Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

January 28, 2019

1 Single Tuned Circuits

1. Single tuned circuit is a circuit where there is one inductor and one capacitor connected in such way that they
resonate at a particular frequency.
2. The reactance of inductor is positive and reactance of capacitance is negative and at a particular frequency, these
reactances cancel each other and the net reactance becomes zero. This phenomenon is resonance, which is also
referred to as tuning.
3. In single tuned circuits there is only one resonant frequency
4. Usually the single tuned circuits are interesting if they produce a pair of complex conjugate poles.
5. Let the complex conjugate poles be at −α ± jβ
6. It is conventional to define these poles in terms of undamped natural frequency ωn and damping factor ζ
7. ωn is the radial line drawn from the origin to the pole. The damping factor is cosine of the angle that the radial
vector makes with the negative real axis.
8. The relationships between α, β ωn andζ are given below

ωn2 = α2 + β 2 (1)

ζ = cosθ (2)

α = ωn cosθ = ζωn (3)

p
β = ωn sinθ = ωn (1 − ζ 2 ) (4)

9. The characteristic equation in s-domain that represents these poles can be written as

(s + α + jβ)(s + α − jβ) = (s2 + 2αs + α2 + β 2 ) = 0 (5)

10. This still can be rewritten as

s2 + 2ζωn s + ωn2 = 0 (6)

11. The roots of the equation are

p
−ζωn ± jωn (1 − ζ 2 ) (7)

12. As θ ⇒ π/2, ζ ⇒ 0; θ ⇒ 0, ζ ⇒ 1
13. As θ increases, damping factor decreases and as θ decreases, the damping factor increases. The damping factor ζ
in frequency domain varies from 0 to 1 (0 ≤ ζ ≤ 1)
14. Let us look at a simple RLC circuit shown as shown in figure.2
15. The transfer function H(s) is given by

V2 (s) 1/sC
H(s) = = (8)
V1 (s) R + sL + 1/sC

V2 (s) 1
H(s) = = 2 (9)
V1 (s) s LC + sCR + 1

V2 (s) 1 1
H(s) = =   (10)
V1 (s) LC
s2 + sR
L + 1
LC

1
 R L

V1 (s) C V2 (s)

Figure 1: Simple R-L-C circuit

16. Roots of the characteristic equation are given by

s
R2

R 1
p1,2 = − ± j − (11)
2L LC 4L2

17. When we have complex conjugate poles, resonance/ peaking will occur. Using s-plane diagram, let us find out the
frequency at which peaking will occur for a generic pair of comple poles (−α ± jβ)
18. The magnitude is a real positive value and is given by

K
M = |H(jω)| = p (12)
(α2 + (ω + β)2 )(α2 + (ω − β)2 )

K2
M2 = (13)
(α2 + (ω + β)2 )(α2 + (ω − β)2 )

19. For M or M 2 to be maximum, denominator term should be minumium

DR = (α2 + (ω + β)2 )(α2 + (ω − β)2 ) = ω 4 + 2ω 2 (α2 − β 2 ) + (α2 + β 2 )2 (14)

DR = (ω 2 + α2 − β 2 )2 + (α2 + β 2 )2 − (α2 − β 2 )2 (15)

DR = (ω 2 + α2 − β 2 )2 + 4α2 β 2 (16)

20. The term 4α2 β 2 is independent of ω. Hence, for resonance

2
ωmax = β 2 − α2 (17)

21. If the imaginary part of the complex conjugate poles is greater than the real part, then peaking occurs.
22. If the imaginary part of the complex conjugate poles is less than the real part, then peaking doesn’t occur

23. If the imaginary part of the complex conjugate poles is equal to the real part, then peaking occurs at ω = 0
24. Let us rewrite the equation for ωmax
25. If ζ < √1 , then peaking occurs
2

26. If ζ > √1 , then peaking occurs doesn’t occur

2

27. If ζ = √1 , then peaking occurs at ωn = 0

2

2
ωmax = β 2 + α2 − 2α2 (18)

2α2
 
2
ωmax = α2 + β 2 1 − − (19)
α + β2
2

2
ωmax = ωn2 (1 − 2ζ 2 ) (20)

2
 C

R
C
V1 R

28. Quality factor is defined as

1 1
Q = = (21)
2ζ 2cosθ

29. If θ > 45◦ , then peaking occurs

30. If θ < 45◦ , then peaking occurs doesn’t occur
31. If θ = 0◦ , has no physical significance

32. Summarizing, the mangitude of the transfer function |H(jω)| has a resonance behavior if

1
β > α; ζ < √ ; θ > 45◦ (22)
2

33. Summarizing, the mangitude of the transfer function |H(jω)| has NO resonance behavior if

1
β < α; ζ > √ ; θ < 45◦ (23)
2

2 Double Tuned Circuits

1. Let us consider the case of two pairs of complex conjugate poles
2. The transfer function of such a system looks like

Ksm
H(s) = 2 2 (24)
(s2 + 2ζ1 ωn1 s + ωn1 = 0)(s2 + 2ζ2 ωn2 s + ωn2 = 0)

3. The value of m cannot be negative.

4. A practical circuit which gives this kind of response is a circuit having two single tuned circuits coupled to each
other by means of mutual inductance.

5. The equations are

 
1
Vi (s) = R + + sL I1 − sM I2 (25)
sC
 
1
0 = − sM I1 + R + + sL I2 (26)
sC
 
1
6. Let R + sC + sL = Z

7. Then I2 is
sM
I2 = I1 (27)
Z

8. The transfer function H(s) is given by

sM
V2 (s) Z I1 R
H(s) = = 2 2 (28)
V1 (s) ZI1 − s ZM I1

sM R
H(s) = (29)
Z 2 − s2 M 2

3
 2
(s2 LC + sCR + 1)2

1
Z2 = R + + sL = (30)
sC s2 C 2
2
L2 2 L2

R 1
Z2 = 2
s + s + = 2 (s2 + 2ζωn s + ωn2 )2 (31)
s L LC s

s3 M R/L2
H(s) = ; M = kL (32)
(s2 + 2ζωn s + ωn2 )2 − s4 k 2

2ζωn k s3
H(s) = ; M = kL (33)
(s2 + 2ζωn s + ωn2 )2 − (s2 k)2

2ζωn k s3
H(s) = ; M = kL (34)
(s2 + 2ζωn s + ωn2 )2 − (s2 k)2

2ζωn k s3
H(s) = (35)
(s2 (1 + k) + 2ζωn s + ωn2 ) − (s2 (1 − k) + 2ζωn s + ωn2 )

2ζωn k s3
H(s) =     (36)
1 − k2 2ζωn ωn2
2ζωn 2
ωn
s2 + (1 + k) s + (1 + k) − s2 + (1 − k) s + (1 − k)

9. There are three zero at s=0 and there are two pairs of complex conjugate poles.

As3
H(s) = (37)
(s − s1 )(s − s∗1 )(s − s2 )(s − s∗2 )

10. s1 , s∗1 are the roots of the equation

ωn2
 
2ζωn
s2 + s + = 0 (38)
(1 + k) (1 + k)

11. The roots are

s 
ω2 4ζ 2 ωn
2
− (12ζωn
+ k) ± j 4 (1 +n k) − (1 + k)2
s1 , s∗1 = (39)
2
s
ζ2

ζωn 1
s1 , s∗1 = − ± jωn − (40)
(1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k)2

12. Similarly
s
ζ2

ζωn 1
s2 , s∗2 = − ± jωn − (41)
(1 − k) (1 − k) (1 + k)2

13. For low resistive, high Q circuits; ζ 2  1; k  1

q
1 k
14. (1+k) = 1 − 2
 
k
s1 , s∗1 = − ζωn ± jωn 1 − (42)
2
 
k
s2 , s∗2 = − ζωn ± jωn 1 + (43)
2

A(jω)3
H(jω) = (44)
(jω − s1 )(jω − s∗1 )(jω − s2 )(jω − s∗2 )

15. Let G(s) be any network function, either driving point or transfer

4
16. G(jω) is a complex function which may be written in rectangular coordinates as

G(jω) = R(ω) + jX(ω) (45)

17. In polar coordinates, it is written as

G(jω) = |G(jω)|ejφ(ω) (46)

18. R(jω) is the real part of the network function; X(ω) = Im G(jω) is the imaginary part.
19. The magnitude |G(jω)| is given by
p
|G(jω)| = [R(ω)]2 + [X(ω)]2 (47)

20. The phase φ(ω) is given by

[X(ω)]
φ(ω) = T an−1 (48)
[R(ω)]

21. A generic network function cab be represented as

a0 (jω)n + a1 (jω)n−1 + ...... + an

G(jω) = (49)
b0 (jω)n + b1 (jω)n−1 + ...... + bn

or
22.
a0 (jω − z1 )(jω − z2 )....(jω − zn )
G(jω) = (50)
b0 (jω − p1 )(jω − p2 )....(jω − pn )

23. The objective here is to understand/analyse the system behavior for specified values of a and b coefficient or poles
and zeros. This is a tedious process
24. The focus from now on, is use learn methods that can simplify the process and achieve the desired objective.
25. In frequency response, the independent variable is frequency ω. The dependent variables are the magnitude and
phase. They can be represented either in polar coordinates or by using logarithmic coordinates. Each method has
their own distinct advantages.
26. The frequency range typically is in the range of 0 to ∞ as these are the frequencies that are practically used in the
real domain. In some specific cases, the frequency range gets extended from −∞ to ∞. This is to get a theoretical
intuition though it might not have a complete practical relevance

27. Consider a simple RC circuit shown in Fig.2

+ +

1
V1 (s) Cs V2 (s)

− −

Figure 2: A simple RC circuit

28. The voltage ratio transfer function is

V2 (s) 1
G( s) = = (51)
V1 (s) 1 + sCR

29. For the sinusoidal steady state, G becomes

1 1/RC
G( jω) = = = (52)
1 + jωCR jω + 1/RC

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30. Let RC, the time constant of the circuit be represented by the symbol τ

1 1/τ
G( jω) = = = (53)
1 + jωτ jω + 1/τ

31. The asymptotic values of magnitude and phase can be determined by inspection

32. For small ω, the magnitude is approximately 1 and the phase is 0◦ . For large ω, the magnitude approaches 0 while
the phase becomes nearly -90◦
33. At the frequency ω = 1/RC, the magnitude is √1
2
and the phase is -45◦

34. The magnitude of voltage is has reduced by a factor of 12 which essentially means that the power delivered has
reduced by a factor of 2. This frequency is often referred to as half power frequency.
35. The relation between half power frequency ωhp and the time constant τ is straight forward

1
ωhp = (54)
τ

36. The transfer function G can be represented in terms of half power frequency as follows

1
(55)
1 + j(ω/ωhp )