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 Carbohydrates,prote
ins,fats,Vitamins and
minerals.

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 Classification Of carbohydrates

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 • Monosaccharides therefore simple sugars .
• they cannot be broken down into further simpler sugars .
• examples are glucose, fructose and galactose
• Disaccharides they contain two monosaccharides
performed by the combination of two simple sugars .
• examples are lactose = glucose + galactose
• Maltose =glucose +Glucose
• Sucrose =glucose + fructose

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 • Polysacchrides
• they come under the category of complex carbohydrates .
• their digestion requires a lot of enzymatic activity .
• they are complex because of the structures they form
• examples are cellulose,starch ,glycogen ,chitin and
peptidoglycan .

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 Classification of proteins

• Proteins are the macromolecules responsible for the biological

processes in the cell .
• they are generally classified on the basis of their structure
• for example fibrous proteins ,globular proteins ,intermediate
proteins.
• Proteins functionally can be proteins functionally can be of many
types such as hormones ,enzymes ,catalyst ,carriers or transporter
proteins .
• The smallest functional unit of proteins is amino acid.

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 Fats

• Fats are naturally occurring substances which are oily in nature

and deposit as in layer under the skin or around certain organs .
• nearly 40% of our daily calories are derived from fats we eat .
• They are also known as lipids .
• Facts are broadly classified into two categories :-
• saturated fats
• unsaturated fats

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 • Saturated fats
• These fats are solid at room temperature .
• have no double bonds between molecules .
• examples are coconut, meat, chicken ,milk ,butter and cheese .
• Unsaturated fats Trans fats also come under this
• liquid at room temperature
• more than one double bond in their molecular structure .
• for example omega-3 and Omega 6

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 • casimir funk coined the term
vitamin.
• Vitamins are organic substances
needed in small quantities that
controls metabolism of body.
• Vitamins are substances that
your body needs to grow and
develop normally.
• There are 13 vitamins your body
needs.

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 Types of Vitamins

Water soluble vitamins

Vitamin B and C,
they are present in fruits and vegetables.

Fat soluble Vitamins

vitamin A,D,E,K

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 Vitamins can be excreted through urine - B and C

Vitamins can be lost due to washing peeled vegetables

Band C.

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 Vitamins can not be stored in Human Body B and
C.
Vitamin B&C cannot be stored in the body because
they are water soluble vitamins and they are
removed from the body through urine.

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 Vitamins can be stored in Human Body -KEDA
the fat-soluble vitamins — A, D, E, and K — dissolve in fat

and can be stored in your body. These Vitamins are

stored in fat cells

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 Vitamins can be formed in Human Body
vit D and K
Vitamin D is formed inside kidneys and is responsible
for maintaining blood calcium level and controls bone
calcium also .
Vitamin K is formed in large intestine by a bacteria .

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 Important Points Regarding Vitamin C

It is a heat sensitive vitamin .

it builds our immunity .

it is found in citrus fruits .

vitamin C heals our wounds easily.

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 Important Points Regarding Vitamin D

1. It is a bone strengthening vitamin.

2. It is called sunshine vitamin .

3. lack of this vitamin causes decalcification of bones

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 Vitamins Chemical Names Diseases
B1 → Thiamine → beri beri

B2 → Riboflavin → skin,cheilosis,dry skin,redlips

sore throat.
B3 → Niacin or Nicotinamide → pellagra
B5 → Panthothenic acid → skin,burning feet, URT

B6 → Pyridoxine → carpal tunnel syndrome,scales

on body.
B7 → Biotin → nail,skin,hair,paralysis
B9 → folic acid → anemia

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 Vitamins Chemical Names Diseases
B12 → Cyanocobalamin → (anemia)

C → Ascorbic Acid → scurvy

A → Retinol → night blindness

D → Calciferol → rickets

E → Tocoferol →infertility

K → Phylloquinone → anemia

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 Essential Elements
↙ ↘
Macronutrients. Micronutrient
↓ ↓
C, H, O, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg. Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn, B, Cl, Ni

In addition to the 17 essential elements named above, there are

some beneficial elements such as Na , Si , Co, and Se.They are
required by higher plants

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 minerals essential for human body

iron To make hemoglobin.

Iodine to make steroid hormones .

Fluorine for teeth and bones .

cobalt metabolism of RBC.

selenium antioxidant

chromium blood glucose and cholesterol

zinc antioxidant

copper immunity, bone health and metabolism

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manganese metabolism.
 DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid )

It is a polymer of nucleotide

Nucleotides are made up of sugar, base and phosphate

Sugar = Deoxyribose sugar (Pentose sugar)

Base = Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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 RNA ( Ribonucleic Acid )
It is a polymer of nucleotide

Nucleotides are made up of sugar, base and phosphate

Sugar = Ribose Sugar ( Pentose sugar)

Base = Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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 Differences between DNA and RNA

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 Nucleic acid digesting enzymes

DNAse These enzymes are responsible for

breakdown of DNA .

RNAse These enzymes are responsible for

breakdown of cellular RNA .

Protease these enzymes are responsible for

breaking down proteins in the cell .

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 1. Ricket’ is a disease associated with the deficiency of
_______.
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin B
D. Vitamin A
(SSC_CGL_06 June_S3_Gk)

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 2. Which of the following has the highest protein content
per gram?
A. Apple
B. Groundnut
C. Soyabean
D. Wheat
(SSC CGL 04 June S3_GK)

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 3. The Deficiency of which nutrient causes night blindness?
A. Vitamin K
B. Vitamin C
C. Proteins
D. Vitamin A
(SSC CGL 07 June S3_GK)

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 4. Which Vitamin is obtained from Sun rays?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin D
( CGL 17 10 AUG S1)

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 5. Pellagra and Scurvy are caused by which pair of vitamin
deficiency respectively ______?
A. Vitamin C and Vitamin D
B. Vitamin B-3 and Vitamin C
C. Vitamin C and Vitamin A
D. Vitamin A and Vitamin B-12
(CGL 16 31 Aug S2)

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 6. Cod liver oil from fish is rich in which vitamin?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin B
(CGL 16 9 Sep S3)

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 7. Which of the following set of vitamins is water-soluble?
A. Vitamin A,Vitamin B
B. Vitamin B, Vitamin C
C. Vitamin C, Vitamin D
D. Vitamin A, Vitamin K
(CGL 16 4 Sep S1)

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 8. Which of the following vitamins contain nitrogen?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B
C. Vitamin D
D. None of these
(CGL 16 10 Sep S3)

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 9. The vitamin necessary for coagulation of blood is-
A. Vitamin B
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin E
(SSC MTS 20/02/2011)

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 10. Which of the following vitamins help in the absorption
of calcium?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin B
D. Vitamin C
(CGL 16 10 Sep S3)

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 Things to keep in mind while making
General Study notes
• Before starting to make notes on any topic, first, analyse the
previous year's question papers and see the weightage of any
particular topic, the number of questions of the topic and the type
of questions asked from the topic in that specific exam.

• In the SSC and Railway Exams and other exams of a similar

category, the questions are always repeated over the years. So, this
will help in Identifying the important chapters that need to be
given more attention.

• Use the Tables, Diagrams and Mind Maps. This will help in History
to learn the chronology of events, important articles of the
constitution and most important in Geography.

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 Some Subject-wise topics to cover in the
syllabus

Biology

• Important Inventions and their inventor

• Important and Interesting facts about human body parts
• Nutrition in Animals and Plants
• Diseases and their causes like Bacteria
• Viruses and Protozoa
• Last four chapter of NCERT of Class 12th for environment

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 Some Subject-wise topics to cover in the syllabus

Chemistry

• Chemical Properties of Substance and their uses

• SI units, Chemical Name of Important substances like
• Plaster of Paris etc.
• Chemical Change and Physical Change
• Properties of Gases, Surface Chemistry
• Chemistry in Everyday life

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 Some Subject-wise topics to cover in the syllabus

Physics

• Important inventions and their inventor

• S.I. units
• Motion
• Sound
• Light
• Wave
• Energy
• Electricity

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