LEARNING MODULE

02
CONTINUITY EQUATION

BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

ENERGY EQUATION

SPEED OF SOUND

MACH NUMBER
CONTINUITY
EQUATION
CONTINUITY EQUATION
- steady flow
- a simple algebraic equation that relates the values of
density, velocity, and area from one section to another
section of the streamtube
- follows the physical principle: conservation of mass
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Mass flow rate
- Is the mass crossing an area per unit time.
CONTINUITY EQUATION

Converging

Diverging
CONTINUITY EQUATION

- the mass that flows through the cross-section at point 1

must be the same as the mass that flows through the
cross-section at point 2
CONTINUITY EQUATION
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW – density is constant

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW – density changes from one point to another

EXAMPLE
1. Consider a convergent duct with an inlet area of 5 m2. The air enters this duct with a velocity of 10 m/s
and leaves the duct with a velocity of 30 m/s. What is the area of the duct exit?
EXAMPLE
2. Consider a divergent duct with an inlet area of 3 m2 and an exit area of 6 m2. Water enters the duct with
a velocity of 200 m/s and leaves the duct with a velocity of 150 m/s. If the density in the inlet is at standard
sea level condition, what is the density at the exit?
BERNOULLI’S
EQUATION
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
- incompressible flow ( v ≤ 100m/s or 328 ft/s)

1 2 1 2
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2
2 2

P – pressure
ρ – density
v – velocity
EXAMPLE
1. An aircraft is flying at an altitude where the pressure is 2116.8 psf and the
density is 0.002377 slug/ft3 , with a velocity of 200 ft/s. At a point on the wing, the
airflow is 270 ft/s. Calculate the pressure at this point?
ENERGY EQUATION
- compressible flow ( v > 100m/s or 328 ft/s)

1 2 1 2
𝐶𝑃 𝑇1 + 𝑣1 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇2 + 𝑣2
2 2

Cp – specific heat at constant pressure

T – temperature
v – velocity
EXAMPLE
1. An aircraft is flying at an altitude where the pressure and density are 150 000 Pa
and 1.5 kg/m3, respectively. The aircraft is travelling at a flow velocity of 350 m/s
and at a point on the wing, the velocity increased to 440 m/s. What is the
temperature at the point on the wing? Assume k = 1.4.
ISENTROPIC RELATIONS
- compressible flow ( v > 100m/s or 328 ft/s)

𝑘
𝑘
𝑃2 𝜌2 𝑇2 𝑘−1
= =
𝑃1 𝜌1 𝑇1
EXAMPLE
1. From the given example for energy equation, compute for the pressure and
density at the point on the wing.
SPEED OF SOUND
- sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it
propagates through an elastic medium.
- depends only on temperature and composition.
- varies from substance to substance.

𝑎 = 𝑘𝑅𝑇
a – speed of sound T – temperature k – specific heat ratio
EXAMPLE
1. The ambient temperature at which the aircraft is flying is 300 K. Assuming that k
= 1.38, what is the speed of sound?
MACH NUMBER
- ratio of the speed of a body to the speed of sound in the surrounding
medium.
- primarily used to determine the approximation with which a flow can
be treated as incompressible or compressible flow

𝑣
𝑀 =
𝑎
M – Mach number a – speed of sound v – velocity
MACH NUMBER
1. If M < 1, the flow is subsonic.
M < 0.3 – incompressible flow
M ≥ 0.3 – compressible flow
2. If M = 1, the flow is sonic.
3. If M > 1, the flow is supersonic.
EXAMPLE
1. An aircraft is flying with a velocity of 90 m/s. Compute for the Mach number, if
the pressure and density is at standard sea level condition. Assume k = 1.4.
 ANNOUNCEMENTS

Quiz # 1 Nov. 02, 2022

Asynchronous Recitation Nov. 08, 2022
Quiz # 2 Nov. 09, 2022
Activity Module 2 Nov. 11, 2022
THANK YOU!