ASSIGNMENT-1 (6th Sept, 2022)

ADVANCED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, MCL-703

1st Semester, 2022-23
Last date of submission: 21st Sept, 2022

1. According to the one-dimensional (longitudinal) conduction model of a fin (figure 1), the temperature distribution
along the fin, T(x), obeys the energy equation

𝑑! 𝑇
𝑘𝐴 − ℎ𝑃(𝑇 − 𝑇" ) + 𝑞### 𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝑥 !
Where 𝐴, ℎ, 𝑃, and, 𝑞′′′ are the fin cross-sectional area, fin-fluid heat transfer coefficient, perimeter of the fin cross
section (called the wetted perimeter), and volumetric rate of heat generation. Consider the semi-infinite fin that
as show in figure, is bathed by a fluid of temperature 𝑇" and is attached to a solid wall of temperature 𝑇" . The
heat generated by the fin is absorbed by either the fluid or the solid wall.

(a) As a system for scale analysis, select the fin section of length x, where x is measured away from the wall.
Let 𝑇$ be the fin temperature sufficiently far from the wall. Show that if x is large enough, the longitudinal
conduction term becomes negligible in the energy equation.
(b) Invoking the balance between lateral convection and internal heat generation, determine the fin temperature
sufficiently far from the wall, 𝑇$ .
(c) Determine the fin section of length 𝛿 near the wall where the heat transfer is ruled by the balance between
longitudinal conduction and internal heat generation.
(d) Determine the heat transfer rate into the wall through the base of the fin.

2. Consider the integral solution for boundary layer over a flat plate. Assuming a quadratic velocity profile find
𝛿, 𝐶%&

3. Derive the expression for the local Nusselt number along a flat wall with uniform heat flux using the integral
method. Assume cubic temperature profiles and you will take advantage of the fact that the flow part of the
problem has already been solved [i.e., 𝛿(𝑥) is known]. Keep in mind that in this problem, 𝑇" (𝑥) is an
'(
additional unknown; the necessary additional equation is the definition of 𝑞′′ (known) as 𝑞## = −𝑘 3')4 .
)*"
4. Consider the laminar flow near a flat, solid wall, as illustrated in the figure below. The momentum equation for
this flow involves the competition among three effects: inertia, pressure gradient, and friction as given in equation.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑑𝑃$ 𝜕!𝑢
𝑢 +𝑣 =− +𝜈 !
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦

For the purpose of scale analysis, consider a flow region of length L and thickness L. Show that in this region,
the ratio of inertia to friction is of order 𝑅𝑒+ , where 𝑅𝑒+ is the Reynolds number based on wall length. Note that
the region selected for analysis is not the boundary layer region. In a certain flow, the value of 𝑅𝑒+ is 10, . What
force balance rules the L × L region: inertia~pressure, inertia ~ friction, or pressure ~ friction?

5. Solve the Blasius Equation

subject to the appropriate boundary conditions and tabulate the value of f and its derivatives at different
values of h. You can write your own code or use any software to solve this equation.

6. It has been claimed that a similarity solution does not exist for the laminar thermal boundary layer over a flat
plate with uniform heat flux. Develop this similarity solution for the geometry of the above figure (Fig. with
Prob. 4) , in which 𝑞## = constant. As a similarity temperature variable, choose 𝜃(𝜂, Pr), where

𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇$
𝜃=
𝑞## 𝑣𝑥 -/!
3 𝑘 4 3𝑈 4
$

Show that the energy equation in the boundary layer reduces to

𝑃𝑟
𝜃" + (𝑓𝜃′ − 𝑓′𝜃) = 0
2
7. The wind blows at 0.5 m/s parallel to the short side of a flat roof with rectangular area 10 m × 20 m. The
roof temperature is 40°C, and the temperature of the air free stream is 20°C. Calculate the total force
experienced by the roof. Estimate also the total heat transfer rate by laminar forced convection from the roof
to the atmosphere.

8. Make a qualitative sketch of how the local heat flux 𝑞&## varies along an isothermal wall bathed by a laminar
boundary layer of total length L. Use 𝑞&## on the ordinate and x on the abscissa. On the same sketch, draw a
horizontal line at the level that would correspond to the heat flux averaged over the entire length of the plate,
##
𝑞+ . Determine analytically (a) the position x where the local heat flux matches the value of the L- averaged
 heat flux, and (b) the relationship between the midpoint local flux and the L-averaged value, that is, the ratio
## ##
𝑞+/! /𝑞+ .

9. A Stream of 20°C water enters a duct, the wall temperature of which is uniform and equal to 50°C. The water
inlet velocity is 5 cm/s. The duct cross section is a 20 cm X 20 cm square. Assume that the thickness of the
boundary layer that lines the inner surface of the duct is much smaller than 20 cm, and calculate (a) the local
heat transfer coefficient at x = 1 m downstream from the mouth, (b) the total heat transfer rate between the
duct section of length x = 1 m and the water stream, and (c) the velocity boundary layer thickness (𝛿) at x =
1 m. Verify in this way the validity of the assumption that 𝛿 is much smaller than the duct width.

10. It is proposed to estimate the uniform velocity 𝑈$ of a stream of air of temperature 20°C by measuring the
temperature of a thin metallic blade that is heated and inserted parallel to 𝑈$ in the airstream as shown in
figure below. The width of the blade (i.e., the dimension aligned with 𝑈$ ) is L = 2 cm. The blade is
considerably longer in the direction normal to the figure; therefore, the boundary layer flow that develops is
two-dimensional. The blade is heated volumetrically by an electric current so that 0.03 W electrical power is
dissipated in each square centimeter of metallic blade. It is assumed that the blade is so thin that the effect of
heat conduction through the blade (in the x direction) is negligible. A temperature sensor mounted on the
trailing edge of the blade reads 𝑇/ = 30°C. Calculate the free-stream velocity 𝑈$ that corresponds to this
reading.