PARTS OF SPEECH

Parts of speech may be divided into notional (fully lexical, self-dependent functions in the sentence):
Noun, Adjective, Numeral, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb; and functional (incomplete nominative meaning,
non-self-dependent functions in the sentence): Article, Preposition, Conjunction, Particle, Modal Word,
Interjection.

Notional words

1. Complete nominative force

2. Self-dependent functions in a sentence
3. Can be used in isolation
4. Can be substituted by a word of a more general meaning
5. Open classes (new items can be added to them, they are indefinitely extendable)

Functional words

1. Incomplete nominative force

2. Non-self-dependent mediatory functions: linking or specifying
3. Obligatory combinability
4. Cannot be substituted
5. Closed classes (closed systems, including a limited number of members. As a rule, they cannot be
extended by creating new items)

The following table show the functions of words and their grammatical functions:

Parts of Abbreviatio Example

  Functions Syntactical Functions
Speech n s
represent the names of school, serve as subjects, objects,
Nouns n.
people or things worker predicatives, etc.
replace nouns or serve as subjects, objects,
Pronouns pron. I, some
numerals predicatives, etc.
indicate the quality and
serve as attributes,
Adjectives adj. characteristics of new, good
predicatives, etc.
people or things
Notional
serve as subjects, objects,
Words indicate quantity or
Numerals num. one, first predicatives, attributes,
order
adverbials
indicate actions or study, see,
Verbs v. serve as predicates
situations be
explain verbs,
very,
Adverbs adv. adjectives or other serve as adverbials
quickly
adverbs
indicate whether a
noun refers to a
Articles art. a, an, the  
general sense or
special sense
indicate the
Functiona Prepositions relationship between a of, in,
prep.  
l Words noun or a pronoun and from
other words
connect words, and, or,
Conjunctions conj.  
phrases, or sentences but
express the feelings on
Interjections interj. oh, hello  
speaking