REVIEWER IN READING IN

PHILIPPINE HISTORY LESSON 1: HISTORY – ITS

MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE ts
MODULE 1 AND 2 Meaning, Significance, and
History is the study of life in society in the Sources
past, in all of its facets in relation to
current events and aspirations for the  Readings in Philippine
future. It is an investigation into the past
History as a subject is
using evidence, telling the tale of man
through time. Indeed, the foundation of about learning history
both teaching and learning about through the various lens of
history is the evidence. You, the student, selected primary sources
will have the opportunity to discover
in different periods,
many viewpoints on the value of history
in human life in this subject. Additionally, analyses, and
the concept of historical sources is interpretations. The aim of
covered so that you may understand the subject is for you to
how primary and secondary sources of
historical data differ from one another.
understand and
appreciate the rich past
When studying history, you must
of the Philippines by
master the skill of contextual and
deriving insights from
content analysis, which entails
determining the text's historical those who were actually
significance and analyzing the present at the time of the
author's key points of contention. In event.
history, using primary sources can
help you relate to historical events What is History?
on a personal level and foster a
deeper comprehension of history as It is a continuous process and
a series of human occurrences. written in chronological order
Primary sources are incomplete of events and it is important to
fragments of history, thus each one
our society. It's from the Greek
symbolizes a mystery that can only
word "HISTORIA" which means
be further investigated by
accumulating further pieces of to search or look into. As time
information. passed by there are some
changes in its meaning. History
is a brief summary of results A primary source provides direct or
based on factual research and firsthand evidence about an event,
it also deals with the sequence object, person, or work of art.
of important events. It deals Primary sources provide the original
with science that describes and materials on which other research or
examines past events in a work is based. Those sources are
specific group of people. produced at the same time as the
event, period, or subject being
studied.

" History is who we are and why

we are the way we are "(David Examples of primary sources
McCullough) are :

HISTORICAL SOURCES: Autobiographies and memoirs

Primary and Secondary
Sources Diaries, personal letters, and
correspondence
Historical sources are the
originators of information and Interviews, surveys, and
data. It may be a document, a fieldwork
picture, a sound recording, a
Internet communications on
book, a cinema film, a
email, blogs, listservs, and
television program, or an
newsgroups
object. Any sort of artifact from
the period in question that Photographs, drawings, and
conveys information can posters
qualify as a source
Works of art and literature
There are two main types of
historical sources: primary Books, magazine and
sources and secondary newspaper articles and ads
sources. published at the time
Public opinion polls

Speeches and oral histories

Original documents (birth

certificates, property deeds,
trial transcripts)

Primary sources may be

classified into:
Secondary sources are
documents or works made by
individuals who are not directly Examples of secondary sources
involved in the events or are:
produced by an author who
Bibliographies
used primary sources to
produce the material. In other Biographical works
words, secondary sources are
historical sources, which studied Reference books, including
a certain historical subject. The dictionaries, encyclopedias,
secondary source is the and atlases
evidence of someone who was
not present at the time of Articles from magazines,
occurrence of the event e.g., journals, and newspapers after
books written by historians. The the event
secondary source is also of
Literature reviews and review
great historical importance to
articles (e.g., movie reviews,
historians. Although the
book reviews)
secondary source is itself
dependent on primary sources. History books and other popular
or scholarly books

Works of criticism and

interpretation
Commentaries and treatises gander at the creator of
the source, its unique
Textbooks situation, the motivation
behind its creation, the
Indexes and abstracts
information which
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL educated it, and its
planned reason among
CRITICISM
others.
 External Criticism,
sometimes called “lower CONTENT and CONTEXTUAL
criticism”, is the practice ANALYSIS
of verifying the
authenticity of evidence
by examining its physical CONTENT ANALYSIS
characteristics;  Content analysis is a tool of
consistency with the qualitative research used to
historical characteristics of determine the presence and
meaning of concepts, terms, or
the time when it was
words in one or more pieces
produced; and materials of recorded communication.
used for evidence.  Content analysis is the study of
documents and
Internal Criticism, communication artifacts,
sometimes called “higher which might be texts of various
criticism”, examines the formats, pictures, audio or
honesty of the proof, it video. Social scientists use
content analysis to examine
takes a gander at the
patterns in communication in
substance of the source
a replicable and systematic
and analyzes the manner.
condition of its
generation. It takes a Types of Content
gander at the honesty Analysis
and factuality of the
confirmation by taking a
  The conceptual
analysis focuses on
the number of times
a concept occurs in
a set of data and is
generally focused
on explicit data.
 Relational content
analysis has a
different focus than
conceptual content
analysis. Instead of
looking at the
numbers, it assesses
the relationships
between different
concepts, how they
are connected, and
the context in which
they appear.
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
A contextual analysis helps to assess
text within the context of its historical
and cultural setting, and its textuality
(the qualities that characterize the
text as a text.) It combines features
of formal analysis with features of
“cultural archaeology, ” ( the
systematic study of social, political,
economic, philosophical, religious,
and aesthetic conditions that were
in place at the time and place when
the text was created.) This means
“situating” the text within the milieu
of its times and assessing the roles of
the author, readers, and
“commentators” on the text. An
understanding of the historical
context will help you understand
what motivates the people to act as
they did. It will help you understand
the influence of the time and place
in which the situation occurred.
MODULE 2
Historical Context of
Political Caricatures
Background of the Authors
During the American Era,
political cartoons gained popularity
as a form of expression. Many artists
made use of cartoons as political
commentaries to expose the ills of
the American colonial government.
Alfred McCoy provided an analysis
of the pressing problems and issues
of American colonialism manifested
in political cartoons. Together with
the artist Alfredo Reyes Roces, they
compiled many political cartoons by
Filipino artists depicting the
Philippines during American rule.
Alfred McCoy was born on
June 8, 1945, in Massachusetts, USA.
He earned his bachelor of arts
degree in European Studies from
Columbia College in 1968. He
finished his master's degree in Asian
Studies at the University of California
in Berkeley in 1969 and his doctorate
degree in Southeast Asian History at
Yale University in 1977. He studied
Philippine political caricatures to
understand the social and political
contexts of the Philippines during the
American period. He later worked
with Alfredo Roces, his co-author of
Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricatures of the American Era.
Though McCoy did not create any
political caricatures, his interest in
them urged him to compile such
caricatures from various sources to
produce a single collection.
Alfredo Reyes was born on
April 29, 1923. He was a painter, an
essayist and a versatile artist who is
considered to be a prominent figure
in Philippine art. His paintings started
with a figurative style but soon
began to amalgamate
expressionism, Fauvism, and
impressionism.
Several newspapers in Manila
like The Independent and The
Philippines Free Press and Bag-Ong
Kusog, a leading periodical in Cebu,
included political cartoons in their
editorials.
The Philippines Free Press was
founded in 1906 by Judge W. A.
Kincaid but was taken over by
McCullough Dick due to bankruptcy.
The newspaper was published in
both Spanish and English. It featured
investigative articles regarding the
country's development. It had a
personal tone since it was not tied to
a particular political party. It also
advocated integrity, democracy,
and Philippine national progress.
Lipag-Kalabaw was launched
in the same year as Philippines Free
Press. It was published in Tagalog
and Spanish containing satiric
cartoons. All throughout its
publication, it maintained anonymity
by not having masthead and by
having the artists and writers use pen
names. This gave artists h and writers
agency on how they wanted to
express themselves.
The Independent was founded
in 1915 by the Father Vicente Sotto,
one of the militant and aggressive
advocates of immediate
independence. It was a weekly
newspaper published in English and
Spanish that served as a forum for
the discussion of political issues. It
was also where Fernando Amorsolo
began his career as the “angriest of
Manila’s political cartoonists.”
In Ceb, one popular
newspaper was the Bag-Ong Kusog
which literally means “New Force.”
Bag-Ong-Kusog was known for
highlighting the conditions in Cebu
prior to the war. It often talked about
the differences between the Spanish
and American colonial government.
This newspaper depicted the
breakdown the hallowed customs
and social practices due to
American influence. It focused on
criticism of co-education introduced
by the Americans, which
endangered the virtue of women.
Historical Background of the Political
Cartoons
The Spanish colonial period in
the Philippines was characterized by
strict censorship resulting in a lack of
political liberty and minimal avenues
for expressing political views. Spanish
censorship banned non-religious
publications, thus compelling
newspaper publications to be
distributed underground. However,
the transition to the American
colonial period provided leeway in
the publication of independent
newspapers. Initially, newspapers
were scrutinized by the government
to ensure that they did not contain
anti-American sentiments, which
were branded as subversive and
were confiscated. As such, the four
decades of the American colonial
rule became a formative period in
Philippine history.
Censorship was loosened
when a civil government was
established in 1901. This gave Filipinos
the right to publish without prior
censorship of the government. Two
months after strict censorship was
removed, Rafael Palma launched El
Renacimiento (Rebirth), which
became the most influential of the
early nationalist newspapers
campaigning for the right to a free
press. Whenever the Americans felt
offended with any publication, they
used libel and sedition laws to
obstruct the developing hostilities.
After facing two libel suits, El
Renacimiento had to discontinue.
Nevertheless, Martin Ocampo and
Fernando Ma. Guerrero established
a new publication, La Vanguardia, in
the same office and survived as one
of Manila's leading newspapers until
World War II.
Political cartoons became a
powerful tool for Filipinos to express
their thoughts and opinions about
the government as it does not
directly manifest the language it
Aims to convey. The caricatures
appear as mere illustrations with
subjective interpretations from the
audiences and readers; therefore,
illustrators were able to avoid libel was appointed as chief justice nine
and sedition charges years later. On December 30, 1941,
he administered the oath of office of
Filipino Grievances against President Quezon and Vice President
Governor Wood Osmena for their second term.
Furthermore, before President
Background of the Author Quezon left the country in 1942 at
the onset of the Japanese invasion
The draft of the Filipino Grievances
of the country, Abad Santos was
against Governor Wood was
appointed as acting president of the
attributed to two prominent lawyers:
Commonwealth government. He
Jose Abad Santos and Jorge
was arrested by the Japanese army
Bocobo. On November 17, 1926, the
on April 11, 1942, in Barili, Cebu, and
Commission on Independence
was incarcerated in Mindanao. He
adopted the draft, which set the
was executed in Malabang, Lanao,
ground for the mounting tension
on May 7, 1942, in the presence of
between the American colonial
his son Pepito.
government and Filipino leaders.
Jorge Bacobo was born in Gerona,
Jose Abad Santos was born in San
Tarlac, on OCTOBER 19, 1886, by
Fernando, Pampanga. He is the son
Tranquilino Bocobo and Rita Teodora
of Vicente Abad Santos and Toribia
Tabago. He earned his Bachelor of
Basco. He is considered as a
Law degree in 1907 from Indiana
Pensionado and studied law in
University as a Pensionado of the
Northwestern University in Evanston,
colonial government. He became a
Illinois. He passed the bar in 1911 and
law clerk in the Executive Bureau
served as assistant attorney at the
and began teaching Law in the U.P
Bureau of Justice and rose to the
College in 1911, in which he was
rank of attorney general. Appointed
appointed full Professor of Law and
Undersecretary of Justice in 1921 but
Acting Dean of the College in 1917,
resigned the position at the height of
He was also one of the speechwriters
the cabinet crisis in 1923. He served
of President Manuel L. Quezon. Later
as the chief legal counsel of the
on, he became president of the
Senate President and the Speaker of
University of the Philippines from 1934
the House of Representatives, and it
to 1939. He was commissioned to
was during this time when he joined
serve as a Cabinet member of
the anti-Wood campaign. He was
President Quezon, serving as the
also appointed as associate justice
secretary of Public Instruction. He
of the Supreme Court in 1932 and
was also appointed as Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court from
1942-1944 during the Japanese
occupation. After the defeat of the
Japanese, he was once more
commissioned to serve as the
Chairman of the Code Commission
and was the principal author of the
Civil Code of the Philippines. He died
on July 23, 1965.
Historical Background of
the Document
General Leonard Wood first arrived
in the Philippines in 1903 after
rendering his services in Cuba. He
was appointed as governor of the
Moro Province, which comprised the
southern islands and Mindanao. At
the same time, General Wood was in
charge of five districts and was the
commanding general of the
American troops in Mindanao and
Sulu. In 1921, U.S. President Warren
Harding commissioned the Wood-
Forbes Mission, headed by former
Governor General W. Cameron
Forbes and General Wood. The
mission's aim was to assess if the
Philippines could already be
declared an independent nation,
following the Filipinization policy
implemented by the administration
of Francis Burton Harrison. The policy
allowed Filipinos to be actively
involved in running the government
as part of the American policy of
benevolent assimilation. The findings
of the mission showed that the
Philippines still needed the
Americans. As a response, U.S.
President Calvin Coolidge appointed
Major General Wood to be the
Governor General of the Philippine
Islands in 1923. Wood's appointment
was greatly accepted by the
Filipinos, considering his role in the
liberation of Cuba, giving Filipinos
high hopes for political
emancipation.
Speech of President Cory
Aquino before the US
Congress
CORAZON AQUINO SPEECH BEFORE
THE US CONGRESS
(SEPTEMBER 18, 1986)
Introduction: When former President
Corazon Aquino spoke before a joint
session of the United States Congress
in September of 1986, the dust was
only beginning to settle. It was her
first visit to America since the dictator
Ferdinand Marcos had been
deposed in February of the same
year, and the Philippines was
reckoning with everything his
administration had inflicted. That
included $26 billion in total foreign
debt, and a communist insurgency
that grew, throughout the Marcos
era, from 500 armed guerillas to
16,000. We were just at the start of a
long road to recovery.
The speech was impassioned,
deeply personal, and effective;
interrupted 11 times by applause
and bookended with standing
ovations. House Speaker Tip O'Neill
called it the "finest speech I've ever
heard in my 34 years in Congress."
Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole
told her, "Cory, you hit a home run."
And House Minority Whip Trent Lott
said, "Let's just say the emotion of the
moment saved the day." It would go
down in the annals of our history as
one of the former President's finest
speeches.

The ideology or the principles of the

new democratic government can;
also be seen in the same speech.
Aquino was able to draw the sharp,
contrast between her government
and of her predecessor by:
expressing her commitment to a
democratic constitution drafted by
an independent commission. She
claimed that such constitution
upholds and adheres to the rights
and liberty of the Filipino people.

 Cory claimed that her main

approach to this problem was
through peace and not
through the sword of war.
Despite Cory's efforts to hoist
herself as the exact opposite
of Marcos, her speech still
revealed certain parallelisms
between her and the Marcos's
government.