Geometry Basics

Concepts you must know

Dimension ( gvÎv )

 gvÎv n‡”Q Ggb wKQz GKUv hv w`‡q cwigvc Kiv hvq| †hgb ‰`N©¨(length), cÖ¯’(breadth) Ges D”PZv (height)

Point ( we›`y)

 we›`yi †Kvb gvÎv †bB

 Z‡e we›`yi Aw¯ÍZU¡ v mn‡RB eySv hvq
 we›`y‡K dot(.) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|

Line( ‡iLv)

 ‡iLvUv n‡”Q GKgvwÎK| A_©vr †iLvi GKwU Dimension ev gvÎv Av‡Q|

 GKwU †iLv‡Z AmsL¨ we›`y Av‡Q|
 ‡iLvi Dfqcv‡k ZxiwPý ‡`Iqv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 ‡iLvi Dfqcv‡ki Zxi wPý wbR wbR w`‡K unlimited fv‡e evo‡Z cvi‡e|
Plane ( Zj)

 GKwU Zj n‡”Q wØgvwÎK| A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨KwU Z‡ji `yBwU K‡i gvÎv Av‡Q|
 Z‡ji gvÎv¸‡jvi †Kvb †kl mxgvbv †bB|
 Zj‡K cÖvq mgqB parallelogram ev mvgšÍwi‡Ki mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
 Dc‡ii wP‡Î ABCN n‡”Q GKwU Plane
 A-I GKwU Plane
 B-I GKwU Plane
 C-I GKwU Plane
 N-I GKwU Plane
 ABC-I GKwU Plane

Line segment ( ‡iLvsk)

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 GKwU †iLvs‡ki Dfqcvk close Kiv _vK‡e

Ray ( iwkœ)

 iwkœi †h‡Kvb GKwU side close Kiv _vK‡e|

 ‡h cvkwU close Kiv _vK‡e bv †mB cvkwU unlimited evo‡Z cvi‡e|
 ‡h we›`ywU close _vK‡e †mB we›`y †_‡K iwkœi bvg wb‡Z n‡e| †hgb Dc‡i B- we›`ywU close| ZvB iwkœwUi bvg n‡q‡Q BC

Geometry Notation/Symbols( R¨vwgwZi mvs‡KwZK wPý)

 mABC = ‡Kv‡Yi cwigvY

 Parallel to = mgvšÍivj
 Perpendicular to = j¤^
 Congruent to = me©mg
 Similar to = m`„k
Tension-Gi ‡Kvb KviY †bB| mvg‡b DcwiD³ term ¸‡jv wb‡q e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv _vK‡Q|

Perpendicular Lines(j¤^)

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 2-wU mij‡iLv hw` G‡K Aci‡K LvovLvwofv‡e †Q` K‡i ,Zvn‡j jvBb `yBwU G‡K Aci‡ii Dci j¤^|
 Dcii wPÎwU‡Z m Line wU n Line wUi Dci j¤^| Zvn‡j Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi m ⊥ n |
 j¤^ n‡j †mLv‡b 90° ‡KvY Drcbœ n‡e|

Opposite Angles ( wecÖZxc †KvY)

1gwPÎ

2q wPÎ

 `yBwU mij‡iLv ci¯úi‡K †Q` Ki‡j †Q`we›`y‡Z Drcbœ wecixZ †KvY¸‡jvB n‡”Q wecÖZxc †KvY
 1g wP‡Î †Lqj Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, 1Ges 3 n‡”Q wecÖZxc †KvY
 2Ges 4 n‡”Q wecÖZxc †KvY|
 wecÖZxc †KvY¸‡jv n‡”Q ci¯úi mgvb|
 2q wP‡Î  𝑥 Gi gvb n‡”Q 145°
 2q wP‡Î  𝑦 Gi gvb n‡”Q 35°
Parallel Lines( mgvšÍivj mij‡iLv)

 mgvšÍivj mij‡iLv ej‡Z H `yBwU mij‡iLv‡K eySv‡bv n‡”Q †h `yBwU mij‡iLv AšÍZKvj cvkvcvwk Pj‡Z _vK‡jI KLv‡bvB G‡K
Aci‡K †Q` Ki‡e bv|
 A_©vr GB `yBwU mij‡iLvi g‡a¨ me mgq `~iZ¡ GKB _vK‡e, Gevi Zviv GKmv‡_ h‡Zv `~‡iB hvK bv †K‡bv|
 Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, m Ges n `yBwU mgvšÍivj mij‡iLv|
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 Transversal (‡Q`K)

 evg cv‡ki wPÎwU‡Z †Lqvj Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, t mij‡iLvwU 𝑥 Ges 𝑦 mij‡iLvØq‡K GKBmv‡_ †Q` K‡i‡Q| ZvB t mij‡iLvwU
n‡”Q 𝑥 Ges 𝑦 mij‡iLv؇qi †Q`K
 Wvb cv‡ki wPÎwU‡Z †Lqvj Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, t mij‡iLvwU 𝑎 Ges 𝑏 mij‡iLvØq‡K GKBmv‡_ †Q` K‡i‡Q| ZvB t mij‡iLvwU
n‡”Q 𝑎 Ges 𝑏 mij‡iLv؇qi †Q`K
 ‡Q`K n‡Z n‡j GKBmv‡_ Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU mij‡iLv‡K †Q` Ki‡Z n‡e|

Corresponding Angles (Abyiæc †KvY)

 ‡Q`‡Ki GKB cv‡k Ges GKB corner Gi ‡KvY¸‡jvB n‡”Q GKvšÍi †KvY
 GKvšÍi ‡KvY¸‡jv n‡”Q ci¯úi mgvb|
 1 Ges 5 Z_v GB ‡KvY `yBwU †Q`‡Ki GKB cv‡k Ges GKB corner Z_v Dc‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z
 Avevi 3 Ges 7 Z_v GB ‡KvY `yBwU †Q`‡Ki GKB cv‡k Ges GKB corner Z_v wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z
 Avevi 2 Ges 6 Z_v GB ‡KvY `yBwU †Q`‡Ki GKB cv‡k Ges GKB corner Z_v Dc‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z
 Avevi 4 Ges 8 Z_v GB ‡KvY `yBwU †Q`‡Ki GKB cv‡k Ges GKB corner Z_v wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z

Alternate Interior Angles (GKvšÍi †KvY)

 INTERIOR gv‡b n‡”Q †KvY `yBwU n‡e a Ges b mij‡iLv؇qi wVK gv‡S| A_©vr GKvšÍvi †KvYØq `yBwU mij‡iLvi evwn‡ii w`‡K
_vK‡Z cvi‡e bv, bv, bv|
 ALTERNATE gv‡b n‡”Q †Q`K ( t)- Gi wVK wecixZ cv‡k|
 ‡Lqvj Kiæb †Zv 1 Ges 2 A_©vr G&B `yBwU †KvY wKš‘ ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ cv‡k bv eis cvkvcvwk| Avevi 3 Ges 4 A_©vr G&B
`yBwU †KvY wKš‘ ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ cv‡k bv eis cvkvcvwk| †Lqvj _vK‡e †Zv ûg ?
 Zvi gv‡b GKvšÍi †KvY¸‡jv n‡e 1 Ges 4
 Avevi GKvšÍi †KvY¸‡jv n‡e 2 Ges 3
 GKvšÍi †KvY¸‡jv me mgq mgvb n‡e hw` mij‡iLv `yBwU mgvšÍivj nq
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 Alternate Exterior Angles (ewn¯’ GKvšÍi ‡KvY)

 Exterior gv‡b n‡”Q †KvY `yBwU n‡e a Ges b mij‡iLv؇qi evwn‡i| A_©vr GKvšÍvi †KvYØq `yBwU mij‡iLvi ‡fZ‡i w`‡K _vK‡Z
cvi‡e bv, bv, bv|
 ALTERNATE gv‡b n‡”Q †Q`K ( t)- Gi wVK wecixZ cv‡k|
 ‡Lqvj Kiæb †Zv 1 Ges 2 A_©vr G&B `yBwU †KvY wKš‘ ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ cv‡k bv eis cvkvcvwk| Avevi 3 Ges 4 A_©vr G&B
`yBwU †KvY wKš‘ ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ cv‡k bv eis cvkvcvwk| †Lqvj _vK‡e †Zv ûg ?
 ‡Lqvj Kiæb †Zv 1 Ges 2 A_©vr G&B `yBwU †KvY wKš‘ ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ cv‡k bv eis cvkvcvwk| Avevi 3 Ges 4 A_©vr G&B
`yBwU †KvY wKš‘ ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ cv‡k bv eis cvkvcvwk|
 Zvi gv‡b ewn¯’ GKvšÍi †KvY¸‡jv n‡e 1 Ges 4
 Avevi ewn¯’ GKvšÍi †KvY¸‡jv n‡e 2 Ges 3
 ewn¯’ GKvšÍi †KvY¸‡jv me mgq mgvb n‡e hw` mij‡iLv `yBwU mgvšÍivj nq|
Consecutive interior Angles

 ‡Q`‡Ki Af¨šÍ‡i Ges GKB cv‡ki †KvY¸‡jvB n‡”Q Consecutive interior Angles
 Dc‡ii wP‡Î 1 Ges 2 n‡”Q consecutive interior Angles
 Avevi, 3 Ges 4 n‡”Q consecutive interior Angles
 Consecutive interior Angles ¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j 180° nq|

G‡ZvÿY Avgiv Parallel Line hv Rvbjvg Zvi summary Uvb‡ev

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 Straight Angles(mij‡KvY)

1g wPÎ

2q wPÎ: b Gi gvb KZ ?
 mij‡KvY n‡”Q mij‡iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z GKwU ‡KvY| H mij‡iLvwU †Kvb w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| H mij‡iLvi Dci kZ
kZ †KvY Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i, †m¸‡jvi †hvMdj wKš‘ 180°-B n‡e| Zvi gv‡b n‡”Q †h, GK mij‡KvY n‡”Q 180°
 1g wP‡Î GKwU mij‡KvY †`Lv‡bv nq‡Q|
 2q wP‡Î (45°+39°+b°+24°) = 180°
ev, b+108° = 180°
ev, b = (180°−108°) = 72°

Complementary Angles(c~iK †KvY)

1g wPÎ: adjacent complementary angles

2q wPÎ: Non-adjacent agngles

3q wPÎ: 𝑥° Gi gvb KZ wWwMÖ ?

 `yBwU †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj hLb 90° n‡e ZLbB GKwU †KvY‡K ejv n‡e Aci †Kv‡Yi c~iK †KvY| Z‡e n¨v †KvY؇qi †hvMdj wKš‘ 90°
n‡ZB n‡e|
 c~iK †KvY mvaviYZ 2 cÖKvi|
 1g wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, D- GKwU mvaviY evû Ges D evûwUi Gcv‡k 60°, Acicv‡k 30° | mvaviY evûwU _vKvi d‡j 1g
wPÎwU n‡q wM‡q‡Q adjacent complementary angles ev mwbœwnZ c~iK †KvY
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 2q wPÎwU‡Z `yBwU †KvY wKš‘ Avjv`v Avjv`v AvKv n‡q‡Q Ges †hvMdjI wKš‘ 90° Z‡e †mLv‡b †Kvb mvaviY evû †bB| Giv n‡”Q
Non- adjacent complementary angles ev AmwbœwnZ c~iK †KvY
 3q wPÎwU‡Z Wvbcv‡k †KvYwU n‡”Q 90°| evgcv‡ki †KvYwUI wbðqB 90° n‡e| Zvn‡j 2𝑥° Ges 3𝑥° Gi †hvMdjUv n‡e
2𝑥°+ 3𝑥°
ev, 5𝑥° = 90°
90
ev, 𝑥° = 5 = 18°
Zvn‡j 2𝑥° = 2× 18° = 36°
3𝑥° = 3× 18° = 54°

Supplementary Angles(m¤ú~iK †KvY)

1g wPÎ

2q wPÎ: 𝑥° Gi gvb KZ ?
 `yBwU †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj hLb 180° n‡e ZLb GKwU †KvY‡K Aci †Kv‡Yi m¤ú~iK †KvY ejv n‡e|
 m¤ú~iK †KvYØq‡K Aek¨B GKwU mij‡iLvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z n‡Z n‡e|
 1g wP‡Î Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, 120° Gi m¤ú~iK †KvY n‡”Q 60°| Avevi 60° †Kv‡Yi m¤ú~iK †KvY n‡”Q 120°| Ges Zv‡`i
†hvMdj n‡”Q 180°
 2q wP‡Î 𝑥° Gi gvb †P‡q‡Q |
Avgiv Rvwb, GK mij‡KvY = 180°
ev, 𝑥° + 130° = 180°
ev, 𝑥° = 180° − 130°
ev, 𝑥° = 50°

Midpoint

 GKwU we›`y hw` †Kvb †iLv, iwkœ, ‡iLvsk ev Zj‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i Zvn‡j H we›`ywUB n‡”Q H †iLv, iwkœ, †iLvsg ev Z‡ji
ga¨we›`y ev Midpoint
 Dc‡ii wPÎwU‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, CD ‡iLvs‡ki ga¨we›`y n‡”Q M | Zvn‡j †Zv ejvB hvq †h, CM = MD
Midpoint Formula

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 Avgiv hLb MÖv‡d †Kvb GKwU ‡iLvsk‡K AvK‡Z hv‡ev ZLb Zvi ïiæ Ges †k‡li we›`y _vK‡ev| H we›`yØq Avevi MwVZ n‡e f~wg Ges
D”PZv wb‡q|
†hgb (4,1)- we›`ywU‡Z 4 n‡”Q f~wg Ges 1 n‡”Q D”PZv|
†Zgwb (10,5) we›`ywU‡Z 10 n‡”Q f~wg Ges 5 n‡”Q D”PZv|

GB †h Avgiv f~wg f~wg ejwQ GB f~wg‡K MÖv‡d ejv nq f~R

Avgiv hv‡`i D”PZv ejwQjvg Zv‡`i‡K Avevi MÖv‡d ejv nq †KvwU

f‚R؇hi †hvMd‡ji ‡KvwU؇hi †hvMd‡ji

 MÖv‡d GKwU †iLvs‡ki ga¨we›`y wbY©‡qi myÎ n‡jv----- ( , )
2 2

Distance Formula

 A Ges B hw` `yBwU we›`y nq Ges AB hw` GKwU †iLv nq Zvn‡j AB evûi `~iZ¡ n‡e-----

2
 AB ‡iLvi `~iZ¡ =√(fzR؇qi AšÍi)2 − (‡KvwU؇qi AšÍi)

= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) 2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1) 2

Perpendicular Bisector( j¤^ mgwØLÛK)

 hLb †Kvb GKwU †iLv, †iLvsk, iwkœ Av‡iKwU †iLv, ‡iLvsk ev iwkœi wVK ga¨we›`yi Dci j¤^ nq ZLb †mB ‡iLvsk‡K ejv nq j¤^
mgwØLÛK ev Perpendicular Bisector
 Dc‡ii wPÎwU‡Z S ‡iLvwU XY- Gi Dci j¤^
 M- n‡”Q ga¨we›`y, †m Kvi‡Y XM = MY
 M- we›`y‡Z 90° ‡KvY Drcbœ n‡q‡Q|

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 Classifying Triangles(wÎfz‡Ri cÖKvi‡f`)
Scalene Triangle (welgevû wÎfzR) Isosceles Triangle( mgwØevû wÎfzR) Equilateral Triangle ( mgevû wÎfzR)

‡h wÎfz‡Ri †Kvb evûB mgvb bv †mB wÎfz‡Ri Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU evû mgvb n‡j
wÎfzR‡K ejv nq welgevû wÎfzR Z‡eB †mwU n‡e mgwØevû wÎfzR| wZbwU
evû mgvb n‡j †Zv Av‡iI fv‡jv|
welgevû wÎfz‡Ri †Kvb †KvYB mgvb bv| mgwØevû wÎfz‡Ri Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU †KvY
mgvb n‡ZB n‡e| wZbwU †KvY mgvb n‡j
†Zv K_vB †bB|
wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU evûB mgvb n‡j Zv‡K ejv
nq welgevû wÎfzR
‡h‡nZz wZbwU evû mgvb Zvn‡j wZbwU
†KvY mgvb n‡Z eva¨|

Special Note : mgevû wÎfzR gvÎB mgwØevû wÎfzR| Zvi gv‡b mKj mgevû wÎfzRB mgwØevû wÎfzR| wKš‘ mKj mgwØevû wÎfzR
mgevû wÎfzR bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
Classifying Triangles Again(wÎfz‡Ri cÖKvi‡f`)

Acute Angle Triangle Right Angle Triangle Obtuse Angle Triangle Equal Angle Triangle
(m~ÿ‡KvYx wÎfzR) mg‡KvYx wÎfzR ¯’’j‡KvYx wÎfzR

3- Uv †KvYB m~ÿ‡KvY| A_©vr 1—Uv †KvY n‡jv mg‡KvYx | AšÍZ 1-wU †KvY ¯’zj‡KvYx n‡Z 3- wU †KvYB mgvb| A_©vr †
3-wU †KvYB 90° ‡_‡K †QvU mg‡KvYx wÎfzR gv‡b 1-wU n‡e| ¯’zj‡KvYx gv‡b 90° wÎfz‡Ri 3 †Kv‡Yi mgwó
†KvY 90° n‡e| A‡cÿv eo| 180°| †h‡nZz 3-wU †KvYB
mgvb †m‡nZz cÖ‡Z¨KwU †Kv‡Yi
gvbB n‡e 60° K‡i|
m~ÿ‡KvYx mgwØevû wÎfzRI mg‡KvYx mgwØevû wÎfzRI ¯’zj‡KvYx mgwØevû wÎfzR nIqvI GLv‡b Avi wKQzB Ki‡Z n‡e
m¤¢e| †hgb GKwU †KvY 40° nIqv m¤¢e| †hgb kZ©g‡Z m¤¢e| kZ©g‡Z GKwU †KvY‡K bv|
Ges evKx 2-wU †KvY n‡jv GKwU †KvY 90° ivLjvg Ges 90° ‡_‡K eo ivLjvg Ges
70° Ges 70° K‡i| 3-wU evKx 2-wU †KvY 45° Ges †mwU
†KvYB †Zv 90° ‡_‡K †QvU 45° K‡i ivLjvg| mgm¨v †Zv 92° ivLjvg, evKx 2-wU †KvY
Av‡Q, Avi †Z mgm¨v †bB| †bB| ivLjvg 44° Ges 44° K‡i|

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 Triangle Sum Theorem (wÎfz‡Ri †hvMd‡ji Dccv`¨)

 wÎfz‡Ri wZb †Kv‡Yi mgwó n‡”Q 180°

 Dc‡ii wPÎwU‡Z A+B+C = 180°

Pythagorean Theorem (cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨)

 GLv‡b a gv‡b BC evûi ˆ`N©¨| b gv‡b AC evûi ˆ`N©¨| c gv‡b AB evûi ˆ`N©¨|
 ▲ABC wU n‡”Q GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfzR|
 AB evûwU n‡”Q ▲ABC wUi AwZfzR
2 2
 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wU ej‡Q (AwZfzR) = (j¤^)2 + (f‚wg)
ev, (𝑐)2 = (𝑎)2 + (𝑏)2 [ a f~wgI n‡Z cv‡i ]

Exterior Angle Theorem ( ewn¯’ †Kv‡Yi Dccv`¨)

 Dc‡ii QwewU‡Z AC evûwU‡K ewa©K Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges 1 wU n‡”Q ewn¯’‡KvY

 wÎfz‡Ri GKwU evû‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j †h ewn¯’‡KvY Drcbœ nq, Zv Gi wecixZ AšÍ:¯’ †KvY؇qi mgwói mgvb| A_©vr
Dccv`¨wU ej‡Z Pv‡”Q †h, 1 = B+C
 Avevi wÎfz‡Ri GKwU evû‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j †h ewn¯’ †KvY Drcbœ nq, Zv Gi AšÍ:¯’ wecixZ †KvY `yBwUi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †KvY
A‡cÿv e„nËi| A_©vr Dccv`¨wU ej‡Z Pv‡”Q †h, 1 >B Ges 1 >C

Angle and Side Relationships ( evû Ges †Kv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©)

 A wU n‡”Q me‡P‡q eo †KvY, ZvB A wUi wecixZ evû Z_v BC evûwU n‡”Q ▲ABC Gi me‡_‡K eo evû|

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 B wU n‡”Q me‡P‡q ‡QvU †KvY, ZvB B wUi wecixZ evû Z_v AC evûwU n‡”Q ▲ABC Gi me‡_‡K ‡QvU evû|

Triangle Inequality Theorm ( wÎfz‡Ri AmgZv Dccv`¨)

 wÎfz‡Ri †h‡Kvb `yB evûi ‰`‡N©¨i mgwó Gi Z…Zxq evûi ˆ`N©¨ A‡cÿv e„nËi|
 ‡hgb : (AB+BC) > AC
 (AC+BC)>AB
 (AB+AC)>BC

Congruent Triangles ( wÎfz‡Ri me©mgZv)

 me©mg gv‡b n‡”Q Lv‡c Lvc wg‡j hvIqv| hw` GKwU wÎfzR Aci Av‡iKwU wÎfz‡Ri Kwc‡c÷ nq Zvn‡j GKwU wÎfzR
AciwU me©mg, hv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j congruent
 Dc‡ii wÎfzR `yBwU‡Z hw` A = F,
 B = E
 C = D nq
 Ges hw` AB evû = EF evû
 AC evû = FD evû
 BC evû = ED evû nq
Zvn‡j †PvL eÜ K‡i ejv hvq ▲EFD wU n‡”Q ▲ABC- Gi Kve©b Kwc|
R¨vwgwZi wbR¯^ fvlvq ej‡Z nq ▲ABC ≅ ▲EFD, eySv †M‡jv †Zv, ûg ?

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 KZfv‡e GKwU wÎfzR Aci GKwU wÎfz‡Ri me©mg n‡Z cv‡i ?
 SSS Triangle Congruence Postulate ( `yBwU wÎfz‡Ri wZbevû mgvb gv‡bB wÎfzR `yBwU me©mg)

 Postulate gv‡b n‡”Q ¯^xKvh© ev mZZ¨ A_©vr †Kvb GKwU NUbv mZ¨ nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó cÖgvY _vKv|
 S gv‡b n‡”Q Side evû
 GKwU wÎfz‡Ri wZbevû hw` Aci GKwU wÎfz‡Ri wZbevûi mgvb nq Zvn‡j `yBwU GKwU AciwUi me©mg
 Zvi gv‡b hw` AB evû = EF evû
 AC evû = FD evû
 BC evû = ED evû nq
Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡ZB cvwi †h

▲ABC Ges ▲EFD GB wÎfzR `yBwU me©mg

R¨vwgwZi fvlvq ejv hvq ‡h, ▲ABC ≅ ▲EFD

 SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate (`yB evû Ges GK †KvY)

 GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `yB evû GKwU †KvY Aci GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `yB evû I GKwU †Kv‡Yi mgvb n‡j wÎfzR `yBwU me©mg n‡Z
eva¨
 Dc‡ii wPÎ `yBwU‡Z hw` AB evû = DE evû
 AC evû = DF evû
 Ges A = D nq
Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡ZB cvwi †h

▲ABC Ges ▲EFD GB wÎfzR `yBwU me©mg

R¨vwgwZi fvlvq ejv hvq ‡h, ▲ABC ≅ ▲EFD

 HL Right Triangle Congruence ( mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri me©mgZv)

12
  Hypotenuse gv‡b n‡”Q AwZfzR|
 Hypotenuse ev AwZfz‡Ri m¤úK©Uv n‡”Q Avm‡j mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri mv‡_
 mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri wecixZ evûUvB n‡”Q AwZfzR
 Dc‡ii evg cv‡ki wPÎwU‡Z ▲RST- Gi RS evûwU n‡”Q AwZfzR
 Avevi Wvbcv‡ki wPÎwU‡Z ▲XYZ- Gi XY evûwU n‡”Q AwZfzR
 L gv‡b n‡”Q Leg hv‡K R¨vwgwZi fvlvq ejv nq evû|

hw` Avgiv †`wL †h

 ▲RST Gi AwZfzR RS = ▲XYZ Gi AwZfzR XY
 Ges ▲RST Gi GKwU evû ST = ▲XYZ Gi ci¯úi wecixZ evû YZ nq

Zvn‡j Lye mn‡RB ejv hvq †h, ▲RST ≅ ▲XYZ

Avevi hw` Avgiv †`wL †h

 ▲RST Gi AwZfzR RS = ▲XYZ Gi AwZfzR XY
 Ges ▲RST Gi GKwU evû RT = ▲XYZ Gi ci¯úi wecixZ evû XZ nq

Zvn‡j Lye mn‡RB ejv hvq †h, ▲RST ≅ ▲XYZ

 ASA Triangle Congruence Postulate (`yB ‡KvY Ges GK evû)

 hw` GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU †KvY GKwU evû Aci GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU ‡KvY I GKwU evûi mgvb nq Zvn‡j wÎfzR `yBwU
me©mg n‡e|
 Dc‡ii wÎfz‡Ri wPÎ `yBwU‡Z ▲ABC Gi A = ▲DEF Gi D
 ▲ABC Gi C = ▲DEF Gi F
 Ges ▲ABC Gi AC = ▲DEF Gi DF
 Zvi gv‡b n‡”Q †h, ▲ABC ≅ ▲DEF

 AAS Triangle Congruence Theorm (`yB †KvY Ges GK evû )

13
 hw` GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU ‡KvY GKwU evû Aci GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU †KvY I GKwU evûi mgvb nq Zvn‡j wÎfzR `yBwU
me©mg n‡e|
 Dc‡ii wÎfz‡Ri wPÎ `yBwU‡Z ▲RST Gi R = ▲XYZ Gi X
 ▲RST Gi S = ▲XYZ Gi Y
 ▲RST Gi ST evû = ▲XYZ Gi YZ evû
 Zvi gv‡b n‡”Q †h, ▲RST ≅ ▲XYZ

Similar Polygons( m`„k eûfzR)

 Similar gv‡b n‡”Q †`L‡Z A‡bKUv GKB iKg Z‡e Kve©b Kwc bv|
 Corresponding angle gv‡b n‡”Q Abyiæc †KvY
 Corresponding sides gv‡b n‡”Q Abyiæc evû

G‡ZvÿY Avgiv congruent triangle wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ, GLb Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev Similar triangle wb‡q
Zvi Av‡M e‡j †bIqv fv‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU congruent triangle gvÎB wKš‘ similar triangle |

Similar Polygons nIqvi kZ©mgyn

 KL‡bv hw` †`‡Lb †h, `yBwU wÎfzR ev PZzf©yR‡K similar ejv n‡”Q, Zvn‡j please ey‡S wb‡eb †h, H eûfzR `yBwUi
†KvY¸‡jv mgvb Ges evû¸‡jv mgvbycvwZK|

Zvic‡iI clear n‡”Q bv, ûg| Zvn‡j Pjyb mvg‡b we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv †nvK

Similar Polygons and Proportions

wKQz e¨vcvi wb‡q GKUz Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK

14
  Dc‡ii ▲ABC Ges ▲EFG `yBwU Similar Similar g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j Iiv Similar wKbv †mwU eyS‡Z
Avgv‡`i‡K GKUz A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 BC evû Ges GF evû n‡”Q corresponding sides ev Abyiæc evû|
 Avevi AB evû Ges GH evû n‡”Q corresponding sides
 AC evû Ges FH evû n‡”Q corresponding sides
 Av”Qv †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb †h, ▲ABC- Gi BC evû Ges ▲GFH- Gi GF evûi gvb †`Iqv Av‡Q| BC = 6,
GF=4
 Zvic‡i †`Lyb †h, AB evûi corresponding sides GH evûi gvb Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Q|
 GLb hw` AB evûi gvb w`‡q FH evûi gvb Rvb‡Z PvB‡Zv, Zvn‡j wKš‘ n‡Zv bv| KviY AB evû Ges FH evû
corresponding sides bv|
 GLb GF evûwU n‡”Q BC evûi 3 fv‡Mi 2 fvM| Zvi gv‡b GH evûwU hw` AB evûi 3 fv‡Mi 2 fvM Z_v 8 nq
Zvn‡jB †Kej ▲ABC Ges ▲EFG `yBwU Similar triangle n‡e|

wÎfz‡Ri internal evû¸‡jvi g‡a¨ corresponding sides

 ▲ABC Gi AB evûwU n‡”Q ▲ABC Gi BC evûi wVK wظY
 ▲ABC Ges ▲EFG `yBwU Similar triangle n‡Z n‡j ▲FGH Gi GH- evû‡K ▲FGH Gi GF evûi wVK
wظY n‡ZB n‡e|

gRvi Av‡iv evKx Av‡Q

 Avgiv †Zv G‡ZvÿY †`Ljvg †h, ▲ABC Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU evû n‡”Q ▲GFH- Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU evûi 1.5 ¸Y
 Zvi gv‡b ▲ABC Gi perimeter ev cwimxgvUv n‡e ▲GFH- Gi wVK 1.5 ¸Y|

AA Triangle Similarity Postulate (`yBwU wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU Abyiæc †KvY hLb mgvb)

 `yBwU wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU Abyiæc †KvY hw` mgvb nq Zvn‡j wÎfzR `yBwU m`„k‡KvYx wÎfzR|
 ▲RST- Gi R = ▲XYZ- Gi X
 ▲RST- Gi S = ▲XYZ- Gi Y
 Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, ▲RST ~ ▲XYZ

SAS Triangle Similarity Theorm (`yBwU wÎfz‡Ri `yBwU Abyiæc evû hLb similar Ges GKwU Abyiæc †KvY hLb mgvb)

 Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, ▲ABC Gi AB evûwU n‡”Q ▲DEF Gi DE evûi wVK 2 ¸Y
 Avevi ▲ABC Gi AC evûwU n‡”Q ▲DEF Gi DF evûi wVK 2 ¸Y
 mv‡_ ▲ABC Gi A = ▲DEF Gi D
 Zvn‡j me wgwj‡q Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, ▲ABC ~ ▲DEF
15
 SSS Triangle Similarity Theorem (`yBwU wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU Abyiæc †KvY mgvb Similiar)

 Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, ▲RST Gi RS evûwU n‡”Q ▲XYZ Gi XY evûi wVK 2 ¸Y
 Avevi ▲RST Gi RT evûwU n‡”Q ▲XYZ Gi XZ evûi wVK 2 ¸Y
 mv‡_ ▲RST Gi ST evûwU n‡”Q ▲XYZ Gi YZ evûi wVK 2 ¸Y
 Zvn‡j †Zv Avgiv ej‡ZB cvwi †h, ▲RST~▲XYZ

Altitude of a Triangle ( wÎfz‡Ri D”PZv)

 ▲GJH- wU‡Z wZbwU Vertex ev kxl©we›`y i‡q‡Q Z_v G, J Ges H |

 Avm‡j wK Rv‡bb GKwU eûfz‡Ri h‡Zv¸‡jv evû _vK‡e wUK Z‡Zv¸‡jvB _vK‡e kxl©we›`y|
 wÎfz‡Ri †Kvb GKwU kxl©we›`(vertex) †_‡K wecixZ evûi Dci j¤^wUB(perpendicular) n‡”Q H wÎfz‡Ri Altitude (
D”PZv)
 cÖwZwU wÎfz‡RiB Avm‡j wZbwU K‡i Altitude ev D”PZv Av‡Q|
 gRvi e¨vcvi n‡”Q †h, GKwU wÎfz‡Ri j¤^Øq †h we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q‡Q †mB we›`ywU‡K ejv nq j¤^we›`y ev orthocenter

Median of a triangle ( wÎfz‡Ri ga¨gv)

 GKwU wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y Ges wecixZ evûi ga¨we›`yi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv‡K ejv nq H wÎfz‡Ri ga¨gv|
 D- we›`ywU n‡”Q AB evûi ga¨we›`y|
 Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, CD evûwU n‡”Q ▲ABC- Gi ga¨gv|
 cÖwZwU wÎfz‡RiB wZbwU K‡i ga¨gv Av‡Q|

16
 Concurrency of Medians of a Triangle (wÎfz‡Ri ga¨gv¸‡jv †hLv‡b GKmv‡_ wgwjZ nq)

 Av‡M Bs‡iwR wkwL, c‡i bv nq R¨vwgwZ wkL‡ev| concur gv‡b GKgZ nIqv| concur ‡_‡K concurrency kãwU
G‡m‡Q|
 Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, ▲ABC- Gi ga¨gv wZbwU P we›`y‡Z G‡m wgwjZ n‡q‡Q|
 GB P we›`ywU‡K ejv n‡”Q centroid ev fi‡K›`ª|
 wÎfz‡Ri †h‡Kvb ga¨gv n‡”Q kxl©we›`y †_‡K fi‡K›`ª †_‡K `yi‡Z¡i wVK 1.5 ¸Y

A_©vr Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi

wÎfz‡Ri ga¨gv = kxl©we›`y †_‡K fi‡K›`ª ch©šÍ `~i‡Z¡i wVK 1.5 ¸Y
 AF = 1.5×AP
 CE = 1.5×CP
 BD = 1.5×DP

30° − 60° −90° Triangle Theorm (30° − 60° −90° ‡KvY wewkó wÎfz‡R cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvM)

 Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, wÎfzRwU GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfzR|

 mg‡KvYx wÎfzRwUi me‡_‡K †QvU evûwUi ‰`N©¨ n‡”Q 𝑥, 2q e„nËg evûwU n‡”Q 2𝑥
 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i Avgiv cvB †h, mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri AwZfz‡Ri AwZfz‡Ri Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎdj
Aci `yB evûi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎd‡ji mgwói mgvb|
 wÎfzRwUi j¤^ n‡”Q 𝑥, AwZfzR n‡”Q 2𝑥, Avgiv GLb †ei Ki‡ev wÎfzRwUi f~wgi ˆ`N©¨|
Zvi gv‡b n‡”Q †h
2 2
(AwZfzR) = (j¤^)2 +(f‚wg)
2
ev, (2𝑥)2 = (𝑥)2 +(f~wg)
2
ev, (𝑥)2 +(f~wg) = 4𝑥 2
2
ev, (f~wg) = 4𝑥 2 − (𝑥)2 = 3𝑥 2
ev, f~wg = √3𝑥 2 = 𝑥√3
ev, f~wg = 𝑥 √3
Zvn‡j Avgiv wÎfzRwUi f~wgi ˆ`N©¨ †cjvg 𝑥√3

17
30° − 60° −90° Triangle Theorm (30° − 60° −90° ‡KvY wewkó wÎfz‡R cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvM

 Avgiv Avm‡j Dc‡i mg‡KvYx mgwØevû wÎfzR †`L‡Z cvw”Q hvi j¤^ Ges f~wg n‡”Q 𝑥
 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i Avgiv cvB †h, mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri AwZfz‡Ri AwZfz‡Ri Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡ÿ‡Îi
†ÿÎdj Aci `yB evûi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎd‡ji mgwói mgvb|
 Avgiv GLb †ei Ki‡ev wÎfzRwUi f~wgi ˆ`N©¨|
Zvi gv‡b n‡”Q †h
2 2
(AwZfzR) = (j¤^)2 +(f~wg)
= (𝑥)2 +(𝑥)2
= 2𝑥 2
AwZfzR = √2𝑥 2
= 𝑥 √2
Zvn‡j Avgiv wÎfzRwUi AwZfz‡Ri ˆ`N©¨ †cjvg 𝑥 √2

Area of Triangle (wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj)

1
wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj = 2 × f~wg× D”PZv
1
= 2×𝑏×ℎ
Polygon Exterior Angle Sum Theorem(eûfz‡Ri ewn¯’ †KvY؇qi †hvMd‡ji Dccv`¨)

 Avgiv Dc‡i GKwU eûfzR †`L‡Z cvw”Q

 GKwU eûfz‡Ri h‡Zv¸‡jv eûfzR _vK‡e wVK Z‡Zv¸‡jv ewn¯’‡KvY _vK‡e
 GKwU eûfz‡Ri ewn¯’‡KvY؇qi †hvMdj n‡e 360°
 wPÎ †`‡L †`‡L Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, 1+2+3+4+5 = 360°

18
 Polygon interior Angle Sum Theorem(eûfz‡Ri AšÍ:¯’ †KvY؇qi †hvMd‡ji Dccv`¨)

 Avgiv Dc‡i GKwU eûfzR †`L‡Z cvw”Q †hwUi evû n‡”Q †gvU 5-wU|
 evûi msL¨v‡K Avgiv n w`‡q cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi|
 Dccv`¨wU ej‡Q †h, †Kvb eûfz‡Ri evûi msL¨v hw` 5-wU n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j H eûfzRwUi †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj n‡e
(𝑛 − 2) × 180°
 Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i Dc‡ii eûfzRwUi AšÍ:¯’ †KvY؇qi †hvMdj n‡e = (𝑛 − 2) × 180° = (5 − 2) × 180° =
(3 × 180°) = 540°
 Zvi gv‡b Avgiv Dc‡ii eûfzRwU‡Z Avm‡j 3-wU wÎfzR †`L‡Z cvw”Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU wÎfz‡RiB †Zv ‡gvU †Kv‡Yi
†hvMdj 180° K‡i|

Regular Polygon

 Dc‡ii wPÎwU GKwU mgevû wÎfz‡Ri| A_©vr wÎfzRwUi wZbwU evûB Avm‡j mgvb|
 mgevû wÎfz‡Ri cÖwZwU †Kv‡Yi gvbB †Zv 60° K‡i| Zvn‡j mgevû wÎfz‡Ri me¸‡jv †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj n‡”Q = 60×
3 = 180°

 Dc‡ii wPÎwU GKwU square ev e‡M©i| Avgiv Rvwb e‡M©i cÖwZwU †Kv‡Yi gvb n‡”Q 90° K‡i|
 Zvn‡j e‡M©i me¸‡jv †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj n‡”Q = 90× 4 = 360°

 Dc‡ii wPÎwU n‡”Q GKwU Regular pentagon ev cÂfz‡Ri| A_©vr cÂfz‡Ri †gvU 5-wU evû Av‡Q|
 (𝑛 − 2) × 180° myÎ apply Ki‡j †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj `vovq = (5 − 2) × 180° = (3 × 180°) = 540°

19
 540
 Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Regular pentagon ev cÂfz‡Ri cÖwZwU †Kv‡Yi cwigvY n‡”Q = = 108°
5
K‡i|

 Dc‡ii wPÎwU n‡”Q GKwU Regular Hexagon ev lofz‡Ri| A_©vr lofz‡Ri †gvU 6-wU evû Av‡Q|
 (𝑛 − 2) × 180° myÎ apply Ki‡j †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj `vovq = (6 − 2) × 180° = (4 × 180°) = 720°
720
 Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Regular Hexagon ev lofz‡Ri cÖwZwU †Kv‡Yi cwigvY n‡”Q = °= 120°
6
K‡i|

 Dc‡ii wPÎwU n‡”Q GKwU Regular Octagon ev Aófz‡Ri| A_©vr Aófz‡Ri †gvU 8-wU evû Av‡Q|
 (𝑛 − 2) × 180° myÎ apply Ki‡j †Kv‡Yi †hvMdj `vovq = (8 − 2) × 180° = (6 × 180°) = 1080°
1080
 Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Regular Hexagon ev lofz‡Ri cÖwZwU †Kv‡Yi cwigvY n‡”Q = °= 135°
6
K‡i|

Quadrilateral (A−𝒁)(PZzf©yR wb‡q h‡Zv Av‡jvPbv)

mvaviYZ PviwU evû n‡jB †mwU‡K Avgiv PZzf©yR ej‡Z cvwi|
hw` ‡Kvb PZzf©y‡Ri GKBmv‡_ 5-wU quality _v‡K Zvn‡j †mwU n‡q hv‡e specialized quadrilateral hv
Paralleogram ev mvgšÍwiK bv‡g AwaK bv‡g cwiwPZ| †mB 5-wU quality n‡”Q|
1. PZzf©yRwUi wecixZ evû¸‡jv mgvb n‡Z n‡e
2. PZzf©yRwUi wecixZ evû¸‡jv mgvšÍivj n‡Z n‡e|
3. PZzf©yRwUi wecixZ †KvY¸‡jv mgvb n‡Z n‡e|
4. PZzf©yRwUi consecutive angle ev cvkvcvwk †KvY¸‡jvi †hvMdj n‡Z n‡e 180°
5. PZzf©yRwUi KY© ci¯úi‡K †Q` Kivi mgq G‡K Aci‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i Qvo‡e|

Parallelogram ( mvgšÍwiK)- Gi wKQz e¨vcvi bv Rvb‡jB bv

20
  PZzf©yRwUi wecixZ †KvY¸‡jv mgvb n‡Z n‡e|
 PZzf©yRwUi consecutive angle ev cvkvcvwk †KvY¸‡jvi †hvMdj n‡Z n‡e 180°

 e¨vcviUv n‡jv †h, EHG Ges EFG n‡”Q ci¯úi wecixZ †KvY Ges GKUz Kó K‡i †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb †h, ‡KvY `yBwUi gvb
wKš‘ 70° K‡i|
 Avevi EHG Ges HEF GB †KvY `yBwU n‡”Q Avm‡j consecutive angle Ges G‡`i †hvMdj n‡”Q = EHG+HEF
= 180°

 PZzf©yRwUi KY© ci¯úi‡K †Q` Kivi mgq G‡K Aci‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i Qvo‡e|
 mvgšÍwi‡Ki AC KY©wU BD KY©wU‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Q Z_v BO = OD
 mvgšÍwi‡Ki BD KY©wU AC KY©wU‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Q Z_v AO = OC

3 types of parallelograms
 Rectangle
 Rhombus
 Square

Rectangle (AvqZ‡ÿÎ)

 Parallelogram Gi h‡Zv ˆewkó¨ me¸‡jvB _vK‡e, ûg

 Rectangle Gi PviwU †KvYB wKš‘ 90°K‡i|
 Rectangle –Gi KY©¸‡jv n‡”Q ci¯úi mgvb|

21
 Rhombus(i¤^m)

 Parallelogram Gi h‡Zv ˆewkó¨ me¸‡jvB _vK‡e, ûg

 i¤^‡mi cÖwZwU evûB mgvb|

 i¤^‡mi KY©¸‡jv cÖwZwU †KvY‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i| Dc‡ii PQRS i¤^mwU †`Lyb KY©¸‡jv cÖwZwU †KvY‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM
K‡i‡Q|

 i¤^‡mi KY©¸‡jv ci¯úi‡K cross Kivi mgq 90° K‡i †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| Dc‡ii ABCD i¤^mwUi w`‡K GKUz Kó K‡i †Lqvj
Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, KY©¸‡jv G‡K Aci‡K cross Kivi mgq 90°Drcbœ K‡i‡Q|

Square(eM©)

 Square Ges Rhombus A‡bKUv GKB iKg ïay Square Gi cÖwZwU †KvYB 90° K‡i †hLv‡b Rhombus Gi †KvY †KvYB 90°
bq|

Trapezoid( UªvwcwRqvg)

22
 UªvwcwRqvg Ggb GK ai‡Yi PZzf©yR hvi †h‡Kvb GK‡Rvov evûØq mgvšÍivj n‡e| Dc‡i cvkvcvwk `yBwU UªvwcwRqvg‡K †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|
Isosceles Trapezoid

 Dc‡ii UªvwcwRqvgwUi evgcv‡ki Ges Wvbcv‡ki evûØq n‡”Q mgvb|

 wb‡Pi w`‡Ki cvkvcvwk `yBwU †KvY mgvb Ges Dc‡ii cvkvcvwk `yBwU †KvY n‡”Q mgvb|

Gevi summary Uvb‡ev Avgiv

Paralleogram Rhombus Rectangle Square Trapezoid Isoceles Trapezoid

mvgšÍwiK i¤^m AvqZ‡ÿÎ eM© UªvwcwRqvg mgwØevû UªvwcwRqvg
Exactly `yBwU K‡i √ √
mgvšÍivj evû Av‡Q
`yB †Rvov mgvšÍivj √ √ √ √
evû Av‡Q
GK †Rvo mgvb evû √
Av‡Q
`yB †Rvov mgvb evû √ √ √ √
Av‡Q
me¸‡jv evû mgvb √ √
KY©¸‡jv †Q` Kivi √ √
mgq j¤^ Drcbœ nq
KY©¸‡jv √ √
†KvY¸‡jv‡K mgvb
`yBfv‡M fvM K‡i
KY©¸‡jv G‡K √ √ √ √
Aci‡K mgvb
`yBfv‡M fvM K‡i
wecixZ †KvY¸‡jv √ √ √ √
mgvb
PviwU †KvYB √ √
mg‡KvY
f~wgi mv‡_ √
†KvY`yBwU mgvb

23
 Gevi Rvb‡ev PZzf©y‡Ri myθ‡jv

PZzf©yR
Parallelogram(mvgšÍwiK)
Rhombus(i¤^m)
Rectangle(AvqZ‡ÿÎ)
Square(eM©)
Trapezium(UªvwcwRqvg)
Area ev †ÿÎd‡ji myÎ Perimeter ev cwimxgvi myÎ Diagonal ev K‡Y©i myÎ
(D”PZv × cÖ¯’) Pvi evûi ˆ`‡N©¨i †hvMdj
(
KY©Ø‡qi †hvMd‡ji
) Pvi evûi ˆ`‡N©¨i †hvMdj
2
(‰`N©¨×cÖ¯’) Pvi evûi ˆ`‡N©¨i †hvMdj
√(‰`N©¨)2 +(cÖ¯’)2
(‡h‡Kvb GK evûi ˆ`N©¨)2 Pvi evûi ˆ`‡N©¨i †hvMdj √2 × †h‡Kvb GK evûi ˆ`N©¨
(
mgvšÍivj evû؇qi ‰`‡N©¨i †hvMdj
) × D”PZv Pvi evûi ˆ`‡N©¨i †hvMdj
2

Circle

 cÖ_‡gB e‡j †bIqv fv‡jv †h, e„Ë n‡”Q GKwU Zj| Dc‡i GKwU e„‡Ëi wPÎ AvKv n‡q‡Q|
 ‡Kvb GKwU Z‡ji GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y †_‡K hw` H Z‡ji mKj we›`yi `~iZ¡ mgvb n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j †mB ZjwU‡K ejv hv‡e Centre ev
†K›`ª| Dc‡ii e„ËwU‡Z O- n‡”Q Centre ev †K›`ª
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 e„‡Ëi †h‡Kvb `yBwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K chord ev R¨v| Dc‡ii e„ËwU‡Z RS n‡”Q chord ev R¨v|
 e„‡Ëi me‡_‡K eo †h R¨v †mwU‡K Avevi ejv n‡q _v‡K diameter ev e¨vm| Dc‡ii e„ËwU‡Z MN n‡”Q diameter ev e¨vm| mwZ¨
K_v ej‡Z wK e„‡Ëi †h‡Kvb `yBwU we›`yi g‡a¨ me‡_‡K ‡ewk `~iZ¡ eRvq ivLvi ÿgZv Av‡Q diameter ev e¨vm Gi| e¨vm‡K d w`‡q
cÖKvk Kiv nq| Zvi gv‡b †Zv Avgiv ej‡ZB cvwi †h e„‡Ëi e¨vmI n‡”Q chord ev R¨v|
 e¨v‡mi A‡a©K‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K e¨vmva© ev radius | Dc‡ii e„ËwU‡Z OP n‡”Q e¨vmva©| e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©‡K r w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|

Inscribed (AšÍwj©wLZ)

 GKwU plolygon ev eûfzR‡K ( wÎfzR, PZzf©yR BZ¨vw`) GKwU e„‡Ëi g‡a¨ hw` inscribed Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j H eûfz‡Ri cÖwZwU
kxl©we›`y‡K H e„‡Ëi Mv‡q Mv‡q jvMv‡bv _vK‡Z n‡e| Dc‡ii wPÎwU wKš‘ †mB K_vB ej‡Q|

 Gevi wVK D‡ëvUv| A_©vr hw` GKwU e„ˇK Avgiv GKwU eûfzR Gi g‡a¨ inscribed Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j H e„ËwU‡K H eûfz‡Ri Mv‡q
Mv‡q jvMv‡bv _vK‡Z n‡e|
Lines and Circles(e„‡Ëi †iLvmgyn)

 hw` †Kvb GKwU †iLv e„‡Ëi `yBwU we›`y‡K †Q` K‡i Zvn‡j G ‡iLv‡K ejv n‡e H e„‡Ëi Secant ev †Q`K| Dc‡ii e„ËwU‡K AB n‡”Q
†Q`K|
 hw` GKwU †iLv †Kvb GKwU e„ˇK just GKwU we›`y w`‡q ‡Q` K‡i P‡j hvq Zvnj G †iLv‡K ejv n‡e H e„‡Ëi Tangent ev
¯úk©K| Dc‡ii e„ËwU‡Z CD ‡iLvwU n‡”Q Tangent ev ¯úk©K| CD ‡iLvwU Avm‡j e„‡Ëi just D- we›`y w`‡q †Q` K‡i‡Q|

25
 Relations between Tangent and Radius (¯úk©‡Ki mv‡_ e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i m¤úK©)

 me mg‡qi Rb¨B e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© H e„‡Ëi ¯úk©‡Ki Dci j¤^| ‡hgb Dc‡ii e„ËwU‡Z e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© Z_v QR H e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K A_©vr
QS ‡iLvi Dci Q-we›`y‡Z j¤^| Zvi gv‡b RQ ⊥ QS

26