CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The world is experiencing a revolution in high technologies. Cyber Hubs have been a vital
factor for society development. Since 1980 Technology has further been narrowed down to
different technology industries which also accompanies the trend of producing other based
technology development. It is widely believed that the concept of Cyber Hub first emerged in
the 1950s, with Silicon Valley being a typical example. Generally speaking, a science park is
an intellect intensive establishment geared toward developing advanced technologies and
innovative ventures by combining the strengths across education and production. As such, a
Cyber Hub is supposed to bring together institutions and businesses with the purpose of
effecting technology innovation. Empirical evidence has confirmed the establishment of
Cyber Hub as a key breakthrough in constantly innovating the technologies and industries of
our times. During the 1980s, Cyber Hub were a rallying symbol for regions, local
governments and universities faced with a changing national and world economy. The
decline of manufacturing industry, and severe cuts in central government funding brought
about the perceived high-tech success of regions such as Silicon Valley, Research Triangle
Park, and Boston's Route 128 which assumed mythical proportions, and caused localities all
over the world to compete with each other to replicate their success. High-technology-led
development was seen as the vehicle for renewed economic growth, with STPs being the
means of drawing these firms into a locality. Goldstein and Luger comment that there was
nearly 300% increase in the number of parks in the US between 1982 and 1989, the parks
grew from about 38 to 150. This rapid rate of growth was not confined to USA; in Britain, for
instance the number of parks grew from 2 in 1972 to 65 in 1991 (Goldstein and Luger, 1991).

Nigeria however has been left behind at a time when other countries have been able to make
great process in the development of Cyber Hub Innovation while at the same time increasing
the economic growth. Nigeria’s gross expenditure for research and development as a
percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is 0.2%, less than half the World average of
0.4%. Many other African countries have done a lot better than Nigeria. Mozambique spends
(0.5%), Mauritius (0.4%), Uganda (0.4%) and Botswana (0.5%). This lack of investment has
handicapped research and development in strategic industries. Increased investment in

1
research and development in China contributed 60% to economic growth and reduced
reliance on foreign technologies to less than 30%. This study is set to design a Cyber Hub in
Bauchi that will enhance spatial flexibility in architecture (Amabile, T. M. 1988).

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Cyber Hub has been a vital factor to the society development in which Nigeria has invested
less in Cyber Hub over the past years, although blessed with different creative mind set and
innovations, because of the lack of resourceful equipment, which reduces the idea of which
some of the innovations can be brought to reality. This project will be a facility that brings
different bodies such as the government bodies, universities, private investors and private
individuals together in other to encourage, support and motivate Cyber Hub innovation in the
country.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 Aim

The aim of this project is to design a standard Cyber Hub for Bauchi that will aid the means
of innovation.

1.3.2 Objectives

The specific objectives for this project are as follows:

- To examine and develop the brief relating to the project as obtained from the client in
Bauchi.
- To investigate and analyze the appropriate existing case studies for the projects in the
study area or similar context.
- To investigate and analyze the spatial requirement needed for the project.
- To design a standard Cyber Hub for Bauchi.
- To examine and analyze the proposed site for the project.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Nigeria is one of the developing nations that has grown in term of population and
development of cities which required facilities for adequate research in science and
technology. Based on this background, Nigeria is expected to have a standard design for

2
Cyber Hub building that will facilitate and encourage more research for the production of
useful materials. It serves as Cyber Hub for the country with the aim of bringing out a
different medium of technology in Nigeria, which serves as a means of new beginning in the
Cyber Hub innovation.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. Architectural significance: to meet the structural purposes of the project or

construction.
2. Economic significance: to boost the community/economic standard or level in terms
of skill acquisition and innovation
3. Educational significance: to create a medium for enlightening and educating
interested personnel within the metropolis.
4. To create a medium where people within Bauchi will be educated on the importance
of innovating new technical ideas and fruitful research.
5. Socio cultural significance: to establish a plot form where diverse personalities
through seminars, workshops, lectures. Etc. and some repairs e.g. solar panels
inverters, UPS computer parts etc.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The project will be located in Bauchi, Nigeria. The project is design to develop a structure
which consist of Cyber Hub facilities and also bring different people with innovations to
bring their idea to fruition.

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Oral interview: Conducting an oral interview will help ease the possible problems
that might be encountered during the project.
 Personal research: Review of previous works, journals, books and internet research
will help boost the research.

The information data required for this project will be gathered through the collection and
reading of different literature review and articles. The process of information collection the
following data are to be analyzed:
 Literature Review: Review of different literature review will help to understand what
will be needed for the progress of my project. Also improve the knowledge for the

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 design of Cyber Hub.
 Case studies: the problems that might be encountered during the project can be solved
through the use of different case studies that I can analyze.

1.8 LIMITATION
 Time Constrain
 Financial Constrain
 Inadequate Security
 Limited Resources
 Lack of Available funds to carry out the research.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON CYBER HUB

Today the world is experiencing a revolution in high technology as profound as the industrial
revolution of the nineteenth century. Cyber Hub, even entire cities built around high
technology, are emerging around the world. Unlike nineteenth century cities which Produced
manufactured goods such as textiles, steel, or lumber, these new centers produce information
and innovative ideas. What Cyber Hub are like is of more than academic interest as countries
around the world scramble to promote successful high-tech cities which can function
effectively as milieus of innovation. Amabile, T. M. (1999)

2.1.1 History and Development of Cyber Hub

A technology park is an organization managed by qualified specialists whose objective is to

improve the wellbeing of the community in which it operates through the promotion of an
innovation and competitiveness culture among entrepreneurs and knowledge-based
institutions. In order to achieve these objectives, a technology park stimulates and manages
knowledge and technology transfer between universities, R&D centers, business
organizations and markets. A technology park facility establishing and developing knowledge
driven companies through creating business incubators and spin offs or spin outs. A
technology parks creates added value to the on-park firms through providing top quality
services, high standard facilities and a prestigious location.

The establishment of science hubs are inspired by the idea of creating optimal growth
conditions for business and innovation (largely technological innovation) through providing
physical proximity at one convenient location. Such proximity was supposed to support
collaboration between entrepreneurs and science communities, foster the sharing of ideas and
promote joint realization of projects. The history of science hub goes back to the 1950s, when
the first science hub was established at the Stanford University in the US. The subsequent
pioneering enterprises included the Cambridge science park in Great Britain and the Sophia
Antipolis science park in France, created over a decade later. The origins of the ideas of STPs
goes back to 1939 when Hewlett Packard was founded by Stanford University graduates in

5
Palo Alto California, which was called the beginning of Silicon Valley. In 1951 Cornell
University (Ithaca, New York) partnered with General Electric to establish the GE Advanced
Electronic Center, and at the same year Stanford Research Park was founded, the United
States' first on campus Technology Park was established. Then in 1956, Research Triangle
Park was formed in North Carolina. In France, Pierre Laffitte, principal of the Mines of Paris,
designed the International City of Wisdom, Science, Arts and Technology, in year 1960. His
goal was to establish a center for cross fertilization among high technology companies and
research centers. In 1967, INRIA the National Institute for research in Computer Science and
Control created a location near Paris, then in 1974 a decision was taken to implement the
"Parc International Áctivites' de Valbonne" in Valbonne France, and FRANLAB became the
first company to set up on the site of the French Cyber Hub Park which is known under the
name of Sophia Antipolis. Even before the French decided to create an STP, Israel back in
the early 1970, had founded MATAM Scientific Industry Center in Haifia. Recalling the 19 th
century industrial economy image, familiar from history textbooks: a coal mine and its
neighboring iron foundry, belching forth black smoke into the sky, and illuminating the night
heavens with lurid red glare. There is a corresponding image for the new economy that has
taken its place in the last years of the twentieth century, but it is only just imprinting itself on
our consciousness. It consists of a series of low, discreet buildings, usually displaying a
certain air of quiet good taste, and set amidst impeccable landscaping in that standard real
estate cliché, a campus like atmosphere. Referring to the figures which shows the investment
around the world between 1970 to 1990. Amabile, T. M. (1999)

Fig. 1: Evolution in Cyber Hub from the year 1970 – 1990

Source: www.wikipedia.com

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2.2 DEFINITION OF CYBER HUB

Science parks are found worldwide. They are most common in developed countries; science
hub is designed with the aim of enhancing the quality of life of the workers. Cyber Hub is
defined as being a property-based development that accommodates and foster the growth of
knowledge been shared and also innovations promoted and research outcomes progressed to
viable commercial products. (Wikipedia 2018)

According to international association of science hub: Defines Cyber Hub as an organization

managed by specialized professionals, whose aim is to increase wealth of its community by
promoting the culture of innovation and competitiveness of its associated businesses and
knowledge-based institutions.

2.3 FUNCTIONS OF A CYBER HUB

To create optimal growth conditions for business and innovation, to serve as an incubator for
technology startups to grow, innovate and thrive, it helps to bring people with different
mindset to work together in order to bring their ideas to fruition, It also helps students
through internship with the aim of accessing valuable experience in different areas of
technology. Amirahmadi, H., Saff, G., 1993.

2.4 TYPES OF CYBER HUB

We could distinguish from the following three types of Cyber Hub

- The Urban Type: which is densely developed as part of cities urban fabric and which
is usually next door to an existing university or research centre. This type of Cyber
Hub results from the need to be very close to an existing establishment and from lack
of space within an existing neighborhood.
- The Per Urban Type: it has a loser layout and organized in a way that facilitates the
interaction between education, research and technology development. This type of
Cyber Hub usually found on the outskirts of cities, combines built up areas with some
green open spaces and landscaping in order to create a pleasant man-made
environment.
- The Green Type: which looks like a real park is made out of clusters of buildings
integrated in existing large green areas. Cyber Hubs of this type are of very low

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 density and freer layout, usually exploit woodland, which is found in the countryside.
Due to their distance from urban areas, they are equipped, almost always, with full
range of facilities.

2.5 PLANNING ASPECT OF CYBER HUB

There are three distinct levels of physical planning of a Cyber Hub which are the following:
- Regional level
- Local level
- Internal level

2.5.1 Regional Level (Supra)

Cyber Hubs are key factors to the economic development of a region, unlike the conventional
industrial parks, which are affected only by their locality. For this reasons CYBER HUBs
need a regional planning overview and must be regarded as tools to achieve certain goals
rather than as being an objective themselves. Their level of success also depends on whether
the model of the Cyber Hub is well suited or not to the given region or city. Europe now
works at a regional level, where each region specializes in different fields, such as trade,
technology and culture. In this context towns work in a polycentric manner and they
complement each other. The homogenous spatial planning of Europe becomes common
strategy, and emphasis is placed on regional networks that are fundamental for the successful
operation of industrial systems. Amirahmadi, H., Saff, G., 1993.

2.5.2 Local Level

The siting of a Cyber Hub is important to its success and for this reason the evaluation of
alternative locations is necessary in every feasibility study. The final site selection being the
outcome of the following location and access criteria.

2.5.3 Location Criteria

i. Site properly zoned in the relevant statutory Development Plan (otherwise the project
could face problems right from the beginning).
ii. Site in a clean environment with good drainage and good soil bearing capabilities (in
the absence of which construction problems may emerge).
iii. Site capable of presenting a high physical profile in the region (mainly due to its
location and overall quality).

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2.5.4 Access Criteria
i. Access to labor force (skilled and unskilled)
ii. Access to markets and communications (roads, airports etc.)
iii. Access to utilities (water, sewerage, telecom etc.)
iv. Access to supplies and services (social, commercial, business)

These criteria raise two other important factors, which have to be taken into consideration in
local physical planning, which are the following:
i. The critical mass of people needed to sustain the project: The proximity to large
urban areas could satisfy this factor, because it secures in a way the availability of
labor force now and in the future or at least for the projected employment targets.

ii. The site size and the possibilities for expansion: European experience has shown that
in the case of general Industrial Parks, a minimum size of land of 40 ha, could be
sufficient as a starting point, whereas in the case of an Cyber Hub this size could be
more than enough to commence with. Though provision must be made for expansion,
as a successful Cyber Hub can grow very rapidly.

2.5.5 Internal Level

Cyber Hubs of “urban” or “green” type do not follow any particular layout, mainly due to
their need of being accommodated in either very small areas or in extensive woodlands.
However, in the various Master Plans of “per urban” Cyber Hub, one could distinguish a
certain layout, which is repeated in different versions.

This more or less typical layout could be briefly described in the following way
i. The incubator is in a central location and close to the gateway within a “service core”.
ii. The University and the enterprise areas are on either side, integrated in a linear way,
and with possible connections to the main road.
iii. The main buildings, which are closer to the “service core”, are the Research Centers
and the Business Centre.

Development guidelines generally will set out some or all of the following elements:

i. Development Density or Plot Ratio: varies according to the type of the CYBER

9
 HUB, and does not exceed 25% in the case of periurban development.

ii. Building Heights: vary from single storey industrial bays to 3 storeys for office type
in the case of per urban development.

iii. Setbacks: may be as much as 30m from boundaries of major distribution roads to
10m from boundaries of minor or service roads.
iv. Building Materials: may be specified according to particular zones to ensure
architectural harmony with adjoining buildings.
v. Landscaping: which is one of the first development activities to be undertaken on a
new site, may easily reach 50% of the total area.
vi. Boundary Treatment: is quite often discouraged between sites in order to achieve a
parkland type development, whereas when fencing is needed, it has to conform to
specific standards.
vii. Environment: has to be protected in conformity to national environmental criteria but
also according to a list of conditions drawn up by the management company of the
STP. (Ermis Klokkaris, 1994).

2.6 GOAL OF CYBER HUB

The goals of Cyber Hub are to help increase the growth and production of different advanced
technologies by introducing different scheme such as education institutions and different
technology companies.

2.7 CONTENT AND FACILITIES OF CYBER HUB

A Cyber Hub, in its complete form, provides the infrastructure which supports and nourishes
the development of an idea right to the end products. A Cyber Hub in its complete form
should provide the following functions:
- Research Centre: where ideas are developed into prototypes and possible
manufacturers are identified.
- Innovation Centre: which is an establishment housing a partnership between the
innovator and the manufacturer, where the prototype is further developed into a
marketable product. The centre is fully equipped both technically and in terms of
office support and a partnership can rent a space in the region.
- Business Centre: which is an office type facility, dedicated to those who have passed

10
 the incubating period and have products of a rather small scale. The centre provides
for them lettable space.
- Training Centre: which is dedicated to the continuous training of staff that work or
intend to work in the Cyber Hub.

Apart from the above main components, a hub may have some supplementary uses, which
could contribute to its R and D role and to the cross-fertilization process such as: Public or
private agencies involved in research Finally, according to its type, size and distance from the
town, and Cyber Hub, in its extended form, may include a range of supporting uses, like
sport grounds and recreation/commercial and service area and housing, in order to become
more or less self-sustained.

2.8 REVIEW ON THE LITERATURE ON ENHANCING SPATIAL

FLEXIBILITY IN ARCHITECTURE

Flexibility in architecture refers to the ability of a building to continuously adapt its space
layout and even its structure to evolving needs. According to inhabitants’ dimensions and
various aspects of human life, flexible spaces are used as a solution in social housing due to
the lack of space that architects always confront. In fact, flexible housing responds to
inhabitants needs throughout time. In other words, it evolves from the change in resident’s
requirements and promises adaptability to their living conditions. This spatial adaptability
replaces spatial hierarchy and enhances life quality. The main purpose of spatial adaptability
replaces spatial hierarchy and enhances life quality. The main purpose of spatial organization
is to plan an interior space in order to create functional efficiency in a dwelling layout. The
study aims to understand how interrelated space planning enhances spatial arrangements to
achieve an efficient spatial configuration. Spatial organization is delved with in depth to
understand how functional efficiency can be achieved in flexible housing. Finally,
interrelated spatial organization is believed to contribute to placing spaces according to their
function by creating a multilateral relationship that responds to inhabitants ever changing
needs.

Flexibility in architecture was introduced by Walter Gropius in 1950s which has progressed
to a more advance level in few decades. Architecture is all about creating spaces that triggers
emotions and create a sense of place which may be coined as a friendly way of living with
nature. The neutral satisfaction for being inhibited to a system and an urge to occupy it

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lifelong is the outcome of a real great architect. The prevailing aspects of the relationships
provided by architecture that stands or exists today are of modern urban, rural and flexibility.
Besides, global consumerism and mobility that other factors that have transformed
architecture to movable, adaptable, transformable modes are the availability of steels and
weldable materials, easily mounted riveted structures, screwable members etc. which help to
stabilize system by use of optimized energy and resources from nature. Contemporary
architects with their unconventional architecture are trying to adopt the existing system.
Flexible building is a differential coefficient of various parameters of architecture and
society that has come forth to serve different needs and requirements of people, community
and country. The appealing and flexible technology in architecture seems to be quite
importunate to modern architects and designers. As this conspicuous ideology believes in to
revolutionize rather than status qua, thereby creating flexible, stimulating and livable
environment. Flexible design and architecture comprise a thought in a vicinity design grasps
ones’ notion and imagination to expand as directed by a range of purposes and utilization.
Flexible architecture has inspired designers around the world with its singular characteristics
of lightness, transience and practicality.

2.8.1 Types of Flexibility

Flexibility can be defined within three broad types, relating to the amount of change which
occurs and the degree of permanence of that change.

2.8.1.1 Adaptability

This is the capacity of a building to support multiple functions without altering the
architecture itself. In simple terms, the function of the building changes but the building does
not. Examples include furniture that can be re-positioned, multi-function spaces and so on.
These do not result in a permanent change to the space (Amabile, T. M. 1988).

2.8.1.2 Convertibility

This involves changing the function of a building through a certain amount of construction
work. By planning for convertibility during the design stage, potential future needs can be
assessed and the time and cost required can be reduced. The resulting changes are often
permanent. This might include for example; allowing sufficient space for additional
buildings, providing foundations for future expansion, over-sizing building services to allow

12
for future expansion, or conversely, purchasing packaged building services that it might be
possible to re-sell if requirements reduce (Amabile, T. M. 1988).

2.8.1.2 Transformability

This allows for the interior or exterior space to be changed in response to certain stimuli
without the need for new construction. Changes can be both permanent and temporary
(Amabile, T. M. 1988). There are two sub-sets of transformability:
 Movability
 Responsiveness

Moveable structures can be repositioned within the environment without being changed or
altered in any major way. Examples might include moveable fabric structures, re-locatable
retail units, temporary accommodation such as site huts, portaloos and so on. Responsive
structures are able to react to external stimuli such as weather conditions. The changes are
often temporary, but may be resource-intensive. Examples include floating buildings that rise
and fall with changes in water level, retractable roofs over sports facilities and so on
(Antonelli, C, 2000).

2.8.2 Designing for Flexibility

The incorporation of any anticipated flexibility into the design of a building should take place
early in the planning phase of a project. The earlier that decisions are made, the easier the
implementation and the greater the potential benefit. As a project develops, it can become
increasingly difficult to incorporate strategies for flexibility. In the planning phase, initial
feasibility studies, future projections and long-term plans should be used to inform the
development of flexibility strategies. If the project has end users who are known, it is vital to
consult with them as a means of identifying the forms of flexibility would be most beneficial
to them (Antonelli, C, 2000).

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 CHAPTER THREE

CASE STUDIES

3.1 CASE STUDY ONE

Name: Aiivon Innovation Hub.

Location: St. James house, Ademola Adetokunbo Crescent, Wuse, Abuja

Year Built: 2016

Architect: Unknown

Facilities: Tea Room, Meeting Room, Reception, Waiting Area, Lecture Room, ICT
Facilities, and Conveniences.

Description: Aiivon innovation hub is a social technology center in the heart of Abuja, it
was established to create the much-needed platform for technology ideas and
digital business to develop and compete globally. The hub provides a truly inspiring
and high energy environment that matches a rock-solid work ethic with loads
of fun, also with the aim of creating innovation solution with ease. The hub is
expected to help improve the tech community in Abuja.

Plate 1: Showing the Exterior of the Hub.

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Plate 2: Showing the Reception Area of the Hub.

Plate 3: Showing the Meeting Room.

15
 Plate 4: Showing the Seminar Area.

APPRAISAL

 Adequate arrangement of spaces.

 Aesthetically appealing in the interior.

 Adequate lightening

 Good and standard finishes

 Limited spaces.

 Limited car parks.

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3.2 CASE STUDY TWO

Name: Rochester Institute of Technology

Location: United States, NY 14623, USA

Year Built: 2009

Architect: Federica Fisher and partners

Facilities: Conference Room, Elevator, Lecture Hall, Laboratory, Studio, Lounge,

Atrium, Conveniences, IT Facilities, Classroom.

Description: The aim of the facility is to foster collaboration, research and teaching

intrinsic to this new academic discipline. Glass walls make the ground level an

active, connected environment. The upper two levels contain faculty and graduate

student offices, studios which is at the core of the university educational and

research activities.

Plate 5: Showing the Exterior of the Hub.

17
Plate 6: Showing the Site Plan which includes the Hub and the Other Facilities Around.

Plate 7: Showing the Ground Floor Plan of the Building.

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 Plate 8: Showing the Second Floor Plan of the Building.

Plate 9: Showing the Third Floor Plan of the Building.

APPRAISAL

 Provision of accurate lighting through the use of glass

 Standard materials

 Provision of recreational spaces on the site

 Easy access to other floors

 Properly landscaped

 Good aesthetical look

 Insufficient parking space

 Space/units are not defined

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3.3 CASE STUDY THREE

Name: Pomeranian Science and Technology Park

Location: Gdynia Poland

Year Built: 2013

Architect: Georg Knymow

Facilities: Offices, Laboratories, Workshops, Exhibition Area, Conference Spaces,

Shopping Area.

Description: During the design process of the building, the architect was inspired by polish

modernist architecture of Gdynia of the 1920s and 30s. The rounded parts of

the facade are especially associated with the historic architecture of Gdynia. Five

blocks accommodating offices are merged through communication lines of

stair wells and elevators. The main materials used in the interior is aluminum,

glass, concrete and steel. This raw and industrial arrangement was softened by the

use of wood.

Plate 10: Showing the Exterior of the Design.

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 Plate 11: Showing the Exterior of the Hub.

Plate 12: Showing the Site Plan that includes the Building and Other Facilities.

21
Plate 12: Showing the Floor Plan.

Plate 13: Showing the Floor Plan.

Plate 14: Showing the Section.

22
 Plate 15: Image showing the section.

APPRAISAL

 Aesthetically appealing

 Landscaped properly

 Natural lightening

 Limited parking space

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 CHAPTER FOUR

STUDY AREA

4.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

Bauchi State is in the north-east geo-political zone of Nigeria and was created in 1976. The
state is located between latitudes 9°30' and 12°30' North of the equator, and between
longitudes 8°45' and 11°0' East of the Greenwich meridian. It is bounded in a clockwise
direction by Yobe, Gombe, Taraba, Plateau, Kaduna, Kano and Jigawa states. There are 20
Local Government Areas in the state, namely; Alkaleri Bauchi Bogoro, Dambam, Darazo,
Dass, Gamawa, Ganjuwa, Giade, Itas Gadau, katagum, Kirfi, Jama' are, Missau, Ningi, Shira,
Tafawa-Balewa, Toro, Warji and Zaki.

Bauchi State covers about 49,259 Km2 with a population of 4,653,066 according to 2006
census. The state is heterogeneous, with predominant tribes like Hausa, Fulani, Jarawa,
Tangale, Waja, Balewa, Sayawa and Tarewa. The major language is Hausa. The entire
western and northern parts of the state are generally mountainous and rocky. This is as a
result of the closeness of the state to the Jos (Plateau State) and Cameroon Mountains.
(www.bauchihistory.com)

4.2 RELIGION

Bauchi state of Nigeria is mainly Islam. The Sharia is valid in the entire state. The Roman
Catholic diocese of Bauchi has its seat in the state. Christianity is the second most followed
religion in the state. (www.wikipedia.com)

4.3 OCCUPATION

The major occupation in Bauchi State is peasant farming employing traditional methods and
implements. Other occupations in the State include fishing, hunting, blacksmithing, crafts and
trading. (www.nigeria.gov.ng)

4.4 GEOLOGY AND RELIEF

Bauchi State lies generally at an altitude of about 600m above sea level, being part of the
central Nigeria highlands and Jos Plateau complex. However, two broad relief zones can be

24
identified, as follows:

a. A western high land area of hill ranges, including the northern edges of the Jos
Plateau complex. This is part of the crystalline rock area in central northern Nigeria.
The hill ranges are developed " on basement complex rocks, in an area which is also
characterized by extensive '' plateau surfaces and volcanic extrusions. " The base of
the hill ranges is generally at the 600m level, while peaks rise to 700.6m on the hills,
and 729.3m on the Bunsil hills.
b. A central high plain (of the Hausa land) area, belonging to the Kerri Kerri and "
Gombe sandstone and shale, of Tertiary Age. Isolated hills punctuate the high plain in
several places, and reach heights '' of 798.5m on the Lamurde hill, and 816.4m on the
Ligri hill. Indeed, most of the isolated hills in this zone are over 760m. Bauchi town
lies within the undifferentiated basement complex with older granites (out-crops) and
younger granite out-crops. (www.nigeriaonline.com)

4.5 VEGETATION

Bauchi state is an agricultural state. Its vast fertile soil is added advantage for agriculture
products, Bauchi state has two distinctive vegetation zones, namely, the Sudan Savannah
and the Sahel Savannah. Sudan savannah vegetation covers the southern part of Bauchi state
where the vegetation gets richer and richer towards the south, especially along water sources
or rivers, but generally the vegetation is less uniform and grasses are shorter than what grows
even farther south, that is, in the forest zone of the middle belt.

Sahel type of the savannah, which is also known as the semi-desert vegetation, becomes
manifest from the middle of the state as one moves from the state’s south to its north. This
type of vegetation comprises isolated stands of thorny shrubs. On the other hand, the
southwestern part of the state is mountainous as a result of the continuation of the Jos
Plateau, while the northern part is generally sandy. (www.nigeriaonline.com)

4.6 SITE SELECTION

The site is selected base on it is suited for the design. The criteria of site selection is based on
the various analysis carried out on the proposed site.

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4.7 SITE ANALYSIS

4.7.1 Soil

Chemical data indicate that soil in Bauchi state is rich in montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite
for sand, silt and clay in soils were 23,3-69.5 (Mean = 4.3.4), 15.8-42.4 (Mean = 27.4) and
14.9-35.9 (Mean = 28.3) %; indicating generally clay loam texture.

4.7.2 Climate

Bauchi's state climate is classified as tropical. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall,
while the winter have a very little. The location is classified as Aw by Koppen and Geiger.
The temperature in Bauchi temperature average 25.3°C annual rainfall is 1009 mm.
(www.climate-data.org)

4.7.3 Radiation

Radiation is fairly even throughout the year, ranging from about 11.3mm in July to about
18.7mm in April. However, it is relatively highest in March, April and May, when it is
generally between 16.1mm and 18.7mm. Similarly, evaporation in the state ranges from
2.4mm in July and August to about 15.7mm in March, the months of January April being the
period of greatest evaporation. (www.nigeriaonline.com)

4.7.4 Rainfall

The rainy season months are May to September, when humidity ranges from about 37 per
cent to 68 per cent. Monthly rainfall ranges from 0.0mm in December and January, though
only traces of less than 0.1mm in February and November, to about 343mm in July. Onset of
the rains is often in March while they end virtually by October. (www.climate-data.org)

4.7.5 Temperature

The Bauchi temperatures are as would be expected, generally high in the State. Mean daily
maximum temperatures range from 29.20C in July and August TO 37.60C in march and April.
The mean daily minimum ranges from about 11.70C in December and January to about 24.70c
in April and May. (www.climate-data.org).

26
4.7.6 Sunshine

The sunshine hours range from about 5.1 hours in July and to about 8.9 hours in November.
Indeed, October to February usually record the longest sunshine hours in the state.
(www.afrlbrary.com)

4.7.7 Humidity

The Bauchi state relative humidity varies. The month with the highest relative humidity is
august (94%). The month with the lowest relative humidity is February (35%).
(www.weather.nga.com)

4.7.8 WIND

There are two major air masses:

 Tropical Maritime Air Mass: this is found over the Atlantic Ocean to the south of the
country. Warm and wrist, it moves in the south west and the North West direction
with creates wet season.
 Tropical Continental Air Masses: this develops over the Sahara Desert and is warm
and dry below in opposite direction of north east to southwest, it creates the dry
season. The two air masses are characterized by presence of prevailing winds.
(www.weather.nga.com)

4.7 APPRAISAL OF THE SITE

 Availability of water supply.

 Electricity supply is very close to the site.

 Accessibility to the site made easy due to the existing road. Making. transportation to
the site easy.

 Availability of Network service on site making communication easy.

 The site is relatively flat.

 The site is sandy loamy texture making construction on the site easy.

 The site meets up with about 90% of the criteria for site selection.

27
 CHAPTER FIVE

DESIGN REPORT AND CONCEPTUALIZATION

5.1 ZONING CONCEPT

This concept was employed in other to achieve a well-organized and conducive learning
environment. It was segmented into the following:
 The Noisy
 Semi Noisy
 Quiet Zone
- The Noisy: This where the activities which will have to do with noise i.e. workshops,
exhibition foyer etc.
- Semi Noisy: Hare the activities does not require much noise i.e. restructured, lecture
hall, offices, lounge, laboratory.
- Quiet Zone: Hare the activities carried out in such places does not require noise i.e.
library, CCTIV / control room.

5.2 DESIGN CONCEPT

The word Google was used workers achieve the desired shape. The letter L and E was
excluded and the other G was turned inward and atrium (fixed light) was employed to get the
desired concept employed.

5.3 DESIGN BRIEF

- Reception
- Exhibition Foyer
- Staircases
- Bookshop
- Kitchen /Eatery
- Library
- Conveniences
- Offices

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 - Conference Hall
- CCTV/Control room
- Workshops
- Lecture Area
- Lounge

5.4 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

S/N SPACE UNIT AREA

1. Reception 1 5x8m2
2. Lounge 2 8x10m2
3. Workshop 2 15x10m2
4. Laboratory 2 15x10m2
5. Offices 38 3x4m2
6. CCTV/control room 1 10x12m2
7. Lecture area 4 10x8m2
8. Library 2 20x15m2
9. Store 1 20x20m2
10. Computer room 1 10x8m2
11. Conference room 2 20x15m2
12. Power room 1 10x12m2
13. Conveniences 30 1.8x2m2
14. Exhibition foyer 1 30x63m2
15. Kitchen/eatery 1 15x16m2
Table 1: Showing the Schedule of Accommodation. Source: Author sketch.

5.5 SPACE REQUIREMENT/ANALYSIS

1. Lobby: to allow for easy circulation and to access other units of the building.
2. Exhibition Foyer: to display new innovated things, repaired, latest technologies.
3. Reception: to direct you to where you are headed to or waiting area.
4. Staircases: to access the next floor.
5. Bookshop: to access books, software’s available in the hub.
6. Kitchen/Eatery: for eating and refreshing.
7. Library: for reading and research
8. Conveniences: for urinating and defecating.
9. Offices: for staffs
10. Conference Hall: for general enlightening and for meetings.
11. CCTV/Control Room: for security monitoring of the organization.
12. Workshops: for repairs and innovation

29
 13. Lecture Area: for teaching and enlightening of the students and interns.
14. Lounge: for sharing of ideas and relaxation.

5.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATION:

 Construction: Standard construction was employed. A deep strip reinforced

foundation was employed and the used of beams, columns where highly used.

 Finishes: The walls where plastered and painted from the interior and chatted with

glass all through from the exterior walls. The interior walls will be screed and painted

white all through and some parts tiled up (i.e. conveniences, kitchen) and the floors

was clothed with epoxy floor finish.

 Materials: Some equipment’s were rented while some were bought for usage e.g.

cranes, mixers, planks, scaffolds, rakes etc.

 Services:

- Light: Natural and artificial means of lightening will be employed and atrium.

The wall are gazed for lightening and the use of electric bulbs too.

- Ventilation: Natural and artificial method of ventilating the building will be

employed. (i.e. windows and air conditioners).

- Circulation: There is adequate circulation spaces in the building to reduce

overcrowding and base movement.

 Landscape: Soft and hard landscape will be employed.

1. Soft Landscape: Shrubs, trees, flowers, grasses etc. will be used on the site.

2. Hard Landscape: Some parts will be interlocked, pared, drainage, sculptures etc.

 Parking: There will be sufficient parking lots for people coming to the Hub. The

parking lots can contain more than 100 persons.

 Electricity: Electric light will be connected from the nearest pots to the site to enable

effective and sufficient supply of electric current for consumption.

30
  Mechanical Services:

- Plumbing Fittings: Kitchen sinks, pumps, toilet drains, W/C, wash hand basins,

heat detectors in case of fire disaster.

- Air Conditioning: Splits and central air conditioning system will be used.

5.7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.7.1 Conclusion

Cyber Hub is an organization managed by specialized professionals, whose main aim is to

promote the culture of innovation high technology zones are contributing to the general

economic welfare of the country. This project will increase the rate of competitiveness and

also tourism in Nigeria.

5.7.2 Recommendations

Cyber Hub should be considered as a longtime investment, before venturing into it, it is

advisable to know the importance of establishing one:

i. The future development and expansion should be considered when planning in case of
any further increment.
ii. The building should be considered but also when planning the site should not be left
out, Example to provide a recreational area, parking area, residential area on the site,
iii. The functionality of the building should be put into consideration when planning in
order to make it an easy access for the users.
iv. The site should be in a place that is well located.

31
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