IT-6210

QUANTITATIVE METHODS
SOURCE BY: MACARILAO, JAY

!!!WAG MO I COPY LAHAT NG QUESTION KAPAG DI LUMABAS!!!

Potang ina katamad haha

QUIZ 1

Statistics help predicts the future course of action of the phenomena. FORECASTING

The randomly selected 100 students for a survey is called a population FALSE

Qualitative data are variables that cannot be ordered in a logical or natural way. TRUE

Comparison is one of the main functions of economics as the absolute figures convey a

very less meaning FALSE

These are the two main branches of statistics Descriptive and Inferential

The statistics are presented in a indefinite form so they also help in condensing the

data into important figures. FALSE

Statistics is only the science of uncertainty and not the technology of extracting

information from data. FALSE

Which among the set is bimodal? {12, 22, 43, 22, 12}

Which is considered as qualitative data? The texture of a rock

One disadvantage of the mean is that a small number of extreme values can distort

its value. TRUE

The mean is sensitive to any change in value, unlike the median and mode, where a

change to an extreme or uncommon value usually has no effect. TRUE

The measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode. TRUE
What is a number or attribute computed for each member of a population or

a sample? Measurement

The concept of measurement has been developed in conjunction with the concepts of numbers
and units of measurement. true

Which among the data is a sample? One section out of all IT Students

It is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information

from data. STATISTICS

Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out is the distribution. FALSE

This industry use statistical approaches to estimate the number of depositors and their

claims for a certain day Banking

It is a characteristic that varies from one individual member of population to another individual.

Measurement

The characteristic of population based on all units is called parameter while the measure

of sample observation is called statistic. TRUE

The population is not confined to people only, but it may also include animals, events,

objects, buildings, etc. TRUE

How many levels of measurements were discussed? 4

Scientific data rarely lead to absolute conclusions. false

It is used to make predictions or comparisons about a larger group (a population)

using information gathered about a small part of that population. Inferential Statistics

These are numerical measurements that arise from a natural numerical scale.

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

It is important to study statistics in order to formulate well-advance predictions. TRUE

It means a subgroup of the members of population chosen for participation in the study
SAMPLE
Descriptive Statistics is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying

and describing data. TRUE

These are often used to communicate research findings and to support hypotheses and

give credibility to research methodology and conclusions Statistical Method and Analyses

It is the average of all the elements of a set MEAN

Point _______________________ is an essential characteristic to measure a ratio between any

two variables. ZERO

It aims to describe various aspects of the data obtained in the study. Descriptive Statistics

Data collection used for a population. Sample Survey

When the number of elements of the population is fixed and thus making it possible

to enumerate it in totality. Finite

When the number of units in a population are uncountable, and so it is impossible to

observe all the items of the universe Infinite

Example of this are number of episodes of respiratory arrests or the number of

re-intubations in an intensive care unit. Discrete Data

QUIZ 2

It is a variable that goes on the y-axis, or vertical axis. Dependent Variable

Variables can be defined in terms of measurable factors through a process of

_______________________________. Operationalization

The value of statistics is strong because they cannot serve as predictions as well as probabilities
in certain trends. FALSE

It varies according to changes in other variables. Dependent Variable

It is the scientific study of earthquakes. Seismology

There are two key variables in every experiment: the dependent variable and the independent
variable. TRUE

It is often based on statements of statistical significance and probability. Modern science

Say you want to figure out which brand of microwave popcorn pops the most kernels so you can
get the most value for your money. You test different brands of popcorn to see which
bag pops the most popcorn kernels. Which among the choices is the independent
variable? Brand of popcorn bags

It involves the application of specific statistical techniques to disciplines in biology such as

population genetics, epidemiology and public health. Biostatistics

The significance of statistical figures can be seen best when invalidating solid arguments or
predictions out of hypotheses or conjectures that may seem overwhelming to a layman.
FALSE

Variable that always goes on the x-axis, or the horizontal axis Independent Variable

The value of statistics is strong because they can serve as predictions as well as probabilities in
certain trends. TRUE

Statistical variables do not contain numerical values but rather something

__________________________. Descriptive

QUIZ 3

Achievement is classified under what level of measurement? ORDINAL INTERVAL

Compute the frequency of all nominal variables using what formula? FREQ()

It does not only classify and order the measurements, but it also specifies that the distances
between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to
high interval. INTERVAL

Interval scales are exactly like ratio scales, except that they have a true zero point TRUE FALSE

Which is classified as Ratio? SIBLING BIRTH ORDER |

It gives the ability to quantify and differentiate between options. INTERVAL

In this level of measurement, the observations, in addition to having equal intervals, can have a
value of zero as well. RATIO

It tries to describe the relationship between variables in a sample or population and provides a
summary of data in the form of mean, median and m Inferential Statistics

Sex or Gender is classified under what level of measurement? NOMINAL

Which is not a level of measurement? Proportion

It is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment.
Independent Variable

These are measurements for which there is no natural numerical scale, but which consist of
attributes, labels, or other non numerical characteristics. Quantitative Data

In this level of measurement, the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data.
NOMINAL

Which is not classified as Nominal? TRUE OR FALSE

Age is under what level of measurements? RATIO

ASSIGNMENT 001
Question 1

It is used to make predictions or comparisons about a larger group (a population) using information
gathered about a small part of that population.

Select one: c. Inferential Statistics

Question 2

These are often used to communicate research findings and to support hypotheses and give credibility to
research methodology and conclusions.

Select one: b. Statistical Method and Analyses

Question 3

Comparison is one of the main functions of economics as the absolute figures convey a very less
meaning.

Select one: true

Question 4

It aims to describe various aspects of the data obtained in the study.

Select one: c. Descriptive Statistics

Question 5

This industry use statistical approaches to estimate the number of depositors and their claims for a
certain day
Select one: c. Banking

Question 6

It is a characteristic that varies from one individual member of population to another individual.

Select one: b. Variable

Question 7

What is a number or attribute computed for each member of a population or a sample?

Select one: c. Measurement

Question 8

The mean is sensitive to any change in value, unlike the median and mode, where a change to an
extreme or uncommon value usually has no effect.

Select one: True

Question 9

It means a subgroup of the members of population chosen for participation in the study

Select one: a. Census

Question 10

It is the average of all the elements of a set

Select one: a. Mode

Question 1

Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out is the distribution.

Select one: False

Question 2

When the number of elements of the population is fixed and thus making it possible to enumerate it in
totality.

Select one: b. Finite

Question 3

Statistics is only the science of uncertainty and not the technology of extracting information from data.
Select one: false

Question 4

The randomly selected 100 students for a survey is called a population

Select one: True

Question 5

These are numerical measurements that arise from a natural numerical scale.

Select one or more: a. Quantitative Variable

Question 6

Data collection used for a population.

Select one: a. Census

Question 7

It is a characteristic that varies from one individual member of population to another individual.

Select one: d. Variable

Question 8

Which among the set is bimodal?

Select one: c. {12, 22, 43, 22, 12}

Question 9

It is used to make predictions or comparisons about a larger group (a population) using information
gathered about a small part of that population.

Select one: c. Inferential Statistics

Question 10

The population is not confined to people only, but it may also include animals, events, objects, buildings,
etc.

Select one: True

Question 1

Qualitative data are variables that cannot be ordered in a logical or natural way.
Select one: True

Question 2

Descriptive Statistics is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying and describing data.

Select one: True

Question 3

The measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode.

Select one: True

Question 4

It is important to study statistics in order to formulate well-advance predictions.

Select one: False

Question 5

It is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data.

Select one: d. Statistics

SHORT QUIZ 001

The statistics are presented in a indefinite form so they also help in condensing the data into important
figures.

Select one: True

What is a number or attribute computed for each member of a population or a sample?

Select one: c. Measurement

Which is considered as qualitative data?

Select one: c. The texture of a rocks

Qualitative data are variables that cannot be ordered in a logical or natural way.

Select one: True

The randomly selected 100 students for a survey is called a population

Select one: False

It is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data.
Select one: b. Statistics

One disadvantage of the mean is that a small number of extreme values can distort its value.

Select one: True

The characteristic of population based on all units is called parameter while the measure of sample
observation is called statistic.

Select one: True

Statistics is only the science of uncertainty and not the technology of extracting information from data.

Select one: False

It means a subgroup of the members of population chosen for participation in the study

Select one: d. Census

These are the two main branches of statistics

Select one: c. Descriptive and Inferential

Statistics help predicts the future course of action of the phenomena.

Select one: a. Forecasting

Which among the data is a sample?

Select one: c. One section out of all IT Students

The measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode.

Select one: True

Example of this are number of episodes of respiratory arrests or the number of re-intubations in an
intensive care unit.

Select one: b. Discrete Data

Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out is the distribution.

Select one: False

When the number of units in a population are uncountable, and so it is impossible to observe all the
items of the universe

Select one: a. Infinite

QUIZ 001 PRELIM
It varies according to changes in other variables.

Select one: a. Dependent Variable

The more variables, the more complex the study and the more complex the statistical analysis.

Select one: True

The significance of statistical figures can be seen best when validating solid arguments or predictions out
of hypotheses or conjectures that may seem overwhelming to a layman.

Select one: True

Variable that always goes on the x-axis, or the horizontal axis

Select one: b. Independent Variable

We use statistics when the number of cases that can occur are really small.

Select one: False

Variables are central to any analysis and they do not need to be understood well by the researcher.

Select one: False

It is the science of uncertainty.

Select one: d. Probability and Statistics

It is the scientific study of earthquakes.

Select one: d. Seismology

Statistics provide a measure of proof that something is true.

Select one: False

Appropriate use of statistical methodology in data analysis means the data should be analyzed in a way
that is both scientifically and statistically unreasonable.

Select one: True

Question 1

Statistics help predicts the future course of action of the phenomena.

Select one: A. Forecasting

Question 2

These are the two main branches of statistics

Select one: b. Descriptive and Inferential

Question 4

One disadvantage of the mean is that a small number of extreme values can distort its value.

Select one: True

Question 5

It means a subgroup of the members of population chosen for participation in the study

Select one: d. Sample

Question 6

It is the average of all the elements of a set

Select one: c. Mean

Question 7

Which is considered as qualitative data?

Select one: c. Number of students

QUIZ 2 BY JEZZA
Question 1

Independent and dependent variables always go on the same places in a graph.

Select one: True

Question 2

It is a variable that goes on the y-axis, or vertical axis.

Select one: c. Dependent Variable

Question 3

It involves the application of specific statistical techniques to disciplines in biology such as population
genetics, epidemiology and public health.

Select one: b. Statistics

Question 4

The value of statistics is strong because they cannot serve as predictions as well as probabilities in
certain trends.

Select one: False

Question 5

It is the scientific study of earthquakes.

Select one: c. Seismology

Question 6

The significance of statistical figures can be seen best when invalidating solid arguments or predictions
out of hypotheses or conjectures that may seem overwhelming to a layman.

Select one: True

Question 7

Variables can be defined in terms of measurable factors through a process of

_______________________________.

Select one: c. Operationalization

Question 8

There are two key variables in every experiment: the dependent variable and the independent variable.

Select one: True

Question 9

Say you want to figure out which brand of microwave popcorn pops the most kernels so you can get the
most value for your money. You test different brands of popcorn to see which bag pops the most
popcorn kernels. Which among the choices is the independent variable?

Select one: a. Brand of popcorn bags

Question 10

It varies according to changes in other variables.

Select one: d. Dependent Variable

XaaS stands for _____

Select one: d. Everything-as-a-Service

What is a Cloud?

Select one: d. It refers to the network of servers that contain the computing resources that are made
available to the users

A type of cloud that is available to many users

Select one: b. Public cloud

It uses both private and public cloud services from different providers

Select one: d. Hybrid could

Cloud resources are usually well-organized because they are offered as service packages

Select one: b. Manageability

A type of cloud used solely by a single organization

Select one: c. Private cloud

XYZ Company built their own cloud to manage internal data. They also subscribe to third party cloud
services. What type of cloud are they using?

Select one: b. Hybrid Cloud

What is a Service?

Select one: d. The task that is performed in the client-server model

_____is the cloud-based version of Microsoft Office.

Select one: d. Microsoft Office 365

It is one of the defining characteristics of Cloud Computing

Select one: d. Utility computing

PRELIM BY JEZZA
What is the mode of score under Believe?

Select one: b. 0

Examples of ratio level data include distance and area (e.g., acreage).

Select one: b. Ratio

It is the average of all the elements of a set

Select one: a. Mean

Independent and dependent variables always go on the same places in a graph.

Select one: True

Using a ratio scale permits comparisons such as being twice as high, or one-half as much.

Select one: False

Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Birth Order

Select one: b. Ordinal

It depends on physically measuring things.

Select one: d. Experimental Method

The time invested often requires determination of the appropriate methodology to apply in analysis
corresponding to the hypothesis and design of the investigation.

Select one: True

The only permissible aspect related to numbers in a nominal scale is “counting.”

Select one: True

Which is classified as Interval?

Select one: c. 30 degrees Celsius

There is a subtype in ordinal scale with only two categories like one of the nominal scale and is known as
dichotomous ordinal scale.

Select one: False

Appropriate use of statistical methodology in data analysis means the data should be analyzed in a way
that is both scientifically and statistically unreasonable.

Select one: True

Scientific research rarely leads to absolute certainty.

Select one: True

Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Score in IQ Test

Select one: a. Interval

Descriptive Statistics is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying and describing data.

Select one:True

_____ is a type of sensor used in touch screen devices

Select one: d. Pressure sensor

It makes the ordeal less frustrating for the patients

Select one: a. Enhanced Patient Experience

_____ started using TCP/IP in January 1 1983

Select one: a. ARPANET

It can be accessed and controlled remotely by the owner through devices such as laptops, smart phones,
and tablets and is equipped with IoT-connected appliances.

Select one: b. Smart homes

ARPANET means _______

Select one: b. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

_____ is a combination of two other cloud types.

Select one: d. Hybrid could

The main advantage of this device is it monitors its contents and remind the user when an item is about
to expire.

Select one: c. Smart fridge

It is ideal for exchanging information over short distances

Select one: b. Bluetooth

When was the word "Internet of Things" coined?

Select one: a. 1999

A client is defined as?

Select one: d. A computer that requests for a task

It can connect to other devices and networks through different wireless technologies
Select one: a. Smart Device

Motion can be detected by this

Select one: b. Proximity sensor

The moving parts of a smart object is comprised of ______

Select one: c. Actuator

It uses IoT technologies in Urban Development

Select one: a. Smart city

It detects a specific physical input

Select one: a. Sensor

_____ is a type of sensor used in devices that detect motion

Select one: c. Proximity sensor

IETF developed this

Select one: a. IPv6

A service is _______

Select one: a. the task that is performed in the client-server model

Internet of Things is defined as?

Select one: c. A computing concept in which everyday objects are connected to the Internet

It is a word used to describe anything that is IoT-based.

Select one: d. Smart

There are already _____ active internet users in 2017.

Select one: d. 3.8 Billion

A server is defined as?

Select one: c. A computer that performs a task for other computers in a network.

It is designed for machine to machine or M2M communication

Select one: c. Zigbee

He coined the word "Internet of Things"

Select one: c. Kevin Ashton

In ordinal measurement the numerical values just "name" the attribute uniquely. TRUE

Which is not an importance of levels of measurements? Each of the levels of measurement

provides a different level of detail

Measurement at the interval or ratio level is desirable because we can use the more powerful
statistical procedures available for ____________ and _______________________.

Mean and Standard Deviation

If a researcher aims to find the average height of a tribe in Columbia, the variable would simply
be __________________ in the sample. The height of the person

Which of the following definition defines interval scale? Have meaningful intervals between
measurements, but there is no true starting point (zero).

The nominal scale forms the basis for such analyses as the Chi-Square because those analyses
require that some category is compared to at least one other category. False

It is commonly used for analyzing experiment results, testing their significance and displaying
the results accordingly. Statistical Method

It has an absolute zero. Interval

It refers to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes for a variable.
Attributes

It a characteristic or feature that varies, or changes within a study Variable

Knowing the level of measurement helps you decide what statistical analysis is appropriate on
the values that were assigned True

It provides a mechanism for making quantitative decisions about a process or processes.

Select one: c. Statistical Test

Those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the
sample is drawn

Select one: a. Parametric Test

Uses non parametric scale

Select one: a. Ordinal

Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results with distributions that are skewed and nonnormal

Select one: True

Uses parametric scale

Select one: c. Interval

Non parametric tests are used when your data is normal

Select one: False

Non-parametric tests are "distribution-free" and, as such, can be used for non-Normal variables

Select one: True

Parametric tests have no statistical power

Select one: False

The t-statistic rests on the underlying assumption that there is the normal distribution of variable and
the mean in known or assumed to be known.

Select one: True

Parametric test is mainly based on differences in medians

Select one: False

Valid for both non-Normally distributed data and Normally distributed data

Select one: c. Non Parametric Test

With this test, you also estimate the population median and compare it to a reference/target value.

Select one: a. 1-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test

Use this test instead of a one-way ANOVA to find out if two or more medians are different.

Select one: a. Kruskal- Wallis test

It is the test of association for ranked variables.

Select one: b. Goodman Kruska’s Gamma

Descriptive statistics are very important because if we simply presented our raw data it would be hard to
visualize what the data was showing, especially if there was a lot of it.

Select one: True

Non Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results when the groups have different amounts of
variability

Select one: False

The parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about
the mean of the parent population

Select one: True

The intent is to determine whether there is enough evidence to "reject" a conjecture or hypothesis
about the process. The conjecture is called the ______________________

Select one: d. Null

Measures of spread are ways of summarizing a group of data by describing how spread out the scores
are

Select one: True

Measures of central tendency are ways of describing the central position of a frequency distribution for a
group of data.

Select one: True

It is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful
way such that, for example, patterns might emerge from the data.

Select one: c. Descriptive Statistics

Use this test to compare differences between two independent groups when dependent variables are
either ordinal or continuous.

Select one: d. Mann-Whitney test

Descriptive statistics therefore enables us to present the data in a more meaningful way, which allows
simpler interpretation of the data

Select one: True

It arise out of the fact that sampling naturally incurs sampling error and thus a sample is not expected to
perfectly represent the population
Select one: b. Inferential Statistics

MIDTERM LAB EXERCISE 003 BY JEZZA

Question 1

Procedure:

Enter data in A3:B7 the color of 5nips and their total.

Question:

What are the variables of the activity?

Select one: b. Color and Number of M&Ms/Nips

Question 2

Procedure:

Calculate the variance for midterm scores by breaking down the formula:

Where: is the mean, Xi is each scores of the variables, and N is the number of scores

Enter the following labels ni the appropriate cells:

A9: Mean = C2:

A10: N= D2:

A11: Variance=

A12: Std. Dev=

Question:

What is the formula for variance?

Select one: d.

Question 3

Procedure:

Enter the following fomula:

B9: =average(B3:B7)

B10: =count(B3:B7)
Question:

What does this line does? average(B3:B7)

Select one: d. Get the mean of the scores

Question 4

Pocedure:

Enter the following formula:

C3: = B3-$B$9

Copy the formula up to C7.

Question:

What is purpose of the $?

Select one:

b. Absolute Reference

Question 5

Procedure:

Enter the formula:

D3: = C3^2

Copy the formula up to D7.

Question:

What is the equivalent of the formula given in the variance formula?

Select one: c.

Question 6

Procedure

Enter the following formula:

D9: =sum(D3:D7) then

B12: =D9/(B10-1)
Question:

What are your expected outputs in this number?

Select one: d. Get the variance

Question 7

Procedure:

Enter the following formula:

B13: =sqrt(B12)

Question:

What does the formula computed?

Select one: d. Standard Deviation

Question 8

Pocedure:

By now, you should have completed your table. For excel shortcuts:

A14: =min(B3:B7)

A15: =max(B3:B7)

A16: =mode(B3:B7)

A17: =median(B3:B7)

A18: =var(B3:B7)

A19: =stdev(B3:B7)

Question:

What is the shortcut for getting the variance?

Select one: b. =var(B3:B7)

Question 9

What is the shortcut for getting the standard deviation?

Select one: b. =stdev(B3:B7)

Question 10

Identify what branch of statistics focus on the measures of central tendency and dispersion.

Select one: a. Descriptive Statistics

What are your expected outputs in this number?

Get the variance

Procedure:

Enter the following formula:

B13: =sqrt(B12)

Question:

What does the formula computed?

Select one: Standard Deviation

If you are using interval or ratio scales you use _________________________________.

Parametric type of test. Mann-Whitney Test

Analysis should reflect the design, and so a matched design should be followed by a matched
analysis. FALSE

Non Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results when the groups have different amounts
of variability TRUE

If you have parametric data, you can run a Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compare means TRUE

This test is used to test for differences between groups with ordinal dependent variables
Goodman Kruska’s Gamma

If your data isn’t normally distributed, you can’t run the Kruskal-Wallis test., but you can run the
nonparametric alternative–the ANOVA TRUE

A population can be small or large, as long as it includes all the data you are interested in.

It refers to a family of continuous probability distributions described by the normal equation

Normal Distribution
Measures of central location include the range, quartiles and the interquartile range, variance
and standard deviation False

A low standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of
values. False

Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame. Systematic Sampling

In this method, the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar
characteristic. Stratified Sampling

Members of the population do not have equal chance of being selected. Non Probability
Sampling

The formula of sample mean is

True

Parametric tests have no statistical power False

Statistics are powerful tools, but it's the analysis provided afterwards by inferential statistics
that explicitly makes claims about what those results mean, why, and in what context
True

Descriptive Statistics can be used to highlight potential relationships between variables. True

This test is used to test for differences between groups with ordinal dependent variables.
Friedman test

The coefficient of determination tells us

the proportion of variance in Y accounted for by X.(not sure)

Stratified sampling improves the accuracy and representativeness of the results by reducing
sampling bias. True

When the standard deviation is small, the curve is tall and narrow; and when the standard
deviation is big, the curve is short and wide True

Percentile is a way to represent position of a values in data set. True

Depending on the statistical test you have chosen, you will calculate a probability of observing
your sample results (or more extreme) given that the null hypothesis is true. True

It is the attempt to apply the conclusions that have been obtained from one experimental study
to more general populations. Inferential Statistics

It is a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of
the population that is close to hand. Convenience Sampling

It is the most frequently occurring variable in a distribution. Mode

There are four major characteristics of a single variable that we tend to look at False

This is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all
the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. Non Probability
Sampling (not sure)

Correlation refers to the causal relationship between two variables. (not sure)

The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution. True

It gives an indication of how close an individual observation clusters about the mean value
Variance

It is perhaps the easiest method of sampling, because participants are selected based on
availability and willingness to take part Convenience Sampling

Also known as selective, or subjective, sampling, this technique relies on the judgement of the
researcher when choosing who to ask to participate Purpose Sampling

Stratified sampling is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to
vary between the different subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all
the subgroups True

If paired scores occupy the same positions within their own distributions (high with high and
low with low) Pearson r will be high and positive. (not sure)

Use when you want to find a correlation between two sets of data. Spearman Rank Correlation

It is the measurement of average distance between each quantity and mean Standard Deviation

It is a measure of where the "middle fifty" is in a data set Interquartile Range

It provides a visual representation of the data. Graphical Method

It is used to describe the basic features of the data in a study Descriptive Statistics

It is a method that allows researchers to infer information about a population based on results
from a subset of the population, without having to investigate every individual Sampling

Descriptive Statistics simply summaries about the sample and the measures True

Display the relationship between two quantitative or numeric variables by plotting one variable
against the value of another variable Scatter Plots

The intent is to determine whether there is enough evidence to "reject" a conjecture or

hypothesis about the process. The conjecture is called the ______________________

Null Hypothesis (ewan ko bat magkahiwalay ang bobo, hypo pinili ko)

The total area under the normal curve is equal to 2. False

If two variables are highly correlated, what do you know? that changes in one variable are
accompanied by predictable changes in the other

What other solution can you do to compute for the average of the scores? SUM()/COUNT()
(pota di ko alam agahaha)

The advantage of using probability sampling is the _______________ of the statistical methods
after the experiment Accuracy

Inferential statistics always talks in terms of statistics, but this can be made highly reliable by
designing the right experimental conditions False

The goal is to apply the ______________ to a more general population, assuming the sample
size is large enough and the sample representative enough of the broader public.
Conclusions

The _________________ must have sufficient size to warrant statistical analysis. Population
Sampling

What does the figure shows? Smaller Standard Deviation

If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis, then we do not reject it. True

If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis, but consistent with the alternative,
then we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true.
False

It is done usually because it is impossible to test every single individual in the population
Sampling

It is the process of taking a subset of subjects that is representative of the entire population.
Population Sampling

Sampling is also done to waste time, money and effort while conducting the research. False

Every individual in the population have equal chance of being selected as a subject for the
research. Probability Sampling

When the expected values (E) are obtained by multiplying row totals by column totals and
dividing by N , the chi-square test is a chi-square test of independence.

The degrees of freedom for a 2 x 2 cross-tabulation table for the chi-square test of
independence equal 1

Statisticians now believe that if the expected value (E) falls below 5-10 our chi-square test is not
valid. False

You want to know whether people in different regions of the country are equally likely to vote
Democratic, Republican, Independent, or Libertarian in the next election. You would use
a chi-square test of independence.

The null hypothesis for all chi-square tests asks whether the observed number of cases in a
sample what we expect from knowledge of the population. True

The chi-square test is used when we have ordinal data. False

You obtain a sample chi-square value of X2 = -5.49. On the basis of this value, you know that

you have made a calculation error; chi-square values cannot be negative.

The null hypothesis for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test states that the distribution of cases
for each group is equal to the expected distribution based on theory/knowledge of the
population.
Which of the following is the correct formula for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

What is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables? Chi-Square

Enter the following data in you Microsoft Excel. Unit Price and Units Sold

Procedure:

Create a Scatter Chart of the data. Is it necessary to create a scatter chart? No

What is the reason why it is not necessary to create a scatter chart? It is just for visualizing the
data

Analyze the chart. What is your interpretation of the chart? As the price go up, the volume goes
down

Calculate the correlation coefficient using the CORREL function. What is the format of the
CORREL function? =CORREL(Array1, Array2)

The company you are working for wants to improve sales. Past sales data indicate that the
average sale was P100 per transaction. After training, recent sales data (taken from a
sample of 25 salesmen) indicates an average sale of P130, with a standard deviation of
P15. Did the training work? Use alpha level at 5%. 10

Now that we have got Excel to calculate the correlation coefficient we need to interpret it to
understand its true meaning. The value is always between -1 and +1. -1

What is the value of the perfect positive correlation +1

Construct a conclusion based on the scale below: What is the interpretation of our
computation? We have a strong negative correlation in the data
It is rare to find perfect correlation (+1 or -1). True

It is is calculated by taking the ratio of the sample of the two variables to the product of the two
standard deviations and illustrates the strength of linear relationships Pearson's product-
moment coefficient

Methods of correlation and regression cannot be used in order to analyze the extent and the
nature of relationships between different variables False

______________ correlation exists if one variable increases simultaneously with the other, i.e.
the high numerical values of one variable relate to the high numerical values of the
other. Positive

Correlation analysis can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations. True

Correlation analysis as a research method offers a range of advantages True

It is used to understand the nature of relationships between two individual variables.

Correlation Analysis

By what alternative name is Pearson's Correlation Analysis also known? Pearson's Product-
Moment

If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is a systematic change in
one variable, there is also a systematic change in the other True

How does the shape of the t-distribution change as the sample size increases? It becomes more
normal looking.

If I want to compare the performance of a particular group to an established, accepted average

but information about the population standard deviation is not available. I should
conduct a one-sample t-test.

If we hold all other factors constant, then as the error term of a t-statistic becomes greater, the
probability of making a Type II error increases.

It is used to compare the mean of a population with a theoretical value. One-Sample

One of the reasons that a correlated-groups design is more powerful than an independent-
samples design is that in the correlated-groups design the error term is based on the
difference scores

The main difference between the z and t-tests is that for a z-test the population mean and
standard deviation are needed
What is a statistical test which is widely used to compare the mean of two groups of samples. It
is therefore to evaluate whether the means of the two sets of data are statistically
significantly different from each other? T-Test

Which of the following would most likely cause the confidence interval to become smaller?
decreasing the standard error

As the number of observations increases the t-distribution gets to look more like the standard
normal distribution. True

Since a term including the standard error is added to and subtracted from the mean, if the
standard error is smaller a smaller product will be added to and subtracted from the
mean. True

An independent t-test can be used to assess which of the following? It assesses differences
between two groups of participants

In which of the following cases would an independent-samples t-test not be appropriate?

Comparing students attitude change between the start and end of their degree

Effect size is just another phrase for error term false

If the independent had more than two levels, then we would use a one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA). False

What assumption(s) must be met to conduct an independent-samples t-test? All of these

The t-test family is not based on the t-distribution, because the difference of mean score for two
multivariate normal variables approximates the t-distribution. False

With all inferential statistics, we assume the dependent variable fits a normal distribution True

Which of the following formats is correct for reporting an independent samples t-test in APA
format? t(34) = -.478, p < 0.001.

The formula for the Chi-Square is a ratio. true

Which of the following statistics are important when interpreting an independent samples t-
test? All of these

What is the alternative name for a repeated-measures t-test? A paired-samples t-test

Conducting multiple t-tests increases the likelihood of which of the following? Type I error
A repeated measures t-test can be used to assess which of the following? It assesses
differences between scores obtained on two separate occasions from the same
participants

All else being equal, as the subjects in a study become more homogenous, the value of the test
statistic increases. true

Where would you look on an independent t-test output to identify whether there was a
significant difference between the groups? T-test for equality of mean section

What should Levene's test be in order to use the 'equal variance assumed' row of a t-test? It
should be significant (P > 0.05)

The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other.
False

When the difference between two population averages is being investigated, a t test is used
True

As variability due to chance decreases, the value of F will Increase

The ______ sum of squares measures the variability of the observed values around their
respective treatment means. error

When the k population means are truly different from each other, it is likely that the average
error deviation: is relatively small compared to the average treatment deviations

The ________ sum of squares measures the variability of the sample treatment means around
the overall mean treatment

Analysis of variance is a statistical method of comparing the ________ of several populations.

means

If the MSE of an ANOVA for six treatment groups is known, you can compute the pooled
standard deviation

Which of the following is an assumption of one-way ANOVA comparing samples from three or
more experimental treatments? All of the mentioned

If the true means of the k populations are equal, then MSTR/MSE should be: close to 1.00

To determine whether the test statistic of ANOVA is statistically significant, it can be compared
to a critical value. What two pieces of information are needed to determine the critical
value? sample size, number of groups
The error deviations within the SSE statistic measure distances: within groups

In the following multiple-choice questions, select the best answer. 1. Analysis of variance is a statistical
method of comparing the ________ of several populations means

2. The ______ sum of squares measures the variability of the observed values around their respective
treatment means. error

3. The ________ sum of squares measures the variability of the sample treatment means around the
overall mean. treatment

4. If the true means of the k populations are equal, then MSTR/MSE should be: close to 1.00

5. If the MSE of an ANOVA for six treatment groups is known, you can compute the pooled standard
deviation

6. To determine whether the test statistic of ANOVA is statistically significant, it can be compared to a
critical value. What two pieces of information are needed to determine the critical value? a.
sample size, number of groups

7. Which of the following is an assumption of one-way ANOVA comparing samples from three or more
experimental treatments d. All of the above.

8. The error deviations within the SSE statistic measure distances: a. within groups

9. When the k population means are truly different from each other, it is likely that the average error
deviation: is relatively small compared to the average treatment deviations

10. As variability due to chance decreases, the value of F will a. increase

11. In a study, subjects are randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, experimental A, or
experimental B. After treatment, the mean scores for the three groups are compared. The
appropriate statistical test for comparing these means is: the analysis of variance

12. In one-way ANOVA, which of the following is used within the F-ratio as a measurement of the
variance of individual observations? c. SSE c. MSE

13. When conducting a one-way ANOVA, the _______ the between-treatment variability is when
compared to the within-treatment variability, the _______ the value of FDATA will be tend to be..
smaller, smaller

14. When conducting an ANOVA, FDATA will always fall within what range? between 0 and infinity

15. If FDATA = 5, the result is statistically significant Sometimes

16. If FDATA= 0.9, the result is statistically significant Never

17. You obtained a significant test statistic when comparing three treatments in a one-way ANOVA. In
words, how would you interpret the alternative hypothesis HA? At least two treatments are
different from each other in terms of their effect on the mean response.

18. You carried out an ANOVA on a preliminary sample of data. You then collected additional data from
the same groups; the difference being that the sample sizes for each group were increased by a
factor of 10, and the within-group variability has decreased substantially. Which of the following
statements is NOT correct. The degrees of freedom associated with the treatment term has
increased

19. If the sample means for each of k treatment groups were identical (yes, this is extremely unlikely),
what would be the observed value of the ANOVA test statistic? 0.0

20. If FDATA follows an F distribution with df1=4 and df2=5, what is the boundary value of F where
P(FDATA < F) = 0.95? 5.1922

21. Suppose the critical region for a certain test of the null hypothesis is of the form F > 9.48773 and the
computed value of F from the data is 1.86. Then: The significance level is given by the area to the
right of 9.48773 under the appropriate F distribution.

22. Assuming that the null hypothesis being tested by ANOVA is false, the probability of obtaining a
Fratio that exceeds the value reported in the F table as the 95th percentile is: less than .05

23. Assuming no bias, the total variation in a response variable is due to error (unexplained variation)
plus differences due to treatments (known variation). If known variation is large compared to
unexplained variation, which of the following conclusions is the best? There is evidence for a
difference in response due to treatments.

24. What would happen if instead of using an ANOVA to compare 10 groups, you performed multiple
ttests? Making multiple comparisons with a t-test increases the probability of making a Type I
error.

25. What is the function of a post-test in ANOVA? Describe those groups that have reliable differences
between group means

26. An investigator randomly assigns 30 college students into three equal size study groups
(earlymorning, afternoon, late-night) to determine if the period of the day at which people study
has an effect on their retention. The students live in a controlled environment for one week, on
the third day of the experimental treatment is administered (study of predetermined material).
On the seventh day the investigator tests for retention. In computing his ANOVA table, he sees
that his MS within groups is larger than his MS between groups. What does this result indicate?
There was more variability between subjects within the same group than there was between
groups.
27. In ANOVA with 4 groups and a total sample size of 44, the computed F statistic is 2.33 In this case,
the p-value is: greater than 0.05

28. Assume that there is no overlap between the box and whisker plots for three drug treatments where
each drug was administered to 35 individuals. The box plots for these data:. represent evidence
against the null hypothesis of ANOVA

29. ANOVA was used to test the outcomes of three drug treatments. Each drug was given to 20
individuals. The MSE for this analysis was 16. What is the standard deviation for all 60 individuals
sampled for this study? 4

30. A fisheries researcher wishes to test for a difference in mean weights of a single species of fish
caught by fishermen in three different lakes in Nova Scotia. The significance level for the test will
be 0.05. Complete the following partial ANOVA table and use it to answer questions 31.1 to 31. 4
Source d.f. SS MS F Treatment 17.04 Error 9 Total 31.23

30.1 The null hypothesis for this analysis is: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 d. µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = 0

30.2 The value of FDATA for this test is: 5.39

30.3 The value of FCRIT for this test is: 4.2565

30.4 If you pooled all the individuals from all three lakes into a single group, they would have a standard
deviation of: 1.257

30.5 What is the appropriate interpretation of this test? Reject H0: At least one of the fish populations
differs from the others in terms of their mean weight. e. Fail to reject H0: The mean weights of
the fish in these three populations are the same.

It is a popular test; it is the test to use when conducting experiments ANOVA

There are commonly two types of ANOVA tests for univariate analysis - One-Way ANOVA and
Two-Way ANOVA. True

Statisticians assume a cause effect relationship and say that one or more independent,
controlled variables (the factors) cause the significant difference of one or more
characteristics True

The F ratio is typically used to test differences between three or more means.

The main purpose of an ANOVA is to test if two or more groups differ from each other
significantly in one or more characteristics. True

A Student's t-test will tell you if there is a significant variation between groups. True

The number of rows in which total variance in a two way ANOVA partitioned is.. 3
It uses a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about
the population Inferential Statistics

It isa table that illustrates the relationship between two variables by displaying the distribution
of one variable across the categories of a second variable Bivariate Table

What is the purpose of a goodness-of-fit test? To assesses whether the central tendency,
variability and distribution of sample is different from that of the population

You obtained a significant test statistic when comparing three treatments in a one-way ANOVA.
In words, how would you interpret the alternative hypothesis HA? At least two
treatments are different from each other in terms of their effect on the mean response.

Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis. A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use
vitamins, the birth weight of the babies will increase. The average birth weight of the
population is 8 pounds. 𝐻�: µ = 8 pounds, 𝐻� µ> 8 pounds

It compares a test statistic (z or t for examples) to a threshold Statistical Test

The two-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are interested in and
determines whether any of those means are statistically significantly different from each
other. False

Which of the following definition defines nominal scale? Have meaningful intervals between
measurements, but there is no true starting point (zero).

The coefficient of determination and the R-squared (R2) are not the same False

In this, the hypotheses are not about population parameters Inferential Statistics

Non-parametric tests are "distribution-free" and, as such, can be used for non-Normal variables.
True

You cannot use a Pearson's correlation to understand whether there is an association between
exam performance and time spent revising False

The most popular forms of Chi-Square used in business studies include Pearson product-
moment correlation, Spearman Rank correlation and Autocorrelation. True

It compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent
groups. Chi-Square

It is generally assumed that the ANOVA is an 'analysis of dependencies.' True

These are often used to communicate research findings and to support hypotheses and give
credibility to research methodology and conclusions. Mean, median and mode

Parametric statistical procedures are less powerful because they use less information in their
calculation. False

The null hypothesis of the Chi-Square test is that no relationship exists on the categorical
variables in the population True

Calculating the Chi-Square statistic and comparing it against a critical value from the Chi-Square
distribution allows the researcher to assess whether the observed cell counts are
significantly different from the expected cell counts. True

It is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a
population. Outliers

If you are using interval or ratio scales you use non-parametric statistics. True

Test statistic for equality of r population means is No Answer

It involves a combination of two or more sampling techniques enumerated above Probability

Sampling

If p-value is less than the level of significance, what would be the decision? Reject the null
hypothesis, accept the alternative hypothesis

There are basically two types of random variables and they yield two types of data: numerical
and categorical True

It may also be called a data item Classification

T-test can help you to figure out if you need to reject the null hypothesis or accept the alternate
hypothesis. False

Accepting a false null hypothesis is an example of what? Type II error

It assesses whether an association exists between the two variables by comparing the observed
pattern of responses in the cells to the pattern that would be expected if the variables
were truly independent of each other Test of Independence

The assumptions of this test are that the data from each population is an independent random
sample and the population distributions have the same shape. Mood's Median test

It can perform well with skewed and non-normal distributions. Parametric Test
It is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another.
Chi-Square

It is a software encompasses a broad range of applications which involve the use of a

combination of digital maps and geo referenced data. GIS Program

It is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their

convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Convenience Sampling

What name is given to data which can be ranked? Ordinal data