Topic 1: Atoms, Ions and Molecules

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1) Elements made of atoms.
Atom Ion
2) All atoms of a given element are identical.
Electrically neutral Electrically charge 3) The atoms of a given element are different
from those of any other element.
Same number of proton & Different number of
4) Atoms of one element can combine with atoms
electron protons and electron
of other elements to form compounds. A given
Number of protons May contain one or more compound always has the same relative
defines its element atoms numbers and types of atoms.
5) Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes.
Molecule That is, atoms are not created or destroyed in
● Group of 2 or more atoms that form the chemical reactions. A chemical reaction simply
smallest identifiable unit. changes the way atoms are grouped together.
● Pure substance can be divided and still retain
the composition and chemical properties of (Niels
that substance.

Chemistry Laws
Law of Conservation of Mass
● Mass is neither created nor destroyed in
ordinary chemical and physical..
● Must start and end with the same amount.
Bohr)Bohr’s Model
Ex.
log (30 kg)+ Fire (1 kg)→ Ashes(28 kg)+ Smoke(3 kg)

Law of Definite Proportion

● Compound always contain the same proportion
of elements by mass.

Law of Multiple Proportion

● Elements can combine in different ways to
Charge Mass Location
form different chemical compounds whose
(amu)
mass ratios are simple whole number
multiples of each other. Proton +1 1 Nucleus
Ex: N +O=NO , N +O+O=NO2
Neutron 0 1 Nucleus

Evolution of Atoms Electron -1 0 Orbitals

● 400 BC- 2020

Binary
Antoine- Laurent Lavoisier
● 2 elements; one metal one non-metal.
● Father of modern chemistry
Ternary
● Demise of phlogiston theory of combustion
● 3 elements; one cation and one polyatomic ion.
● Modern concepts of element, compound and
Transition Metals
mixture.
● Have more than one charge listed on the
● Production of table of elements.
periodic table
● Naming oxygen and hydrogen.
● Nomenclature
● Modern methods of chemical analysis. Formula:
● Principle of “conservation of mass”
Protons = Atomic Number.
 Topic 3: Chemical Reactions
Electrons = Atomic Number.
Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number.
Chemical reaction - represented by chemical equation.

Topic 2: Quantitative Measurement in Elements and

Compounds
Symbol Meaning

Average Atomic Mass (s) substance (solid state)

● weighted average of the atomic masses of the
naturally occurring isotopes of an element. (g) substance (gaseous state)
Isotope
(aq) substance dissolve in water (aqueous)
● An atom of the same element with a different
number of neutrons. + separate product/reactant

→ separate product & reactant

Formula:
⇌ equilibrium arrow: reaction can
happen both ways

Δ heat applied to make proceed

→
Reaction Stoichiometry

Evidence of Chemical Reaction

The Mole (mol)
1) Color change
● Counting unit
2) Light formation
● Number equal to the number of carbon atoms
3) Gas bubbles
in exactly 12 grams of pure 12C.
4) Temperature (heat) change
● 1 mole = 6.022 ×1023 (Avorgrado’s number)
5) Precipitate
● Avorgrado’s number - honor contribution to
Chemistry. (Amedeo Avogadro)

Units/Particles may refer to

A. Ions - for Ionic Compounds-composed of
metals and non -metals
B. Molecules - for covalent compounds-all non
metals
C. Atoms - for elements

Neutralization Reaction
● Chemical reaction between an acid and a base
that forms salt and water.

Precipitation Reaction
● Two reactants are aqueous solution
● One product has to be solid
● Metathesis reaction (double replacement)
● Dissolved substances react and form a solid
product.
 FeCl2 = Iron (II) Chloride
Reduction- Oxidation Reaction “Redox Reaction” FeCl3 = Iron (III) Chloride
● Oxidation always accompanies reduction
● One atom must lose electrons and another CuBr = Copper (I) Bromide
must pick up the electrons. CuBr2 = Copper (II) Bromide
● The number of electrons lost (oxidation) must
be equal to the number of electrons gained CrS = Chromium (II) Sulfide
+2 −2
(reduction). Cr ❑ S ❑
Cr2S3 = Chromium (III) Sulfide
Mole Ratio −2 −2
S❑ S ❑ S❑ =−6
−2

● Ratio between number of moles of any

Cr ❑+3 Cr ❑+3 =+6
substances in a balanced chemical equation.
● Ratio between the products and reactants.
SnO = Tin (II) Oxide
● Coefficients.
Sn+2 O❑−2❑
Naming Ionic Compounds SnO3 = Tin (IV) Oxide
O−2 O−2=−4
+4
Sn =+ 4

Roman Numeral System

Ionic Compound - composed metal & nonmetal.

Ex:
NaCl = Sodium Chloride
MgBr2 = Magnesium Bromide
AlF3 = Aluminum Fluoride
CaO = Calcium Oxide
Sr3N2 = Strontium Nitride
BaS = Barium Sulfide
*Add suffix -ide

Polyatomic Ion