; as of 16 June
16
2020, the UK has reported 296,861 confirmed cases of COVID -19 with 41,736
deaths, the second largest outbreak in Europe after Russia; individuals arriving
in the UK must self-isolate for 14 days and may be contacted to verify
compliance; new arrivals will be required to provide UK officials with contact
and travel information prior to arrival; the US Department of Homeland Security
has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in the UK to
travel through select airports where the US Government has impleme nted
enhanced screening procedures.
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH:
17
OBESITY-ADULT PREVALANCE RATE:
27.8% (2016)
ECONOMY:
Sixth largest economy in the world, the British economy's growth has slowed since the 2016
referendum on leaving the European Union (Brexit), and even contracted in the second
quarter of 2019. The UK's GDP has only increased by 1.4% in 2019, compared to 1.3% in
2018 (IMF). According to the updated IMF forecasts from 14th April 2020, due to the
outbreak of the COVID-19, GDP growth is expected to fall to -6.5% in 2020 and pick up to
4% in 2021, subject to the post-pandemic global economic recovery, conclusion of a broad
free trade agreement (FTA) with the EU and a smooth post-Brexit transition period. The
country's economy is affected by the uncertainties surrounding the ongoing negotiation
process around Brexit and by the expected increase in future trade costs. Potential growth
also slowed due to the slow accumulation of capital, the decline in net migration from the
European Union (EU) and the persistently low productivity. According to the IMF, reverting
to WTO trade rules, even in an ordered way, would cause long-term production losses for the
UK of around 5% to 8% of GDP compared to a scenario without Brexit.
Since 2018, business investment has declined, consumption has been dampened by weak
growth in real income and public debt has remained at above 85% of GDP. However, thanks
to sustained fiscal consolidation, the public deficit fell below 2% of GDP for the first time in
15 years and inflation (1.8%) fell. Government authorities are focusing on Brexit
preparations, which involve major administrative and legislative changes. One of the
priorities will be to conclude a free trade agreement with the EU, and many analysts consider
the end of 2020 deadline unrealistic. A comprehensive strategy is underway to increase
productivity, based on supporting investment in physical and human capital. The
conservative party’s manifesto has placed particular emphasis on achieving Brexit (“get
Brexit done”) and has few details in terms of economic policy. The government has
committed to increase investment spending to 3% of GDP and to increase budget spending.
The government also said it would not increase income taxes, value added tax or the cost of
18
national insurance. The budget is expected to be announced by March 2020. Limiting the
damage caused by Brexit, boosting investment and productivity to support growth are the
main challenges the UK is facing.
Despite moderate growth, the employment rate has reached historic highs. Unemployment is
estimated at 3.8% of the working population according to the IMF and is expected to rise to
4.8% and 4.4% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. However, job creation has been characterized
by job insecurity, wage freezes and the expansion of part-time work. Unemployment is still
present among young job seekers. It is estimated that one in five people under the age of 24 is
unemployed. The relatively solid macroeconomic performance of the United Kingdom
conceals weaknesses and situations of inequality. Thus, as the IMF has emphasized,
strengthening human capital is a key priority. The government's efforts to invest in
infrastructure, increase the supply of housing and increase the participation of women in the
labor market will also help support more sustainable and inclusive growth.
Labor force:
33.5 million (2017 est.)
Labor force-by occupation:
agriculture: 1.3%
industry: 15.2%
services: 83.5% (2014 est.)
19
Exports:
$441.2 billion (2017 est.)
$407.3 billion (2016 est.)
Exports-Partners:
US 13.2%, Germany 10.5%, France 7.4%, Netherlands 6.2%, Ireland 5.6%,

China 4.8%, Switzerland 4.5% (2017)
20
Exports commodities:
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco
Imports:
$615.9 billion (2017 est.)
$591 billion (2016 est.)
Imports-commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs
Imports-Partners:
Germany 13.7%,
US 9.5%, China 9.3%, Netherlands 8%, France 5.4%, Belgium 5% (2017)
HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE IN UNITED KINGDOM:
• Total current healthcare expenditure in 2017 was £197.4 billion, an increase in current
prices of 3.3% on spending in 2016.
• Total current healthcare expenditure in the UK accounted for 9.6% of gross domestic
product (GDP) in 2017, compared with 9.7% in 2016.
• In real terms, adjusted for inflation, total healthcare spending increased by 1.1% in
2017, while real healthcare expenditure per person grew by 0.5%; these represented the
lowest rates of growth since the start of the series in 2013.
• Government-financed healthcare expenditure in 2017 accounted for 79% of total
healthcare spending, at £155.6 billion.
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• Government-financed healthcare expenditure, in real terms, grew by 0.3% in 2017,
while non-government healthcare financing increased by 4.5%, the lowest and highest rates
respectively since the series started in 2013.
• While curative and rehabilitative care made up 65% of government-financed
healthcare expenditure, it only represented 29% of non-government expenditure, a similar
amount to the share of long-term care (health) and medical goods spending.
• Spending on long-term care was £48.2 billion in 2017; the increase in real terms of
1.3% on 2016 was the lowest since 2014 and a result of lower growth in long-term care
(health).
• Government-financed healthcare expenditure in 2017 accounted for 79% of total
healthcare spending, at £155.6 billion.
• Government-financed healthcare expenditure, in real terms, grew by 0.3% in 2017,
while non-government healthcare financing increased by 4.5%, the lowest and highest rates
respectively since the series started in 2013.
22
PHILIPPINES
GEOGRAPHY
Location: Southeastern
Asia, archipelago between
the Philippine Sea and the
South China Sea, east of
Vietnam.
Geographic coordinates:
13 00 N, 122 00 E.
Natural resources: timber,

petroleum, nickel, cobalt,
silver, gold, salt, copper.
Population distribution: population concentrated where good farml ands lie;

highest concentrations are northwest and south -central Luzon, the southeastern
extension of Luzon, and the islands of the Visayan Sea, particularly Cebu and
Negros; Manila is home to one-eighth of the entire national population .
Natural hazards: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five
to six cyclonic storms each year; la ndslides; active volcanoes; destructive
earthquakes; tsunamis.
volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Taal (311 m), which has shown recent
unrest and may erupt in the near future, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by
the International Association of Volc anology and Chemistry of the Earth's
Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to
human populations; Mayon (2,462 m), the c ountry's most active volcano, erupted
in 2009 forcing over 33,000 to be evacuated; other historically active volcanoes
include Biliran, Babuyan Claro, Bulusan, Camiguin, Camiguin de Babuyanes,
Didicas, Iraya, Jolo, Kanlaon, Makaturing, Musuan, Parker, Pina tubo, and
Ragang.
23
Environment current issues: uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed
areas; illegal mining and logging; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major
urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangro ve
swamps that are important fish breeding grounds; coastal erosion; dynamite
fishing; wildlife extinction.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
The Philippines is the 11th most attractive pharmaceutical market in the Asia-Pacific region
and the third-largest pharmaceutical market in ASEAN, after Indonesia and Thailand. The
country’s pharmaceutical industry is projected to grow by 4.5 per cent annually over the next
five years reaching P164 billion in 2018 from P146 billion in 2014 representing the value
output or production of industry, including research based pharmaceutical and generic
companies, according to IMS Consulting for the Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association of
the Philippines (PHAP). The Filipino pharmaceuticals is one of the fastest growing industries
in the country and has grown year to year. Of the world’s Top 20 pharmaceutical companies,
over 14 have manufacturing facilities in the Philippines. Business registration in the
pharmaceutical industry in the Philippines is a growing and expanding financial opportunity
too. The pharmaceutical manufacturing sector ranks is listed in the top 22 per cent of the 240
sectors in the Philippines.
“The Philippines is growing in so many ways; with one of the youngest populations in Asia,
rapidly increasing income and the ‘middle class’, foreign investment and business investment
in outsourcing and technology operations, and a large amount of overseas Filipino workers
paying contributing large amounts to GDP from across the globe. The shift has been made
from infectious disease to noncommunicable disease; with diet, alcohol and low exercise
causing heart disease and other conditions to grow rapidly. Healthcare products and
medicines are in demand in the Philippines, but the cost and availability in an out-of-pocket
market means many products are out of geographical and financial reach for many”, says Dr
Edward Booty, CEO, Allied World Healthcare, the Philippines.
The Philippines has a higher utilization rate of lower-cost generics than other Asia-Pacific
countries with comparable GDPs. Generic medicine prescriptions by physicians has also
24
increased by 7 percentage points since 2011 (from 66 per cent in June 2011 to 73 per cent in
June 2014) enhancing patient access to medicines.
The government’s bulk procurement of pharmaceutical products has also helped bring down
prices of medicines to Filipino patients. Changing manufacturing scenario Foreign drug
companies account for over 75 per cent of the pharmaceutical market. Some of the biggest
foreign drug companies in the Philippines are Sanofi, Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. It is also
seen that there has been a huge growth in generic drugs made by domestic and foreign
pharmaceutical companies in the Philippines. The fastest growing companies include
Novartis’ generic arm Sandoz, Taiwan’s Orient Europharma (OEP) and Getz Pharma of
Pakistan. In total, there are more than 500 drug traders, 700 drug importers, and 5,000 drug
distributors in the Philippines. Over the years, the MNCs which had manufacturing plants in
the country closed down their facilities, and began to import from corporate production
centres abroad, or turn to local contract manufacturers. At the moment, only few
pharmaceutical multinationals have manufacturing facilities in the Philippines. However, the
ones with manufacturing plants find it cost-efficient to produce in the country.
GlaxoSmithKline is one example which has sustained its manufacturing in the Philippines.
“The importation of medicines (and other goods) has been traditionally challenging in the
Philippines, but a number of reforms are underway to streamline and improve this process.
Manufacturing in-country is a request many country make to improve the number of high
quality, local jobs – but a pharma manufacturer cannot fully decentralize their operations as
that would remove economies of scale, and thus strategic choices will have to be made for
global pharma as to whether the market size, improved government relations, and potential
reduction of logistics and taxation costs would make economic sense overall”, comments Dr
Booty on the changing Filipino scenario.
While many multinationals abandoned the Philippines, the local manufacturing industry
became livelier. The number of laboratories declined over the years, as many were not able to
cope with technological advancement and increasingly stringent requirements, but the ones
that survived are Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliant and at par with the latest
technologies.
In the same haste, pharmaceutical companies in the Philippines also undertake various
activities in the course of their business operations, which require the use of IPR. As part of
25
their worldwide R&D, originator companies are conducting clinical trials in the Philippines
in an increasing number, such that the Philippines is now ranked third in South East Asia,
next to Thailand and Singapore in terms of the number of pharmaceutical industries
sponsored clinical trials, according to KPMG Report.
Government Initiatives
The Philippines government has doubled its efforts in improving the pharmaceutical market.
This increased intervention under the universal health care initiative and a growing
acceptance of generic drugs has caused a shake-up in the sector. Adding up to the
complexity, optimistic growth forecasts indicate a huge potential for the private sector.
Talking about the various initiatives taken by the Philippines government in the
pharmaceutical sector, Dr Booty says, “The Philippines government grew their ‘Health for
All’ programme over the past few years, with various programmes to improve digital
services, deploy medical workers to rural areas, create integrated ‘Service Delivery
Networks’ and combat a number of other health challenges. The pharma sector has seen a
number of innovations, ranging from ePharmacy ordering, to local health data innovations, to
cross-pharma access programs in lower-income communities. Novartis and Allied World
Healthcare are pioneering community healthcare access models and financing schemes,
helping connect communities to essential healthcare support.”
Some of the initiatives taken by the Filipino government are:
● BnB Project: The Philippine government established Botika ng Barangay with the aim of
increasing the accessibility to health care products to people in rural areas where prices are
50 – 70 per cent cheaper compared to leading brands. Botika ng Barangay refers to a drug
outlet managed by a legitimate community organization (CO or nongovernment organization
(NGO) and/or the Local Government unit (LGU), with a trained operator and a supervising
pharmacist. This provides primary, non-prescription generic drugs listed in the Philippine
National Drug Formulary (PNDF) and selected prescription drugs are sold/made available.
● Republic Act A 9502: Cheaper Medicine Act- The Philippine Government in 2007 created
RA 9502 with the intention to achieve better health outcomes for Filipinos by assuring that
quality medicines are accessible and affordable to as many Filipinos especially the poor. The
26
law and its implementing Rules and Regulation intend to make medicines more accessible
and affordable to Filipinos by enforcing provision that improve market competition,
availability, contain costs, improve health care provider and consumers behaviour, and when
instances so require, even regulate prices.
PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
POPULATION:
109,180,815 (July 2020 est.)
NATIONALITY:
noun: Filipino(s)
adjective: Philippine
AGE STRUCTURE:
Population pyramid:
27
MEDIAN AGE:
total: 24.1 years
male: 23.6 years
female: 24.6 years (2020 est.)
1.52% (2020 est.)
BIRTH RATE:
DEATH RATE:
6 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)
NET MIGRATION RATE:
-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)
28
population concentrated where good farmlands lie; highest concentrations are

northwest and south-central Luzon, the southeastern extension of Luzon, and the
islands of the Visayan Sea, particularly Cebu and Negros; Manila is home to
one-eighth of the entire national population.
SEX RATIO:
total: 20 deaths/1,000 live births
29
female: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)
CURRENT HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE:
4.4% (2017)
PHYSICIANS DENSITY:
degree of risk: high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhoea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever.
vector borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria.
water contact diseases: leptospirosis.
note - on 8 October 2019, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention issued
a Travel Health Notice regarding a polio outbreak in the Philippines; CDC
recommends that all travellers to the Philippines be vaccinated fully against
polio; before traveling to the Philippines, adults who comple ted their routine
30
polio vaccine series as children should receive a single, lifetime adult booster
dose of polio vaccine
6.4% (2016)
31
ECONOMY:
The economy has been relatively resilient to global economic shocks d ue to less
exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports,
relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from about 10
million overseas Filipino workers and migrants, and a rapidly expanding services
industry. During 2017, the current account balance fell int o the negative range,
the first time since the 2008 global financial crisis, in part due to an ambitious
new infrastructure spending program announced this year. However,
international reserves remain at comfortable levels and the banking system is
stable.
Efforts to improve tax administration and expenditures management have helped

ease the Philippines' debt burden and tight fiscal situation. The Philippines
received investment-grade credit ratings on its sover eign debt under the former
AQUINO administration and has had little difficulty financing its budget
deficits. However, weak absorptive capacity and implementation bottlenecks
have prevented the government from maximizing its expenditure plans. Although
it has improved, the low tax-to-GDP ratio remains a constraint to supporting
32
increasingly higher spending levels and sustaining high and inclusive growth
over the longer term.
Economic growth has accelerated, averaging over 6% per year from 2011 to
2017, compared with 4.5% under the MACAPAGAL-ARROYO government; and
competitiveness rankings have improved. Although 2017 saw a new record year
for net foreign direct investment inflows, FDI to the Philippines has continued to
lag regional peers, in part because the Philippine constitution and other laws
limit foreign investment and restrict foreign ownership in important
activities/sectors - such as land ownership and public utilities.
Although the economy grew at a rapid pace under the AQUINO government,
challenges to achieving more inclusive growth remain. We alth is concentrated in
the hands of the rich. The unemployment rate declined from 7.3% to 5.7%
between 2010 and 2017; while there has been some improvement,
underemployment remains high at around 17% to 18% of the employed
population. At least 40% of the employed work in the informal sector. Poverty
afflicts more than a fifth of the total population but is as high as 75% in some
areas of the southern Philippines. More than 60% of the poor reside in rural
areas, where the incidence of poverty (about 30%) is more severe - a challenge
to raising rural farm and non-farm incomes. Continued efforts are needed to
improve governance, the judicial system, the regulatory environment, the
infrastructure, and the overall ease of doing business.2016 saw the election of
President Rodrigo DUTERTE, who has pledged to make inclusive growth and
poverty reduction his top priority. DUTERTE believes that illegal drug use,
crime and corruption are key barriers to economic development. The
administration wants to reduce the povert y rate to 17% and graduate the
economy to upper-middle income status by the end of President DUTERTE’s
term in 2022. Key themes under the government’s Ten -Point Socioeconomic
Agenda include continuity of macroe conomic policy, tax reform, higher
investments in infrastructure and human capital development, and improving
competitiveness and the overall ease of doing business. The administration sees
infrastructure shortcomings as a key barrier to sustained economic growth and
33
has pledged to spend $165 billion on infrastructure by 2022. Although the final
outcome has yet to be seen, the current administration is shepherding legislation
for a comprehensive tax reform program to raise revenues for its ambitious
infrastructure spending plan and to promote a more eq uitable and efficient tax
system. However, the need to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts in
the southern region of Mindanao following the 2017 Marawi City siege may
compete with other spending on infrastructure.
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity):
$877.2 billion (2017 est.)
$822.2 billion (2016 est.)
$769.3 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP-Per capita (PPP):
$8,400 (2017 est.)
$8,000 (2016 est.)
$7,600 (2015 est.)

Labor force:
34
agriculture: 25.4%
industry: 18.3%
Unemployment rate:
5.7% (2017 est.)
5.5% (2016 est.)
Exports:
$48.2 billion (2017 est.)
$57.41 billion (2016 est.)
Exports-Partners:
Japan 16.4%, US 14.6%, Hong Kong 13.7%, China 11%, Singapore 6.1%,
Thailand 4.3%, Germany 4.1%, South Korea 4% (2017).
semiconductors and electronic products, machinery and transport equipment,

wood manufactures, chemicals, processed food and beverages, garments, coconut
oil, copper concentrates, seafood, bananas/fruits .
35
Imports:
$89.39 billion (2017 est.)
$78.28 billion (2016 est.)
electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and
steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic .
Imports-Partners:
China 18.1%, Japan 11.4%, South Korea 8.8%, US 7.4%, Thailand 7.1%,
Indonesia 6.7%, Singapore 5.9% (2017).
The Philippines’ economic freedom score is 64.5, making its economy the 70th freest in the
2020 Index. Its overall score has increased by 0.7 point due primarily to a higher government
integrity score. The Philippines is ranked 14th among 42 countries in the Asia–Pacific region,
and its overall score is well above the regional and world averages. The Philippine economy
has retained its moderately free rank for the seventh year in a row. GDP growth has boomed
as well, averaging more than 6 percent for the past five years, but the pace of growth is
slowing along with global commerce. To boost economic growth and continue to gain more
economic freedom, the government needs to focus on the country’s lagging Index indicators
related to the rule of law and the regulatory environment.
NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIAN PHARMA IN PHILIPPINES
Sasmitha Sahu, Pharma Analyst at Global Data, commented, “The introduction of the UHC
Act has increased the outlook on healthcare spending. While the innovator pharmaceutical
space in the country is dominated by the subsidiaries of key US and EU companies, India can
look to maintain its dominance in the generic pharmaceuticals space against this backdrop.”
36
India was found by the data analytics company to be the top import partner of the Philippines
in 2018, contributing 12.6 percent of the total pharmaceutical imports into the country. In
2018, generics accounted for 76 percent by volume of the total pharmaceutical market in the
country.
According to the Embassy of India in Manila, India’s pharmaceutical exports to the

Philippines increased from $197.32 million in the Fiscal Year 2017-18 to $220.98 million in
FY 2018-19.
Sahu explains: “The Philippines’ pharmaceutical market is import-driven. Indian generics,

which entered the Philippines after the introduction of the Generics Act of 1988, have
witnessed an upward uptake trend due to their equivalent or superior efficacy at lower
prices.”
In 2019, the Philippines also introduced corporate tax reforms applicable to both domestic
corporations and Philippine operations of foreign companies.
37
SOUTH AFRICA
GEOGRAPHY
Location: Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa .
Geographic coordinates: 29 00 S, 24 00 E.
Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese,

nickel, phosphates, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum,
copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas .
Population distribution: the population concentrated along the southern and

southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is
more densely populated than the west.
38
Natural hazards: prolonged droughts .
volcanism: the volcano forming Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands,
which last erupted in 2004, is South Africa' s only active volcano.
Environment current issues: Lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires

extensive water conservation and control measures; growt h in water usage
outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban
discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; deforestation; soil erosion; land
degradation; desertification; solid waste pollution; disruption of fragile
ecosystem has resulted in significant floral extinctions .
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Africa is home to some of the world’s fastest growing economies thanks to the rise of major
cities, expansion in healthcare capacity across the continent and a maturing business
environment. South Africa in particular boasts the fifth-highest worldwide pharmaceutical
expenditure per capita. Although its largest killer remains HIV/Aids, the country’s evolving
demographic and epidemiological profile creates increased revenue earning opportunities for
pharmaceutical companies, particularly those producing non-communicable disease
treatments.
In recent years, several private sector companies have considered regional pharmaceutical
production in South Africa but almost all have failed to make an investment. This is in stark
contrast to the massive growth in API production in the other Brics nations (Brazil, Russia,
India and China). Major constraints for developing the pharmaceutical industry in South
Africa include the small local market, lack of skilled workforce, poor infrastructure, long lead
times, insufficient regulation and an export-averse culture. Together, these have prevented
regional manufacturers from achieving the economies of scale that are essential to survive in
a global market while deterring foreign investors.
39
Yet these same factors could open the door for dramatic changes when the switch from batch
manufacturing to continuous flow processing comes. Africa was able to leapfrog traditional
fixed-line telecommunications and move straight to cellular networks; in the same way, there
is limited existing pharmaceutical infrastructure to hinder the adoption of a new, disruptive
technology. As a result, the use of flow technologies has received widespread interest and
been identified as a critical development area at both industrial and government levels within
the 16-state Southern African Development Community. This is particularly true for South
Africa, where health inequalities hinder much of the population’s access to essential
medicines and the ability to innovate is critical for development.
There is a clear business case for regional API manufacturing companies to adopt new
technologies and embrace digital disruption. These technologies can effectively limit the
impact of critical drug shortages, protect against foreign exchange fluctuations and help to
generate competitive differentiation. We believe the Africa region can initially focus on the
implementation of multi-step continuous flow synthesis in newly established API
manufacturing facilities. This could also include green chemistry practices, robotics, process
automation and continuous monitoring systems to minimise waste and energy consumption.
However, for this uptake to be successful, regional pharmaceutical companies will need to
expand their skill sets and cross the digital divide. If they can make this change, then Africa
could be home to one of the most advanced pharmaceutical hubs in the world.
PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
POPULATION:
56,463,617 (July 2020 est.)
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess
mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant
mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, an d changes in the
distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected .
40
NATIONALITY:
noun: South African(s)
adjective: South African
AGE STRUCTURE:
population pyramid:
MEDIAN AGE:
total: 28 years
male: 27.9 years
41
0.97% (2020 est.)
BIRTH RATE:
DEATH RATE:
the population concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and
inland around Pretoria; the eastern half o f the country is more densely populated
than the west.
SEX RATIO:
0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female
42
male: 31 deaths/1,000 live births
8.1% (2017)
PHYSICIANS DENSITY:
degree of risk: intermediate (2020)
43
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhoea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis.
note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the

novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 16
June 2020, South Africa has reported 73,533 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with
1,568 deaths, the largest outbreak in Africa; on 24 May 2020, the Government of
South Africa announced the lockdown alert level for South Africa will be
lowered to level 3 with effect on 1 June 2020, ex cept for some areas designated
as “coronavirus hotspots”; per the lockdown, all airports in South Africa are
closed to commercial traffic
28.3% (2016)
44
LIFE EXPECTANCY:
45
46
ECONOMY:
South Africa is a middle-income emerging market with an abundant supply of

natural resources; well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and
transport sectors; and a stock exchange that is Africa’s largest and among the top
20 in the world.
Economic growth has decelerated in recent years, slowing to an estimated 0.7%

in 2017. Unemployment, poverty, and inequality - among the highest in the
world - remain a challenge. Official unemployment is roughly 27% of the
workforce, and runs significantly higher among black youth. Even though the
country's modern infrastructure supports a relative ly efficient distribution of
goods to major urban centres throughout the region, unstable electricity supplies
retard growth. Eskom, the state-run power company, is building three new power
stations and is installing new power demand management programs to improve
power grid reliability but has been plagued wit h accusations of mismanagement
and corruption and faces an increasingly high debt burden.
South Africa's economic policy has focused on controlling inflation while

empowering a broader economic base; however, the country faces structural
constraints that also limit economic growth, such as skills shortages, declining
global competitiveness, and frequent work stoppages due to strike action. The
government faces growing pressure from urban constituencies to improve the
delivery of basic services to low -income areas, to increase job growth, and to
provide university level-education at affordable prices. Political infighting
among South Africa’s ruling party and the volatility of the rand risks economic
growth. International investors are concerned about the cou ntry’s long-term
economic stability; in late 2016, most major international credit ratings agencies
downgraded South Africa’s international debt to junk bond status.
Current scenario:
South Africa’s economic freedom score is 58.8, making its economy the 106th freest in the
2020 Index. Its overall score has increased by 0.5 point due to a higher government integrity
47
score. South Africa is ranked 12th among 47 countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, and
its overall score is well above the regional average and slightly below the world average.
The South African economy fell back into the mostly unfree category in 2019 after 24 years
in the ranks of the moderately free. It remains mostly unfree in 2020. GDP growth has been
anemic for the past five years.
To turn the trajectory of economic freedom positive again in South Africa and achieve its
goals of economic growth and job creation, the government needs to confront persistent labor
market rigidities and pursue stricter application of rules against anticompetitive behavior. The
progressive politicization of economic decision-making is a threat to the private sector and
long-term development.
$767.2 billion (2017 est.)
$757.2 billion (2016 est.)
$752.9 billion (2015 est.)

$13,600 (2017 est.)
$13,600 (2016 est.)
$13,800 (2015 est.)

48
Labor force:
agriculture: 4.6%
industry: 23.5%
Unemployment rate:
27.5% (2017 est.)
26.7% (2016 est.)
Exports:
$94.93 billion (2017 est.)
$75.16 billion (2016 est.)
Exports-Partners:
China 9.5%, US 7.7%, Germany 7.1%, Japan 4.7%, India 4.6%, Botswana 4.3%,
Namibia 4.1% (2017).
49
gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals and minerals, machinery and equipment .
Imports:
$89.36 billion (2017 est.)
$79.57 billion (2016 est.)
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments,

foodstuffs.
Imports-Partners:
China 18.3%, Germany 11.9%, US 6.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, India 4.7% (2017)
50
TANZANIA
GEOGRAPHY
Location: Eastern
Africa, bordering
the Indian
Ocean, between
Kenya and
Mozambique.
Geographic
coordinates: 6
00 S, 35 00 E
Natural resources: hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, dia monds,
gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel .
Population distribution: the largest and most populous East African country;
population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters
occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast.
Natural hazards: flooding on the central plateau during the rain y season;
drought.
volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted

lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru .
51
Environment current issues: water pollution; improper management of liquid
waste; indoor air pollution caused by the burning of fuel wood or charcoal for
cooking and heating is a large environmental health issue; soil degradation;
deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine
habitats; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory;
loss of biodiversity; solid waste disposal .
TANZANIA IMPORTS FROM INDIA
Tanzania Imports from India of Pharmaceutical products was US$126.2 Million during 2018,
according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade.
The vast majority of pharmaceutical imports in the private sector supply chain are dominated
by imports from India. India is competing with other countries such as Egypt, Switzerland,
USA and South Africa among the top importing countries. There was almost an equal
distribution of pharmaceutical for both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Data
52
presented shows a growing trend for the market segment for medicines required for the
management of non-communicable diseases.
Generally, the private sector pharmaceutical market is keeping on rising at a rapid pace. By
the year 2021, the growth is forecasted to increase by 28% compared to the current market
value. The growth could encompass more generic pharmaceuticals than branded
pharmaceuticals; this is suggestive of the relatively high price of branded pharmaceuticals
compared to generics. The projected growth rate could be good news for foreign
pharmaceutical companies seeking new sources of growth in international pharmaceutical
trading. It is also good news to the poor patients if availability of drugs previously
unavailable in the country is significantly increased.
53
HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE:
PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
POPULATION:
58,552,845 (July 2020 est.)
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess
mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant
mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the
distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected .
NATIONALITY:
noun: Tanzanian(s)
adjective: Tanzanian
54
AGE STRUCTURE:
55-64 years: 3.52% (male 954,251/female 1,107,717)
65 years and over: 3.08% (male 747,934/female 1,056,905) (2020 est.)
population pyramid:
MEDIAN AGE:
total: 18.2 years
male: 17.9 years
2.71% (2020 est.)
BIRTH RATE:
55
DEATH RATE:
NET MIGRATION RATE:
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)
the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is
extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of
country and along the east coast
SEX RATIO:
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
56
3.6% (2017)
PHYSICIANS DENSITY:
degree of risk: very high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and ty phoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
animal contact diseases: rabies
8.4% (2016)
57
LIFE EXPECTANCY:
58
URBAN POPULATION:
INFANT MORTALITY RATE AND DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER 5

YEARS OLD:
59
ECONOMY:
Tanzania has achieved high growth rates based on its va st natural resource
wealth and tourism with GDP growth in 2009 -17 averaging 6%-7% per year. Dar
es Salaam used fiscal stimulus measures and easier monetary policies to lessen
the impact of the global recession and in general, benefited from low oil prices.
Tanzania has largely completed its transition to a market economy, th ough the
government retains a presence in sectors such as telecommunications, banking,
energy, and mining.
The economy depends on agriculture, which accounts for slightly less than one -
quarter of GDP and employs about 65% of the work force, although gold
production in recent years has increased to about 35% of exports. All land in
Tanzania is owned by the government, which can lease l and for up to 99 years.
Proposed reforms to allow for l and ownership, particularly foreign land
ownership, remain unpopular.
The financial sector in Tanzania has expanded in recent years and foreign -owned
banks account for about 48% of the banking industry 's total assets. Competition
among foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant improvements in the
efficiency and quality of financial services, though interest rates are still
relatively high, reflecting high fraud risk. Banking reforms have help ed increase
private-sector growth and investment.
The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to
rehabilitate Tanzania's aging infrastructure, including rail and port, which
provide important trade links for inland countries. In 2013, Tanzania completed
the world's largest Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) grant, worth $698
million, but in late 2015, the MCC Board of Directors deferred a decision to
renew Tanzania’s eligibility because of irregularities in voting in Zanzibar and
concerns over the government's use of a controversial cyberc rime bill.
The new government elected in 2015 has developed an ambitio us development

agenda focused on creating a better business environment through improved
60
infrastructure, access to financing, and education progress, but implementing
budgets remains challenging for the government. Recent policy moves by
President MAGUFULI are aimed at protecting domestic industry and have
caused concern among foreign investors.
$162.5 billion (2017 est.)
$153.3 billion (2016 est.)
$143.3 billion (2015 est.)

$3,200 (2017 est.)
$3,100 (2016 est.)
$3,000 (2015 est.)

Labor force:
agriculture: 66.9%
61
industry: 6.4%
Unemployment rate:
10.3% (2014 est.)
Exports:
$4.971 billion (2017 est.)
$5.697 billion (2016 est.)
Exports-Partners:
India 21.8%, South Africa 17.9%, Kenya 8.8%, Switzerland 6.7%, Belgium
5.9%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5.8%, China 4.8% (2017)
gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton
Imports:
$7.869 billion (2017 est.)
$8.464 billion (2016 est.)

62
consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, indus trial raw

materials, crude oil.
Imports-Partners:
India 16.5%, China 15.8%, UAE 9.2%, Saudi Arabia 7.9%, South Africa 5.1%,
Japan 4.9%, Switzerland 4.4% (2017)
63
CONCLUSION
UNITED KINGDOM
Increasing demand for personalised treatments, an ageing population, the rise of new
manufacturing technologies and ‘digital’ medicines (drugs with an ingestible sensor
embedded in them) are some of the primary growth opportunities for the UK pharmaceutical
sector.
PHILIPPINES
It is estimated that the Philippine pharmaceutical market will grow to reach 241.9 billion
Philippine Pesos (PHP), equivalent to $3.7 billion, in 2025 following the introduction of the
UHC Act in February 2019, enabling the already high Indian pharmaceutical imports into the
country to increase further.
The UHC was introduced to ensure ‘100 percent population coverage’ under the National
Health Insurance Program (NHIP) in the Philippines. The Department of Health (DOH)
budget to implement the UHC Act in 2019 is 257 billion PHP.
Introduction of the Universal Health Care (UHC) Act alongside business and corporate tax
regulatory reforms in the Philippines may open new avenues for the Indian Pharma Industry.
SOUTH AFRICA
Some of the important challenges facing the industry are tensions between improving access
to affordable medicines on the one hand, and growing the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals
on the other. Other factors influencing the sector include the introduction of the National
Health Insurance (NHI), significant changes in technologies to manufacture drugs and the
emergence of the use of cannabis and other alternative healing methods. Weak economic
growth means that the public health sector will be required to do more with fewer resources
than initially planned. It also has implications for the filling of an additional much-needed
12,000 pharmacist posts in the public sector.
64
TANZANIA
Tanzania's pharmaceutical market will experience relatively strong growth in the coming
years, albeit from a small base, owing to the country's large and growing population as well
as increasing urbanization levels. Demand for medicines is expected to increase significantly
as efforts to install universal healthcare coverage start to materialize and more people acquire
access to quality healthcare facilities. Local production will remain limited and the country
will continue to rely mainly on generic drug imports.
65
REFERENCES
www.cia.gov
www.worldometers.info
www.pharmafield.co.uk
www.ons.gov.uk
www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com
www.data.worldbank.org
www.iqvia.com
www.mckinsey.com
www.ibef.org
66

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Secondary Market Research on Socio-economic and Political factors

affecting Pharma Market of United Kingdom, Philippines, South Africa

Under the supervision of

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Management

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

Dr. B. Lakshmi Dr. B. Lakshmi Dr. Srinivas Nanduri

ANDA : Abbreviated New Drug Application

S.No. Title Page No.

2. Objective of the work 10

Secondary Market Research on Socio-economic

Secondary Market Research on Socio-economic and Political factors affecting Pharma

PHARMEXCIL (Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India)

2. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)

3. Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)

4. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)

5. India – ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Singapore,

Location: Western Europe, islands - including the

Natural resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas,

Natural hazards: winter windstorms; floods.

Environment current issues: air pollution improved but remains a concern,

noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)

White 87.2%, black/African/Caribbean/blac k British 3%, Asian/Asian British:

Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholi c, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%,

0-14 years: 17.63% (male 5,943,435/female 5,651,780)

15-24 years: 11.49% (male 3,860,435/female 3,692,398)

25-54 years: 39.67% (male 13,339,965/female 12,747,598)

55-64 years: 12.73% (male 4,139,378/female 4,234,701)

65 years and over: 18.48% (male 5,470,116/female 6,681,311) (2020 est.)

Total dependency ratio: 57.1

Youth dependency ratio: 27.8

Elderly dependency ratio: 29.3

Potential support ratio: 3.4 (2020 est.)

Total: 40.6 years

Male: 39.6 years

Country comparison to the world: 50

POPULATION GROWTH RATE:

0.49% (2020 est.)

11.9 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)

country comparison to the world: 166

9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)

country comparison to the world: 47

NET MIGRATION RATE:

2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)

country comparison to the world: 41

urban population: 83.9% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.89% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

MATERNITY MORTALITY RATE:

7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 158

INFANT MORTALITY RATE:

total: 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)