1 Reflection of Light (b)

Practice 1.1 (p.6)

1 C
2 C
3 D
4 Luminous objects: candle flame, lighted lamps
and the sun 5 (a) Angle of incidence = 90° - 30° = 60°
Non-luminous objects: books, blackboards (b)
and the moon
(Or other reasonable answers)
5 (a) Divergent
(b) Divergent
(c) Parallel
6 (a)
(c) With the notation in the figure,
b = a = 60°
d = c = 90° - b = 90° - 60° = 30°
\ The angle of reflection for the final
reflected ray is 30°.
(b) 6 Regular reflection occurs on the flat surface of
glossy paper. As a result, an image of the lamp
is formed. This makes it difficult to read the
prints.
7 (a) Diffuse reflection occurs on the
crumpled sheet. Therefore, a distorted
image is formed.
Practice 1.2 (p.11)
(b) John’s statement is incorrect. The laws
1 C
of reflection still hold in diffuse
2 A
reflection.
3 C
4 (a) Angle of incidence
= 90° - 40°
Practice 1.3 (p.25)
1 A
= 50°
2 D
Angle of reflection
3 A
= angle of incidence
4 D
= 50°
 A A¢
B B¢

Distance between Harry and the image of the

monster
= 2 + 2 + 10
= 14 m
5 C
9
6
7 (a) Any two of the following:
Behind the mirror
Virtual
At the same distance from the mirror as
the girl is
Of the same size as the girl
Erect
Laterally inverted
(b) Remains unchanged 10 (a) Distance between Eva and her image
8 (a) In the diagram, the angle of incidence is = 1.4 + 1.4 = 2.8 m
not equal to the angle of reflection. (b)
Also, ray is drawn from the eye to the
object.
Correct ray diagram (a cone of ray can
also be drawn):

Chris’s image

(c) No, she cannot.

Eva should move towards west.
11 (a)

(b) In the diagram, A¢ (image of A) is not as

far behind the mirror as A in front, so
does B¢ and B.
Correct ray diagram:
r = i = 90° - 65° = 25°
 50 - H The image formed by a plane mirror is always
tan 25° =
40
of the same size as the object.
Þ H = 31.3 m
(b)
Multiple-choice questions (p.29)
4 B
5 A
6 A
(c) Any two of the following:
7 A
Behind the curtain wall
(2) Convergent light rays are still
Virtual
convergent after reflection.
At the same distance from the curtain
(3) Divergent light rays are still divergent
wall as the bird is
after reflection.
Of the same size as the bird
8 A
Erect
(3) The laws of reflection hold in diffuse
Laterally inverted
reflection.
12 Vertical distance between the woman’s eye
9 B
level and the top of her head
= 164 - 152
= 12 cm
Minimum vertical distance between the
woman’s eye level and the top edge of the
mirror
1
= ´ 12
2
= 6 cm
Minimum length of the mirror The angles marked in the figure above are all
= 152 - 50 + 6 equal to 40°. Therefore,
= 108 cm q = 2 ´ 40° = 80°
10 C
Revision exercise 1
Concept traps (p.29)
1 F
The laws of reflection hold in both regular and
diffuse reflection.
2 F
Light is reflected by the mirror. No light
reaches the virtual image formed by a mirror.
3 F
 The figure above shows that the mirror needs =3m 1A
to be extended to E from side A, i.e. 1.5 m to (b) (i) Remains unchanged 1A
the left. (ii) Remains unchanged 1A
11 (HKCEE 2007 Paper 2 Q11) (c) In the diagram below, when Rose looks
12 (HKCEE 2008 Paper 2 Q13) into the mirror, she cannot see the
13 (HKCEE 2011 Paper 2 Q14) objects in the shaded region beyond the
dotted line.
Conventional questions (p.31) Therefore, Jack has to walk for a
14 (a) & (b) minimum distance of 3 m. 1A

(Correct image of ruler) 1A

(Correct position of A¢) 1A
(Light rays from A to mirror surface) 1A (Correct diagram) 1A
(Light rays from mirror surface to eye) 1A 17
15 (a) Diffuse reflection 1A
(b) The incident ray, the reflected ray and
the normal all lie in the same plane. 1A
The angle of reflection is always equal
to the angle of incidence. 1A
(c) (i) Yes 1A
(ii) The normals at different points on
the rough surface point at different
directions. 1A
When parallel rays of light fall onto
different points on the surface, their
(a) (Correct image of O) 1A
angles of incidence are different.
(b) (Light ray from O to Billy’s eye) 1A
1A
(Lines from the image of O to Paul’s and
As a result, they are reflected in
Larry’s eyes) 1A
different directions.
Only Billy can see the image of O. 1A
16 (a) Distance of Jack’s image from the mirror
18 (a) Angle of reflection
= distance of Jack from the mirror
 = angle of incidence (Correct lines to locate I) 1A
= 90° - 20° (Correct lines to locate I¢) 1A
= 70° 1A (b) Erect 1A
(b) (i) 30° 1A (c) Actual horizontal distance
(ii) Angle of reflection = 275 - 4 = 271 m 1A
= angle of incidence 21 (a)
= 90° - 20° - 30°
= 40° 1A

(iii)

(Ray from the tip reflected at the edge of

plane mirror to Betty’s eye) 1A
In the above diagram, R1 and R2 are (Correct position of image) 1A
the reflected rays before and after (b) In the above diagram,
the mirror is rotated. i = 180° - 70° - 90° = 20° 1M
Angle that the reflected ray turns r = i = 20°
= 70° - (40° - 30°) 1 .4
tan (20° + 20°) =
= 60° 1A d
19 Light is reflected by the smoke particles on its Þ d = 1.67 m 1A
path and enters our eyes. 1A Her distance from the mirror is 1.67 m.
1 .4
Therefore, we can see the smoke particles (c) sin (20° + 20°) = 1M
e
which show the path of the light. 1A
Þ e = 2.18 m
20 (a) (i) & (ii)
Distance between Betty’s eye and the
image of the tip of the shoe
= 1.67 + 2.18
= 3.85 m 1A
(d) Now the inclination angle changes from
70° to q and d is 0.45 m.
i = 180° - q - 90° = 90° - q
r = i = 90° - q
i + r = 90° - q + 90° - q = 180° - 2q
1.4
tan (180° - 2q) = 1M
0.45
 Þ q = 53.9° 1A
The inclination angle of the mirror is
53.9°.
22

(a) (Correct position of I3) 1A

(b) (Two reflected rays which appear to
come from I1) 1A
(Two incident rays from O) 1A
23 (HKCEE 2007 Paper 1 Q5)

Experiment questions (p.33)

24 The plane mirror is not aligned along the 90°
line of the protractor. 1A
The point of incidence does not coincide with
the centre of the protractor. 1A
3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

2 Refraction of Light 8
c
By n = ,
v
Practice 2.1 (p.51) c 3.00 ´ 108
v= = = 1.82 ´ 108 m s-1
n 1.65
1 C
The speed of light in glass is 1.82 ´ 108 m s-1.
2 A
9 Refractive index of glass
3 A
c 3.00 ´ 108
(1) Graph of P has a greater slope than that = = = 1.58
v 1.9 ´ 108
of Q
10
Þ P has a greater refractive index than
Q
(2) Graph of R has a smaller slope than that
of Q
Þ R has a smaller refractive index than
Q
Þ R is optically less dense than Q
(3) Graph of R has a smaller slope than that
of P
Þ R has a smaller refractive index than
P
11
Þ light travels faster in R than in P
4 B
sin r sin 30°
=
sin 16.5° sin 19.5°
Þ r = 25.2°
5 B centre

Apply n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2.

7 (a) Refraction is caused by the change in the For ray A,
speed of light across the boundary of 1.50 sin a = 1 sin 45°
two media. Þ a = 28.1°
(b) White light is composed of a mixture of b = a = 28.1° (base Ðs, isos. r)
a whole range of colours. When different 1 sin c = 1.50 sin 28.1°
colours of light pass from one medium Þ c = 45°
to another, the changes in their speeds The angles that ray B makes with the normal
are slightly different and hence they are at the air-glass interfaces are all 0°.
refracted by slightly different amounts.

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

c Total internal reflection occurs when the angle

12 By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 and n = ,
v
of incidence is 45°
c c
sin q1 = sin q 2 Þ critical angle C £ 45°
v1 v2
1 1
v Þ refractive index n = £ = 1.41
sin q1 = 1 sin q 2 sin C sin 45°
v2
0.752c \ (1) and (2) are not always correct.
= sin 27° 1
0.645c If n increases, C = sin -1 will decrease and
n
q1 = 32.0°
the angle of incidence (45°) will still be
The angle of incidence is 32.0°.
greater than C.
13 (a)
\ (3) must be correct.
5 A
(1) Total internal reflection occurs only
when light travels from a medium of
greater refractive index to a medium of
lower refractive index.
(2) Total internal reflection occurs when the
angle of incidence is 42°
Þ critical angle £ 42°
(b) The image seen by the man is above the (3) When total internal reflection occurs, the
real position of the fish. Therefore, the entire ray is reflected. Therefore the
man should aim his spear at somewhere brightness of the reflected ray is the
below the image he sees. same no matter what the angle of
14 (a) incidence is.
6 (a) Critical angle for an ice-air interface
1 1
= sin -1 = sin -1 = 49.8°
n 1.31
(b) Refractive index of oil
1 1
= = = 1.46
sin C sin 43.2°
7 When the angle that the light ray makes with
the normal in liquid is equal to the critical
(b) Stars appear slightly higher. angle C, the angle that the light ray makes
with the normal in air is 90°.
Practice 2.2 (p.65) sin C sin 30°
=
1 D sin 90° sin 45°
2 B Þ C = 45°
3 D The critical angle for the liquid-air interface is
4 B 45°.

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

8 (a) Þ w = 35.26° » 35.3°

x = 90° - 35.26° = 54.74° » 54.7°
y = x = 54.74° » 54.7°
On side CD,
1.5 sin (90° - 54.74°) = 1 sin z
Þ z = 60.0°
(b) By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2,
(b) They are equal.
1.52 sin f = 1 sin 90°
(c) If i decreases, w will decrease and thus x
f = 41.1°
will increase. Therefore, x will still be
9
larger than the critical angle and the ray
will not emerge from side BC.

Revision exercise 2
Concept traps (p.69)
1 T
10 Since medium A has a greater refractive index
2 F
than medium B, total internal reflection occurs
Total internal reflection occurs only when
when a light ray is directed from medium A to
light travels from an optically denser medium
medium B at the critical angle.
to an optically less dense medium, e.g. from
By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2,
water to air, but not the reverse.
nB sin 90° = 1.7 sin 44.9°
3 F
nB = 1.20
The refractive index of medium B is 1.20.
Multiple-choice questions (p.69)
11 (a) Critical angle
4 A
1 1
= sin -1 = sin -1 = 37.3° By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2,
n 1.65
(b) Maximum value of q 1.4 sin q = 1 sin 30°

= 90° - 37.3° = 52.7° Þ q = 20.9°

12 5 C

When a light ray passes through the

13 (a) Apply n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2.
rectangular glass block as shown,
On side AB,
1.5 sin w = 1 sin 60°
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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

sin p sin s
= a
sin q sin r
Since q = r, we have p = s. b b
\ The incident ray and the emergent ray
should travel in the same direction.
sin p c
According to ng = , if ng increases, q
sin q Apply n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2.
decreases, i.e. the new path will bend more We can assume
towards the normal than the original path. nP sin a = nQ sin b = nR sin c = k (a constant)
6 C Then,
7 C k k k
nP = , nQ = , nR =
sin a sin b sin c
By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2,
Since b > a > c, we have nQ < nP < nR.
n1 sin 40° = 1.64 sin (90° - 54.8°)
\ (1) is incorrect.
n1 = 1.47
Since nQ < nR, Q is optically less dense than R.
The refractive index of oil is 1.47.
\ (2) is incorrect.
8 B
Since nP < nR, light travels slower in R than in
9 B
c P.
By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 and n = ,
v \ (3) is correct.
c c 15 A
sin q1 = sin q 2
v1 v2
Slope of graph for Z > slope of graph for Y
v
sin q1 = 1 sin q 2 > slope of graph for X
v2
Þ refractive index of Z > refractive index of Y
2 ´ 108
= sin 20° > refractive index of X
1.5 ´ 108
Total internal reflection occurs only when
q1 = 27.1°
light travels from a medium of greater
The angle of refraction is 27.1°.
refractive index to a medium of lower
10 A
sin C sin 35° refractive index.
=
sin 90° sin 70° \ Total internal reflection would not occur
Þ C = 37.6° » 38° when light travels from X to Y.
The critical angle is 38°. 16 B
11 C
12 A
By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2,
1.67 sin (90° - q) = 1.54 sin 90°
q = 22.8°
13 B
14 B

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

When a light ray passes through the (b) Critical angle for the air-water interface
rectangular glass block as shown, 1
= sin -1 1M
sin p sin s n
= 1
sin q sin r = sin -1
1.33
Since q = r, we have p = s.
= 48.8° 1A
\ The incident ray and the emergent ray
(c) As the refractive index of air is lower
should travel in the same direction.
sin p c than that of water, 1A
=n=
sin q v total internal reflection will not occur no
v sin p matter what the angle of incidence is.
Þ sin q =
c 1A
As Y travels faster than X in the block, q is 23 (a) The refractive index of the rod is very
larger in the path of Y than in the path of X. close to that of the oil. 1A
17 (HKCEE 2007 Paper 2 Q13) (b) 1.47 1A
18 (HKCEE 2009 Paper 2 Q15) c
(c) By n = , 1M
19 (HKCEE 2011 Paper 2 Q39) v
c 3.00 ´ 108
20 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1A Q15) v= = = 2.04 ´ 108 m s-1 1A
n 1.47
The speed of light in Pyrex is
Conventional questions (p.72)
2.04 ´ 108 m s-1.
21 (a) The light ray bends towards the normal
24
when it passes from medium X to oil.
1A
This implies that medium X is optically
less dense than oil. 1A
(b) By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2, 1M
n1 sin 37° = 1.47 sin 33°
(Ray refracted towards normal at air-oil
n1 = 1.33 1A
interface) 1A
The refractive index of X is 1.33.
(Ray refracted away from normal at oil-water
c
(c) By n = , 1M interface) 1A
v
c 3.00 ´ 108 Apply n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2. 1M
v= = = 2.26 ´ 108 m s-1 1A
n 1.33 At the air-oil interface,
The speed of light in medium X is 1.47 sin p = 1 sin 50°
2.26 ´ 10 m s .
8 -1 Þ p = 31.4° 1A
22 (a) By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2, 1M q = p = 31.4° 1A
1.33 sin q = 1 sin (90° - 55°) At the oil-water interface,
Þ q = 25.5° 1A 1.47 sin 31.4° = 1.33 sin r
The angle of refraction in water is 25.5°. Þ r = 35.2° 1A

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

25 (a) Therefore, the angle of the cone

increases. 1A
(ii) Consider a ray travels from air to
oil with an angle of incidence of
90°.
Let no and ns be the refractive
indices of oil and seawater
respectively, qo and qs be the angles
(Correct drawing of rays) 1A
that the ray makes with the normals
(Correct position of the image) 1A
in oil and seawater respectively.
(b) The letters will appear even higher. 1A
Apply n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2. 1M
26 (a) Dispersion 1A
At the air-oil interface,
(b) White light is composed of a mixture of
1 sin 90° = no sin qo
a whole range of colours. 1A
At the oil-seawater interface,
Different colours of light travel at
no sin qo = ns sin qs
different speeds in the prism. 1A
From the above two equations,
Therefore, they are refracted by different
1 sin 90° = ns sin qs 1M
amounts 1A
This equation is exactly the same as
and separated from each other.
the case when a ray travels from air
(c)
to seawater directly.
\ The angle of the cone remains
red unchanged. 1A
28 (a) Reflection occurs at P. 1A
violet Refraction and 1A
reflection occur at Q. 1A
(Correct drawing of rays) 1A
(b) (i) Total internal reflection 1A
(Correct labels of coloured light) 1A
0 .8 (ii)
27 (a) tan 49° = 1M
d
Þ d = 0.695 m 1A light ray from
an object
Ricky’s eyes are 0.695 m below the
water surface.
(b) (i) As the refractive index of fresh reflected
water is smaller than that of light ray

seawater, 1A (Total internal reflection occurs on

light rays bend less when they the correct interface) 1A
travel from air to fresh water. (Correct ray diagram) 1A
1A

6 New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition)

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

(iii) A prism does not form multiple (c)

images while a mirror does. 1A
29 (a) The refractive index of the sugar glass
air

solution decreases as the concentration

decreases. 1A
(b) (i) When the laser beam points down
at an angle, it travels from medium
of smaller refractive index to
medium of greater refractive index.
(Correct direction of ray after entering
1A
the air bubble) 1A
Total internal reflection occurs only
(Correct direction of ray after leaving the
when light travels from a medium
air bubble) 1A
of greater refractive index to a
1
medium of lower refractive index. 31 (a) Refractive index n = 1M
sin C
1A 1
=
Therefore, total internal reflection sin 24.4°
will not take place. 1A = 2.42 1A
(ii) (b) If a light ray travels from diamond to oil
with an angle of incidence equal to the
critical angle C¢, the angle of refraction
is 90°.
By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2, 1M
2.42 sin C¢ = 1.40 sin 90°
(Curved downwards) 1A Þ C¢ = 35.3° 1A
30 (a) By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2, 1M The critical angle is 35.3°.
1.62 sin 20° = 1 sin q2 (c) The critical angle for the diamond-oil
Þ q2 = 33.6° 1A interface is greater than that for the
The angle of refraction in the air is diamond-air interface. 1A
33.6°. More light rays escape from the diamond
(b) Total internal reflection occurs only at where the oil droplet adheres to, 1A
when light travels from a medium of so the diamond loses its brilliance.
greater refractive index to a medium of (d)
lower refractive index. 1A
As the refractive index of air is lower
than that of glass, 1A
the ray will not undergo total internal
reflection in the bubble. 1A

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

(Bent away from the normal when Experiment questions (p.75)

entering the oil droplet) 1A 35 (a) sin i sin r
(No change in direction when leaving 0.174 0.139
the oil droplet) 1A 0.342 0.259
32 (a) 0.5 0.342
0.643 0.438
0.766 0.515
0.866 0.588
0.940 0.629
(Correct direction of bending) 1A
0.985 0.669
(b) The surface of a ground glass window is
not smooth. 1A
When parallel light rays pass through the
ground glass, they are refracted
irregularly and leave the glass in
different directions. 1A
As a result, clear images cannot be seen
through the glass. 1A
33 (a) (i) By n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2, 1M
1.00 sin x = 1.52 sin 25°
sin x = 0.642 1M
x = 40° 1A
(ii) y = 90° - 25° = 65° 1A
(iii) If the angle of incidence at P is
equal to the critical angle C, the (Correct labelled axes) 1A
angle of refraction is 90°. (Best-fit line) 1A
1.52 sin C = 1.00 sin 90° Refractive index of Perspex
Þ C = 41° 1A = slope of the graph
Since y > C, light does not refract 0.95 - 0.44
= 1M
into the air at point P. 1A 0.65 - 0.3

(iv) (1) Total internal reflection 1A = 1.46 1A

(2) Equal 1A (b) There may be error in measuring angles.

(b) The cladding avoids damage to the 1A

central glass core. 1A If only one pair of data is used to

34 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1B Q5) calculate the refractive index, the

percentage error may be significant. 1A

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 2 Refraction of Light

(c) The error may be due to inaccurate

measurement 1A
or uneven texture within Perspex. 1A
36 (a) Place the semicircular glass block on the
full circle protractor so that the block’s
centre is right above the protractor’s
centre. 1A
Direct a ray of light at the block’s centre.
1A
Measure the angle of incidence i and the
angle of refraction r. Repeat with
different values of i. 1A
Plot a graph of sin i against sin r. 1A
The graph is a straight line passing
through the origin. This verifies that
sin i
is a constant. 1A
sin r
(b) Direct a ray of light from the curved
edge of the block towards the block’s
centre. 1A
Vary the angle of incidence. 1A
When the angle of refraction becomes
90°, the angle of incidence is equal to
the critical angle. 1A
37 (HKCEE 2008 Paper 1 Q10)

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

3 Lenses In (3), to find the position of the image of the

tail, we can draw a vertical object O with its
Practice 3.1 (p.84) tail at the same position as the original object
1 D as shown above. O¢ is the image of O. Its tail
2 Convex: (ii), (iv), (vi) should be at the same position as that of the
Concave: (i), (iii), (v) original object.
3 (a) The thicker the convex lens, the shorter 5 A
its focal length. An inverted image formed by a convex lens
(b) & (c) must be real.
1
By the lens formula, v = v, u = v ,
5
1 1 1 1 1 5 1 6
= + = + = + =
f u v 1v v v v v
5
v
Þf=
6
Practice 3.2 (p.100) 6 (a) Real, inverted and diminished
1 B (b)
2 D
Ray (1) should pass through the focus F.
\ (1) is incorrect.

7 (a) By the lens formula, f = 18 cm,

u = 15 cm,
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
O¢ 18 15 v
v = -90 cm
The image distance is 90 cm.
Ray (2) passes through O¢, which is the image
(b) Linear magnification
of O. image distance 90
= = =6
\ (2) is correct. object distance 15
3 B (c) Virtual, erect and magnified
4 A 8 (a) The image captured by a screen must be
real.
O¢
By the lens formula, f = 12 cm,
O
v = 30 cm,
1 1 1
= +
f u v

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

1 1 1 11 (a) The glass of water is thicker in the

= +
12 u 30
middle and therefore acts as a convex
u = 20 cm
lens.
The object distance is 20 cm.
An erect and magnified image formed by
(b) Linear magnification
a convex lens must be virtual.
image distance 30
= = = 1.5 (b) (i) & (ii)
object distance 20
9 (a)

(b) Linear magnification Focal length = 20 mm

image distance 12
= = =2
object distance 6
Practice 3.3 (p.113)
(c) Virtual, erect and magnified
1 A
10 (a)
Ray q follows the rule that a ray passing
through the optical centre travels straight on.
The incident rays of p and r are parallel to q.
Therefore, they should appear to diverge from
a point on the focal plane as shown below.

(b)

2 A
An image formed by a concave lens is always
erect and diminished.
3 D
(1) The emergent rays appear to come from
F¢. Therefore, the incident rays should
be parallel to the principal axis.

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

5 (a) Linear magnification

image size
=
object size
1
=
(2) One of the incident rays is directed 3
towards F. Therefore, the emergent ray = 0.333
should be parallel to the principal axis. (b) By the lens formula, f = -0.1 m, u = u,
v = -0.333u,
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
- 0.1 u - 0.333u
(3) The upper ray is correct. By drawing
u = 0.2 m
another ray which travels straight
The object distance is 0.2 m.
through the optical centre, we can locate
6 (a) & (b)
the image I. The other emergent ray
should appear to come from I.

I
2F¢ F¢ F 2F

Focal length = 10 cm
4 (a) (c) The image will become larger and
dimmer.
7 (a) By the lens formula, f = -22 cm,
u = 18 cm,
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
- 22 18 v
v = -9.9 cm
The image distance is 9.9 cm.
(b) Linear magnification
The height of the image is 4 mm. image distance
=
(b) Virtual, erect and diminished object distance
image size 9 .9
(c) Linear magnification = =
object size 18
4
= = 0.55
20
(c) Virtual, erect and diminished
= 0.2

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Revision exercise 3 \ P is correctly drawn.

Concept traps (p.116) The incident rays of P and Q are parallel and
1 F so their emergent rays should appear to come
image distance image size from the same point on the focal plane.
Recall that = . For
object distance object size
\ Q is correctly drawn.
a magnifying glass, the image size should be Ray R is parallel to the principal axis. It
larger than the object size, so the image should be bent so that it appears to come from
distance should also be larger than the object the principal axis F ¢.
distance. \ R is incorrectly drawn.
2 T
P
3 F
Parallel light rays passing through a
Q
converging lens come together at a point on
the focal plane, but not necessarily the focus. F¢ F

Multiple-choice questions (p.116) R

4 D
10 B
5 C
An image of the same size as the object is
6 D
formed only when the object is placed at 2f
7 A
from a convex lens, where f is the focal length
8 C
of the lens.
Ray Q passes through the principal focus and 1
should emerge parallel to the principal axis. \ Focal length = ´ 4 = 2 cm
2
11 C
P
12 D
Q 13 A

F¢
By the lens formula, f = -12 cm, u = u,
R F
v = -0.75u,
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
In the above diagram, the emergent rays of Q - 12 u - 0.75u
and R meet on the focal plane. Therefore, ray u = 4 cm
R is correct. v = -0.75 ´ 4 = -3 cm
9 C Since the object and the image are on the same
Ray P is directed towards the principal focus side of the lens, the distance between them is
F and therefore should be bent parallel to the 1 cm.
principal axis. 14 A

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

The image formed on the screen must be real. The image becomes smaller and therefore
Furthermore, the object and the image should brighter Þ (3) is incorrect
be on different sides of the lens. 18 (HKCEE 2009 Paper 2 Q17)
image distance image size 19 (HKCEE 2010 Paper 2 Q14)
Since = , the
object distance object size
20 (HKDSE Practice Paper 2012 Paper 1A Q21)
image distance is half the object distance. 21 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q21)
1
u + v = u + u = 72 22 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1A Q22)
2
Þ u = 48 cm
By the lens formula, u = 48 cm, v = 24 cm,
Conventional questions (p.119)
1 1 1 23 (a) Virtual, 1A
= +
f u v erect and 1A
1 1 1 diminished 1A
= +
f 48 24 (b) The lens used in Figure m is a convex
f = 16 cm lens. 1A
The focal length of the lens is 16 cm. The lens used in Figure n is a convex
15 D lens. 1A
16 A
L bends ray Q inwards and so it is a convex (c) (i)
lens.
\ (1) is correct.
Light changes its speed when it travels from
air to glass.
\ (2) is incorrect.
(Virtual, erect and magnified image
The refractive indices for different colours of
light in glass are slightly different. Therefore, drawn) 1A
(Rays drawn according to
the focuses of L for different colours are also
different. construction rules) 1A

\ (3) is incorrect. (ii)

17 A

(Real and inverted image of distant

object drawn) 1A
Sketch the ray diagram as shown above.
(Rays drawn according to
Image I2 is real Þ (1) is correct
construction rules) 1A
The image distance decreases as the focal
24 (a) A concave lens is used. 1A
becomes smaller Þ (2) is incorrect
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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

Only a concave lens can produce erect 26

and diminished images. 1A
(b) It produces an erect image / a wider view
of the outside. 1A
25 (a)

(a) (Correct rays from P) 1A

(Correct rays from Q) 1A
(Correct positions of the images of P and
Q) 2 ´ 1A
(Correct rays) 1A (b) (Correct position of the image of the line
(b) object) 1A
27 (a) Convex 1A
(b) (i) Only a convex lens can produce
magnified images. 1A
(ii) As the image is larger than the
(Correct rays) 1A object, the image distance is greater
(c) than the object distance. 1A
According to the lens formula
1 1 1
= + , f must be positive.
f u v
(c)

(Correct rays) 1A
(d)

(Correct ray diagram for O and I) 1A

(Correct ray diagram for O¢ and I¢) 1A
The image will become smaller. 1A
28 (a)
(Correct rays) 1A
(e)

(Correct ray diagram to locate the focus)

(Correct rays) 1A
1A

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

(b) (i) 12 cm 1A (i) (Correct object position) 1A

(ii) Linear magnification (Correct image position) 1A
image distance (ii) (Correctly ray diagram to locate the
= 1M
object distance
focus) 1A
18
= Focal length = 10 cm 1A
36
(iii) By the lens formula, f = -10 cm,
= 0.5 1A
u = 15 cm,
(c) (i) Any one of the following: 1A
1 1 1
Smaller = + 1M
f u v
Brighter 1 1 1
= +
(ii) Any one of the following: 1A - 10 15 v
Virtual v = -6 cm
Erect The image distance is 6 cm. 1A
Larger (than the object) 30 (a) Virtual 1A
Dimmer Erect 1A
(iii) Any one of the following: 1A Diminished 1A
Virtual (b) Linear magnification
Erect image distance
=
Smaller object distance
15
Brighter =
32
(iv) Dimmer 1A
= 0.469 1A
29 (a) It is a concave lens. 1A
(c)
Only a concave lens can produce virtual
and diminished images. 1A
(b)

2.5 cm (Correct refracted rays) 1A

(Correct image) 1A
(d) 28 cm 1A

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

(e) (i) By the lens formula, f = 28 cm, (ii) Linear magnification

u = 32 cm, image distance
= 1M
1 1 1 object distance
= + 1M
f u v 240
=
1 1 1 1.2 ´ 1000
= +
28 32 v = 0.2 1A
v = 224 cm (c) (i) Increase 1A
The image distance is 224 cm. 1A (ii) Lens A should be used. 1A
(ii) Real 1A The images formed by lens A have
Inverted 1A smaller magnification. Therefore,
Magnified 1A images of more objects can be
31 (a) Convex lens 1A formed on the image sensor and a
(b) Yes, he can. 1A wider view is obtained. 1A
He should place the paper on the focal 33 (a) (i)
plane. 1A
(c)

(Correct image) 1A
(ii)

(Correct rays) 1A (Correct image) 1A

(Correct position of image) 1A (b) The image formed in (a)(i) is larger than
32 (a) It is a convex lens. 1A that formed in (a)(ii). 1A
Only a convex lens can form an image (c) An incident ray parallel to the principal
on the image sensor. 1A axis of the plastic lens will bend towards
(b) (i) the principal axis less after passing
through it. 1A
Therefore, the plastic lens has a greater
focal length than a glass lens. 1A
The images formed will become larger
1A
(Correct ray diagram) 1A
and dimmer. 1A
The distance between the lens and
34 (a) The student is incorrect. 1A
the image sensor is 240 mm. 1A

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3A Wave Motion I Chapter 3 Lenses

(b) (i)

(Correct rays) 1A
(A complete image located) 1A
(b) Since the focal length of the lens is
unchanged, 1A
the size of the image is unchanged. 1A
(Correct position of object) 1A
Since the lens with larger diameter
(Rays drawn correctly) 1A
allows more light to pass through, 1A
(Correct position of image) 1A
the image becomes brighter. 1A
(ii) (1) By the lens formula,
(c)
u = 15 cm, v = 15 cm,
1 1 1
= + 1M
f u v
1 1 1
= +
f 15 15
(Correct ray diagram to locate the image f = 7.5 cm
of the head) 1A The focal length of the lens is
(Correct ray diagram to locate the image 7.5 cm. 1A
of the tail) 1A (2)
35 (HKCEE 2011 Paper 1 Q4)
36 (HKDSE Practice Paper 2012 Paper 1B Q7)
37 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1B Q7)
38 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1B Q6)

Experiment questions (p.123)

39 (a) The object distance is less than the focal
length. 1A
(b) The focal length of X is longer than (Rays drawn correctly) 1A
10 cm. 1A (Correct size and position of
(c) The focal length of X is 16 cm. 1A image) 1A
40 (HKCEE 2008 Paper 1 Q6) (3) The contraction and relaxation
of the ciliary muscles change
Physics in article (p.125) the thickness of the lens. 1A
41 (a) If our lenses were concave, they cannot As a result, the focal length of
form real images on the retina. 1A the lens changes. 1A

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