F ublic Culture sae Volume DOXA AT LARGE ‘The Paradox of Nonviolence 269 Faisal Devjt "The Ethics of Sel Rule: Violence and Masculinity in Contemporary South Africa 275 rain Soudien DISLOCATION Violent ‘Tests, Vulnerable Readers: Hind Swaraj and Its South African Audicnces 285 Isabel Hofmeyr "An “Eventful” History of Hind Swara): Gandhi between the Battle of Teushima and the Union of South Africa 299 Jonathan Hyslop Gandhi and the Goa Question 321 | Panila Gupta Gandhi's Progressive Disillusionment: Thumbs, Fingers, and the Rejection of Sciemific Modernism in Hind Swaraj 331AFTERLIFE ‘The Case ofthe Missing Mahatma: Gandhi and the Hindi Cinema 349 Rachel Dwyer Hindu Modern: Conside Vyjayanthi Rao ng Gandhian Aesthetics 377 ‘The Tiger's Nature, but Not the Tiger: Bal Gangadhar Tilak as Molandas ‘Karanichand Gandhi's Counter 395 Christopher Pinney INWARONESS Patience, Inwardness, and SelfKnowledge in Gandhi's Hind Swaraj 417 Uday 8. Melia Gandhi before Mahatma: The Foundations of Political Truth 431 ‘Shruti Kapila “The Ellipsis of Touch: Gandhi's Unequals 449 Aishwary Kumar copa Might as Well Face It, We're Addicted to Gandhi 471 Ritu Birla Books Received 481 Contributors 485 Coming Attractions Volume 23,n0, 3: Brian Edwards ponders “the ends of circulation” among a new generation of dis sident writers in Egypt; Richard Sennett examines borders and boundaries in turban space and the making of a good city; Gakge Giinel reflects on spatial strat egies in Dubai’ Tbn Battuta Mall; Jennifer Wenzel considers an emergent di coutse of humanitarian consumerism in commodity “biography” films; Ramesh Srinivasan and Adam Fish, based on an analysis of North African and Middle Eastern revolutions and their ethnographic work during Kyrgyzstan's Tulip Revo- Iation, investigate social media's impact in mobilizing dissidents and publics; Gabriella Coleman delves into hacker polities; Steve Spence looks atthe US. Civil Rights Movement as abharbinger of cultural globalization; David Novak describes a new ethics of media circulation in the interstitial spaces between old and morePubte cult Reeves-Ellington, Barbara, Connie A. Shemo, and Kathryn Kish Sklar, eds, 2010 Competing Kingdoms: Women, Mission, and the American Protestant Empire, 1812-1960. Durham, NC.: Duke University Press, Rheinberger, Hans-King. 2010, An Bpistemology of the Concrete: Twentieth: Contury Histories of Life. Dutham, N.C.: Duke University Press. Roan, Jeanette, 2010. Envisioning Asia: On Location, Travel, and the Cinematic jeography of U.S. Orientalism. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Silver, M. M. 2010. Our Exodus: Leon Uris and the Americanization of Israel's Founding Story. Deteoit: Wayne State University Press Specter, Matthew G, 2010. Habermas: An Intellectual Biography. New York Cambridge University Press. Stacey, Jackie, 2010. The Cinematic Life of the Gene. Durham, NC: Duke Uni versity Pres, ‘Tamar Sharma, Nitasha, 2010. Hip Hop Desis: South Asian Americans, Blackness, ‘and a Global Race Consciousness. Dusham, N.C.: Duke University Press ‘Thacker, Eugene. 2010. After Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press ‘Tinsley, Omis'eke Natasha, 2010. Thiefing Sugar: Evoticism between Women in Caribbean Literature. Durham, NC.: Duke University Press. Visweswaran, Kamala, 2010. Un/common Cultures: Racism and the Reavticula- tion of Cultural Difference. Dusham, N.C.: Duke University Pres, Wilcox, Clyde, and Carin Robinson, 2011. Onward Christian Soldiers? The Rell: ious Right in American Politics. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. Williams, Randall. 2010. The Divided World: Hunan Rights and ls Violence. ‘Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Wolford, Wendy. 2010. This Land fs Ours Now: Social Mobilization and the Meanings of Land in Brazil. Dutham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 384 Contributors Asjun Appadural is the Goddard Professor of Medi Culture, and Communication, at New York University and a founding editor of Public Culture, Ritu Birla is an associate professor of history at the University of Toronto, With expertise on South Asia, she works on histories and theories of capitalsin, law, and governing; postcolonial genealogies of market society; and the legal fictions that make modern economic subjects and socialites, She is the author of Stages of Capital: Law, Culture, and Market Governance in Late Colonial India (2009), er ofthe 2010 Albion Book Prize awarded by the North American Confer- ence on British Studies, Keith Breckenridge teaches atthe University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durbas, South Africa. He is currently preparing a study of the century-long effort to use finger printing as the universal test of identification in South Aiea, Faisal Devil is reader in modern Indian history at the University of Oxford. His fortheoming book is The Impossible Indian: Gandhi and the Temptation of Violence Rachel Dwyer is professor of Indian cultures and cinema at the Schoo! of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. She is writing her eleventh book, Bollynood’s India: Indian Cinema as a Guide to Modern India for Reak- tion Books. She edits two book series on South Asian cinema, one with Oxford University Press, Delhi, and the other with Indiana University Press. Her curtent research interests include the emotions in Hindi cinema and the cultural history (of the Indian elephant Pamila Gupta is a senior researcher based at WISER (Wits Institute for Social and Feonomic Research) a the University ofthe Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Her curtent research looks at Goan migration, Portuguese decolo- 48sPublic culture nization 8 the Indian Ovean; Portuguese eolo- nial nostalgia and tourism in Mozambique; and class, community, and whiteness mong the Portuguese diaspora in Johannesburg, Isabel Hofmeyr is a professor of African literature at the University of the Wit \aterstand in Johannesburg, South Africa, where she was involved in setting up the Centre for Indian Studies in Africa (www.cisa-wits.org.za). Her first mono- ‘raph, “We spend our years as a tale that is told”: Oral Historical Narrative in 4 South African Chiefdom (1994), was shorlisted for the Herskovits Prize. The Portable Bunyan: A Transnational History of “The Pilgrim's Progress” (2004) ‘won the 2007 Richard L. Greaves Award, She is currently working on textual circulation in the Indian Ocean region. Jonathan Hyslop is professor of sociology at the University of Pretoria. He has published widely on nine nul twentieth-century South Africa, During the 2010-11 academic year, he is A. Lindsay O’Connor Visiting Professor of Ameri can Institutions at Colgate University, Hamilton, New York. Shrati Kapila lectures atthe Faculty of History and is a Fellow and Director of ‘Suuies in History at Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge, She recently coedited and contributed to the special issue “Bhagavad Gita and Mod: cern Thought,” Modern Intellectual History (August 2010), and is the editor of ‘An Intellectual History for India (Cambridge University Press, 2010). Her forth ‘comming publications include Governments of the Mind: Remaking the Self in Colonial India. ‘Aishwary Kumar isan assistant professor of intellectual history and a faculty ast: ciate at the Program in Modern Thought andl Literature at Stanford University. He is currently completing a book on equality, violence, and the paradox of idl twentieth-century democratic thought, titled Touchabilities. Uday 5. Mehta is a professor of political theory at the Graduate Center, City Uni versity of New York. He is the author of Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth. Century British Liberal Thought (University of Chicago Press, 1999) and has a forthcoming book on Gandhi called War and Peace, Violence and Non violence, ane Christopher Pinney is professor of anthropology and visual culture at University College London, He has been conducting ethnographic feldwork ancl archival research in India intermittently since 1982. The Coming of Photography in India, based on the Panizzi Lectures, was published by the British Library in 2008, Phio- tography and Anthropology is forthcoming from Reaktion in 2011 Vylayanthi Rao is an assistant professor of anthropology at the New School for Social Research. She works on cites after globalization, specifically in the inter- sections of urban planning, design, art, violence, and speculation inthe articula tion of the contemporary global city. She is the author of numerous articles on these topics and is curtently working on a book manuscript titled “The Specula- ive City.” Crain Sousdien isthe former director of the School of Education at the University ‘of Cape Town and currently a deputy vice-chancellor, His ateas of research are social difference, culture, educational policy, comparative education, educational change, public history, and popular culture, 487Figures Ricrdo Range “tart ofthe collapse ofthe Fortugusecolenalempite, 96 Macd in Lowrengo Marques ndcating the annexation of Goa by ind” (hotographer’ caption irasation ‘uom the Prtaguese) Repite by permission fram the Centro de Dacumentagane Formagso Fotografia. Maputo, Mozambique Gandhi and the Goa Question Pamila Gupta Just as Gandhi's Hind Swaraj was written in the literary genre ofa dialogue, a dialogue between a newspaper Editor and a Reader, I start With an image (fig. 1) that represents a dialogue between a press and its read- 1s, only the setting isnot colonial India but colonial Movambique. tis a scene ‘aplured by the famous Mozambican photographer Ricardo Rangel of a group of hnostly Portuguese men, including a few Goans and Mozambican interspersed in the crovd in Lourengo Marques (present-day Mi © lic placard, all of them intent on reading the sign’s visible proclamation— that Goa has been lost by the Portuguese and annexed by the Indian government ‘The date is December 18, 1961, and this visual moment reflects how Goa’s inde pendence from Portugal after 450 years of colonial rule and integration into the newly formed Indian nation-state 14 years after its own colonial indepen- dence from Britain can be read more widely as a transnational Indian Ocea experience. It is one that simultaneously connects “slender threads across the cea [ start with this premise to suggest that if we read Gandhi’ invented idea of swaraj self rule) asa potentially deterritorialized concept, then perhaps we ean apply i to the peculiarities ofthe inherently deterritorialized case of Portuguese India, Goa being a Portuguese colonial enclave, alongside Daman and Diu, with ‘This anil is weston very much in a Gandhian spi, wharein“elf-ale™ is econigred 253 ttilayered negation of place and conten ether than a univers principle Ths rahe than | tly pce Gsedhi in one historical (ole contest, us hi an his key txt 0 illuminate ote (colo) context Also, wha follows is sery uch an experimental intervention thats wi ‘np asa "Gandhi viewed sly through a len of hagiography, atonal, or paar. ‘hk bth Rit ia and Enel De forse lose reading sn hpl comments i visi his fo, The Graves of Tarn: Genealogy and Mobily eros the Indio Ocean (ere sey: Unversity of Califa Press, 2000), 2. otccutweni2 ow erawfotga2i6en62057 Cong 20 by Duke Unrest a7Pubite cuter all three located amid the larger British India but integrally connected to Pot _guese Bast Africa as well, Here itis important o contextualize Goa as just one of many suzeraintics operating within colonial I plicated and Sometimes overlapping juridical spaces, which included Princely States such as Hydera bad and Junagadh, tribal areas, and also addtional European territories suchas French) Pondicherry. That each of these independent territories was integrated Afferent into the Indian nation-state (post 1947) by different means and at ds net historical moments only reinforces the analytic potential of thinking about_| swataj beyond any geographical compulsions? ‘Thus inthis article I reflect, however briefly, on swaraj as an analytical level in relation to to topies: first, that of Hind Swavaj as a statement of transnational politics, as a cinculating text whose ideas are applicable fo and enabled by the Indian Ocean, hence extending Hind (o include those Goan (Indians) who also migrated between Portuguese India and Portuguese Mozambique during theic shored colonial cra Second, I explore Gandhi's conceptual views on swaraj in reference tothe particularities ofthe so-called Gor Question, including later pub lie statements made by Gandhi in 1929, 1946, and 1948, respectively. Considering that Gandhi wrote his treatise on Indian self-rule on a ship crossing the ocea from England to South Africa and as an immigrant nonetheless, as well as tat his ‘movements and mobility were very much the product of late-nineteenth-century 2.-The case of Hyderabad is particulary revealing a serves a8 a counterpoint to the Gat ca also serves aya mer of diference among distinct forms of integration In e's posto fetid that were complicated by relations between lenis before independence. ete 19, Hyeerabad was wade the suzesaaty ofthe Bris Crown bt was ot pat Brith Ti. fH ton into the Indian Union andthe new stat of Pakistan the Bis ef the ey te thelr own fre A this ine, the Nizam Wished elie to remain indepen to acede to Fakistn because o hei eligi commonalities, These ers, however, wee wae ‘zai to he Indien Unio, s goverment offal instead chose an economic Bock gsi the sate of Hyderabad vas ding he Niza eontinse ranigence that the Indian Use compelled ose ilsry force. “Operation Poo” a8 twas called, ook place, ad on Sexen T7 the Niza ceded ad signed resty of secezton othe Union af India See Babes Reva, The Indian Princes and Their Sate (Cambridge: Caroridge University Press, 200%), [20-2 Interestingly, the cae of Fonagah lio serves st. matkrofdiferene fron Go's intgrain intum suggests tho need to deve deepee int historia elation between British indi nd ie ‘ther ealaes to understand what happeced daring thes subsequent decolonization snipe ino the nian Union. Las the asf French lod i elvan here because Osh me. ‘comparison betwen te Portuese and Fench ese, wih tbe Feach Ul witdeavig nin in 1958, whereas he Portuese hel no Goa (and Daan al Di ntl 196, vi intun made the Gos Question Seem even those intervening years, 1954~ 3. The wotk of Hbel Hoineyeon Gandhi ands Tedian Qcean readers in inion Opionhis ‘been senna Se er “nd Ocean Lives an Letters” English in Alea 35 2008) 11-25 “imperial umbretlas” that fashioned new forms of colonial subjectivity, Took at _ ‘he wider implications of reading Gandhi on the topic of Goa and swvataj as a Indian Ocean concept with wider colonial reverberations, not only British Teansnational Hind "My language is aphotistic, it acks precision. I is therefore ope pretations:” Gandhi wrote.*In framing Hind Swaraj as the produet of transna- tional thinking, which can be extended to include a diversity of persons moving, within the Indian Ocean world, we must return briefly to the contest o its produe- tion n shaping Gandhi's writings and reflections. That Gandhi himself formed his Views on Hind —here the author deliberately chose its precolonial Arabie name to suggest less a determi -stale than avast indeterminate region across the Indus River—after living in colonial South Africa is significant for suggest- ing the ideological work that comparative life experiences have in shaping one’s, viewpoinis, be they politcal, philosophical, or ethical. Thus the writ ‘Swaraj can be scen as motivated by a number of dialogic sent | {ores of feeting”"’—national, imperial, anicolonial, global, religious, dietary, and _ psyelological—all operating simultaneously to develop less a specific code for how a determinate India should perceive itself than a general ethics for Hind as ‘mabstraction, epistemology, and reality, as moving across transhistorieal and Iransnational space-time in relation to distinet social worldings. Its in a similar ‘cin that Gandhi traveled by ship between England and South Africa as a Brit- “'shcolonial subject or that Gandhi subsequently used his travels in Portuguese “Mozambique to form his views on swara in relation to Goa, ‘Swaraj as a concept for Gandhi was about promoting a sense of sel-rule as ‘ied to self-control, outside the strictures of religious identification or geographical boundedness. In Hind Swaraj, Gandhi writes: “Ifthe Hindus believe that India (0 several inter: 4. thomas Metet. perl Connection: India inthe Indian Ocean Arena, 1860~1220(Weke ly University of California Press, 2007). While Metcalf looks at imperial connections between Bish India and rsh Aria, Vextend his argument wo look at imperial connections Between Pauguse Indi an Portogueso Ain anda operating within the sxne ceca phe 5 Rodeangsho Muherje, ed, The Gandhi Render (New You: Penguin Books, 1993), 5 6 Reymond Wiliams, "Stracuts of Feeling" in Marsom and Literature (New York: Oxford Urry Pres, 197), 28-135. In hie sty of cule, Willian ses this concept to characte Ihelned experience of ti quality of if at particule tie an places that sored generational lupecences shape subjective experience, A. Mohandas Karamcind Gandhi, "Hd Sara" and Other Writings Anny 3. Fae, 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 11Publ culture shut pol ony by Hinds, hy ivingin eaa-Fhe nh roar efuscsan ih Chine ke mae coe aetna hey hve oe ny only forts Cette wt acon nanan om eign sony cers vtec ii sy tie ee nomgrenlnla feces hastings, especie ee one indu, Muslim, Parsee, or Cheistian cas [argue ager ina Sone at future interpretation. He writes: ry opin, we hve wed the term Se i himself, Seven years later, Gandhi expressed the following wll pae ete tat my ie henceforth added global dimensions on the one: hundredth year anniversary of its publication and ‘one’s religious position as a there, regardless of one's colonial subjectivity or location In other words, the polities of colonialism constantly funct i under swaraj not Britain. In Inia ‘under swvaraj “Gans” will pride themselves in being ealled Indians. Why ‘ould they even now call themselves “Goans” whe they are born in Inds? India will not always remain vivisected into British, Portuguese, [ Freneh, et, but willbe one county although its pats may be under Aitterent systems of government. In any event India fre cannot deny freedom toauy son ofthe sul... For me an India which does not gua ante feedom tothe lowest of those born not merely within an artificial Toundary, but within is natural boundary isnot free Inia. Swara) for Goa ‘way around." “Lis history that makes geographies, and not the other way In this section, {look mote closely at Gandhi’s published comments on svat inrelation to the Goa Question, ast was often referred (0, in onder to beter und stand the kind of swaraj that Gandhi advocated for Goa and which for those Go Tndians moving between Portuguese India and Portuguese Mozambique had s are "sons ofthe sol,” with the Portuguese having merely created an artificial indary within India. Gandhi even questions the extent to which these “sons 12. This ance is simultaneously an aempt to reread Hind Suara) 26 statement ofthe para- io ecolonizaion—vhat st how to atin, under what condone, and for whoa? Tah ying to problenatize decolonization by looking at it as 2 Gandhian theory versus its patie aon othe Gos case, 13. ChanriChaura was arog event in 1922 and signaled Gandhi's calling off his noncopera rvenent na efort to return to ths fld ef novinence fr the greater Hin. For elon. ing ofthis event a its aflermah, see Sishid Amin, Event Metaphor, Mestory: Chon Cy, 1922-1992 (Berkely: Univesity of California Pret, 1995). The Cellected Works of Mahaime Gandhi, vl. 2, October 1929- February 1930 (New Bhi Goverment of India, Ministry of laforiation sal sndeasting, Publication Division ad 1970), 318 am Yo ii, December 26, 1929 canis Sr 52-55 2a Ht Sr. ; 2a as ate hands ted eocly sic eon enn enya tetera inigncs o My eion aoe sm Compton Th Cotati of Mons i (ae tt Maioyo Tea ana caasbm Tp, Wie sae teh HSER) Uc fhe Waterson, lane yan 700) 35 a4Publi co of the soil” identity themselves as Goan versus I distintion, ‘Similar viewpoints by Gandhi published later nize the complexities of the Goan colonial situation by suggesting that the cane wilyguese were on Indian soil by mere sufferance of the British is to belie the 60, Hongstanding role thatthe Portuguese had in Goa as well as the particularities of nial governmentality, which promoted much fluidity (in terms of people, {deas) between Portuguese India and Portuguese East Aftica over the durée, including Mozambique Province'sindireet rule from Goa until the the inhabitants of Goa “against their will”! In 1946, on another public ocrasa Gandhi urges the Portuguese o “recognize the signs ofthe times” and "ou honourable terms” with its inhabitants.6 He goes s0 far as to cite the ex ‘of Pondicherry as standing “in striking contrast” to the Goa case, for thee “French Governor has encouraged the people to throw i their fot with the ea in British India”? ‘ Gandhi was also prompted by reporters to say that he was invested i ul his influence to “see that the Indian National Congress is interested in Goa aah that Goa comes on the map of India.” On the question of Catholicism yi Hinduism in Portuguese India, Gandhi states that the “differences of rig among the inhabitants of Goa should be no bar to common civil life: Hea ‘advocates that the Goan people should “shed their fear of the Portuguese Gi ferment as the people of the other parts of India have shed fear of the nig tothe Ga ease. Not only does he rss the Pot uese governor as British government In other words, according to Gandhi, the Portuguese ‘and reference their amicable epistolary correspondence atthe outset, the Goans should learn by example from British India, whose colonial stb ay Martin, Dignan ob "were actively fighting for a free Hind.2! That this transnational thinker do {Gandhi also advocates that swaraj for Portuguese Tndia must frst await swaraj ish India, He writes: “Goa's freedom is bound to follow India’s freedom, little perhaps the people of Goa need do for that today:"?» Moreover, it is ler seasoned and awakened” British India that the people of Goa must rly aitain self-rule at some later date. Interestingly, Gandhi suggested this 15,The Goleta Works of Mahotna Gon, ol, Api 14, 146-July 15, 46 Nex Government oft, Ministry of Information and Breaestng, Publications Division adi ivan Trost, 1981), 373 Hat [ttement ade in New Dei, Jane 26, 1946, rom Har 3, 1946 16, Collected Work of Mahatma Gandhi, 4373-140. 17. Collected Works of Mahuta Gandhi vl. 85, July 16, 1946—Ccrobe 20,1046 (Ne Covet of Indi, Misty of Infrmation and Brondeatng, Pblicatins Divina Jivan Trost, 1982, 151158 rom Sevagram, August 12, 1946) Bven as Gandhi suggest hil rent yorernoe general i ore cooperative than the Portuguese, he makes no further dis between the cass of Pondihery and Goa, This yet another comparative polt worth de and soggcsts Con’ inblly to aderstend the particulars of diferent colonial gore ties on Indian sil Portuguese, Preach) precisely as cull projects of convo, s compart Brin cnte 1, Collected Works of Matra Gand, 8407 (rom ind, Bly 5, 1946. 18. Collected Works of Mohta Gani, B4:573-S1a46L 20. Collected Works of Mohatrs Gri, 4373-37408. 21 Yet another historical and sceclogieal complication that Gandhi fils to addesis el ruber of Gosns (both Cathal Hind) ving within the borders of Betis Inia te onmeniy having sted i Rony starting fom the nreteenh centr. would bei {elect whee thay possibly Rt ine eoneepion of sae, Port Ste Hoaventra de Sousa fd Incident os, “THeween Prospero nnd Caliban: Colonialism, Foseao- ro-rsilion Revie 3,0, 2(2002) 9-3, | Collecied Work of Mehatua Gadi 85:50 (No.4, Sateen 1th Pres, Panchgaa, July 6 sack Fadi Princes and Ter Start, 220-21. Up unit the late 19305 Gavi was tothe case of the Princely Sates advocating nosntererence moc gene. fCalecied Works ofMahetva Gard 5109-10 (No. 112, Leer tothe Governce Geneva elas, August2, 1946), 36 adbie cutre ‘withdraw all the African police [from Goa] liberty, and caste distinctions”; and, if possible, “invite from Greater India more experienced Thdians to ait the inhabitants and even you in framing such Government” (10910). Peshaps st some future point, Gandhi goes on to sugges, the governor general will “even tet the inhabitants of Goa frame their own government” (109-10). He signs off * yours" this fiend the governor general (109-10) Just 8 Gandhi used his xp ronces of living and traveling in South Africa to develop transnational philoso py ofselfrule for Hind, he ses his travels to Mozambique to develo hi ides for swaraj fora deterritorialized Goa, Not only does he suggest that race relation’. | {interestngly, among, Portuguese, Africans, and Indians) eee poor based on whet he has seen in Portuguese Mozambique —thus going ageinst the larger tide of 27—-but hc wholly condemns Portuguese colonialism specific “yale of terror” Tis last comment petaps neluding as well his different strae- istn(s) His isa tactical argument ties of comparison to make a .d Portuguese India. Howes, Insotropicalismo? Goa, going so far as to deseribe itas a ‘underlines Gandhi's (colonial) liberalis gies for reading Portuguese and British colonia for he uses his experiences of travel and the stronger ease for self-rule in imperially connecte nadhi’s concerns at this time appear focused less on attaining independenc tram the fet that civil iberties have been denied in that colonial space ad thatit is op tothe Portaguese, “strangers on Indian soi” (109—10), as wel fe vitor experienced Indians” to assist in Goa's eventual swat Gandhi ins ensenisundertands Gon's contentions and complicated position on dian sl sea must be given credit for recognizing Goans as fully Indian an eat poles that was les clear to many oer polcians at this time loeted ba Jide and outside Goa, That Gandhi does not apply his own dictates of sward) {0 Portuguese India sevesling—for his ideas on one lve promoted the conn tnigenton of mostly Catholi Goan Indians to Portuguese Mozambique thu ais tamultzous period in Gon's (and thus Tn) colonial history Irn explored elsewhere in more depth However, Gandhi's views can as 21. asthe Brain soso Gierto Tree's idea of astro romcted na popularize nde ihe regimeof Anion de Oliva Sal motor wana ses ee big fora as compa tthes rie, Sanh Fa fase colon esto Pepe, The Mestee a the Slaves: A Study in the Development of rl {Cintetion 183] (New York: Random Hoos, 1968) i os of Mahatna Gund, vl 8, July 16, 146~October 20, 946 (New DE Gomes of dia: Minis of Information and Broadcasting, Publications Division nt Ni Caan 1982) 15taN38 [from Sergrom, Anges 2, 1946) rere aon, Hind Gujrat nana were also migrating to Portugese Rast Ae ate pons nave ocd en the sate of Gora, See ania Guys, "The Dsgil pe _ te nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for reasons of economies and li “India and Portuguese seta gully sift adi a ot atin ite, What nova pts ess city une Gers ne el an ments. In his erasure of the transnational ‘ Io sen complexities of artaguse elo tt tsi sn ei he rn ‘Me et ns es ena ee oh staan wither ein ate ste 1s in much the “ . E sme wy tht bso mp saint ite allowed es impei tome vss Engen Sut ica to “hoods, Goan Indi i too were on the move, plang between Portuptee Aes, very chat by eal andl _ tics of location." Particularly in light of Gandhi's viewpoints on swaraj in G alpen on tone han but : oe ha bu contador nt teria i advent fst mgt hrs Gouna eee the ansnational complenities of swaraj in the Goa minority ease. Their mobil ils make us rink wha constited home ote Ian, How mpc ion Dh ws fi yn onc beens - “ambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 2009), 123 ~48. aa S31 Metcalf, Imperial Connections,2-9, on‘multiplicity that was eolonial India served, in some sense, to initially pluraize ‘swataj for Gandhi, Moreover, by differentiating the Goa case from others includ ing the French at Pondicherry and the Princely States), this transnational thinker also succeeded in avoiding statist view of polities more generally. Last, Gandhi’ ‘Somewhat contradictory dealings with the Goa Question are illustrative ofthe di ficulty of determining swaraj in a discontinuous geography such as Hing, SSwarajin the interim, 1 1955 a British jouenalist, writing forthe London Sunday Times, stated that “the fear ofa disaster far worse than Chauri Chaura hangs over Goa today." 1 find this reference to Gandhi and Chauri Chaura revealing in ration to the large: Gos | ‘Question, Not only does this journalist soticit some sort of nonviolent interven toattain Goa’ colonial independence from Portugal six years before it was acl ally to take place, but he or she suggests the ways that Gandhi’ views on swaryjin relation to Goa— prophetic and disquieting atthe same time—were not wit consequence. For even in death, Gan continued to fundamentally shape the publie discourse on Goa's colonial future. That Goa’s independence from tugal would (ake place only in 1961, and through force, nonetheless, on the pil ‘of Jawahaclal Nehru's government, fighting against Portuguese soldiers, na of them conscripted from Mozambique and stationed in Goa as Gandhi accurately described in his earlier letter to the Portuguese governor-gene ‘gests both his insights and his inability to fully grasp the con {and by implication decolonization in relation tothe Goa case, including the pe cisely anti-Gandhian manner by which Portuguese India experi io a now independent Hind, That the aftermath of 1961 also saw the etum some Goans to India from Portuguese Mozambique both reinforces and compl: cates my central thesis, which demands much interpretive work still Te equites us to extend both our reading of Hind Swaraj and our understanding of Hind include those Indian colonial subjects traversing a wider Indian Ocean world also privileges a transformation of swaraj into a teuly transnational terran further political and ethical thought, one more attuned to its affective regis: 2, Say Ties London), August 12,1955 no "poieal argue Gandhi's Progressive Disillusionment: = Thumbs, Fingers, and the Rejection of Scientific Modernism in Hind Swaraj Keith Breckenridge . Gandhi wrote Hind Swaraj—the anticolonial manifesto. at defined him as one ofthe key politcal actors of the twentieth century—after six ears of struggle over the fingerprint registration of Indians inthe Transvaal iis Title book is an angry disayowal of the political benefits of late-nineteenth- entury progressivism — the widely held view that advances in industry and sei- Were leading to better societies and better individuals, Where progressives Atolled the benefits of modern medicine, Gandhi saw new opportunities for nero they celebrated the efficiencies and time-saving of long-distance rail nsport and the telegraph, he found sources of conflict and disease; where they Applauded the social benefits of modern education, Gandhi worried that sym pat of self. etic morality was being overturned by a “clear, cold, logie engin: Heres! This rejection of the apparent benefits of progress became the distinc live clement of Gandhi's politics after May 1908, but it has few precedents in his the previous decades? "Many scholars have commented on the extraordinary change in his polities In this period, and some have pointed to the special role that the struggle with the Transvaal state played in the development of his political philosophy.> But IsMoandss Karamchand Gandhi, "Mind Swaraj” and Other Writings, ed, Anthony J Patel (Coniidge: Cambridge University Pres, 1997), 10. 2 The mos ileal stay of Gandhi's an ogessive views is Partha Chatexee Notional Thoxght and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse (Lonlon: Zed Books, 1986) 8 igh estes the misleading impression that the views Gand presen Hind Swera Wer el 2, Surendca Bhana ad Geol Vahed, The Making ofa Ptrcal Reformer: Gandhi in South ses, 1699-1914 (New Delhi: Menahar, 2005), 19; Paul F. Power, “Gandhi in South Ais: Cote232 covomslotopesy N64 spy oy Dike Univers Pes