SECTION 12: HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS

SECTION 12

HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
12.1 SCOPE

(1) This Section applies to hazardous locations in which electrical equipment and wiring are subject to the
conditions classified as follows:

(a) Class I locations in which flammable gases or vapours are or may be present in the air in
quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures;
(b) Class II location which are hazardous because of the presence of combustible or electrically
conductive dusts; and
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(c) Class III locations which are hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable fibres or
flyings, but in which such fibres or flyings are not likely to be in suspension in the air in
quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures.

12.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCE

(l) The following reference contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions
of the Ethiopian Building Code Standard on Electrical Installation of Buildings.

C22.1-12: 2012 Canadian Electrical Code, Part 1, Safety Standard for Electrical Installations,
Twenty-second Edition.

12.3 SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY

(1) In this Section, the following definitions apply:

Cable gland: a device or combination of devices intended to provide a means of entry of a cable or
flexible cord into an enclosure situated in a hazardous location and that also provides strain relief and
shall be permitted to provide sealing characteristics where required, either by an integral means or when
combined with a separate sealing fitting.

Cable seal: a seal that is installed at a cable termination to prevent the release of an explosion from an
explosion-proof enclosure and that minimizes the passage of gases or vapours at atmospheric pressure.

Conduit seals: a seal that is installed in a conduit to prevent the passage of an explosion from one portion
of the conduit system to another and that minimizes the passages of gases or vapours at atmospheric
pressure.

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Degree of protection: the measures applied to the enclosures of electrical apparatus to ensure
(a) the protection of persons against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure and
protection of apparatus against the ingress of solid foreign bodies; and
(b) the protection of apparatus against ingress of liquids.

Explosive gas atmosphere: a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in
the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed
mixture.

Explosive limits: the lower and upper percentage by volume of concentration of gas in a gas-air mixture
that will form an ignitable mixture.
LEL: lower explosive limit.
UEL: upper explosive limit.

Fluids: a substance in the form of gas, vapour, or liquid. Hazardous location.

Methods of protection: defined methods to reduce the risk of ignition of explosive gas atmospheres.

Non-incendive circuit: a circuit in which any spark or thermal effect that may occur under normal
operating conditions or due to opening, shorting, or grounding of field wiring is incapable of causing an
ignition of the prescribed flammable gas or vapour.

Normal operation: the situation when the plant or equipment is operating within its design parameters.

Primary seal: a seal that isolates process fluids from an electrical system and that has one side of the seal
in contact with the process fluid.

Protective gas: the gas used to maintain pressurization or to dilute a flammable gas or vapour.

Secondary seal: a seal that is designed to prevent the passage of process fluids at the pressure it will be
subjected to upon failure of the primary seal.

12.4 CLASSIFICATION

12.4.1 Division of Class I Locations

(1) Class 1 locations shall be further divided into three Zones based upon frequency of occurrence and
duration of an explosive gas atmosphere as follows:
a) Zone 0, consisting of Class I locations in which explosive gas atmospheres are present
continuously or are present for long periods;

b) Zone 1, consisting of Class I locations in which

(i) explosive gas atmospheres are likely to occur in normal operation; or
(ii) the location is adjacent to a Class 1, Zone 0 location, from which explosive gas
atmospheres could be communicated; and

c) Zone 2, consisting of Class 1 locations in which

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(i) explosive gas atmospheres are not likely to occur in normal operation and, if they
do occur, they will exist for a short time only; or

(ii) the location is adjacent to a Class I, Zone 1 locations, from which explosive gas
atmospheres could be communicated, unless such communication is prevented
by adequate positive-pressure ventilation from a source of clean air, and effective
safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.

12.4.2 Division of Class II Locations

(1) Class II locations shall be further divided into two Divisions as follows:

a) Division 1, consisting of Class II locations in which

(i) combustible dust is or may be in suspension in air continuously, intermittently, or
periodically under normal operating conditions in quantities sufficient to
produce explosive or ignitable mixtures;

(ii) the abnormal operation or failure of equipment might

(A) cause explosive or ignitable mixtures to be produced; and
(B) provide a source of ignition through simultaneous failure of electrical
equipment, operation of protection devices, or from other causes; or

(iii) combustible dusts having the property of conducting electricity may be present;
and

b) Division 2, consisting of Class II locations in which

(i) combustible dust may be in suspension in the air as a result of infrequent

malfunctioning of handling or processing equipment, but such dust would be
present in quantities insufficient to

(A) interfere with the normal operation of electrical or other equipment;

and

(B) produce explosive or ignitable mixtures, except for short periods of

time; or

(ii) combustible dust accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity of the electrical
equipment, may be sufficient to interfere with the safe dissipation of heat from
electrical equipment or may be ignitable by abnormal operation or failure of
electrical equipment.

12.4.3 Division of Class III Locations

(1) Class III locations shall be further divided into two Divisions as follows:

a) Division 1, comprising Class III locations in which readily ignitable fibres or materials `
producing combustible flyings are handled, manufactured, or used; and

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b) Division 2, comprising Class III locations in which readily ignitable fibres other than those in
process of manufacture are stored or handled.

12.4.4 Maintenance

(1) Special precautions shall be observed as follows:

a) Repairs or alteration shall not made to live equipment; and

b) Electrical equipment shall be maintained in its original safe condition.

12.5 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

12.5.1 Electrical Equipment

(1) Where electrical equipment is required by this Section to be approved for the class of locations, it
shall also be approved for the specific gas, vapour, or dust that will be present.

(2) For equipment approved with a method of protection permitted in a Class I location, such approval
shall be permitted to be indicated by one or more of the following atmospheric group designations:

a) Group IIC, comprising atmospheres containing acetylene, carbon disulphide, or hydrogen, or

other gases or vapours of equivalent hazard;

b) Group IIB, consisting of atmospheres containing acrylonitrile, butadiene, diethyl ether,

ethylene, ethylene oxide, hydrogen sulphide, propylene oxide, or unsymmetrical dimethyl
hydrazine (UDMH), or other gases or vapours of equivalent hazard;

c) Group IIA, consisting of atmospheres containing acetaldehyde, acetone, cyclopropane, alcohol,

ammonia, benzine, benzol, butane, ethylene dichloride, gasoline, hexane, isoprene, lacquer
solvent vapours, naphtha, natural gas, propane, propylene, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride,
xylenes, or other gases or vapours of equivalent hazard

d) Group II, consisting of all Group II gases; or

e) Group IIXXXXX, where XXXXX is a chemical formula or chemical name suitable for that
specific gas only.

(3) For equipment approved for Class I, Division 1 or 2, the specific gas shall be permitted to be
indicated by one or more of the following atmospheric group designations:

a) Group A, consisting of atmospheres containing acetylene;

b) Group B, consisting of atmospheres containing butadiene, ethylene oxide, hydrogen (or gases
or vapours equivalent in hazard to hydrogen, such as manufactured gas), or propylene oxide;

c) Group C, consisting of atmospheres containing acetaldehyde, cyclopropane, diethyl ether,

ethylene, hydrogen sulphide, or unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH), or other gases or

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vapours of equivalent hazard; or

d) Group D, consisting of atmospheres containing acetone, acrylonitrile, alcohol, ammonia,

benzine, benzol, butane, ethylene dichloride, gasoline, hexane, isoprene, lacquer solvent
vapours, naphtha, natural gas, propane, propylene, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride,
xylenes, or other gases or vapours of equivalent hazard.

(4) For equipment approved for Class II locations, approval for the specific dust shall be permitted to be
indicated by one or more of the following atmospheric group designations:

a) Group E, consisting of atmospheres containing combustible metal dust, including aluminum,

magnesium, and their commercial alloys, and other metals of similarly hazardous
characteristics;

b) Group F, consisting of atmospheres containing carbon black, coal, or coke dust; or

c) Group G, consisting of atmospheres containing flour, starch, or grain dust, and other dusts of
similarly hazardous characteristics.

12.5.2 Marking

(1) Electrical, equipment approved for use in hazardous locations shall be marked to indicate the class and
for Classes I and II locations the group, or the specific gas, vapour or dust for which the equipment has
been approved
(2) Electrical equipment approved for use in Class I hazardous locations may be marked with:

a) the maximum external temperature, or

b) one of the following temperature codes in Table 12.1 to indicate the maximum external
temperature,

Table 12.1 Temperature codes to indicate the maximum external temperature

Max. external
Temperature Temperature Max. external
temperature
code code temperature [oC]
[oC]
T1 450 T3A 180
T2 300 T3B 165
T2A 280 T3C 160
T2B 260 T4 135
T2C 230 T4A 120
T2D 215 T5 100
T3 200 T6 85

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(3) If no maximum external temperature marking is shown on Class I equipment approved for the class
and group, the equipment, if of the heat-producing type (which excludes junction boxes, conduit fittings,
etc), shall be considered as having the following maximum external temperature:

Group A - 280oC
Group B - 280oC
Group C – 160oC
Group D – 215oC

(4) Equipment approved for Class I, Division 2 only shall be so marked.

(5) Electrical equipment approved for operation at ambient temperatures exceeding 40oC shall, in addition
to the marking specified in 12.4.2 be marked with the maximum ambient temperature for which the
equipment is approved, and the maximum external temperature of the equipment as referred to in (2) and
(3) above.

12.5.3 Non-Essential Electrical Equipment

(1) No electrical equipment shall be used in a hazardous location unless it is essential to the processes
being carried on therein.

(2) Service equipment, panel boards, switchboards, and similar electrical equipment shall, where
practicable, be located in rooms or sections of the building in which hazardous conditions do not exist.

12.5.4 Equipment Rooms

(1) Where walls, partitions, floors or ceilings are used to form hazard-free rooms or sections, they shall
be:

a) of substantial construction;
b) built of or lined with noncombustible material; and
c) such as to ensure that the rooms or section will remain free from hazards.

(2) Where a non-hazardous location within a building communicates with a Class I, Division 2 location, a
Class II location, or a Class III location, the locations shall be separated by close-fittings, self-closing
approved fire doors.

12.5.5 Cable Trays

(1) Cable trays shall not be used to support cables in hazardous locations except where:

a) the type of cable is approved in Clauses of this Section for use in the particular hazardous
location; and
b) there can be no hazardous accumulation of combustible process dust or fibre in or upon the cable;
the cable tray or the supports.

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12.6 CLASS I LOCATION

12.6.1 Installations in Class I, Division 1 Locations

12.6.1.1 Transformers and capacitors

(1) Transformers and electrical capacitors which contain a combustible liquid that will burn shall be
installed in electrical equipment vaults in accordance with applicable Clauses of Section 11.

12.6.1.2 Meters, instruments and relays

(1) Where practicable, meters, instruments and relays, including kilowatt-hour meters, instrument
transformers and resistors, rectifiers and thermionic tubes shall be located outside the hazardous locations.

(2) Where it is not practicable to install meters, instruments, and relays outside Class I, Division 1
locations, they shall be approved for Class I locations.

12.6.1.3 Switches, motor controllers, circuit breakers and fuses

(1) Switches, motor controllers, circuit breakers and fuses, including push buttons, relays, and similar
devices shall be provided with enclosures; the enclosure in each case, together with the enclosed
apparatus, shall be approved as a complete assembly for use in Class I locations.

12.6.1.4 Motors and generators

(1) Motors, generators and other rotating electrical machines shall be approved for Class I locations.
12.6.1.5 Wiring methods

(1) The wiring method shall be threaded rigid-metal conduit or cables approved for hazardous locations
with associated cable glands approved for the particular hazardous location.

(2) All boxes, fittings, and joints shall be threaded for connection to conduit or cable glands, and shall be
explosion-proof with boxes and fittings approved for Class I locations.

(3) Threaded joints shall have at least five full threads fully engaged and running threads shall not be
used.
(4) Cables shall be installed and supported in a manner to avoid tensile stress at the cable glands.

(5) Where it is necessary to use flexible connections at motor terminals and similar places, flexible
fittings of the explosion-proof type and approved for the location shall be used.

(6) Seals shall be provided in conduit or cable systems to prevent the passage of gases, vapours, or flames
from one portion of the electrical installation to another through the system.

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12.6.1.6 Lighting fixtures

(1) Fixtures for fixed and portable lighting shall be approved as complete assemblies for Class I locations
and shall be clearly marked to indicate the maximum wattage of lamps for which they are approved.

(2) Boxes, box assemblies or fittings used for the support of lighting fixtures shall be approved for
the purpose and for Class I locations.

12.6.2 Installations in Class I, Division 2 Locations

12.6.2.1 Wiring methods

(1) The wiring method shall be:

a) threaded metal conduit; or

b) cables approved for hazardous locations with associated cable glands approved for
c) the particular hazardous location.

(2) Cable shall be installed and supported in a manner to avoid tensile stress at the cable glands.

(3) Where it is necessary to use flexible connection at motor terminals and similar places, flexible metal
conduit may be used.

(4) Boxes, fittings and joints need not be explosion-proof.

(5) Seals shall be provided in conduit or cable systems to prevent the passage of gases, vapours, or flames
through the system from one portion of the electrical installation to another.

12.6.2.2 Motors and generators

(1) Motors, generators, and other rotating electrical machines, in which are incorporated arcing or spark-
producing components or integral resistance devices, shall be approved for Class I, Division 2 locations
unless the arcing or spark-producing components or integral resistance devices are provided with
enclosures approved for Class I locations.

(2) Motors, generators, and other rotating electrical machines which do not incorporate arcing or spark
producing components or integral resistance devices may be of the open or non-explosion-proof type.

12.6.2.3 Lighting fixtures

(1) Fixed lighting shall be:

a) protected from physical damage by acceptable guards or by location;

b) approved as complete assemblies for Class I, Division 2 locations and shall be clearly marked to
indicate the maximum wattage, voltage, and specific type designations of the lamps for which they
are approved.

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c) Boxes, fittings and joints shall be threaded for connection to conduit or cable glands

(2) Pendent fixtures shall be suspended by threaded rigid conduit systems or by other approved means.

(3) Starting and control equipment for electric-discharge lighting equipment shall be provided with
enclosures approved for the location.

12.7 CLASS II LOCATION

12.7.1 Installations in Class II, Division 1 Locations

12.7.1.1 Transformers and capacitors

(1) Transformers and electrical capacitors which contain a combustible liquid shall be installed in
electrical equipment vaults in accordance with applicable Clauses of Section 11,

12.7.1.2 Switches, controllers, circuit breakers and fuses

(1) Switches, motor controllers, circuit breakers and fuses, including push buttons, relays, and similar
devices, shall be provided with a dust-tight enclosure approved for Class II locations.

12.7.1.3 Motors and generators

(1) Motors, generators and other rotating electrical machines shall be approved for Class II locations.

12.7.1.4 Wiring methods

(1) The wiring method shall be threaded rigid metal conduit or cables approved for hazardous locations
with associated cable glands approved for the particular hazardous location.

(2) Boxes, fittings and joints shall be threaded for connection to conduit or cable glands and boxes and
fittings shall be approved for Class II locations.

(3) Cables shall be installed and supported in a manner to avoid tensile stress at the cable glands.

(4) Where flexible connections are necessary, they shall be provided by:

a) flexible connection fittings approved for the location;

b) liquid-tight flexible metal conduit with fittings approved for the location; or
c) extra-hard-usage flexible cord and provided with cable glands approved for the location.

(5) Where flexible connections are subject to oil or corrosive conditions, the insulation of the conductors
shall be of type approved for the condition or shall be protected by means of a suitable sheath.

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(6) Where a raceway provides communication between enclosures one of which is required to be dust-
tight and the other not, the entrance of dust into the dust enclosure through the raceway shall be prevented
by:

a) a permanent and effective seal;

b) a horizontal section not less than 3.0m long in the raceway; or
c) a vertical section of raceway not less than 105mlong and extending downward with .the dust· tight
enclosure.

12.7.1.5 Lighting fixtures

(1) Fixtures for fixed and portable lighting shall be approved as complete assemblies for Class II locations
and shall be clearly marked to indicate the maximum wattage of lamps for which they are approved.

(2) Pendent fixtures shall be suspended by threaded rigid conduit stems or chains with approved fittings
or by other approved means which shall not include a flexible cord as the supporting medium, and
threaded joints shall be provided with set screws or other effective means to prevent loosening.

(3) Boxes, box assemblies or fittings used for the support of lighting fixtures shall be approved for the
purpose.

12.7.2 Installation in Class II, Division 2 Locations

12.7.2.1 Transformers and capacitors

(1) Transformers and electrical capacitors which contain a combustible liquid shall be installed in
electrical equipment vaults in accordance with applicable clauses of Sections 11.
12.7.2.2 Switches, controllers, circuit 'breakers and fuses

(1) In locations where dust from magnesium, aluminum, aluminum bronze powders, or other metals of
similar hazardous characteristics may be present, switches, motor controllers, circuit breakers, and fuses
shall have dust-tight enclosures approved for such locations.

12.7.2.3 Motors and generators

(1) Motors, generators and other rotating electrical machinery shall be:

a) approved for Class II, or Class II Division 2 locations;

b) ordinary, totally enclosed pipe-ventilated or totally enclosed fan-cooled and subject to the
following:
i) be equipped with integral overheating protection in accordance with 11.7.3.8
ii) if drain holes or other openings are provided they shall be closed with threaded plugs.

12.7.2.4 Wiring methods

(1) The wiring method shall be:

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a) threaded metal conduit; or

b) cables approved for hazardous locations with associated cable glands approved for the particular
hazardous location.
(2) Cables shall be installed and supported in a manner to avoid tensile stress at the cable glands.

12.7.2.5 Lighting fixtures

(1) Fixed lighting shall:

a) be protected from physical damage by acceptable guards or by location;

b) provide enclosures for lamp and lamp holders which shall be designed to minimize the deposit
of dust on lamps and to prevent the escape of sparks, burning material, or hot metal;

c) be clearly marked to indicate the maximum wattage of lamps for which they may be used
without exceeding a maximum exposed surface temperature of 165°C under normal conditions or
use.

(2) Pendent fixtures shall be suspended by threaded rigid conduit stems or chains with approved fittings,
or by other approved means, which shall not include flexible cord as the supporting medium.

(3) Boxes, box assemblies or fittings used for the support of lighting fixtures shall be approved for that
purpose.

(4) Starting and control equipment for mercury-vapour and fluorescent lamps shall conform to the
requirement of 12.6.2.2.

12.8 CLASS III LOCATIONS

12.8.1 Installations in Class III, Division 1 Locations

12.8.1.1 Transformers and capacitors

(1) Transformers and capacitors shall conform to the requirement of 12.6.2.1

12.8.1.2 Switches, controllers, circuit beakers and fuses

(1) Switches, motor controllers, circuit breakers and fuses, including push buttons, relay and similar
devices, shall be provided with tight enclosures designed to minimize entrance of fibres and flyings, and
which shall:

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a) be equipped with telescoping or close fitting covers, or with other effective means to prevent
escape of sparks or burning material; and b) have no openings, such as holes for attachment
screws, through which, after installation, sparks or burning material might escape, or through
which exterior accumulations of fibres or flyings or adjacent combustible material might be
ignited.

12.8.1.3 Motors and generators

(1) Except as provided in (2) below, motors, generators and other rotating electrical machinery
shall be:
a) totally enclosed non-ventilated,
b) totally enclosed pipe-ventilated,
c) totally enclosed fan-cooled.

(2) Where only moderate accumulations of lint and flyings are likely to collect on or in the vicinity of a
rotating electrical machine and the machine is readily accessible for routine cleaning and
maintenance, there may be installed in the location:

a) standard open-type machines without sliding contacts, centrifugal, or other types of switching
mechanism, including motor overload devices;

b) standard open-type machines which have contacts, switching mechanisms, or resistance

devices enclosed within tight housings without ventilating or other openings; or

c) self-cleaning textile motors of the squirrel-cage type.

(3) Motors, generators and other rotating electrical machinery of the partially enclosed or splash-proof
type shall not be installed in Class III locations.

12.8.1.4 Wiring methods

(1) The wiring method shall be threaded rigid metal conduit or cables approved for hazardous locations
with associated cable glands approved for the particular hazardous location.

(2) Boxes and fittings in which taps, joints or terminal connections are made shall:

a) be provided with telescoping or close fitting covers, or other effective means to prevent the
escape of sparks or burning material; and

b) have no openings, such as holes for attachment screws, through which after installation, sparks
or burning material might escape, or through which adjacent combustible material might be
ignited.

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(3) Cables shall be installed and supported in a manner to avoid tensile stress at the cable glands.

(4) Where it is necessary to use flexible connections, the provisions of 12.6.1.4(4) and 12.6.1.4(5) shall
apply.

12.8.1.5 Lighting fixtures

(1) Fixed lighting shall:

a) provide enclosures, for lamps and lamp holders, which shall be designed to minimize entrance
of fibres and flying objects and to prevent the escape of sparks, burning material, or hot metal;

b) be clearly marked to indicate the maximum wattage lamp which may be used without
exceeding a maximum exposed surface temperature of 165°C under normal conditions of
use.

(2) Lighting fixtures which may be exposed to physical damage shall be protected by a suitable guard.

(3) Pendent fixtures shall comply with the requirements of 12.6.2.5(2).

(4) Boxes, box assemblies or fittings used for the support of lighting fixtures shall be approved for that
purpose.

12.8.1.6 Storage-battery charging equipment

(1) Storage battery charging equipment shall be located in a separate room built or lined with substantial
noncombustible materials so constructed as to adequately exclude flyings or lint, and shall be well
ventilated.

12.8.2 Installations in Class III, Division2 Locations

12.8.2.1 Transformers and capacitors

(1) Transformers and capacitors shall conform to the requirement of 12.6.2.1.

12.8.2.2 Wiring method

(1) The wiring method in Class III, Division 2 locations shall conform to 12.7.1.4 except that in sections,
compartments or areas used solely for storage and containing no machinery, open wiring on insulators, in
accordance with applicable Clauses of Section 8, may be used, provided that, where conductors are

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installed elsewhere other than in roof spaces and remote from physical damage, they shall be protected by
running board not less than 19.0mm thick or other acceptable means.

12.7.2.3 Switches, controllers, circuit breakers and fuses

(1) Switches, motor controllers, circuit breakers, and fuses shall conform to the requirement of 12.7.1:2.

12.8.2.4 Motors and generators

(1) Motors, generators, and other rotating electrical machinery shall be:
a) totally enclosed non-ventilated;
b) totally enclosed pipe-ventilated; or
c) totally enclosed fan-cooled.

(2) Motors, generators or other rotating electrical machinery of the partially enclosed or splash proof type
shall not be installed in Class III locations.

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