The Integumentary System  Protects against mechanical damage, chemical damage,

Skin and Body Membranes bacterial damage, thermal damage, ultraviolet

 Function of body membranes radiation, desiccation
 Line or cover body surfaces  Aids in heat regulation
 Protect body surfaces  Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
 Lubricate body surfaces  Synthesizes vitamin D

Classification of Body Membranes Skin Structure

 Epithelial membranes  Epidermis – outer layer
 Cutaneous membrane  Stratified squamous epithelium
 Mucous membrane – mucosa; wet membrane  Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
 Serous membrane – serosa  Dermis
 Connective tissue membranes  Dense connective tissue
 Collagen and elastin
Cutaneous Membrane  Deep to dermis is the hypodermis
 Cutaneous membrane = skin  Subcutaneous
 A dry membrane  Not part of the skin
 Outermost protective boundary  Anchors skin to underlying organs
 Superficial epidermis  Composed mostly of adipose tissue
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Underlying dermis Epidermis Layers
 Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue  Stratum basale/germinativum (basal)
 Single layer of basophilic tall columnar cells with
Mucous Membranes mitotic figures
 Surface epithelium  Most cells undergo mitosis or germination
 Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)  Youngest skin cells or melanocytes
 Lines body cavities that open to the exterior surface  Stratum spinosum (spiny)
 Digestive  Urinary  Polyhedral cells with intercellular ridges
 Respiratory  Reproductive connecting cells
 Often adapted for absorption or secretion  Spiny and has desmosomes
 Wet membranes bathed in secretions  Stratum granulosum (granular)
 With keratohyaline granules/glycolipids
Serous Membranes  Stratum lucidum (clear)
 Surface simple squamous epithelium  Non-nucleated cells that occurs only in thick skin
 Underlying areolar connective tissue likes soles and palms
 Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior  Stratum corneum (corny)
of the body  Superficial layer of dead cornified cells
 Occur in pairs – parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)  Scrubs off whenever you bathe
 Serous layers separated by serous fluid  Thickest epidermis layer
 Specific serous membranes
 Peritoneum – abdominal cavity Various Cells of the Epidermis
 Pleura – around the lungs  Keratinocytes – produce keratin
 Pericardium – around the heart  Melanocytes – produce melanin
 Langerhans cells – with immunological function
Connective Tissue Membrane  Merkel cells – as mechanoreceptors
 Synovial membrane
 Areolar connective tissue only Melanin
 Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints  Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
 Color is yellow to brown to black
Skin as Cutaneous Membrane  Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
 A dry membrane  Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics
 Outermost protective boundary and exposure to sunlight
 Superficial epidermis
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis
 Underlying dermis  Papillary layer – upper dermal layer
 Mostly dense connective tissue  Projections called dermal papillae
 Pain receptors and touch receptors
Skin (cutaneous membrane) derivatives  Capillary loops for nutrients
 Sweat glands  Hairs  Result in fingerprints
 Sebaceous glands  Nails  Reticular layer – deepest skin layer
Skin Functions  Blood vessels
 Glands
 Nerve receptors
Normal Skin Color Determinants
 Melanin – yellow, brown or black pigments
 Carotene – orange-yellow pigment from vegetables
 Hemoglobin – red coloring from blood cells in dermal
capillaries – oxygen
 Redness or erythema – blushing
 Jaundice or yellow cast – liver disorder where excess
bile pigments are absorbed in the blood
 Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of skin
Appendages of the Skin
1. Sebaceous glands or oil glands
 Produce oil
 Lubricant for skin
 Kills bacteria
 Result in blackheads and acne when clogged
 Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
 Glands are activated at puberty
2. Sweat glands or sudoriferous/perspiration glands
 Widely distributed in skin
 Two types
 Eccrine
 Open via duct to pore on skin surface
 Apocrine or odoriferous glands
 Ducts empty into hair follicles
 In axilla (armpits), mammary areola
(breasts), labia majora (genital) and
circumanal region (anus)
 Responsible for body odor
Sweat and Its Function
 Composition
 Mostly water and some metabolic waste
 Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
 Function
 Helps dissipate excess heat
 Excretes waste products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
 Odor is from associated bacteria
 Lysozyme – enzyme found in sweat and tears
3. Hair
 Produced by hair bulb
 Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
 Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
Hair Anatomy
 Central core called the medulla
 Cortex surrounds medulla
 Cuticle on outside of cortex formed from a single layer
of cells that overlap like shingles on a roof to keep
hairs separated
 Most heavily keratinized to provide strength
 Worn more at tips to cause split ends
Associated Hair Structures
 Hair follicle – dermal (provides blood vessels) and
epidermal sheath surround hair root
 Arrector pilli – smooth muscle cause the hair to stand
up – goose bumps
 Sebaceous (oil) gland
 Sweat gland
4. Nails
 Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
 Heavily keratinized
 Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
 The thickened proximal area called the nail matrix is
responsible for nail growth
 Lack of pigment makes them colorless
 Appear pink due to blood vessels underneath
 White crescent – lunula – thickened nail matrix
Nail Structures
 Each nail has three parts
 Free edge
 Body
 Root of nail
 Eponychium – proximal nail fold that projects onto the
nail body – often called cuticle
 Nail matrix – contains nerves, lymph, blood vessels
 Nail bed – skin below the nail plate
 Nail sinus – where the nail root is inserted
 Free edge – anterior margin of the nail plate
 Hyponychium – between free edge and fingertip skin
 Nail wall – cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and
proximal end
 Paronychium – border tissue around the nail
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
Infections
 Athletes foot – tinea pedis
 Caused by fungal infection on feet
 Boils and carbuncles
 Caused by bacterial infection – Staphylococcus
aureus – in hair follicles and sebaceous glands
 Cold sores – fever blisters
 Caused by herpes simplex viral infection usually
on lips and in oral mucosa of the mouth
Infections and allergies
 Contact dermatitis
 Exposures to certain chemicals cause allergic
reaction
 Impetigo
 Pink, water-filled, raised lesions around the mouth
caused by staphylococcus bacterial infection
 Psoriasis
 Cause is unknown but chronic
 Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
Burns
 Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat,
electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
 Nearly every body system is affected when skin is
severely damages
 Associated dangers
 Dehydration  Circulatory shock
 Electrolyte imbalance  Infection
Rules of Nines
 Way to determine the extent of burns
 Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
 Each area represents about 9%
 Classified according to their severity (depth)
Severity of Burns
 First-degree burns
 Only epidermis is damaged
 Skin is red and swollen
 Partial-thickness burn that heals quickly
 Second degree burns
 Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
 Skin is red with blisters
 Partial-thickness burn that heals w/o scar
 Third-degree burns
 Destroys entire skin layer
 Burn is gray-white or black
 Nerve endings destroyed so not painful
 Full-thickness burn that does not heal and grafting
is necessary
 Fourth-degree burns
 Extend through the skin to injure muscle,
ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and
bones
 These burns always require medical treatment

Critical Burns
 Burns are considered critical if:
 Over 25% of body has second degree burns
 Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
 Third degree burns on the face, hands, feet

Skin Cancer
 Cancer – abnormal cell mass
 Benign
o Does not spread (encapsulated)
 Malignant
o Metastasized (moves) to other parts of body
 Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer

Skin Cancer Types

 Basal cell carcinoma
 Least malignant
 Most common type
 Arises from stratum basale that no longer makes
keratin and stays in place
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Arises from stratum spinosum
 Metastasizes to lymph nodes
 Early removal allows a good chance of cure
 Malignant melanoma
 Most deadly of skin cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
 Detection uses ABCD rule
ABCD Rule
 A = Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
 B = Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
 C = Color
Different colors in pigmented area
 D = Diameter
Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter