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Business Management (Bcom-Juraz Short Note)
Business Management (Bcom-Juraz Short Note)
COM)
Module I- Concept of Management
Management
According to Lawrence A Appley "Management is getting things done
through the efforts of other people."
Features / Characteristics of management
It is a process.
It is a social process.
Existence of objectives.
Decision making
It is dynamic.
It is a group activity.
It helps in time management.
It is a career.
It is a guidance.
It is multidimensional.
Integration of organisational resources.
Leadership.
It helps to achieve organisational objectives.
It provides new ideas and imagination.
Nature and Scope of Management
Nature of Management Scope of management
Goal oriented Management principles
Human activity Financial management
Profession Personnel management
Art as well as science Materials management
Intangible Production management
Distinct process Marketing management
Management as science
Management is not an exact science like physics, chemistry etc. The
main reason of that is it deals with human being. Human behaviour
are unpredictable. The application of management principles does
not give same result.
Management as an art
Art is the application of personal skill in a particular situation to
achieve a desired result. The features of art are
It involves acquisition of skill and ability.
It is the application of personal skill.
It aims to achieve concrete results.
Continuous practice.
It is creative.
On the basis of above fact, we can say that management is an art. It
is the art of getting things done through and with the help of others.
Management as a profession
Profession should possess the following characteristics:
Existence of body of knowledge.
Formalised method of acquiring training.
Code of ethics.
Service motto.
On the basis of above facts, we cannot fully recognise management
as a profession.
School of management thoughts
Classical Theory Neo classical Modern approach
approach
Increase productivity It is an attempt to Consider both micro
and efficiency improve classical and macro forces
theory. It argues impacting the
employee organisation in order
satisfaction as well to improve
as economic productivity.
effectiveness are the
goal of the
organisation.
This theory emphasis The organisation is a It is based on system
on rationality. social system. theory and
contingency theory.
The main content of This theory focused Managers use
this theory is more on structure quantitative analysis
scientific and physical aspect and tools to solve
management, of worker. complex problems.
administration and
bureaucratic
management.
It was introduced in The main source of It is also called
the late 19th century. neo classical theory management science
are human relation approach.
movement and
behavioural
movement.
Levels of management and functions
Top level Medium level Lower level
Determine the Plan the department Plan for day to day
objective of the operations. works.
organisation.
Define the goal. Collect report from Motivates
lower level. employees
Establishes the policies. Evaluate performance of Issue instructions.
subordinates
Prepare strategic plans. Coordinating Allot works to
department activities. workers.
Judge the results. Cooperation and Give guidance to
coordination with other workers.
departments.
General principles of Management
1. Division of work
Work is divided into small jobs; it leads to specialisation and
efficiency.
2. Authority and responsibility
Authority is the right of superior to give orders. Responsibility is the
obligation to perform a duty.
3. Discipline
Discipline means sincerity, obedience and respect of rules and
regulations of the organisation.
4. Unity of command
Worker should receive orders from one superior only. It will reduce
confusion and conflicts.
5. Unity of direction
The entire organisation should be moving towards a common
objective in a common direction.
6. Subordination of individual interest to group interest
Importance should be given to interest of the organisation.
7. Remuneration
Remuneration should be fair and it should be satisfied by the
employees.
8. Centralisation and decentralisation
Centralisation means decision making power with the top
management. Decentralisation means powers are given to lower
level. An organisation should be strive to achieve balance between
centralisation and decentralisation.
9. Scalar chain
It is the line of authority. It is a chain of superior ranging from the
ultimate authority to the lower ranks.
10. Order
There should be material and social order in an organisation.
Arrangement of things is called material order. Arrangement of
people is called social order.
11. Equity
Equity results from kindliness and justice. Everybody should treated
as equal.
12. Stability of tenure and personnel
Frequent changes in the positions held by employees deteriorate
their standard of performance.
13. Initiative
Employees should be given adequate freedom to think and execute
their ideas.
14. Espirit de corps
It means union is strength. The entire organisation should be treated
as one unit
Scientific management
According to F.W. Taylor, “Scientific management means exactly
what you want meant to do and seeing that they do it in the best and
cheapest way.”
Features / Principles of scientific management
Separation of planning and doing.
Functional foremanship.
Scientific work study.
Scientific training and selection of workers.
Financial incentives.
Mental revolution.
Administration
According to Haimann “Administration means overall determination
of policies, setting of major objectives, the identification of general
purposes and lying down of broad programs and projects.”
Difference between management and administration
Management Administration
It is a middle level activity. It is a top level activity.
It is an executive function. It is a determinative function.
It is used mainly in business It is mainly used in government
organisation. organisations.
It is a doing process It is a thinking process.
Decisions are influenced by Decisions are influenced by
values and beliefs. public opinion.
Key person is manager Key person is administrator
MBO (Management by Objectives)
It is a managerial system that aims to improve organisational
performance by clearly defining the objectives.
Features of MBO
Focused on goals and achievement.
It gives emphasis on effective performance.
Periodic review of performance.
Universally applicable.
It provides guidelines for appropriate systems, procedure etc…
Benefits of MBO
Subordinates participate and cooperate in setting goals.
Systematic evaluation of the performance.
It provides definite performance standards.
Delegation of authority is done.
It is a tool for organisation control.
It encourages motivation.
It envisages planning.
Periodic review of performance.
Weakness or Limitations of MBO
It is a time-consuming process.
It is costly.
Difficult in setting objectives.
It creates frustration among managers.
More emphasis on short term objectives.
Process of MBO
Setting of objectives.
Development of action plans.
Periodic review.
Performance appraisal.
Workers Participative Management (WPM)
It means participation of non-managerial employees in the decision
making process of the organisation.
Objectives of WPM
To establish industrial democracy.
To build dynamic human resources.
To strengthen labour management cooperation.
To promote increased productivity.
Merits and demerits of participative management
Merits of WPM Demerits of WPM
Increased productivity Decision making slows down
Job satisfaction Security issues
Motivation Time consuming
Improved quality
Reduced cost
Attain self esteem
Forms of WPM
Collective bargaining
Suggestion scheme
Workers council
Workers committee
Joint decision model
TQM
Quality circle
Management by Exception (MBE)
It is an employee empowerment and management style where in
managers intervene only when their employees fail to meet their
performance standard.
Management by Motivation (MBM)
MBM is the process through which managers encourages employees
to be productive and effective.
Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to Extrinsic motivation refers to
individuals engaging in activities individuals engaging in activities
or tasks purely for the sake of or tasks due to factors which are
personal interest or enjoyment. external to them.
Methods for motivating employees
Rewards and incentives
2.Non-monetary incentives
Job security
Promotion
Challenging jobs
Suggestion scheme
Recognition
Functions / Process of management
PODSCORB
Planning
Organising
Directing
Staffing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
Planning
According to Haimann "Planning means deciding in advance. What is
to be done."
Features of planning
It is done on the basis of objectives.
It is futuristic.
It is a mental activity.
It is the primary function of management.
It is a continuous process.
It is dynamic.
It is pervasive.
It should be flexible.
Planning process/ Steps
Determination of objectives.
Construction of planning premises.
Collection and classification of information.
Identification of alternatives.
Evaluation of alternatives.
Selection of best alternative.
Preparation of subsidiary plan.
Implementation.
Advantages of planning
It helps in achieving objectives.
It helps in coordination.
It offset uncertainty.
It facilitate co-ordination.
It helps in control.
It helps in motivation.
It enhances efficiency.
Limitations of planning
It is expensive.
It is time consuming.
Limitations of forecasting.
False sense of security.
Technological changes.
Barriers of effective planning
Uncertainty
Technical problems
Psychological problems
Lack of knowledge in forecasting techniques.
Substandard information.
Reluctance of managers.
Lack of appropriate planning climate.
Elements or Types of plans
1. Objectives
Objectives are the goals of the organization wish to achieve varying
over a period of time.
2. Policies
A policy is a standing plan. It guides management in all levels in
decision making.
3. Procedures
Procedures are operational guides to action.
4. Rules
It is a specific action to be taken or not to be taken with respect to a
situation.
5. Strategies
It is a plan made in the light of plans of competitors
6. Programmes
It is a sequence of action to accomplish objectives.
7. Budgets
It is a statement of expected results expressed in quantitative terms
for a definite period of time.
Planning premises
It means all the assumption about future.
Organising
Organising is a managerial function of arranging people and
resources to work towards a goal.
Steps / Elements / Functions of organising
Defining objectives.
Determining activities.
Grouping of activities.
Assigning duties.
Delegation of authorities.
Coordinating activities.
Provision of physical facilities and good environment
Establishment of structural relationship.
Principles of organisation
Principle of organisation
Division of labour.
Scalar chain
Unity of command
Unity of direction
Span of control
Flexibility
Delegation of authority.
Formal organisation
It is a type of organisation which is created by top management to
achieve objectives in this structure, authority, responsibility and
accountability are well defined.
Informal organisation
It is a type of organisation which is created through personal
relationship in the organisation.
Difference between formal and informal organisation
Formal organisation Informal organisation
It is based on formal relationship It is based on interpersonal
relationship.
The structure is well defined The structure is not well defined.
It is created by top It is created by personal
management. relationship.
It has a long life. It does not last long.
Official communication. Unofficial communication.
It is governed by specific rules There is no specific rules and
and regulations. regulations.
It is fairly large. It is small.
Types of organisation structure
1. Line organisation
This is the simplest type of organisation. Under this type of
organisation, line of authority flows vertically from top most
executive to lowest subordinates.
Merits and demerits of line organisation
Merits of line organisation Demerits of line organisation
Simple Lack of specialisation
Quick decision Overloading of work
Unity of command Difficult communication
Discipline Difficult coordination
Economical Not suitable for large business.
2. Line and staff organisation
It is a combination of line and staff officers. The line function directly
responsible for achieving organisational objectives. The staff function
supports line in achieving organisational objectives.
Merits and demerits of line and staff organisation
Merits of line& staff Demerits of line and staff
Sound managerial decisions. Conflicts
Flexibility Confusion about position
Unity of command Lack of accountability
Reduction of burden Increased cost administration
Planned specialisation Chance of misinterpretation.
Difference between line and line & staff organisation
Line organisation Line and staff organisation
Expert advice are not available. Expert advice are available.
There is strict discipline. There is loose discipline.
It is less elastic. It is more elastic.
IT is less expensive. It is expensive.
It not based on specialisation. It is based on specialisation.
3. Functional Organisation
This is an organisation structure in which employees are arranged by
functions performed by them in the organisation.
Merits and demerits of functional organisation
Merits functional organisation Demerit functional organization
Specialization Conflicts
Standardisation Lack of coordination
Higher efficiency Delay in decision making
Mass production Violation of unity of command
Flexibility Complex relationship.
Difference between line organisation and functional organisation
Line organisation Functional organisation
Authority flows from top to Authority is functional.
bottom.
Direct chain of command. No direct chain of command.
No specialisation Specialization
Strict discipline. Loose discipline
Better coordination. Difficult to attain coordination.
Suitable to small business. Suitable to large business.
Span of management
It refers to number of subordinates who can be managed effectively
by a superior. It is also called span of control.
Factors determining span of control
Capacity of superior.
Capacity of subordinates.
Nature of work.
Degree of decentralisation.
Availability of staff assistance.
Communication techniques
Delegation of authority
It means granting of authority to subordinates to operate within
prescribed limits.
Steps in delegation of authority
Determination of responsibility.
Delegation of authority.
Creation of accountability.
Principles of delegation
Principles of delegations by results expected.
Unity of command.
Authority.
Scalar chain
Communication.
Principle of functional definition.
Importance / Advantages of delegation
Quick decision
Reduces burden of superiors.
Better coordination.
Improved job satisfaction.
Development of executives.
Authority
Authority is the right to initiate command and issue orders.
Types of Authority
1. Legal authority: Authority passed by law
2. Traditional authority: Authority passed from father to son.
3. Charismatic authority: Authority passed on personal charisma.
4. Technical authority: Based on knowledge and skill.
5. Position authority: It is based on position enjoyed by a person.
Responsibility
It is the obligation to perform an assigned work.
Difference between authority and responsibility
Authority Responsibility
It is the right to command It is the obligation to perform a
orders. duty.
Delegation is possible. It cannot be delegated.
It is a stable. It ends performance.
It flows downward. It does not flow.
It can be withdrawn. It cannot be withdrawn.
Centralization
Centralisation refers to concentration of authority of decision making
at top level management.
Decentralisation
Decentralisation refers to the centres of decision making are
dispersed throughout the organisation.
Difference between delegation and decentralisation
Delegation Decentralisation
It refers to transfer of authority. It refers to systematic delegation
of authority
It is must for management It is optional
Good result in all type of Effective in big organisation.
organisation
It is a process. It is the end result.
Departmentation
It is a process of grouping of activities into units and sub-units for the
purpose of administration.
Need and importance of departmentation
Increases the operating efficiencies of the employees.
Increases the prestige of the department head.
Further expansion of the organisation.
Attaining specialisation.
Helps to achieve better coordination.
Methods of departmentation
1. Functional departmentation
It refers to grouping of activities of an enterprise on the basis of
functions such as production, sale, purchase, etc.
Merits and demerits of functional departmentation
Merits Demerits
Specialisation. Chance for conflict.
Standardisation. Delay in decision making.
Higher efficiency. Difficult to coordinate various
departments.
Scope for expansion.
Facilitate coordination.
2. Product wise departmentation
Grouping of activities on the basis of product is called product wise
departmentation.
Merits and demerits of product wise departmentation
Merits Demerits
Standardised products. Chance for conflict.
Better coordination. Delay in decision making.
Specialisation on product. Difficult to coordinate various
departments.
Effective control.
Development of overall
managers.
3. Territorial departmentation
Grouping of activities on the basis of location or geographical area is
called territorial departmentation.
Merits and demerits of Territorial departmentation
Merits Demerits
Cater the need of different More employees are required.
region.
Cost reduction. Maintenance cost is more.
Decentralisation of authority. Difficult to coordinate different
area.
Quick and prompt decision. Conflict between head office
and zonal office.
4. Customer wise departmentation
In this type, the whole enterprise is divided in to number of
departments on the basis of customers.
Staffing
According to Hiemann, “Staffing function pertains to the
recruitment, selection, development, training and compensation of
subordinates.
Need and importance of staffing
1. Key to other managerial function.
2. Adaptation of later technology
3. Higher productivity.
4. Maintaining good human relation.
Manpower planning
It is a process of putting right number of people at right place at right
time for the achievement of organisation goal.
Recruitment
It is the process of finding apt candidates and applies for jobs in the
organisation.
Sources of recruitment
Internal sources External Sources
Transfer Advertisement
Promotion Employment exchange
Demotion Campus recruitment
Present employees Labour union
Gate hiring
Selection
It is a process of selecting adequate number of persons who are fit
for the job.
Training
It is an act of increasing knowledge and skill of an employee for doing
a particular job.
(This is the short note of First semester B.com BUSINESS MANAGEMENT. Prepared for
2021 admission students. To cover full syllabus in detail, please refer other available
materials too.)
Prepared by
RAHUL MURALI
JUBAIR MAJEED
For all subjects study material contact