Construction dewatering for underground station in urban

environment
Raja Rajan K, Nagarajan D, Vijayakumar T
CMPC division, EDRC, Heavy Civil Infra, L&T Construction, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
Metro is seen as the only solution for mass rapid transit system in urban areas. For underground metro station, deep
excavations in densely populated areas impose specific challenges to the contractor. Based on type of soil or rock,
excavation procedure, method and time shall be adopted. The control of groundwater is one of the most common
and complicated problems encountered on a deep excavation. The contractor selects the dewatering method and
contractor is sole responsible for its design and operation. Many dewatering techniques like multiple wells, sump
pumps, vacuum pumps, deep wells are available to control ground water. In this paper, author explains the usage of
MODFLOW software for dewatering analysis in underground metro station and also about the dewatering system
which has been adopted in site. Pump out test is an accurate method of determining the safe yield of the well and
also for assessing the actual site condition.

1 INTRODUCTION awarded to Larsen & Toubro and STEC Joint Venture

(L&T STEC JV) Contractor to design and build.
Urban transportation infrastructure in India needs big
investment and a massive upgradation. Metro is seen
as the only solution for mass rapid transit system. After 3 GENERALIZED SUB SOIL PROFILE
the success of Delhi Metro, lots of Indian cities are
exploring the option to implement metro rail project Geotechnical Strata for each station been classified to
across the country. different units which is tabulated in Table 1. Predefined
For underground metro station, deep excavations soil parameters provided in Geotechnical Interceptive
in densely populated urban areas impose specific report.
challenges, especially to the safety and impact on
adjacent structures. Effective risk management in the
design and construction of deep excavations in the Table 1. Sub-soil classification with description
urban environment must consider a range of issues
such as the design of excavation support, ground water Soil Type Description
control system, pre-construction surveys of adjacent
properties and utilities and the implementation of Unit 1-Filled Reddish brown dry clayey sand with gravel
effective monitoring systems. For constructing metro up material / clayey gravelly sand
station which may be on an average of 20m deep Silty sand, sandy silty, sandy clay, clayey
Unit 2a: Soil
excavation to be carried out below ground. In order to sand
perform excavation in dry zone, dewatering system to
be well planned and executed. The contractor selects Unit 2b: Very dense dark brownish yellow moist
Residual Soils sand with gravel, boulders
the dewatering method and contractor is sole
responsible for its design and operation. The authors of Unit 3a: Basalt
this paper had taken the role for designing the Weak to very weak completely weathered
-WG V
dewatering system for all 4 stations of Mumbai Metro
Line 3 package 1 based on the site geologic condition. Strong highly weathered to moderately
Unit 3b: Basalt
weathered grey basalt with very closely
-WG IV
spaced horizontal fractures
2 LOCATION & SITE DETAILS Unit 3c: Basalt Strong moderately weathered grey basalt
-WG III with closely spaced horizontal fractures
Mumbai Metro Line 3 (MML3) Project is proposed from
Colaba in South Mumbai to SEEPZ via Bandra Kurla Very strong moderately to slightly
Unit 3d: Basalt
Complex. Package UGC-01 is one of the 7 packages of weathered basalt with widely spaced
-WG I & II
MML3 and it consists of 4 stations (Cuffe Parade, horizontal fractures.
Vidhan Bhavan, Church gate and Hutatma Chowk Unit 4a1:
Station) and associated tunnels. MML3 UGC-01 was Weak to moderately strong moderately
Shale/Breccia
weathered light brownish grey shale
- WG V

1

Unit 4a2: Moderately strong slightly weathered dark
Shale /Breccia grey shale with closely to very closely
- WG IV spaced horizontal fractures
4 RETAINING SYSTEM & METHOD OF
CONSTRUCTION
For deep excavation, the earth has to be retained by
suitable structural member in order to avoid disturbance
to the adjacent structures. Since the excavation depth
is very deep and location of the station at urban area,
open cut excavation is not feasible. Earth retaining
systems like Diaphragm walls, secant piles, soldier
piles, contiguous piles and sheet piles were available
for retaining system. Suitable structure shall be chosen
based on client’s requirement, site geology,
construction methods, ground water and soil/rock
properties.
4.1 Method of Construction
For constructing underground metro station many
methods been widely followed by the contractors. Top
down method and Bottom up method were the
conventional methods adopted by global contractors.
4.1.1 Bottom up Method
This method is applicable only when the traffic diversion
is not possible. The principle of bottom up method is to
isolate the excavation area by proper earth retaining
system and then to proceed with stages of excavation.
After each stage of excavation temporary strut shall be
installed and activated before advancing to the next
stage of excavation. Similar procedure is adopted till
excavation reaches the final excavation level as shown
in Figure 1. Upon reaching the toe level, base slab is
constructed along with side walls. Gap between walls
and excavated profile shall be filled with suitable
material. As side wall construction proceeds, bottom
most strut is deactivated and removed. Intermediate
slabs shall be constructed as per levels and
specification. Similarly, the procedure is followed till top
slab construction and remaining portion is filled with soil
and road laid for public traffic.
Retaining
System
Figure 1. Typical Bottom up construction method
4.1.2 Top Down Method
This method is applicable only when the traffic diversion
is possible. In some places decking panel used for
traffic movement over the excavated portion as shown
in Figure 2. Earth retaining system is constructed and
excavation shall be done up to top slab level. Once the
top construction is completed, filling is done above the
top slab and then open to traffic. Through the openings
in the top slab further excavation and construction
proceeds. As construction moves from top to down,
there is no requirement of temporary strut. Intermediate
slabs itself act as strut member. Comparatively this
method has less working space and vehicle movement
inside the excavated area.
Figure 2. Typical top down construction method
5 DEWATERING
Dewatering means “the separation of water from the
soil”, This leads to concepts like pre-drainage of soil,
control of ground water, and even the improvement of
physical properties of soil. The purpose of construction
dewatering is to control the surface and subsurface
hydrologic environment in such a way as to permit the
structure to be constructed “in the dry state.”
Construction dewatering has existed as a specialty
industry for a long time. Consequently, a number of
well-established techniques have been developed to
lower the ground water table during excavation. The
geology, ground water conditions, and type of
excavation all influence the selection of dewatering
technology.
Figure 3. Typical underground metro station
construction
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 Generally, two major groups of underground
water techniques controls are existing: Exclusion
techniques and dewatering techniques.
5.1 Exclusion Techniques
This technique is to exclude water from the excavation.
The aim of groundwater control by exclusion techniques
is to prevent groundwater from entering the working
area. Region which has a very low permeability wall like
sheet pile or diaphragm walls were physically
constructed or inserted in the ground.
5.2 Dewatering Techniques
Those that deal with groundwater by pumping. In the
second group, underground water flow is pumped so
the underground water table is lowered below the
deepest excavation formation level. For safe and stable
excavation, it necessary to remind these two important
points: In the excavation period, do not hold back the
water table to its first condition. This may cause a
buildup of pore water pressures that will eventually
cause catastrophic movement of soil and groundwater.
Ensure those fine grain soil particles are not
continuously migrated around the drainage well. Proper
filter design avoids any buildup of pore water pressures
and prevents transportation of fines.
5.2.1 Well Point Method
A series of wells of required depth are created in the
vicinity of the excavated area from where the water has
to be pumped out as shown in Figure 4. Riser pipes or
dewatering pipes are then installed into those closely
spaced wells which on the surface are connected to a
flexible swing pipe which is ultimately appended to a
common header pipe that is responsible for discharging
the water away from the site. One end of the header
pipe is connected to a vacuum pump which draws water
through notches in the well point. The drawdown using
this method is restricted to around five to six meters
below the well point pump level. If a deeper drawdown
is required, multiple stages of well points must be used.
Figure 4. Multiple Well system – Dewatering technique
5.2.2 Open Sump Pumping Method
This is the most common and economical method of
dewatering as gravity is the main playing force. Sump
is created in the excavated area into which the
surrounding water converges and accumulates
facilitating easy discharge of water through robust solid
handling pumps.
Figure 5. Sump pump system – dewatering technique
Since the bottom of the sump is situated at a level lower
than that of the excavation bottom, it will abridge the
seepage way along which groundwater from outside
seeps into the excavation zone and as a result the exit
gradient of the sump bottom will be larger than that on
the excavation surface. Typical sump system shown in
Figure 5.
5.2.3 Deep Well Method
A deep well system consists of an array of bored wells
pumped by submersible pumps. Pumping from each
well lowers the groundwater level and creates a cone of
depression or drawdown around itself as shown in
Figure 6. Several wells acting in combination can lower
groundwater level over a wide area beneath an
excavation. Because the technique does not operate on
a suction principle, large drawdowns can be achieved,
limited only by the depth of the wells, and the
hydrogeological conditions. The wells are generally
sited just outside the area of proposed excavation and
are pumped by electric submersible pumps near the
base of each well. Water collection pipes, power supply
generators, electrical controls and monitoring systems
are located at the surface.
Figure 6. Deep well system – Dewatering technique
6 MODFLOW
Due to complex nature of hydraulic boundary conditions
(flow barriers), caused by secant piles at this site,
3
dewatering analysis using theoretical approach is not
adequate and requiring numerical simulations.
Dewatering analysis using Visual MODFLOW v.2010.1
is employed to design the deep well design in
underground metro stations. MODFLOW is a modular
3D finite difference ground water flow model where
similar program functions are grouped together, and
scientific computational and hydrologic options are
constructed in such a manner that each option is
independent of other options. It has provision for barrier
flow conditions to be modelled.
The model is applicable for transient as well as
steady state model. The interface is divided into three
separate modules, the Input Module, the Run Module,
and the Output Module. When you open or create a file,
you will be able to seamlessly switch between these
modules to build or modify the model input parameters,
run the simulations, calibrate the model, and display
results (in plan view or cross section). Workflow of
MODFLOW software is explained in the below Figure7
as flowchart. Software works from importing the model
from drawing or picture, providing adequate inputs,
selecting the proper engine for analysis and then the
output is displayed.
The Input Module allows the user to graphically
assign all of the necessary input parameters building a
three-dimensional groundwater flow and contaminant
transport model. The input menus represent the basic
"model building blocks" for assembling a data set for
MODFLOW. These menus are displayed in the logical
order to guide the modeler through the steps necessary
to design a groundwater flow and contaminant transport
model.
7 DEWATERING FOR CUFFE PARADE STATION
Contractor is sole responsible for adopting suitable
dewatering system to enhance the dry excavation in
station. Many dewatering techniques are readily
available, but as a pioneered contractor the most
efficient and most economical system to be selected.
This paper explains the dewatering design adopted for
cuffe parade station using MODFLOW software.
In contract document, Client has provided some
contract requirement to be fulfilled while designing the
dewatering system.
• The groundwater within the excavations shall be
maintained at a level that permits achievement of
undisturbed, stable and dry subgrade to permit
construction and backfilling of the permanent
works and avoids heave, piping or base failure of
the excavation
• The Groundwater drawdown (a drop of water table
during dewatering/construction) outside the
excavation/adjacent to works, shall be controlled
such that the water table doesn’t get lowered by
more than one metre below the lowest recorded
groundwater table. For ensuring this the
recharging well system shall be provided, if
required.
• Where ever water bearing seams, fissures or
broken ground yielding undesirably large
quantities of water is encountered, it shall be
grouted
Cuffe parade station extends to a length of about 407m
with cross width of 37m. Station details been tabulated
in below table 2 with other details.

Table 2. Cuffe parade station details

Base Total
Length Width of Ground slab depth of
of station station level Bottom station
+3.84 m, -21.24 m,
407m 37m CD CD 25m

Design consultant has predefined each excavation

stages till bottom of excavation which has been
tabulated in Table 3. Excavation has to reach the depth
of about 24m below existing ground level.

Table 3. Excavation stages of Cuffe parade station

Description Reduced Depth below

Level GL

Natural ground level +3.84 0.0m

Figure 7. Flowchart of MODFLOW workflow
Initial Ground Water Level +2.84 1.0m
The Run Module allows the user to modify the
various MODFLOW parameters and options which are First Excavation Level +0.59 3.25m
run-specific. These include selecting initial head
estimates, setting solver parameters, activating the re- Second Excavation Level -3.41 7.25m
wetting package, specifying the output controls, etc.
The Output Module allows the user to display all of the Third Excavation Level -7.41 11.25m
modelling and calibration results for MODFLOW. The Max. Toe level of Secant
-3.87 7.71m
output menus allow you to select, customize, and Pile wall (3a)
overlay the various display options for presenting the Max. Toe level of Secant
-12.66 16.5m
modelling results. Pile wall (3b)
Fourth Excavation Level -12.65 16.49m

Final Excavation Level -20.245 24.08m

4
As per client requirement, dewatering to be done 1m instance, if user desired to view dewatering stage 10m
below each excavation stages i.e. if first excavation below ground level, simply 10th layer shall be viewed so
stage is +0.59m, then level of water by dewatering to be that corresponding drawdown can be witnessed in the
at -0.59m. Similarly, for each stage, dewatering to be corresponding layers which is an effective tool for
done at least 1m below the proposed excavation level monitoring the dewatering analysis.
as shown in Figure 8. Setting the above criteria as
benchmark, suitable dewatering design been adopted.
Secant piles proposed as temporary retaining system.
Soft pile and hard piles form the combination of secant
pile design. Reinforcement is provided in hard pile
whereas soft pile is filled only with concrete. The toe of
secant pile is determined based on encountering of rock
level. Based on type of rock grade, pile embedment is
predefined by consultant. During execution for each
pile, geologist confirms the grade of rock and execute
the proposed embedment of pile in rock. Below fig.9
shows a typical cross section of cuffe parade station
with secant piles as retaining system and pile
termination on either side based on rock grade with
excavation sequence till base slab level. Among the
available dewatering system deep well system is found
to be efficient and more suitable for the ground
condition.
In rocky strata, open sump pumping is the only
available dewatering system. Modflow software works
based on certain assumption. Faults or fissures present Figure 9. Plan of cuffe parade station imported for
in the rocks is completely ignored in analysis, if analysis from PDF file
encountered in execution, same to be closed by
grouting. 7.1 Input Data for Analysis

In this analysis, the aquifer is considered as unconfined.

Figure 8. Excavation & Strut Level details of Cuffe
parade station
Ground water table is considered at ground water itself
as per client requirement. Secant piles which act as
retaining system been modelled as dead cells which
means no water from outside station area is allowed to
pass through the secant piles. Layout of the secant
piles and depth of secant pile also modelled as per
consultant drawings. In this model the effect of secant
pile is considered in design, so it is assumed that
secant pile will be in position before the start of
dewatering works. In Modflow software, water source
like sea, river, well, pond etc., shall be modelled which
will act as source of water to ground water which will be
influenced in dewatering analysis inside the station
area. In this station, sea is present 250m away from
station area which has been included in the model.
Geotechnical details taken from approved Geological
Interceptive Report of cuffe parade station area and
modelled it as shown in below table3 in Modflow
software.

Geotechnical inputs like soil strata, permeability of

each strata (both vertical and horizontal), retaining Table 4. Sub soil data profile for Cuffe parade station
system layout and depth etc., to be defined as input
parameters. In order to start the analysis, plan layout of Layer Max Depth (m)
the station to be imported. Import files shall be PDF Subsoil Profile
No. From To
format, JPEG format, or it can be directly imported from
google maps. Below figure shows the imported plan of 1 Fill (Top Layer) 0.0 3 - 4.9
cuffe parade station in Modflow software.
After importing the plan, grids to be defined for 2 Residual Soil 4.9 3.0- 6.0
ease of bifurcation of station for analysis. Grids to be Completely weathered 3.0-
defined in both vertical and horizontal direction which 3 6 -12
Basalt 6.0
will help to cut the section anywhere in grid location as Highly weathered to
per user requirement. In this grid spacing is taken as 12-
4 Moderately weathered 15.0
1m interval in both directions as shown in Figure 9. 13.5
Shale/Basalt
Apart from grid, layers also can be defined so that Fresh to slightly
output can be viewed as per desired layer. For 5 weathered Below 15.0
Amygdaloidal Basalt

5
 The permeability of each strata taken from GIR
as primary input for Modflow analysis. To be on
conservative side, vertical permeability is taken as half
of horizontal permeability. Permeability in rock strata is
very low and considered as impervious layer.
Permeability of soil is considered much on conservative
side in order to design the system for adverse condition.
As a prudent contractor L&T wants to design safe
dewatering system in order to meet any unpredictable
situation like high ingress of water during excavation
which may affect the excavation work to proceed
further.
Table 5: Soil permeability for Cuffe parade station
Horizontal
Vertical
Layer Depth (m) conductivity
Conductivity kz
No. kx or ky
From To (m/sec)
(m/sec)
1 0.0 4.5 5E-04 2.50E-04
2 4.5 12.0 1.13E-05 5.65E-06
4 Below 12.0 4.12E-06 2.06E-06
Pumping wells used to pump out water from
excavation area. Diameter of wells vary from 200 to
300mm in diameter. Perforated PVC pipe of 150mm
diameter is inserted in the well and remaining area is
filled with filter material which used to allow water inside
the well without any clot at perforations. In this station
total of 19 pumping wells been planned with total depth
of 20m from ground level. Recharge wells which used
to pump water in the ground in order to maintain the
ground water table outside the station area. As per
contract condition, ground water table outside the
station area shall not be lowered more than 1m from
existing level. In order to maintain, constant recharge
shall be done using recharge wells.
Figure 10. Co-ordinates input for pumping and recharge
wells
The pumping capacity of pumping well to be
defined as input in order to calculate the number of
days required to achieve the desired drawdown. In the
present analysis 600 cum/day given as pumping
capacity and 80 cum/day as recharge quantity for
recharge wells which is positioned outside the station
area. In order to know the exact ground permeability, it
is recommended to conduct a pump out test in the
station.
7.2 Pump Out Test
Pumping test is an accurate method of determining the
safe yield of the well. A pumping test is a field
experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled
rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured
in one or more surrounding observation wells and
optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself;
response data from pumping tests are used to estimate
the hydraulic properties of ground. The rate of pumping,
per hour, under this equilibrium condition, gives the
yield per hour (Q) of the well at a particular drawdown
(s).
Pumping test is conducted to evaluate an
aquifer by "stimulating" the aquifer through constant
pumping and observing the aquifer's "response"
(drawdown) in observation wells on the well in the area
is only method for computing the aquifer parameters. A
long duration pump test for 2160 minutes was
conducted to observe the effect of pumping in pumping
well and nearby observation wells. The Pumping well
and observation wells were of identical design.
From the long duration pump test conducted in the
study area, following parameters have been computed
• Transmissivity (T)
• Field Permeability/Hydraulic Conductivity (k)
• Specific yield (Sy)
• Specific Capacity (C)
Though different methods are available for estimating
the above parameters, most suitable methods chosen
for computation.
Figure 11. Pump out test at cuffe parade station area
The Pumping test data was analyzed by
Theis’s Recovery Method & Jacob’s Method in order to
determine the above said parameters. The
Transmissivity ‘T’ value 1.44 m2/day and 0.81 m2 /day
respectively. Permeability ‘k’ value in the pumping well
(MW) is derived to be 0.93 x 10-5 cm/sec and 5.20 x
10-5 cm/sec respectively. Specific yield (sy) in the
pumping well MW is derived to be 0.13% and 0.05%
respectively. This indicates lack of very fine
interconnecting zones among fracture zones that are
weak, and due to which groundwater movement is very
slow in the station area.
7.3 Engine Selection for Analysis
After providing the required inputs, engine selection
shall be made in order to analyze the dewatering
6
design. Various engines been enlisted in software for
different usage.

Figure 14. Plan showing drawdown of cuffe parade

station
Figure 12. Engine selection for Modflow analysis For the plan shown above, two cross section
been chosen in order to view the drawdown for cross
section and longitudinal section of the station.

Figure 13. Analysis in Modflow software for the selected

engines
Modflow user manual provide a clear idea for Figure 15. Cross section showing drawdown of cuffe
selection of appropriate engine based on type of design. parade station
Once the engine is selected, analysis starts for
computing drawdown, water flow path, influence area of
well, time taken to achieve dewatering etc., and output
window is used to view the desired output.
7.4 Output Window of Modflow Analysis

Many trials to be carried out by adjusting number of

days of dewatering, location of pump wells, depth of
pump wells in order to achieve more economical
desired output. Software has a unique feature to make
cross section at any grid and also to view drawdown at
any depth. Some of the output window images shown
below for better understanding. Typical drawdown
achieved all along the length of station in plan view is Figure 16. Longitudinal section showing drawdown of
shown below. Based on drawdown depth, different cuffe parade station
color legends assigned.
Apart from drawdown, water flow path shall be
seen in plan view which gives a clear direction of water
movement path. The maximum drawdown achieved in
this station is 14m below ground level i.e. till top of the
rock strata.

7.4 Sump Pump System

If excavation reaches the rocky strata, then deep well is

inefficient and for dewatering sump pump system to be

7
adopted. Total 6 nos of sump system been deployed
for this station. Sump size is of 1.5m X 1m X 1m which
will be taken down as excavation proceeds. Sump is
positioned 3m inside secant pile such that it will not
affect berm of secant pile. The water collected in the
sump shall be pumped out periodically using
submersible pump. Apart from this, sump requirement
for monsoon is also calculated by analytical method and
recommendation is provided to use of extra sump in
monsoon period. Maximum recorded rain water is
taken and compared with area of excavation to arrive at
sum pump requirements. 2 nos of extra pump kept in
reserve for monsoon period.
7.5 Dewatering Layout
Apart from the deep well arrangement and sump
system, dewatering layout to be provided for the entire
station. The capacity of pumps is decided based on rate
of pumping, required vertical lift, amount and type of
suspended solids. Suitable electrical submersible
pumps shall be installed within each deep well. The
pumps shall be connected to discharge pipes, cables
and ropes prior to lowering. The system can be fitted
with an external control to automatically start and stop
pumping at predetermined levels.
The units shall be lowered with the pipe and
cable strapped to the lifting rope into the PVC screen
casing. The lifting rope shall be secured at the top of
well for removal of pump in case of repair and
maintenance. Discharge from pumping wells shall be
measured and recorded at least twice in a day during
dewatering. Discharge from both deep wells and sump
pumps to be connected a common discharge pipeline
which shall be provided along the periphery of the
station. Water discharge is collected in sedimentation
tank before discharging into drainage. Water is allowed
to stagnate in sedimentation tank so that sediments
carried along water shall get settled in sedimentation
tank and after some time water is allowed to discharge
in drainage pipelines. Sedimentation tank is frequently
cleaned in order to remove the settled sediments from
the tank.
8 PROTECTION OF ADJACENT STRUCRUTRES
Due to lowering of groundwater, there may be impact
on the adjacent structures. The condition of the existing
buildings is taken from the Mumbai Metro Line 3 Tender
Documents - Building Condition Survey. The surveyed
buildings are located within a band width of about 60m
along the corridor defined as the “influence zone.
Category of building given as per contract
recommendation and suitable instrumentation been
planned all around buildings located near the station.
Building settlement and cracks been monitored
continuously during the time of excavation and
dewatering. If cracks exceed and settlement exceeds
the permissible level, then excavation to be stopped.
Observation wells located outside the station helps to
monitor the ground water table outside the station area.
9 CONCLUSIONS
Some of the key points to be noted while designing the
dewatering techniques for underground metro station
• Many dewatering techniques like multiple wells, sump
pump, vacuum well, deep wells are available to control
the ground water. Contractor has to choose the suitable
technique based on sub surface, permeability of strata,
depth of excavation and excavation area.
•Pumping wells used to pump water from excavated
zone, Recharge wells present outside the station used
for pump in water to maintain the ground level outside
station area and Observation well used to monitor the
ground water during the entire process.
•MODFLOW software works from importing the layout,
providing required geotechnical inputs, choosing the
engine to analyze and output for the desired drawdown
is obtained.
•Using MODFLOW software, well spacing, well depth
and influence of retaining structure shall be clearly
pictured
•Pump out test reveals the yield capacity of well and the
actual permeability of the ground stratum. Pumping test
conducted for 72 hours continuously in order to
determine transmissivity and permeability by Theis’s
Recovery Method & Jacob’s Method
•Total of 19 pumping wells, 6 recharge wells and 2
observations wells were provided to dewater the entire
cuffe parade station area
•Pumping well diameter is 200mm with perforated pipe
of 150mm to encase the submersible pump with 50mm
of filter layer all around the perforation
•Perforations to the well to be provided as per the
specifications. Improper filter criteria shall affect the
specific yield of well which ultimately reduce the
efficiency of the well
•Depth of pumping well terminated based on rock depth,
bottom of well is provided 2m below the rock surface
without any perforations in order to provide sufficient
head for efficiency of pump
•Deep wells found to be inefficient in rock strata,
dewatering in rocky layer depends only on sump
pumping system
•Sump shall be provided 3m away from the secant pile
wall in order to protect the berm of the wall
•Surface water control due to monsoon been calculated
separately by analytical method for which 4 nos of 5HP
pumps were provided in order to dewater the
accumulated water due to rain
•Flood protection wall of 1m height been provided all
along the periphery of the station in order to stop the in-
flow of water to the excavated area from the
surroundings.
•Shotcrete been provided along the surface of the
excavated rock in order to stop the seepage of water
from the sides of the rock.
•If any local faults or fissures encountered during rock
excavation, same has to be grouted completely
8
•In cuffe parade station, rock encountered Visual MODFLOW, version 2010.1, Waterloo Hydro
approximately 12 m below ground level, if no rock geologic, Ontario, Canada
surface encounters, then depth of pumping well has to
go below base slab level.
•Observation wells to be monitored continuously for the
depth of ground water table outside the station area.
Fluctuation of ground water shall be allowed maximum
for 1 meter.
•All discharges from deep wells and sump system shall
be connected to the common discharge pipeline which
flows to the sedimentation tank and followed to
drainage outlet.
•Sedimentation tank used to remove the sludge which is
mixed in the water which is helpful to avoid clot in the
drainage system.
•Instrumentation to be fixed in the adjacent buildings in
order to monitor the cracks of the building during the
time of dewatering and excavation of station building.
Prior to dewatering, category of existing building
condition to be identified and labelled.
• Inclinometer fixed on secant piles in order to monitor
the pile deflection due to earth pressure during the
process of excavation.

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to convey my thanks to the management for

allowing me to present this paper and my heartful
regards to my colleagues and site team for their
valuable contribution.

11 REFERENCES

Bureau of Indian Standards IS 9759 (1981, reaffirmed

2003): Guidelines for Dewatering during
Construction

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