Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

NUTRITION:
4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-0Oc1Pui-o

Biology and Geology

 Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

Nasal
cavity
Pharynx The respiratory system
Epiglottis captures oxygen from the air,
which is carried by the blood
Larynx
to all the cells of the organism
Trachea (cellular respiration), and
collects carbon dioxide from
Right Left lung the blood to expel it to the
lung Bronchi outside

Bronchiole
Heart
The respiratory system
consists of:
Diaphragm

• The respiratory tract (air inlet and outlet): Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
and bronchioles. They clean, moisten and warm the air before it reaches the lungs
• Lungs (gas exchange)
NASAL CAVITIES Respiratory ciliated epithelium

They have capillaries, nooks

and crannies that heat the air
and the mucus that purifies
and moistens it.
PHARYNX

• Common pathway to
the digestive and
respiratory system
• Contains tonsils with
immune function
 LARYNX

• Formed by cartilages that keep it always open.

• It contains the vocal cords

Lesiones en cuerdas vocales y laringe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkIl-N4nbAs

 TRACHEA

• Formed by open cartilage rings.

• Contains mucus and cilia that clean the air
 BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES

The trachea is divided into two bronchi (right and left) and these in
numerous increasingly thin bronchioles, which end in the
pulmonary alveoli.
 LUNGS

They contain the alveoli, where the exchange of gases takes place

• Pleura: double protective membrane that surrounds the lungs.

• Pulmonary alveoli: tiny sacs surrounded by blood capillaries.
 Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

GAS EXCHANGE
Oxygen is exchanged between air In the air of the alveoli,
and blood by diffusion from the the concentration of
area where its concentration is oxygen is higher and that
greater to that where its of carbon dioxide is lower
concentration is lower. than in the blood
O2

CO2

O2 O2 CO2
Air
CO2
Pulmonary Pulmonary O2
alveoli capillary CO2
The carbon dioxide in the
blood passes to the alveoli,
where it mixes with the air The oxygen in the air passes into the blood, after
they contain and is expelled passing through the alveolar wall and the capillary
as we exhale. wall, to be transported to the body's cells
 Cellular respiration

 Metabolic process by which nutrients

combine with oxygen and decompose,
releasing energy.

 It occurs in the mitochondria of cells

 This energy is used for the synthesis of

ATP molecules

 The ATP is used to perform other

processes: biosynthesis, muscle contraction,
etc.
 PULMONARY VENTILATION

• It is done thanks to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.

• Two stages: inspiration and expiration.
• It is adapted to the activity. At rest, ventilation is performed approximately
16 times every minute and 8 liters of air are mobilized.
 Chemoreceptors

Centrals Peripherals
Carótidas

aorta

They do not detect changes in PO2 They detect changes in PO2

and detect changes in PCO2 And changes in PCO2 directly
indirectly (due to pH changes)
 Hyperventilation
 It can be caused by breathing too much, breathing superficially, taking large
puffs of air, etc.
 O2 levels increase and CO2 levels decrease.
 The lack of CO2 in the blood is detected by the brain, which will immediately try
to remedy this situation. Our body reacts by making breathing difficult.
 Decreases in the level of CO2 in the blood produce an increase in the pH of our
blood. This causes dizziness, palpitations, tremors, etc.
 To balance the gas levels you can breathe a few minutes covering the nose and
mouth with a paper bag.
 Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

5. HEALTH AND ILLNESSES OF THE RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM

Recommendations to maintain the

health of the respiratory system
o Do not smoke
o Avoid sudden changes in temperature
o Do physical exercise usually
o Avoid exposure to dust and air
pollutants
o Try to breathe through your nose
 ILLNESSES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Infectious diseases

• Nasal catarrh, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis,

pneumonia, influenza.

2. Non-infectious diseases

• Aphonia, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma,

chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema,
pleurisy, lung and throat cancer, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Nasal catarrh or common cold
The common cold is a viral infection of the respiratory system, which
normally occurs without fever and manifests as inflammation of the
upper respiratory tract: nose, throat, trachea, larynx, sinuses and
ear.
 Flu or influenza

A widespread viral disease that causes Winter pandemic every ten fifteen years.
It is highly contagious and can be life-threatening for some population groups
 The Spanish flu, 1918

The Spanish flu killed around 50-100 million people in the world
 PNEUMONIA
Infection of the lungs usually
caused by viruses or bacteria.

There is inflammation of the

lung tissue and fluid
formation at the alveolar
level.

Symptoms: Moist cough,

fever, phlegm with blood,
chills, bluish skin…
 Pneumonía

Yeast: Candida albicans

Legionella
 TUBERCULOSIS
It is an infection in the lungs caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

There is progressive destruction of lung tissue

and the infection can spread to other organs.

Resistant to treatments.

Symptoms: persistent flu, moderate fever,

night sweats, fatigue, cough and chest pain,
phlegm with blood and / or pus.

It can be fatal
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 APHONIA

Difficulty emitting sounds due to inflammation of the vocal cords

Lesiones en cuerdas vocales y laringe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkIl-N4nbAs

 SINUSITIS

Inflammation of the sinus cavities

 ALLERGIC RINITIS
Allergic reaction to certain substances(dust,pollen…)
symptoms: runny nose, itching, sneezing
 ASTHMA

Contraction of the bronchi and excess of secretion that blocks the passage of
air
 PLEURISY

Inflammation of the pleura with

intense pain and fever
 EFFECTS OF TOBACCO

The inhaled smoke contains:

• CO2, which affects the CO2

diffusion gradient.

• Carcinogenic substances that

can trigger tumors.

• Nicotine, toxic that paralyzes

the cilia that normally clean
the lungs.
 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

Coughing, chest pain and asthma

 LUNG CANCER

Malignant tumor that grows in

one or both lungs.
It is the second cancer in order
of incidence, diagnosed in men
and women.
It can be caused by active or
passive smoking, tuberculosis,
exposure to chemical agents
such as asbestos and radon,
heredity and age.
It metastasizes to bone and
brain.
 EMPHYSEMA
It is lung disease due to chronic
bronchitis, smoking or a severe
asthma problem.

There is enzymatic destruction of the

walls of the alveoli and therefore
deterioration of gas exchange.

Symptoms: difficulty breathing,

progressively getting worse; It can
cause heart failure and death.
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Controvertida campaña antitabaco
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCOAJQxFYWw

Este Es El Mejor Comercial Antitabaco Del Mundo. Vas A Querer Dejar Esa
Porquería De Inmediato https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COHLI2ndPXI