Irene Antiri

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CHAPTER 7 LESSSON 2- HONORS U.S. HISTORY

THE HOME FRONT
PAGES 237-241

1. Who did the new agencies that formed in WWI rely on to cooperate?

The new agencies rely on business executives, managers, and government officials.

2. What was the role of the War Industries Board (WIB)?

The WIB coordinated the production of war materials

3. What was the two roles of the Food Administration? What man ran it?
The Food Administration was run by Herbert Hoover. The organization was responsible for increasing food
production while reducing civilian consumption.
4. What were victory gardens?
Victory gardens were essentially gardens where families would grow their own crops, particular crops, to
save certain food for the army and the USA's allies.
5. Name three things the Fuel Administration did to manage the use of coal and oil.
It introduced the first usage of daylight time, shortened workweeks for civilian goods factories, and
encouraged Heatless Mondays, all to conserve energy.

6. The U.S. spent $32 billion on the war. Name four ways our government funded the war.
The spent $32 billion dollars by raising income tax rates, placing new taxes on corporate profits, imposed an
extra tax on the profits of arms factories, and borrowed over $20 billion through the sale of Liberty Bonds and
Victory Bonds.

7. What was the role of the National War Labor Board (NWLB)?

The NWLB's role was to prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort and to
get workers to cooperate with one another.

8. What role did women play in the U.S. during the war?
More American women were employed during the war as the men that filled so many jobs went off to join the war effort. They filled up those roles,
spots and places. They worked jobs traditionally held by men. One million entered the workforce for the first time.
9. What was the “Great Migration”?
The Great Migration was the massive population movement of African Americans north. This was sparked by Henry Ford
having sent his agents to the South to recruit African Americans as he was desperate for workers. Other businesses
followed suit and promises of high wages and plentiful work convinced 300,000-500,000 Africa Americans to move
north.
10. What were barrios? Why did more than 100,000 Mexicans migrate to the SW U.S.?
More than 100,000 Mexicans migrated to the Southwest and provided labor for farmers and ranches. The also found
new opportunities in factory jobs, and like other immigrant groups before them, they faced hostility and discrimination.
Barrios were separate neighborhoods in which Mexican Americans could support one another.
11. What was the role of the Committee on Public Information?
The CPI's role was to "sell" the war to the American people by recruiting advertising executives, artists, authors, songwriters,
entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies to help sway public opinion in favor of the war.
They tried to help sway public opinion in favor of the war. They recruited advertising executives, artists, authors, songwriters,
entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies.
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12. What is espionage?

Espionage is spying to acquire government information, especially government secrets.

13. What was the Espionage Act of 1917?

The Espionage Act of 1917 made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war
effort. 
14. What was the Sedition Act of 1918?
The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to speak against the war publicly.
It also allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the government. The press hated this as they could only write positive
news about the war
15. Why did the Supreme Court rule that the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were
constitutional?
The Supreme Court ruled that the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were constitutional because speaking out publicly or helping
the enemy was seen as a danger and a threat.
The court ruled that the government could restrict speech when the speech constituted a ":clear and present danger."
16. How many men did our military have when we entered the war?
The US military - the army and the National Guard - total had slightly more than 200,000 troops. Though many
men quickly volunteered, more men were still needed.
17. What was selective service?
Selective service was a system created by congress with Wilson's support, as they believed that a draft was
necessary. Instead of having the military run the draft from D.C., the Selective Service Act of 1917 required all men of
21-30 years of age to register for the draft.
18. Explain how they determined who to draft.
The criteria was only that the men had to be between the ages of 21 years old to 30 years old. A lottery randomly determined the ord
which they were called before a local draft board in charge of selecting or exempting people from military service. There were thousa
of local boards that were the heart of the system, and they were comprised of civilians from local communities. Progressives believed
that, as opposed to a centralized government bureaucracy, local people would know which men to draft due to their understanding o
community needs.
19. How many Americans were drafted?
About 2.8 million Americans were drafted.
20. How many men volunteered?
2 million men volunteered for a multitude of reasons. Some of the volunteers had heard stories of German atrocities and wanted to
fight back. There were some men that believed democracy was at stake as well as men who believed they had a duty to respond to
their nation's call.
21. How many Americans died in WWI? How many casualties?
Over 50,000 Americans died in combat and 60,000 more soldiers died from disease (mostly from the influenza epidemic of 1918 and
1919), summing up as 110,000. More than 200,000 soldiers were wounded, meaning that there were 310,000 casualties.
22. How many people worldwide died from the influenza epidemic of 1918-19? How many
Americans died?
The estimated number of influenza deaths from 1918-1919 was 25 to 50 million people worldwide and more than
500,000 Americans.

23. Explain the role of African Americans in WWI.

Nearly 400,000 African Americans were drafted, with 42,000 serving overseas as combat troops. They
faced many racially-motivated circumstances and faced discrimination and prejudice in the US military,
yet they fought with distinction. They were able to earn praise for their difficult battles.
24. What minority group volunteered the most to serve in the U.S. military?
Mexican Americans volunteered for service more than any other minority group in the USA.
25. Which branch of the military did women serve in? Name some jobs that they performed.
With a tragic shortage of clerical workers in 1917 due to so many men being assigned to active duty, the enlistment of women for these positions was
authorized. They wore a standard uniform and were assigned the rank of yeoman.
By the end of the war, however, women were offered more positions in the navy. Over 11,000 women had served as radio operators, electricians,
pharmacists, chemists, photographers, and mainly of course, performed clerical duties.
Though the army refused to enlist women, it did begin to hire women as temporary employees to fill clerical jobs, with the only women actually serving
the army being in the Army Nurse Corps. While women had served as nurses in the army and the navy since the early 1900s, they were auxiliaries and
were not assigned ranks. They were not technically enlisted in either branch, but with this new development, more than 20,000 nurses served in the
Army Nurse Corps during the war. This included more than 10,000 women serving overseas.