Module in Com. Immersion

Chapter 1 Introduction to Community Immersion
Overview
This chapter presents the concept of community immersion that provides an
opportunity to apply an academic learning to real life events. Builds relationships and 'social
connectedness' with peers and adults, and exposes students to diversity and multiculturalism.
Improves lifelong communication, interpersonal and critical thinking skills. Students will undergo
this process as part of their regiment, a glimpse of varied communities is acquired. One may
see that other communities could be different from the type of community where he/she lives.
General objectives
1. Discuss the meaning of community immersion, its classification and strengths.

2. Explain the types of communities and its characteristics.
3. Internalize some personal gains from community immersion.
Lesson 1. Community, Types of Communities and Classification of Communities

Pre-discussion
In this lesson, we will start the word community from the different perspective.
Community is a social unit with commonality such as norms, religion, values, customs
or identity. This will include the different types of communities that people share same
interest or passion brought together by geographical boundaries and undertake the
same activities. It also focused on the characteristics of urban and rural communities
and sectoral communities that includes the voluntary or non-profit sector.
Specific Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students can:
1. Define community from different perspectives.
2. Explain the importance and benefits of community immersion.
3. Analyze the different types of communities and its functions to the society.
Lesson Outline
What is community?
Community a group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties,
share common perspectives, and engage in joint action in geographical locations or settings.
What is the concept of community?
A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as

norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense of place
situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, town, or neighbourhood) or
in virtual space through communication platforms.
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Different types of communities.
1. Interest. Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.
2. Action. Communities of people trying to bring about change.
3. Place. Communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries.
4. Practice. Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the same
activities.
5. Circumstance. Communities of people brought together by external
events/situations.
Types of Communities
1. Formal communities
2. Informal communities
3. Urban communities
4. Rural communities
5. Global communities
6. Sectoral communities
7. Social Space communities
Formal Communities. Engage in joint activities and discussion, help each other, and
share information with each other; they care about their standing with each other.
Examples of formal communities

▪ Eco-villages
▪ Co-housing communities
▪ Co-ops communities
▪ Religious communities
Informal Communities. Consists of a set of personal relations, social networks, common

interest and emotional sources of motivation.
Examples of formal communities

▪ Academic communities
▪ Recreation communities
▪ Retirement communities.
3. Urban Communities. Large in terms of land area & population, advanced in science &
technology, with favourable physical environment and & diverse cultures, and the
people are engaged in various occupations.
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Characteristics of urban communities
▪ Advancement in science and technology

▪ Many business establishments, recreational centres, educational and religious
institutions
▪ People are crowded
▪ Social heterogeneity
▪ Class extremes
▪ Greater pollution
▪ Many crimes are committed
▪ Family ties tend to be weak
▪ Limited space
▪ Greater impersonality among neighbours
▪ Higher standard of living
▪ Shortage of employment
▪ Informal settlers are rampant
▪ A lot of hazards and dangers
▪ Greater number of separation of spouses and live- in arrangements
▪ Major occupations are industrial, administrative and professional
▪ Divisions of labor and occupational specialization are very much common
. 4. Rural Communities. Usually produce their own food for subsistence.
Characteristics of rural communities
▪ Greater personal interaction

▪ Deep, long-term relationships
▪ Generally, peace and order exists
▪ Mutual give and take affairs
▪ Emphasis of shared values
▪ Vernacular is usually spoken
▪ Wider area
▪ Influence of blood relationships in decision making
▪ Homogenous type of culture
▪ Belief in supernatural and superstitious beliefs
▪ Relationship is more personal and informal
▪ Less pollution
▪ Few establishments and institutions
▪ Few goods and services `
5. Global Communities. It is the international aggregate of nation-states.
Global communities
▪ World Community
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▪ Common point of view towards issues of human rights, global warming and climate
change, peace and order, socio-economic conditions as well as disputed issues such as
territorial conflict.
Sectoral Communities. Include the voluntary sector or non-profit sector
Sectoral communities
▪ Voluntary, non-profit and non-governmental
▪ Also called third sector (in contrast to public and private sector)
▪ NGOs: Non-governmental organization
7. Social Space Communities. Based on social spaces
Social space communities

▪ a social space is a physical or virtual space
▪ Physical: social canter, gathering place, town squares, parks, pubs, shopping
▪ Virtual: online social media, websites
Characteristics of social spaces
▪ People gather at information grounds for a primary purpose other than information
sharing
▪ Attended by different social types
▪ Social interaction is a primary activity
▪ Information occurs in many directions
▪ Information is used in alternative ways
▪ Many sub-contexts exist; together they form grand context
Assessment Task:
True or False
Assess whether the statements in column A are true or false. In column B, write
T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
A B
1. Communities of people brought together by geographic
boundaries
2. Community is a group of people with diverse characteristics who
are linked by social ties, share common perspectives, and engage in
joint action in geographical locations or settings.
3. Global communities is the international aggregate of nation-

states.
4. Sectorial communities include the voluntary sector or non-profit
sector.
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5. Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the
same activities.
6. Formal communities are consists of a set of personal relations,

social networks, common interest and emotional sources of
motivation.
7. Rural communities usually produce their own food for

subsistence.
8. Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.
9. Communities of people trying to bring about change.

10. People gather at information grounds for a primary purpose
other than information sharing.
Essay: Answer the following questions.
1. Describe your community. Why you consider it in such type of community?
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2. Study the characteristics of the community by:
a. Gathering information on the history of the community.
b. Gathering information on diverse cultural factors that unite or divide the

community.
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Rubric for Essay
Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Poor
Content Completely Discussed Somehow Does not show
discussed the significantly shows any relevant
characteristics the relevant community
of the characteristics community information on
community of the information on diverse
and the community diverse cultural factors
information on and the cultural to unite or
diverse information on factors to divide the
cultural factors diverse unite or divide community
to unite or cultural factors the
divide the to unite or community
community divide the
community
Quality The discussion The discussion Tries to Unprepared
of essay had of essay present good and does not
exerted efforts exerted efforts explanation exhibit any
and prepared and somehow but somehow effort in the
extraordinary prepared in lacks the written
results in the the written efforts in their presentation
written presentation written
presentation presentation
Presentation Presented a Provided Able to The written
very information in present essay
informative the study and information in presented is
and critical somehow the study but not informative
study made attempts it lacks and has no
to provide insightful critical
critical discussion. analysis.
analysis
Depth of The essay The essay The essay The essay
discussion discussion is discussion is discussion is discussion
very thorough. clear acceptable. lacks depth
and
thoroughness.
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Lesson 2 Community Immersion
Pre-discussion
The heart of the course is the actual immersion in the community. The concept
learned and the preliminary activities like importance and benefits of community
immersion, the personal gains from community immersion. When volunteering students
enjoy a sense of personal satisfaction knowing that they are making difference in other
peoples’ lives. They also gain a sense of connection to their community.
Specific Objectives
1. Define and explain the concept of community immersion.
2. Identify and discuss the classification of community.
3. Assess the elements of community strength.
Lesson Outline
What is community immersion?
Community immersion provides an opportunity for students to work with a
community which may not be of their own. It simply makes students to become aware of
the social, cultural and economic aspects of living which make the activity different from
an extension work. Hence, as students should get into the process, they will not only
learn to deal with people but also learn management and group dynamics.
What is the importance of community immersion?
Community immersion allows individuals who are not familiar with the people
and communities where they will work immerse themselves in these settings. This gives
them the opportunity to reflect on their assumptions, attitudes, and the knowledge base
of their profession and to gain cultural competence.
The long term benefit of community immersion.
Enhanced cognitive development and capabilities. Greater facility with English
and linguistics in general (they can learn other languages easily) Improved academic
performance throughout the school years. A sense of accomplishment and a higher
level of motivation for learning.
Personal gains from community immersion
When volunteering, students enjoy a sense of personal satisfaction, knowing that
they're making a difference in other peoples' lives. It also teaches them more about
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themselves and introduces them to new friends. They also gain a sense of connection
to their community.
Why is proposal in the community immersion important?

This will give you better understanding of different phases to communicate to
the community and how to react in every situation it is facing. Thus, the
project proposal of the students should be an answer or a solution the community need
for a specific and identified community or social problem.
Classification of community
1. Independent community is characterized as being self-sufficient, isolated, and
small in population and having simple technology.
2. Dependent community revolved around a network of intercommunity exchange
relations, has a large population, and advances complex technology.
According to Flora (1990) the following characteristics of “entrepreneurial” communities:
1. Accept controversy as normal;
2. Depersonalize politics;
3. Emphasize academics rather than sports;
4. Take risks;
5. Willing to tax themselves;
6. Willing to risk private capital;
7. Define community flexibly;
8. Develop outside linkages; and
9. Have a flexible and shared leadership.
Sixteen Elements of Community Strength
1. Altruism. The proportion of, and degree to which individuals are ready to
sacrifice benefits to themselves for the benefit of the community as a whole (as
reflected in the degrees of generosity, humility, personal sacrifice, communal
pride, mutual supportiveness, loyalty, concern, camaraderie, sister/brotherhood).
2. Communal Services. Facilities and services such as roads, markets, potable

water, access to education, and health services that can have sustainable and
access to public services for the members of the community.
3. Common Values. The degree to which members of the community share

values, especially the idea that they belong to a common entity that supersedes
the interest of members within it.
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4. Communications. Within a community, and between itself and outside,
communication includes roads, electronic method (like telephone, radio, TV,
Internet), printed media (newspapers, magazines, books), networks, mutually
understandable languages, literacy and the willingness and ability to
communicate in general.
5. Confidence. The quality of being certain of an individual on how much

confidence is shared among the community as a whole? Like positive attitudes,
willingness, self -motivation, enthusiasm, optimism, self-reliance rather than
dependency attitudes, willingness to fight for its rights, avoidance of apathy and
fatalism, a “vision” of what is possible.
6. Context. An environment that supports strengthening includes political and

administrative elements, and the legal environment.
7. Information. The ability to process and analyse information, the level of

awareness, knowledge and wisdom found among key individuals and within the
group as a whole.
8. Intervention. The extent and effectiveness of animation aimed at strengthening

the community? Do outside or internal sources of charity increase the level of
dependency and weaken the community, or do they challenge the community to
act and therefore become stronger? Is the intervention sustainable or does it
depend upon decisions by outside donors which have different goals and
agendas than the community itself?
9. Leadership. Leaders have power to influence, and the ability to move the
community. The most effective and sustainable leadership is one that follows the
decisions and desires of the community as a whole, taking and enabling and
facilitating role. Leaders must possess skills, willingness, honesty and some
charisma.
10. Networking. Not just “what you know” but who you know.” What is the extent to
which community members, especially leaders, who can provide useful
resources that will strengthen the community as a whole? The useful linkages,
potential and realized, within the community and with others outside it.
11. Organization. The degree to which different members of the community see
themselves as each having a role in supporting the whole including
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organizational integrity, structure, procedures, decision making process,
effectiveness, division of labour and complementarily of roles and functions.
12. Political Power. The degree to which the community can participate in national
and district decision making. Just an individual have varying power within a
community, so communities have varying power and influence within the district
and nation.
13. Skills. The ability, manifested in individuals, that will contribute to the
organization of the community and the ability of it to get things done that it wants
to get done, technical skills, management skills, within the district and nation.
14. Trust. The degree to which members of the community trust each other,
especially their leaders and community servants, which in turn is a reflection of
the degree of integrity (honesty, dependability, openness, transparency,
trustworthiness) within the community.
15. Unity. A shared of belonging to a known entity, although every community has
divisions or schisms (religious, class, status, income, age, gender, ethnicity, &
clans), the degree to which community members are willing to tolerate the
differences and variations among each other and are willing to cooperate and
work together, a sense of a common purpose or vision, shared values.
16. Wealth. The degree to which the community as a whole has control over actual
and potential resources, and the production and distribution of scarce and useful
goods and services, monetary and non- monetary (including donated labour,
land, equipment, supplies, knowledge, & skills).
Community Building Stages (Peck, 1987)

Pseudo community: This is a stage where people pretend to have a balanced and
open friendship with one another, and cover up their differences, by acting as if the
differences do not exist. Pretending differences don’t exist, and pseudo community, can
never directly lead to True Community; so the goal is to maintain open
communication and a commitment to celebrating diversity so people can spend as little
time as possible in this “pretend” stage of community.
Chaos: When pseudo community fails to work, the members start falling upon each
other, giving vent to their mutual disagreements and differences. This is a period of
chaos. It is a time when the people in the community realize that differences cannot
simply be ignored. Chaos looks counterproductive but it is the first genuine step towards
Community building.
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Emptiness: After chaos comes emptiness. At this stage, the people learn to empty
themselves of those ego related factors that are preventing their entry into Community.
Emptiness is a tough step because it involves the death of a part of the individual (ego).
But, Peck argues, this death paves the way for the birth of a new creature, the
Community.
True Community: Having worked through emptiness, the people in Community are in

complete empathy with one another. There is a great level of tacit understanding.
People are able to relate to each other’s feelings. Discussions, even when heated,
never get sour, and motives are not questioned.
This is why we are committed to True Community. It is the place where people shine the
brightest and the most profound healing and growth emanate.
Summary
Community is a group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by

social ties, share common perspectives, and engage in joint action in geographical
locations or settings. There are different types of communities like their interest, action,
place, practice, and circumstances, in which people share the same interest or passion.
People trying to bring about change brought together by geographical boundaries.
Thus, people persuaded by external events or situations.
The characteristics of a true community are true inclusivity, no one is exclusive or
excluded. There must be a commitment, the group must commit themselves to one
another to become community. The more community has of each of the above element,
the stronger it is, the more capacity it has, and the more empowered it is.
There are classifications of community, elements of community and community
building stages which are important in the community immersion.
The benefits of community immersion is to enhanced cognitive development
capabilities. Improved academic performance throughout the school years. A sense of
accomplishment and a higher level of motivation.
When volunteering, students enjoy a sense of personal satisfaction, knowing that
they're making a difference in other peoples' lives. Therefore, the experiences of
immersing oneself in a community will give him/her rewarding results when he/she
becomes a teacher in the future. It gives a better idea on how to adapt his previous
experiences with the present community he/she works in.
Assessment Tasks:
Multiple Choice: Circle the letter of the correct answer.
1. The degree to which the community can participate in national and district
decision making.
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A. Political power C. Political will
B. Political agenda D. Political arena
2. The degree to which the community as a whole has control over actual and
potential resources, and the production and distribution of scarce and useful
goods and services, monetary and non- monetary.
A. Property C. Wealth
B. Money D. Land
3. An environment that supports strengthening includes political and administrative
elements, and the legal environment.
A. Information C. Context
B. Communication D. Direction
4. Leaders have power to influence, and the ability to move the community.
A. Charisma C. Politician
B. Leadership D. Persuasion
5. It provides an opportunity for students to work with a community which may not
be of their own.
A. Community immersion C. Community consultation
B. Community orientation D. Community project
6. There is a great level of tacit understanding. People are able to relate to each
other’s feelings. Discussions, even when heated, never get sour, and motives are
not questioned.
A. Altruism C. True community
B. Sense of pride D. Cooperation
7. It is a time when the people in the community realize that differences cannot
simply be ignored.
A. Conflict C. Hatred
B. Grudges D. Chaos
8. The quality of being certain of an individual on how much confidence is shared
among the community as a whole.
A. Trust C. Kindness
B. Confidence D. Perseverance
9. The ability to process and analyse information, the level of awareness,
knowledge and wisdom found among key individuals and within the group as a
whole.
A. Information C. Wisdom
B. Knowledge D. Ability
10. It is characterized as being self-sufficient, isolated, and small in population and
having simple technology.
A. Community immersion C. Independent community
B. Immersion D. Community
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Essay: Answer the following questions.
1. What are the importance and benefits of community immersion?
2. Describe the controversy and issues happening in your community you learned and
how will you resolve these issues?
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3. Draw the physical or political map of your community to include its demographic
profile.
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RUBRIC
Content Shows a full Shows a good Shows a good Does not seem
understanding understanding understanding to understand
of the topic of the topic of some parts the topic very
of the topic well
Quality The discussion The discussion The discussion The discussion
of the topic had of the topic of the topic of the topic
exerted efforts was interesting gives some gives no new
and prepared and somewhat information but information
extraordinary informative and in poorly and very poorly
results, organized. organized organized.
informative and manner.
well-organized.
Presentation Presented a Provide Able to present The written
very information in information in essay is not
informative and the study and the study but it informative has
critical study, somehow lacks insightful no critical
attempts to discussion analysis.
provide critical
analysis.
discussion discussions is discussion is discussion is discussion
very thorough clear. acceptable lacks depth &
thoroughness.
References:
Almeda, R. et. al. (2002). Community Immersion. West Visayas State University Press,
Philippines.
Conteras, A. P., Dela Cruz, A. D., Erasga, D. S., Fadrigon, C. C. and Mactal, R. B.
(2016). Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Kendall, S. (1987). The Barangay as Community in the Philippines. Retrieved from

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43618621
Peck, N. (1987). Community Building Stages. Retrieved from

onecommunityglobal.org/stages-of-community-building/
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Rich Blog (2010). Different Types of Communities. Retrieved from
feverbee.com/different-types-of-communities/
Villareal, M. (N.D.). The Filipino Family Today. A Sociological Perspective. Adamson

University.
Chapter 2 Sociological Considerations
Overview
A person is a social being, born into a group, and lives in a social group.
Social groups are essential to a person’s existence. From the group, one
acquires hi/her social identity and depends on it for his/her physical,
psychological, emotional and spiritual needs. Hence, social groups not only
influence people’s lives but also affect the structure of the society.
General Objectives
1. Examine and explain the concept of group.

2. Identify and discuss the factors that influence the groups in their social needs,
desires, interest and social activities.
3. Distinguish and discuss the most important primary groups in education.
Lesson 1. Concepts of Group, Factors that Influence Groups and Types of Social
Groups
Pre-discussion
A group is basically an assemblage of people. It can be understood as a

collection of individuals, who come together and interact with each other, so as to
achieve the objectives of the organization. It also focused on the factors that influence
an individuals in attaining their group goals as guided by a set of norms. The types of
social groups in which social groups vary in size, quality of group interaction, purpose,
structure, or combinations of these. One criterion for the classification of groups is the
character of the social interaction obtained in the group.
Specific Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student can:
1. Explain the concept of group.

2. Examine and discuss the factors that influence an individuals in attaining their
group goals.
3. Illustrate and assess the types of social groups in the society.
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Lesson Outline
Concept of Group
A group is composed of two or more persons who have something in
common, are interacting with each other, and are guided by a set of norms. As guided
by their norms, members of a group interact recurrently and take each other into
account. As they interact with one another, their interactions become patterned. Once
the patterned has been established, it becomes the guide and controlling element in
their behaviour.
Factors that Influence Groups
Motivational base shared by individuals. The motives for social group formation
cover the entire range of social needs, desires, interest, noble activities, insecurities or
problem and even nefarious activities. Exposed to the same experiences and situation,
a number of people are able to secure through group action.
1. Size of the group. The size of a group may range from two a million members.
When group has two members, it is called a dyad, as in a friendship group. As
the group increases in number, the type of interaction is affected. Among these
are the division of labour, the group structure, the type of leadership, and the
communication pattern.
2. Type of group goals. A group will develop structural forms that will facilitate the
achievement of its goals and block structural forms that will slow down the pursuit
of its goals.
3. The kind of group cohesion. Group cohesion refers to the degree to which the
members of a group have the ability to function and interact together towards the
pursuit of their goals. Group cohesion may be said to be influenced by size,
goals, and the possibility of attaining the goals of the group.
Types of Social Groups
Social groups vary in size, quality of group interaction, purpose, structure, or

combinations of these. One criterion for the classification of groups is the character
of the social interaction obtained in the group as can be seen from such established
classifications as:
1. Primary and secondary groups;

2. In-group and out-group;
3. Gemeinschaft and gesselschaft; and
4. Formal and informal groups
Primary and Secondary Groups
The primary Group. The intimate, personal face to face relationship found among
members of the family, friends and associates. This was introduced by Charles Cooley
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in 1609. The primary group are the initial groups that a person joins and they provide
him/her with experiences in social relations.
The primary group is the basic universal human relationship. Cooley calls this
group the “nursery of human nature” where there is a fusion of personalities in the
common whole which we call the “we feeling.”
The three most important primary groups in the education process are:
1. The family. This is the greatest agent in the early socializing and learning
process in the child’s life. This is the primary group where he spends almost one-
third to one half of his time even after he goes to school. Initial knowledge,
habits, values and behaviour are acquired in the home. The family is the most
important reference group a person can have.
2. The neighbourhood group. The neighbourhood influence is the early step in

inculcating the habits, attitudes, and values of the child by either reinforcing and
strengthening those which were learned in the home, or by producing some
confusion and conflict in the mind of the child. The neighbourhood group
influence is the early step in the education process found in the peer group.
3. The school. This group exerts a direct influence on the development of the
personality of the child. Hence, the school, as a social system, operates on
certain formal structure and learning becomes purposive and direct.
The Secondary Group. Distinct from the primary groups are the secondary groups in
which interactions among the members are impersonal, business like, contractual, and
casual. The composition of the group is heterogeneous, and membership is numerous
and widespread. The focus of this group is the development of skills and specialized
know how, enabling members of the group to perform effectively and thus contribute to
the efficient functioning of society.
The relationships are valuable only insofar as they facilitate the attainment of
one’s end or objectives. Sentiments do not enter into the relationship.
Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft
Gemeinschaft is a community of intimate, private, and exclusive living and

familism. The activities, interests, and personalities of the members centre on the large
family groups and neighbours. Members are bound to the community and work for its
interests. There is a high degree of conformity with the norms, values, moral ideas, and
other expectations of the group.
Gesselschaft is “public life” or the world itself. This type of group is characterized
by impersonal, secondary, contractual, rationalized relationships. Members are guided
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by the “rational will” characterized by forethought and deliberation. The members co-
exist but are independent of one another. Relationships are guided by specific rules and
determined by business like agreement.
Informal and Formal Groups
Informal group arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more

persons. It is unplanned, has no explicit rules for membership, and does not have
specific objectives to be attained. It has the characteristics of the primary groups and
members are bound by emotions and sentiments.
Formal groups are deliberately formed, and their purpose and objectives are
explicitly defined. Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labour is based on
members’ ability or merit. Formal organizations are important in industrialized, complex
societies. These societies are able to meet their most fundamental needs and seek their
collective goals through these organizations. Individual members may come and go, but
these organizations will continue to function.
Groups are classified according to self-identification as:
1. The In-Group. This is the group with which the individual identifies and gives him
a sense of belonging, solidarity, camaraderie, esprit de corps, and a protective
attitude toward the other members. In this type of group where the individual
learn the use of “me” and “we”. The members know each other intimately and
share common norms, activities, goals, and background.
2. The Out-Group. This a group toward which one has a feeling of indifference,
strangeness, avoidance, dislike, antagonism, and even hatred. An individual will
avoid contact with out-groups rather than exhibit antagonism towards them.
3. The Peer Group. Peer has two connotations. One refers to age level peer group
and other professional peer group. An age group is composed of young boys and
girls or young men and women of the same sex and age. A professional peer
group is composed of persons of the same profession or work.
4. The Reference Group or Idolized Group. This simply a group of professionals

whom an individual idolizes. The Central aspect of the reference group is
identification rather than actual membership. For instance, if an individual
admires a lawyer, he tries to observe how a lawyers behave in a courtroom and
in social circles. He tries to conform the behaviour, attitudes and values of
lawyers and aspire to be one. Idolized groups are important because they exert a
strong influence upon an individual in the formation of his habits, values, conduct,
and in the pursuit of his life aspiration, or ambition.
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5. Voluntary Associations. Any kind of formal organization in which membership is
voluntary. They are formally organized in the sense that they elect a set of
officers that would run the associations. Most associations have local
membership, some have provincial, regional, national, and even international
membership like the Rotary Club and the Lions International.
Assessment Tasks
A. Complete the chart.
Groups are classified according to self-identification

Groups are classified Basic features in terms Give example to
according to self- of feelings of illustrate the
identification belongingness explanation
In-group
Out-group
Peer group
Reference group or
idolized group
Voluntary associations
B. Essay: Answer the following questions.
1. What is a typical Filipino family?
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2. How has social change affected the family?
3. What constitutes your family?
RUBRIC
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of the topic well
well-organized.
Presentation Presented a
Provide Able to present The written
informative and the study and the study but it informative has
critical study, somehow lacks insightful no critical
provide critical
analysis.
thoroughness.
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Lesson 2. The Family, Forms of Marriage and Social hange and the Filipino
family.
Pre-discussion
Family is the social institution and the primary group in society. Families vary
from culture to culture, while marriage is an important institutional element of the family.
It is the cultural mechanism that ensures its continuity. However, social change and the
Filipino family in which the Philippines is undergoing many changes. These have been
brought about by a number of factors which have had profound effects on the family.
Among with these are the geographical mobility, increasing population, increasing
industrialization and urbanization, and education, the changed status and role of the
Filipino woman, and the diffusion of the mass media.
Specific Objectives
1. Explain the connection between family and marriage.

2. Relate and discuss the Filipino family structures.
3. Examine and analyse some social changes of the Filipino family in the present
situation.
Lesson Outline
The Family
Family is the social institution and the primary group in the society. Families vary from
culture to culture. Family is defined as a group of persons united by ties of marriage,
blood or adoption, constituting a single household, interacting and communicating each
other in their respective roles of husband and wife, mother and father, son and
daughter, brother and sister, and creating and maintaining a common culture.
People marry for a combination of reasons:
24
- Love
- Economic and emotional security
- Parents’ wishes
- Escape from loneliness or unhappy home situation
- Companionship
- Protection adventure
- Common interest
The Family Code of the Philippines, which became effective on August 3, 1988, define
marriage as social contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered
into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life.
Forms of Marriage
Monogamy permits a man to take only one spouse at a time. It has an advantage over
polygamy as it offers a more balanced division of labor and minimizes emotional and
psychological tensions.
Polyandry is plural marriage and may assume three forms: Polygyny, polyandry, and
group marriage.
 Polygyny is the marriage of one man to two or more women at the same
time.
 Polyandry is the marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same
time
Functions of the Family
1. The family regulates sexual behaviour and is the unit of reproduction. Within the
marriage bond, sex expression is socially sanctioned. The family also serves to
provide legitimate children with a status.
2. The family performs the function of biological maintenance. The parents fill the
roles of protector, provider, and guardian of the children.
3. The family is the chief agency for socializing the child.
4. The family gives its members status. A child is born into a family which gives him
or her a name and lineage.
5. The family is an important mechanism for control. It continually exerts pressures
on its members to make them conform to what is consider as desirable
behaviours
Social Change and the Filipino Family
The Philippines is undergoing many changes. These had been brought about by
a number of factors which have profound effects on the family. Among them are
geographical mobility, increasing population, increasing industrialization, and
25
urbanization, the idea of universal education, the changed status and the role of the
Filipino woman, and the diffusion of mass media.
Social Relationships
Conflict. When the rules of competition are broken and the opponents become
openly antagonistic, conflict may develop. Conflict may defined as “a struggle
over values or claims to status, power, and scarce resources in which claims of
the conflicting parties are not only to gain the desired values but also to
neutralize injure
Functions of Conflict
1. Conflict may establish unity and cohesion within a group which has been
threatened by hostile and antagonistic feelings among the members.
2. Internal conflict becomes a stabilizing and integrating mechanism in certain
instances.
3. Conflict provides an outlet for the expression of suppressed emotions and
frustrations. Inhibitions and blocked passions are released during the course of
the conflict.
Cooperation is the central feature of social life. Cooperation is defined as “a more

specific aspect of human intercourse, one having to do with mutual aid or an alliance of
persons or groups seeking some common goal or reward.
Types of cooperation
Informal Cooperation is characterized as spontaneous and involves mutual give

and take. This type is practiced by the family, and may be found in simple societies
particular in the rural areas.
Formal cooperation is of a deliberately contractual nature prescribing the reciprocal

rights and obligations of members. Such is the type of cooperative activity in large scale
economic organizations, government agencies, religious organizations, civic groups,
and internal association.
Symbiotic cooperation is a situation where two or more members of society live

together harmoniously and are supportive and independent, resulting in mutual self-
interest.
Summary
26
Family is the social institution and the primary group in the society.
Families vary from culture to culture. Family is defined as a group of persons
united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption, constituting a single household,
interacting and communicating each other in their respective roles of husband
and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister, and creating
and maintaining a common culture.
The Family Code of the Philippines, which became effective on August 3, 1988,
define marriage as social contract of permanent union between a man and a
woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and
family life.
On the other hand, a group is composed of two or more persons who have
something in common, are interacting with each other, and are guided by a set of
norms. However, there are some factors that influence groups in the sense that
motives for social group formation cover the entire range of social needs,
desires, interest, noble activities, insecurities or problem and even nefarious
activities. Another most important primary groups in education process are: the
family, neighbourhood group, and the school. These groups can influence on the
development of the personality of the child. Hence, the school, as a social
system, operates on certain formal structure and learning becomes purposive
and direct.
Furthermore, groups are classified according to self-identification as the
in-group, out-group, reference group or idolized group, and voluntarily
associations. Therefore, an individual may choose to a group which he/she
identifies as good, acceptable, and share common norms, activities, goals and
the pursuit of his/her life aspiration or ambition.
Assessment Tasks
Identification: Write your answer on the space provided before each item.
__________1. It permits a man to take only one spouse at a time.

__________2. A deliberately contractual nature prescribing the reciprocal rights and
obligations of members.
__________3. It is a situation where two or more members of society live together
mutual
harmoniously and are supportive and independent, resulting in
self-interest.
__________4. The central feature of social life.
__________5. It is the marriage of one man to two or more women at the same time.
__________6. It is the marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time.
__________7. The family regulates sexual behaviour and is the unit of _______.
__________8. The family performs the function of biological maintenance.
__________9. The social institution and the primary group in the society.
27
_________10. It provides an outlet for the expression of suppressed emotions and
frustrations.
Essay: Answer the following questions:
1. Compare and contrast the traditional and modern Filipino family. Explain the
advantages and disadvantages of their way of living.
2. Give some solutions on the social changes that bring about conflict in values and
mores that will become social problems in the society.
_____
28
RUBRIC
of the topic well
well-organized.
informative andthe study and the study but it informative has
critical study,somehow lacks insightful no critical
provide critical
analysis.
thoroughness.
References:
Philippines.

Peck, N.(1987). Community Building Stages. Retrieved from


29
University.
Chapter 3 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
Overview
A community is an economic team. It provides means of producing goods and
services and distributing, both within the midst and in interchange with the rest of the
world. The way of which it is organized does much to set the tone of the community and
flavour the quality of daily living.
Communities or places are differently situated as to the amount of money that
they can afford for schools, health facilities, leisure time pursuits, food clothing, housing,
and government. There is considerable difference between a thriving small community
with a sound, well-diversified economic base and one which lacks this advantage. The
type of industry influences the tone of the community’s daily life. A small fishing village
or barangay is different from an agricultural village, or business centre.
General Objectives
1. Describe and explain the economic structure in the community.
2. Assess the production in the community their income, goods and services that
help improve the life of the people.
3. Relate and discuss the technological infrastructure in the urban and rural
community.
30
Lesson 1. Economic Structure in the Community, Production in the community
and Technological Infrastructure in the community.
Pre-discussion
Every Community has its own occupational activity. Its nature largely depends on
the resources that are found in the community. The people in the different communities
differ in the kinds of occupational activity they engage in. They could engage in any
occupations, while economic structure is a term describes the changing balance of
output, incomes and employment drawn from different economic sectors ranging from
primary to secondary to tertiary and quaternary sectors (like ,tourism, banking, and
software).
Specific Objectives
1. Organize and explain the economic structure in the community.
2. Compare and contrast the production in the community, their income from goods
and services which differs in the kinds of occupation they engage in.
3. Analyze the importance of economic activity in the community.
Lesson Outline
Economic Structure in the Community
Regardless of differences, communities are studied within a framework of certain
basic facts, like the following:
1. Some of the goods and services which people make use of within the
community come from outside its boundaries and money must be paid out
of the community for these goods and services.
2. Conversely, some of the goods and services produced within the
community eventually go to the people outside its borders, and for this,
money is paid to people in the community.
3. In addition, people within the community produce goods and services
which are consumed within the community. Within the community there is
division of labor both to provide goods and services locally to produce the
things which sustain the community by bringing the funds which the
community needs.
4. A modern community therefore constitutes an economic team in which the
various workers devote their effort in varying degrees to making available
a particular type of goods or services for other people.
5. Some communities are too small to support a highly specialized
commercial establishment such as large department stores, a hardware
wholesale service, or food service lane.
31
6. Some communities are interrelated by lines of transportation and
communication through which some larger communities become centres
for distribution of goods and services for smaller communities
Economic Activities in the Community

The following are various types of retail and business establishments usually
available in the community:
1. Appliance Store
2. Auto parts and accessory Store
3. Agro-chemical stores
4. Beauty shop
5. Bakery shop
6. Bookstore
7. Furniture store
8. Gas station
9. Movie house/Video center
10. Hardware store
11. Department store
12. Jewelry store
13. Dry cleaning/Laundry shop
14. Lumber and Construction supply
15. Camera and photo services
16. Drugstore
17. Dress Shop/Tailoring
18. Restaurant/Eatery
19. Funeral Parlor
20. Bank/Pawnshop/Lending Shop
21. Shoe Store
22. Sporting Goods store
23. Ready-to-wear shop
24. Fruit/vegetable stand
25. Burger stand
26. Fast food center
27. Internet station
28. Coffee shop
29. Physical fitness gym/recreational center
30. Resort
31. Karaoke bar/Sing-along center
32. Auto Repair Shop
33. Rice/corn mill station
34. Nursery/early childhood center
35. Caregiver center
32
Production in the Community - Income from Goods and Services
Every Community has its own lending occupational activity. Its nature largely
depends on the resources that are found in the community. The people in the different
communities differ in the kinds of occupational activity they engage in. They could
engage in any of these occupations: farming, lumbering, fishing, grazing, mining,
manufacturing and practice of professions.
Thus, based on the choices of the people, their skills and the nature of physical
factors in the environment, communities in the different parts of the country differ in the
kinds of products that they produce.
Technological Infrastructure in the Community
Industrialization in Western Europe and the United States and the rest of the
“economic giants” were brought about by great technological innovations. The
“economic giants” include the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Japan,
Italy, and Germany.
The Philippines is in a transition stage from an agricultural to an industrial
economy. Statistics show that a high proportion of rural households live below the
poverty line. The Philippines has vast natural resources but the economy is basically
extractive and its population has standard levels of living. As the society undergoes
transition, it has to make manifold adjustments in its value orientation and social
technological structure
The following are the areas of concern affecting trade:
1. The condition of the trade area
2. The condition and prospects of local industries
3. The conditions which might attract or repel industries from outside the
community.
Summary
A community is an economic team. It provides means of producing goods and
services and distributing, both within the midst and in interchange with the rest of the
world. The Philippines is in a transition stage from an agricultural to an industrial
economy. Statistics show that a high proportion of rural households live below the
poverty line. The Philippines has vast natural resources but the economy is basically
extractive and its population has standard levels of living.
Additionally, production in the community produces income from goods and
services. Every Community has its own lending occupational activity. Its nature largely
depends on the resources that are found in the community. The people in the different
communities differ in the kinds of occupational activity they engage in. They could
33
engage in any of these occupations: farming, lumbering, fishing, grazing, mining,
manufacturing and practice of professions.
The community produces goods and services which are consumed within the
community. It provides goods and services locally which sustain the community by
bringing the funds which community needs. On the other hand, the introduction of
information technology and the knowledge explosion brought about by the computers
and other electronic facilities enabled government to make desirable changes that shifts
in the utilization of electronic devices. Therefore, as the society undergoes transition, it
has to make manifold adjustments in its value orientation and social technological
structure.
Assessment Tasks
A. True or False: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.

____1.The market system uses prices to coordinate and direct activities.
____2. The Philippines is in a transition stage from an agricultural to an industrial
economy.
____3. Every Community has its own lending occupational activity.
____4. The people in the different communities differ in the kinds of occupational
activity they engage in.
____5. Profit is a motivation for capitalists to produce more and better goods and
services.
____6. A market transaction involves parties who sell their goods and services in
exchange for cash from consumers.
____7. A free market economy is one where the price of a good or service is
determined by the forces of supply and demand.
____8. A market system promotes efficiency but it is not a perfect system.
____9. Private ownership encourages investments, innovation, and efficient use of
the factors of production.
____10. Market and prices are important features of the market system.
34
B. Critical Thinking
Discuss the pros and cons of free trade. What are the institutions that
should be strengthened and improved in order for the Philippines and its
industries to benefit more from free trade? Explain your answer.
Rubric
Criteria ExcellentVery Good Good Poor
Quality of Piece was
Piece was Piece had Piece had
writing written in an
written in an little style no style or
extraordinary
interesting and voice; voice; gives
style and
style and gives some no new
voice; veryvoice; information information
informativesomewhat but in a and very
and well-
informative poorly poorly
organized. and organized organized.
organized. matter.
Grammar Virtually no Few A number of So many
usage & spelling; or spelling, spelling, spelling,
mechanics grammatical punctuation, punctuation punctuation,
errors. or or or
grammatical grammatical grammatical
errors. errors is errors.
present.
Clarity of Very clear Clear Acceptable Vague
analysis
Correctness Very clear Clear Acceptable Wrong
of analysis
References:
Philippines.


35

University.
Chapter 4 CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
Overview
Culture is evident in both communities and organizations. Although the two
communities present a contrasting trait, both represent diversity in the cultural
uniqueness of each community. Culture has a powerful effect on a person’s daily life as
its influences his mode of thinking, feeling, and acting. Like any aspect of culture, norms
vary from society to society or from one group to another societies. Participants in
community immersion have to be aware of such cultural uniqueness and learn from
them.
General Objectives
1. Define and explain the different perspectives of culture.
2. Identify and discuss the characteristics and elements of culture.
3. Analyze the different aspects of culture and the significance of these in the
community.
Lesson 1. What is Culture, Elements and Characteristic of Culture?
36
Pre-discussion
Culture has a powerful effect on a person’s daily life as it influences his mode of
thinking, feeling, and acting. We might not be aware that culture shapes us but we also
shape culture. Our habits, values, attitudes, and idiosyncrasies of the society are
incorporated into individual personalities. Within the culture are various elements which
are interrelated and unified in order for all its aspects to function effectively. Although
the contents of different cultures vary, the basic structure of culture is universal.
Specific Objectives
1. Explain the different perspectives of culture.
2. Discuss the characteristics and elements of culture.
3. Analyze the integration of technology the culture of the local people.
Lesson Outline
What is culture?
The term culture is often used with respect to the macro social environment.
Culture is the sum total of life patterns passed on from generation to generation, within
a group of people and includes institutions, language, religious, ideals, habits of
thinking, artistic expressions, and pattern of social and interpersonal relationships (Lum,
1999; Kirst-Ashman, 2000). Aspects of culture are often related to people’s ethnic,
racial, and spiritual heritage.
Characteristics of Culture
a. Culture is learned. The rules and standards of behavior are learned and
internalized through socialization and enculturation which involves conscious or
unconscious learning and interaction with others.
b. Culture is transmitted orally and by writing, as well as consciously or

unconsciously. Transmission of the culture involves also the disciplining of a
child’s impulses towards the acquisition of attitudes that are essential in one’s
social life.
c. Culture is shared. The elements of culture result from living and interacting with
one another and merge out of the social life of people. This come about as
response to the physical environment which provides for man’s needs and are
reflective of the patterns of social relationships which are important for survival.
d. Culture is patterned and integrated. Culture is made up of elements that are not
haphazardly arranged but patterned into a unified whole. In a well-integrated
culture, the member’s biological, psychological, and social needs are met.
37
e. Culture is adaptive and maladaptive. No culture is static and each individual or
generation make adjustments. To cope with the environmental stresses, humans
can draw both biological traits or learned, symbol-based behaviour patterns.
Humans depend on culture to adapt to their physical environment. Adaptive
behavior may offer short term benefits to individuals, and may harm the
environment which will eventually to be a threat to the long term survival of the
group.
f. Culture is compulsory. The members of a society have to follow the culture in

their dealings with others if they wish to get along successfully. Persons who
want to violate some aspects of the culture have to face the sanctions for their
violations.
g. Culture is essential for social life. We come into the world without language,
norms, ideas and acquire these things in the society to which we belong. We
learn and share ways of believing and doing things and become part of our basic
orientation. Culture is the looking glass through which we see the world and our
basis for constructing reality.
The Elements of Culture

Within the culture are various elements which are interrelated and unified in order
for all its aspects to function effectively. Although the contents of different cultures vary,
the basic structure of culture is universal. Among the elements of culture are beliefs,
norms, values, material culture and technology and language
Beliefs
Beliefs represent man’s conviction about the reality of things and are shared
ideas about how the world operates. They are the means by which people make sense
of their experience, both personal and social. They are reflective of highly valued
feelings about the world in which people live.
Values
To sociologists, every culture has a basic set of values, which make up its core.
Values indicate the moral imperatives, and social conscience or social control
internalized by the individual members of the society. They direct people on what should
or should not be done, what is good or bad, and what, why and how to choose. Values
of different cultures are diverse so what is held as desirable by one group may be
looked down upon by another (Panopio, 2000).
Norms
In our common everyday activities like eating, dressing, cooking, sleeping,
schooling and working, and in some special occasions like Lent, weddings, fiestas or
burials, there are rules or standards of behavior expected of us to follow. Sociologists
38
call these norms. They are the shared rules or patterns of behavior in particular culture
that inform its members what they should or should not do in a given situation.
Folkways, mores and laws
Folkways are fairly weak norms, which are sometimes termed conventions.
They are passed from generation to generation whose violation is generally not
considered serious within a particular culture. These could include the habits, customs
and repetitive patterns of expected behaviour and tend to be self- perpetuating. Some
evolve into the present form out of a slow but continuous process of trial and
experimentation. Some are rational, others are irrational.
Mores are strongly held norms which are essential to the welfare of the people
and their cherished values. They have moral or ethical values, and thus going against
them is offensive to the standards of righteousness and right behaviour. Taboos, acts
that are prohibited or forbidden usually consist a large part of these mores. Examples of
these include child abuse, incest, battering wives and prostitution. Violators of mores
are regarded as sinful, immortal, vicious and antisocial and may be ostracized,
banished, exiled or executed.
Laws are formalized norms formulated by a governing body. Some mores are
enacted into laws and enforced by political and legal authorities. Some laws which are
not based on mores are difficult to enforce such as the laws against gambling or
smoking in public places. Fines, imprisonment or death punish the violators of the law.
Local Dialect
Language may pose as a problem in the conduct of community immersion. It
could serve as a barrier for genuine communication to take place. Community members
may feel slighted by the difference in language spoken by newcomers. This reality takes
place in a big geographical area with local dialects.
A local dialect is a medium of communication understood by the people in a
particular area. It is a part of a larger terminology called language, which is defined as a
purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and drives
by means of voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir, 1961).
Technology and Material Culture
The knowledge and use of technology and other materials could be an indicator
of the kind of culture the people possess in the community, the infusion of other cultures
affecting the lives of the people in the community could be knowledge-based as seen on
televisions, listened from a radio, read in a newspaper, or heard from a conversation.
Some technology are not yet existing or used by anybody in the community, however,
due to mass media exposure, people become interested in owning one. This strong
influence of mass media, specifically in the area of marketing, brings other technology
39
and eventually other cultures in the consciousness and lives of the people in the
community.
Definition of Technology. Technology is defined as the application of science
principles, laws, and theories in order to improve living conditions (Salandan, 1989). For
example, moving objects, flying bodies, and revolving satellites generally follow
scientific principles and laws resulting to the invention of cars, buses, jet plane, rockets,
and trains.
Forms of Technology. The application of science, could be in a form of a new
method, process or product. An older method of doing things could be changed by a
newer method.
Material Culture. Material culture refers to the physical objects utilized by the
people in the community. While it is physical, material culture is made of tangible and
concrete objects produced by human beings. This includes the current materials the
people in the community use and the artifacts left to them by their ancestors. The
artifacts passed by the ancestors of the community to their descendants could be a
good source of information of the community’s language, norms, values, beliefs, and
lifestyles.
Technology and Material Culture Transfer. Technology and material culture as
embedded in the culture of the community can be transferred from parents to offspring
through oral and informal process. The child may learn a technology by observing how
his or her parents use it.
Assessment Tasks
A. Complete the Chart.
Characteristics of Culture
Characteristics of Basic features in terms Give examples to
Culture of feeling and illustrate the explanation
belongingness
Culture is learned
Culture is transmitted
Culture is shared
40
Culture is patterned and
integrated
Culture is adaptive and
maladaptive
Culture is compulsory
Culture is essential for

social life
B. Critical Thinking
My Culture, My Heritage
Identify two cultural heritage in Mindanao under threat, one tangible and one
intangible. For both, identify the threats and their possible sources, and then
come up with a plan of action on how to deal with these threats. Write your
output on the table.
My Culture, My Heritage
Heritage Threats Plan of Action
41
Lesson 2. The importance of Culture in the Community, Types of Organizational
Culture and characteristics of organizational culture
42
Pre-discussion
There’s no correct organizational culture for an organization. All cultures promote some
forms of behaviour and inhibit others, some are well suited to rapid and repeated
change, others to slow incremental development of the institution. This lesson will
focused on the importance of community culture, types of organizational cultures, and
characteristics of organizational culture, in which these can give direction and strategy
on how to deal and improve a particular organization.
Specific Objectives
1. Define and explain the concept of community culture.
2. Identify and discuss the types of organizational culture based on the parameters and
frameworks of the organization.
3. Appraise the distinct characteristics of organizational culture that can help improve
the performance of the workers.
Lesson Outline
What is culture and why it is important in the community?
Culture is a strong part of people's lives. It influences their views, their values,
their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears. So when you are
working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to have some
perspective and understanding of their cultures.
What is a community culture?
Community culture, sometimes called “folklore” or “Folk life”, is the living
expression of culture in everyday life, anyone’s culture learned and passed on
informally from person to person.
Types of Organizational Culture
1. Clan Cultures are family like with focus on mentoring, nurturing, and “doing things
together.”
2. Adhocracy cultures are dynamic and entrepreneurial, with a focus on risk taking,
innovation and “doing things first.”
3. Market cultures are results oriented with a focus on competition achievement, and
“getting the job done.”
Organizational Culture: Definition, Characteristics, Roles and Types
43
Organizational culture is quite complex. Every company has its own unique
personality, just like people do. The unique personality of an organization is referred to
as its culture.
Organizational culture includes an organization’s expectations, experiences,
philosophy, and values that hold it together, and expressed in its self-image, inner
workings interactions with the outside world, and future expectations.
According to Bruce Perron, “Organizational culture defines a jointly shared description
of an organization from within.”
According Richard Perrin, “Organizational culture is the sum of values rituals which
serve as a glue to integrate the members of the organization.”
According to Alan Adler, “organizational culture is civilization in the workplace.”
According to Elizabeth Skringar, “Organizational culture is shaped by the main culture of
the society we live in, albeit with greater emphasis on particular parts of it.”
According to Abdi Osman Jama, “An organization is a living culture that can adapt to the
reality as fast as possible.”
Characteristics of Organizational Culture
As an individual’s come into contact with organizations, they come into contact
with dress norms, stories people tell about what goes on, the organization’s formal rules
and procedures, its formal codes of behaviour, rituals, tasks, pay systems, jargon, and
jokes only understood by insiders and so on.
Characteristics of organizational culture are:
 Innovation (Risk Orientation)
Companies with cultures that place a high value on innovation encourage their
employees to take risks and innovate in the performance of their jobs.
 Attention to detail (Precision orientation)

The characteristic of organizational culture dictates the degree to which
employees are expected to be accurate in their work. A culture that places a high
values on attention to detail expects its employees to perform their work with
precision.
 Emphasis on outcome (Achievement orientation)
Companies that focus on results, but not on how the results are achieved, place
a high emphasis on this value of organizational culture.
 Emphasis on People (Fairness orientation)
Companies that place a high value on this characteristic of organizational culture
place a great deal of importance on how their decisions will affect the people in
their organizations.
 Teamwork (Collaboration orientation)
44
Companies that organize work activities around teams instead of individuals
place a high value on this characteristic of the organizational culture. People who
work for these types of companies tend to have a positive relationship with their
co-workers and managers.
 Aggressiveness (Competitive orientation)
This characteristics of organizational culture dictates whether group members
are expected to be assertive or easy going when dealing with companies they
compete within the marketplace.
Roles of Organizational Culture
 Culture unites (bring together) employees by providing a sense of identity with
the organization.
 An informal control mechanism
 Facilitation of open communication
 Culture enables organizations to differentiate themselves from one another.
 Culture often generates commitment, superseding personal interests.
 Culture sets organizational norms, rules, and standards, Thereby, culture
enables employees to function in an organization by teaching them how to
behave.
 A shared understanding
 Culture becomes especially important in a program/project-based organization.
 Enhanced mutual trust and cooperation.
 Fewer disagreements and more efficient decision-making processes.
 A strong sense of identification.
 Assisting employees in making sense of their behaviours by providing
justification for behaviours.
Summary
Culture is a strong part of people's lives. It influences their views, their values,
their humour, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears. So when you are
working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to have some
perspective and understanding of their cultures. Likewise, community culture,
sometimes called “folklore” or “Folk life”, is the living expression of culture in everyday
life, anyone’s culture learned and passed on informally from person to person.
Moreover, there are types of organizational culture, clan, adhocracy, and market
cultures. In which clan Cultures are family like with focus on mentoring, nurturing, and
“doing things together,” Adhocracy cultures are dynamic and entrepreneurial, with a
focus on risk taking, innovation and “doing things first,” and market cultures are results
oriented with a focus on competition achievement, and “getting the job done.”
45
Additionally, there are characteristics of organizational culture on innovation;
attention to detail; emphasis on outcome; emphasis on people; teamwork; and
aggressiveness of an individual’s come into contact with organizations, they come into
contact with dress norms, stories people tell about what goes on, the organization’s
formal rules and procedures, its formal codes of behaviour, rituals, tasks, pay systems,
jargon, and jokes only understood by insiders. In this manner, organizational culture
reflects the genuine cultures of the people in an organization.
Assessment Tasks
A. True or False: Assess whether the statements in Column A are true or false. In
Column B, write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
A B
1. Culture enables organizations to differentiate themselves from
one another.
2. Culture often generates commitment, superseding personal

interests.
3. Clan cultures are family like with focus on mentoring, nurturing,
and “doing things together.”
4. The characteristic of organizational culture dictates the degree to

which employees are expected to be accurate in their work.
5. Adhocracy cultures are dynamic and entrepreneurial, with a focus
on risk taking, innovation and “doing things first.”
6. According to Abdi Osman Jama, “An organization is a living

culture that can adapt to the reality as fast as possible.”
7. According to Alan Adler, “organizational culture is civilization in

the workplace.”
8. Culture is a strong part of people’s lives.

9. Culture heritage is a tangible cultural artefact.
10. Transmission of culture possible without language.
11. Ideas are cultural heritage.
12. Culture exists as a continuous process.
13. Culture varies from society to society.
14. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
15. Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals.

1. What is culture and why it is important in the community?
46
2. What culture do you want for your organization and how might you move towards
it in the future?
________________
3. Identify and explain the types of organizational culture based on the parameters and
framework that breaks organizational cultures into different parts.
47
Rubric for Essay
importance of the importance relevant on on the
culture in the of culture in the importance
organization the importance of and the
and the organization culture in the information on
information on and the organization the types of
the types of information on and the organizational
organizational the types of information on culture based
culture based organizational the types of on the
on the culture based organizational parameters &
parameters & on the culture based framework that
framework that parameters & on the breaks
breaks framework that parameters & organizational
organizational breaks framework cultures into
cultures into organizational that breaks different parts
different parts. cultures into organizational
different partscultures into
different parts
48
analysis
and
thoroughness.
References
Philippines.



Tipster (2013). Types of Organizational Culture. Retrieved from artsfwd.org/4-types-

org-culture/
University.
49
CHAPTER 5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS IN THE COMMUNITY
Overview
In the Philippines, communities or barangays may be classified as rural or urban.
Rural communities are those located in barrios or sitios which are far from the cities.
Urban communities are those found in cities and populated town centres. In both types
of communities several issues and concerns are prevailing which have to be addressed
by the residents themselves. The diversity of the people living in these different
communities responds to these issues in different ways.
General Objectives
1. Distinguish and explain the issues and concerns in the community.
2. Compare and contrast the term unemployed and underemployed.
3. Make a conclusion on the incidence of poverty in the Philippines and how it threatens
our society.
4. Internalize the concept of drug abuse and drug addiction.
Lesson 1. Graft and Corruption, Incidence of poverty, causes and effects of

unemployment.
Pre-discussion
Corruption is the practice of using the power of office for making private gains in
breach of laws and regulations nominally in force. (Anderski, 1968 in Coronel, 2000).
Poverty is another problem that threatens our society and is a condition that is said to
exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs. Extreme poverty is the
root cause of malnutrition. This leads to lowered resistance to disease, and of course
unhappiness.
Specific Objectives
1. Define and explain the term graft and corruption.
2. Examine the incidence of poverty in the Philippines.
3. Hypothesize the causes and effects of unemployment in the society.
50
Lesson Outline
Graft/Corruption
Corruption is the behaviour of public officials which deviates from accepted
norms, in order to serve private ends. Corruption is the practice of using the power of
office for making private gains in breach of laws and regulations nominally in force.
(Anderski, 1968 in Coronel, 2000).
Corruption has been observed by many as expressed by the Philippine Center
for Investigative Journalism, is like cancer cell that has spread to all parts of the
government and the surrounding society. Metastatic occurs when corruption spreads on
the vital centers of government administration with powerful influence on the public.
Practically, all government offices dealing with public needs and public projects are
attracted by corruption.
Incidence of Poverty
Poverty is another problem that threatens our society. It is taking its toll on the
lives of many people in the Third World. Millions of children of developing countries, our
country included, were found to be suffering from diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery,
pneumonia, malaria, measles, and tuberculosis because of lack of funds to meet the
essential food requirements as well as medical services and medicine needed.
What is Poverty?
Poverty is a condition that is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy
their basic needs. Extreme poverty is the root cause of malnutrition. This leads to
lowered resistance to disease, and of course unhappiness.
Definition of Unemployed and Underemployed
Unemployed applies in literal sense to all persons without work, it has come to
have a more specific meaning in contemporary discussions of social and economic
policy. Only those person not at work for more than a specified minimum period of time
and who are, moreover, able and willing to work and also actively seeking work
generally considered to be truly “unemployed”.
The National Census and Statistical Survey on Households defines the
unemployed as “those members of the labour force who wanted to work and are
looking for work or not looking for work because they believe no work is available or
because of dump illness or any other illness, or because of their valid reasons. While,
underemployed are those who are working but express the desire for additional work.
This problem happens because their skills are not the ones that are needed for the job
opening. Consequently, they suffer from underemployment.
51
Unemployment/Underemployment
1. Seasonal Unemployment. In terms of numbers of workers affected and numbers
of days lost, the most important type of unemployment is probably described as
seasonal. This type of unemployment is that which occurs during certain periods
resulting from reductions in demands for labour attributable either to the seasonal
pattern of consumer’s habits and customs or to variation in production associated
with climate change
2. Technological Unemployment. Is another type of unemployment which is

consequence of labour-displacing inventions it has been observed that
industrialization thought of as the vehicle to progress, was capital-intensive and
import substituting. It is believed that it has not brought up the levels of income
and technical skills of the vast majority of non-farm labour force. Instead, labour-
saving machines have limited, if not displaced, human labour in industrial
production.
3. The Cyclical Unemployment. This type of unemployment is a result of recurring

depressions. It is traceable to cyclical fluctuations in business activity. It is
believed to be essentially depression unemployment although it may result in
part from the failure of our economy to provide the million or more new jobs
necessary each year to accommodate our growing labour force.
This type of unemployment causes widespread concern because prolonged
depression and idleness create personal disorganization and desperation leading
the citizens to accept or welcome radical social and political changes.
Causes of Unemployment
1. Change of season.
2. Technological unemployment occurs when new labour-saving machines or
processes replace old ones. Industrialists turn to machinery rather than to
manpower.
3. Lack of adequate technical training and education. With the advancement in
modern science and technology, workers who have no vocational or technical
training must give way to those who have (Pulido and Espinelli, 1973).
4. Continual changes in a nation’s pattern of demand for product force some firms
or industries to reduce production and employment, while other firms or
industries expand production and recruit new workers.
5. In individual cases there are those who may be unable or unwilling to perform
satisfactorily in their jobs and quit voluntarily.
6. Lack of opportunities due to the rapid population growth.
Effects of Unemployment
52
The unemployment problem is of grave concern because of the resulting poverty
that afflicts the people. Physical as well as mental weakness results from malnutrition
which appears to be related to poverty and is an accompanying syndrome of
unemployment. Apart from the physical deprivation unemployment affords, its morale-
destroying effect in the form of hopelessness, family discord and the like, becomes
inevitable.
Matza (1996) points out the contribution that theses unemployed people do far
more than their share to the number of relief recipients, to crime and delinquency rates,
to rates of alcoholism, to the list of unmarried mothers and thus to the number of
illegitimate children, to separations or divorce, desertions, and to the mentally ill.
Underemployment
One of the most obvious reasons for low rural income is a very considerable
amount of underemployment. A survey of the agricultural labor force in 1996 estimated
that nearly two million agricultural workers were working less than 40 hours a week
(Espiritu et. al. 1976).
Unemployment, underemployment or low wages are grave problems. The high
and ever-increasing prices of essential commodities in Metro Manila and other cities
have forced many families to subsist on less than the minimum of the three basic
needs, particularly food. House rentals and prices of prime commodities are
skyrocketing. The yearly increases in crime and delinquency rates. Children have to
work but there are times when work is scarce. Unemployment and underemployment or
low income are therefore serious problems in our country.
Assessment Tasks
A. Identification: Write your answer on the space provided before each item.
_________1. A condition that is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy
their basic needs.
_________2. This type of unemployment is a result of recurring depressions.
_________3. This problem happens because their skills are not the ones that are
needed for the job opening.
_________4. It applies in literal sense to all persons without work, it has come to
have a more specific meaning in contemporary discussions of social
and economic policy.
_________5. Lack of adequate technical training and education.
_________6. It is the behaviour of public officials which deviates from accepted
norms, in order to serve private ends.
_________7. Is another type of unemployment which is consequence of labour-
displacing inventions?
_________8. Lack of opportunities due to the rapid population growth.
_________9. It is believed that it has not brought up the levels of income and
53
technical skills of the vast majority of non-farm labour force.
________ 10. Extreme poverty is the root cause of _______.

1. What are the causes and effects of unemployment to our country? Give some
solutions on how unemployed people can land a job.
2. The incidence of poverty in the Philippines is one of the issues that is still yet to be
solved. Give suggestions on how to alleviate the plight of the Filipinos against poverty.
54
Lesson 2. Health and Sanitation and Environmental Concerns
Pre-discussion
Maintaining personal hygiene and sanitation is important for several reasons
such as personal, social, psychological, and health. Proper hygiene and sanitation
prevent spread of diseases and infections. Every individual maintains good hygiene for
himself and the things around him, diseases will eradicate to a great level. On the other
hand, environmental degradation and overexploitation of natural resources may be
attributed to relative poverty, caused or exacerbated by a combination of high
population growth rates, unequal distribution of and access to resources, and
inadequate government policies and enforcement mechanisms in developing countries.
Specific Objectives
1. Explain the importance of health and sanitation to yourself and to the environment.
2. Assess the causes and effect of environmental degradation and overexploitation of
natural resources that attributed to poverty.
3. Relate and justify the peace and order situation in the country.
Lesson Outline
Health and Sanitation
Malnutrition may be caused by a chronic lack of food although in rare cases a
child may also lack certain nutrients due to the ignorance of parents.
Infants, preschool children, and pregnant and nursing women are vulnerable
groups. It was found that the seven out of every 10 Filipino babies from ages one to four
are malnourished. This is explained by the fact that families in condition of poverty are
unable to buy the basic commodities especially food, needed by growing children.
Common Deficiency Diseases
The most commonly encountered deficiency disease in underdeveloped
countries and now even in some developing countries are marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
Marasmus is a disease indicative of overall under nutrition, but it is often referred to as a
55
“protein-calorie deficiency.” Medical authorities suspect it to be related to early weaning
or to a failure in breastfeeding that results in the provision of inadequate substitutes for
mother’s milk. It often appears following a bout of diarrhea or some other disease.
Kwashiorkor, a West African word that means “ the sickness the child develop
when another baby is born” is the result of protein starvation, and can occur even if
calories are abundantly provided. It most frequently follows weaning, when the child of
one or two years is offered mainly starches or sugars for his diet. In mild cases, the
child’s physical growth is retarded, the hair and skin are discolored, and he acquires a
pot-belly.
Peace and Order
Like in other countries, the problem of crime and juvenile delinquency appear to
be inevitable and difficult to prevent. The government, however, has been doing its best
to solve the problem and evidently there is an improvement in the situation.
Crime refers to adult behaviour. A crime is the commission or omission of an act
which is either in violation of a law prohibiting it or in violation of a law ordering it. It is
also defined as “an act or omission, especially one of grave nature, punishable by law
as forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare: hence a serious violation of the
human law.
The term criminal normally does not apply to all law-breakers because all
persons violate laws, but it refers only to those persons who commit heinous acts or
who engage habitually and professionally in crime.
A delinquently is one who has committed an offense against an individual and
this offense is punishable under our criminal law.
The Barangays and Crime Prevention
Among the traditional institutions, the new concept of social defense has been
further highlighted by the crucial role now being played by the barangays in crime
prevention through community public safety, youth and welfare services. The
barangays, or citizen’s assembly, is a unique Philippine socio-political unit which
antedated the Spanish colonial era in our history.
Barangay officials are required to report to the police and other law enforcement
agencies the presence of criminal elements in their respective areas, and to conduct
surveillance on crime suspects and other suspicious persons in the neighbourhood.
Environmental Concerns
Environmental degradation and overexploitation of natural resources may be
attributed to relative poverty, caused or exacerbated by a combination of high
population growth rates, unequal distribution of and access to resources, and
inadequate government policies and enforcement mechanisms in developing countries.
56
With Philippine progress in industry and technology comes that which today
threatens the people’s very existence - pollution. Most Filipinos are becoming
increasingly aware of the condition. There is growing alarm over air, water, land and
noise pollution.
What is Pollution?
Pollution is defined as “the alteration of our surroundings, wholly or largely as a
by-product of man’s actions, through direct or indirect effects of changes in every
pattern, radiation levels, chemical and physical constitutions and abundance of
organism.
Pollution as used here will mean “the presence in air and water of pollutants in
greater quantity than what is normally contained in these elements.” Pollutants, in a
sense, come from man-made sources and generally affect air and water in large
amounts.
Sources of Pollution
Motor vehicles pollute air when their carbon fuels do not burn completely and so
produce a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas called carbon monoxide. Every day,
we breathe 416 tons of this deadly gas, including 26.52 tons of unburned hydrocarbons
and 6.5-18.5 tons of nitro oxides.
Electric utilities and industrial plants also produce large amounts of sulfur oxides
and smog oxidants. For instance, cement manufacturing plants emit dangerous fine
dusts and chemicals. These increase diseases and mortality rates especially among the
older and less healthy sectors of the population.
There are two kinds of pollution. They are:
1. The natural pollution such as gas, smoke from volcanoes, and smoke from forest
fire, and
2. The man-made pollution that is caused by the activities of a man.
Air Pollution
Air pollution is making our environment unclean or impure. It is the presence of
the foreign matter (either gaseous or particulate or combination of both)
Water Pollution
The pollutants we dumped into our water and to the land are as varied as those
intruded into the atmosphere. There have been dramatic examples of what can happen
if water is severely polluted by petroleum leakage
Solid Waste Pollution
57
Another pollution problem that confronts the Philippines today is the
accumulation of solid waste. These may be refuse such as garbage, rubbish or trash
and ashes or junks and other things man throws away almost anywhere. Dumped
trashes and garbage result in unsanitary surroundings.
Assessment Tasks
A. True or False: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.
____1. Motor vehicles pollute air when their carbon fuels do not burn completely.
____2. Pollutants come from man-made sources and generally affect air and water in
large amount.
____3. Cement manufacturing plants emit dangerous fine dusts and chemicals.
____4. Malnutrition may be caused by a chronic lack of food.
____5. Electric utilities and industrial plants also produce large amounts of sulphur
oxides and smog oxidants.
____6. Air pollution is making our environment clean or pure.
____7. Another pollution problem that confronts the Philippines today is the
accumulation of solid waste.
____8. Crime refers to an adult behaviour.
____9. Every day, we breathe 416 tons of this deadly gas, including 26.52 tons of
unburned hydrocarbons and 6.5-18.5 tons of nitro oxides.
____10. The problem of crime and juvenile delinquency appear to be inevitable and
difficult to prevent.
B. Complete the Chart

The Man-made pollution that is caused by the activities of a man.
Man-made Pollution Cause/s Effects to Human
Health
Air pollution
58
Water pollution
Solid wastes pollution
Lesson 3 Food and Nutrition and the Problem of Malnutrition

Pre-discussion
. Filipinos in general have something to be desired in the kind and amount of
food they eat. Hence, malnutrition can lead to serious health and economic problems.
Malnutrition reduces capacities to earn and learn. The problem could be attributed to
diverse causes like inadequate food intake and presence of infection. On the other
hand, drugs may be harmful when abused. The fact that many drugs will produce
beneficial result has led some people to feel that it will solve all problems. Drugs that
affect the mind can have subtle or an obvious side effect which can immediate or may
only become evident after long continuous use.
Specific Objectives
1. Visualize the importance of food and nutrition and its effect for the children.
2. Examine and explain the problems of malnutrition in the third world countries.
3. Internalize the concept of drug abuse and drug addiction.
Lesson Outline
Food and Nutrition
“You are what you eat” is a popular line which bespeaks, how important food and
nutrition are. Filipinos in general have something to be desired in the kind and amount
of food they eat. With the burning issues about over population, unemployment,
underemployment and poverty, malnutrition becomes prevalent. Education too has
contributed a great factor to the problem. With rice as the staple food, majority of
Filipinos eat the appropriate balance of the food elements needed by our body. In
several instances, many of us become overfed but malnourished; while many more are
underfed, and undernourished.
The fact leads to the following reality:
1. May pagkain, pero walang pera.
2. May pera pero walang mabiling pagkain.
59
3. May pera, may mabibiling pagkain, pero hindi alam kung ano ang
bibilhin.
The Problem of Malnutrition

Malnutrition can lead to serious health and economic problems. Malnutrition
reduces capacities to earn and learn. The problem could be attributed to diverse causes
like inadequate food intake and presence of infection. These two factors are influenced
by indirect causes which could be:
1. lack of quality maternal care
2. no awareness of proper nutrition
Basic Forms of Malnutrition

What are the basic forms of malnutrition?
There are four basic forms of malnutrition which include the following:
1. Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD)
2. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
3. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD)
4. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
These nutritional problems result from lack of food or micronutrients such as

iodine, iron and Vitamin A. Poor nutrition causes more deaths among young children
than any problem. Among the important about malnutrition are the effects on children
and mothers.
What are the specific causes of the Micronutrients Deficiency?
Iodine Deficiency (IDD)
● Lack of iodine-rich foods (for example, seafoods) in the diet
● Soil lacking in iodine due to erosion. Thus vegetables grown in it also lack
iodine.
● Presence of goitrogens (substances that interfere with normal absorption
of iodine in the body) like cabbage and cassava.
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

● Lack of green leafy vegetables and animal food rich in iron.
● Lack of Vitamin C and protein in the diet, which lowers the amount of iron
absorbed by the body from the food.
● Long term blood loss (parasitism, menstruation)
● Increased demand in certain stages of life, such as during pregnancy.
Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)
60
● Lack of dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables in the diet.
● Lack of fat or oil in the diet to absorb vitamin A.
● Poor absorption or fast use of vitamin A during infection (measles, chronic
diarrhea, respiratory infections)d
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

● Poor food intake, especially protein and energy rich foods.
● Illness, especially infectious diseases like respiratory infection, diarrhea
and measles.
Drug Abuse
What is a drug?
A drug is any chemical substances which affects a person in such a way
as to bring about physiological, emotional, or behavioral change.
Are all drugs harmful?
Any drug may be harmful when abused. The fact that many drugs will
produce beneficial result has led some people to feel that it will solve all problems.
Drugs that affect the mind can have subtle or an obvious side effect which can
immediate or may only become evident after long continuous use. There are drugs that
are taken as medicines but certain drugs are taken not as medicine but to satisfy a
craving (a strong desire) and taking them becomes an ingrained habit. These habit
forming drugs have brought misery to millions in every part of the globe.
What is meant by drug abuse?
The term “drug abuse” may refer to any of the following:
a. Using, without benefit of a prescription, medically useful drugs that have
the capacity to alter mood and behaviour.
b. Using medically useful mood-altering drug for a purpose different from the
one for which that drug has been prescribed.
c. Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for
purposes other than research.
What is drug addiction?

Drug addiction is a state of periodic and chronic intoxication produced by the
habitual consumption of drug, either in its material or synthetic form, which is
detrimental to both individual and society.
Drug Dependence
61
Drug dependence is a state of psychic (psychological) or physical dependence,
or both, on a dangerous drug following administration or use of that drug on a periodic
or continuous basis.
The physical type of drug dependence is a condition wherein a person cannot
function without drugs in his system and that without the drug, one develops withdrawal
signs as restlessness, pain, convulsions and others.
The psychological type of drug dependence develops when the person devotes
considerable time and effort in obtaining the drug, thinking about it, using or discussing
about the drug and using it to meet his problems - the so-called escape from reality.
The Drugs and Substances Commonly Abused are the following:
a. Hallucinogens (also called psychedelics) are drugs capable of provoking
changes of sensation, thinking, and self-awareness and emotion. Alteration of
time and space perception, illusions, hallucinations and delusions may be either
minimal or overwhelming depending on the dose. The results are very variable:
“a high trip” or a “bad trip “may occur in the same person on different occasions.
LSD, marijuana and mescaline are the most common stimulants
b. Stimulants (also known as “uppers” or pep pills”) are drugs, which increase
alertness, reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well-being. Cocaine and
amphetamines are the most common stimulants
c. Depressants (also called “downers”) are drugs which increase or depress body
functions and nerve activity. This group includes sedatives, hypnotic and
tranquilizers.
d. Narcotics are drugs which produce insensibility, stupor, melancholy or dullness of
mind with delusions. Opium, heroin, codeine, and morphine are the most popular
narcotics.
Why People Turn to Drugs

Some people, especially teenagers, resort to drugs for a variety of reasons
among which are:
a. curiosity, due to mis-information and assurance from friends who
claim to have enjoyed the “experience”
b. “pakikisama” so as to be accepted by the “barkada”
c. Security - drugs give them self-confidence
d. escape from the boredom of bearing with the routine of everyday
life and
e. Escape from some painful experience, some hurting memory.
Common Signs of Drug Abuse

1. Changes in behaviour - Persons who were cooperative, kind and
courteous before become irritable, discourteous, defiant and aggressive.
62
2. Changes in appearance - Those who are neat and well-groomed become
unconcerned with their grooming and become slovenly in person. They
usually wear dark glasses and prefer to wear long sleeves which they
were not wearing before. Whereas before, they were healthy looking, they
have now become thin, emaciated with pale skin and the hair lacks luster.
3. Changes in mood - While the drug’s effect lasts, dependents may be
euphoric or exhilarated. Sometimes they go into uncontrollable laughter or
giggling.
Some Personality Traits of Drug Abuser

A drug abuser has certain personality traits.
a. He has low frustration tolerance - cannot stand problems (personal, family,
school, job) and wants immediate gratification or relief.
b. He has also pleasures seeking - turns his back to anything he considers
difficult.
c. He is dependent - this dependency is often displaced by drugs.
d. He is in search of something which is not clear to him
e. He is blaming everything and everybody around him for his difficulties
because he refuses to accept them himself.
f. He is lacking in trust and self-confidence. He refuses to communicate with
his family but communicates only with his peers who have similar
problems.
g. He is also loyal to his “barkada” where he feels accepted and where he
has a sense of belonging.
The ill Effects of Drug Abuse.

The Dangerous Drugs Board states that drug abuse leads to medical problems. Among
the physical illness associated with drug abuse are:
1. Malnutrition - The lives of addicts revolve around drug use. They miss
even their regular meals. They lose appetite and eventually suffer from
malnutrition. Likewise, the drug dependent who has tried on his own to
withdraw, may suffer from severe gastro-intestinal disturbance so he is
brought to the hospital as a case of severe dehydration. Another indication
of malnutrition is poor dentures.
2. Skin infections and skin rashes - Often times, the drug abuser neglects his
personal hygiene, uses unsterile needles and syringes that result in skin
infections or even occur as a side reaction or sensitivity reaction to certain
drugs.
63
Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, viral
hepatitis, may either be a predisposing, accompanying sequel of drug abuse. A drug
abuser because of malnutrition, poor personal hygiene, carelessness in the use of
unsterile paraphernalia tends to develop lowered resistance and becomes susceptible
to various infections, among them viral hepatitis.
Other Problems
Gambling
Gambling has a long been problem of the Filipino society because it deprives the family,
the basic unit of society, of funds which should be for the home. In the beginning, for
some people, it is carried on merely as a means of recreation but finally it eats up not
only the savings but even the money allotted for daily expenses. Most often it leads to
poverty.
Evil effects of Gambling
Gambling has a number of evil effects:
1. Neglect of duties and responsibilities
2. Loss of tact and right disposition in dealing with other people
3. Mortgage or even sale of precious personal and real properties
4. Broken marriage, home and family relations
5. Prostitution
6. Loss of health
7. Loss of self-respect and moral integrity
8. Proneness to commit other anti-social acts
Mendicancy
Another problem which is worse than poverty is beggary. But there are those
who believe that some of these people are fake beggars and are even richer than most
of us in the terms of money. Our country is predominantly Catholic and it seems that
giving alms is not merely a matter of charity but more of the belief that giving will be
rewarded.
Alcoholism
Some people turn to alcohol when they have problems, when there’s something
to celebrate, or when they are happy. The effects of alcoholism, very often are poor
health and disruption of peace and order situation of the community.
Summary
64
Corruption is the practice of using the power of office for making private gains in
breach of laws and regulations nominally in force. (Anderski, 1968 in Coronel, 2000).
Poverty is another problem that threatens our society and is a condition that is said to
exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs. This will be resulted to
malnutrition may be caused by a chronic lack of food although in rare cases a child may
also lack certain nutrients due to the ignorance of parents.
However, every individual maintains good hygiene for himself and the things
around him, diseases will eradicate to a great level. On the other hand, environmental
degradation and overexploitation of natural resources may be attributed to relative
poverty, caused or exacerbated by a combination of high population growth rates,
unequal distribution of and access to resources, and inadequate government policies
and enforcement mechanisms in developing countries. While, Drug addiction is a state
of periodic and chronic intoxication produced by the habitual consumption of drug, either
in its material or synthetic form, which is detrimental to both individual and society.
Another problem in the country is gambling has a long been problem of the
Filipino society because it deprives the family, the basic unit of society, and the funds
which should be for the home. In the beginning, for some people, it is carried on merely
as a means of recreation but finally it eats up not only the savings but even the money
allotted for daily expenses and therefore, most often it leads to poverty.
Assessment Tasks:
A. Complete the Matrix
Malnutrition
Get some information from your Barangay Health Workers on the status of malnutrition
of the children from 1 to 15 years old. Identify their nutritional problems and propose a
solutions of these problems. Write your answers on the matrix.
Status of malnutrition Nutritional Problems Propose solutions on these
children problems
65
1. What is gambling addiction and problem gambling?
2. What are the self -help for gambling problems?
66
3. How to stop gambling for good?
Rubric for Essay

characteristics the relevant community
of the characteristics community information on
community of the information on diverse
and the community diverse cultural factors
information on and the cultural to unite or
diverse information on factors to divide the
cultural factors diverse unite or divide community
to unite or cultural factors the
divide the to unite or community
community divide the
community
67
analysis
and
thoroughness.
References
Philippines.

Tipster (2013). Types of Organizational Culture. Retrieved from artsfwd.org/4-types-org-
culture/
Peck, N. (1987). Community Building Stages. Retrieved from


University.
Help Guide. Gambling Addiction and Problem Gambling. Retrieved from

helpguide.org/articles/addictions/gambling-addiction-and-problem-gambling.htm
68
Chapter 6
PLANNING, ASSESSMENT AND ACTUAL COMMUNITY IMMERSION
Overview
Planning is concerned with setting objectives, targets, and formulating plan to
accomplish the activity and project. In a fast changing environment the need for
planning is more important because risk and uncertainty increase. I such an
environment contingent plans can be prepared. On the other hand, Community needs
assessment seek to gather accurate information representative of the needs of the
community. Thus, assessments are performed prior to taking action and are used to
determine current situations and identify issues for actions. Needs assessments
establish the essential foundation for vital planning.
General Objectives
1. Explain the importance of planning in the proposed community project or
activity.
2. Provide a holistic view of the proposed action plan in a particular community.
3. Relate some variety of tools and processes on how to conduct community
Health assessment.
Lesson 1. Rapid Community Appraisal, Assessment and Action Plan

Pre-discussion
Community assessment is the process of identifying the strength, assets, needs
and challenges of a specified community. Hence, conducting a community assessment
requires ample preparation in a dedicated focus for the results and the subsequent
program created to have any genuine effect. Likewise, the action plan will direct and
guide the students on what to do during their stay. It is the master plan of their activities
through which they can accomplish the goals or objectives they have set.
69
Specific objectives
1. Explain the importance and processes of community assessment.
2. Present and discuss on how to gather data and information about a community
Which will be used as bases for proposing an action plan.
3. Share experiences and knowledge that you have gained in the actual
Community immersion.
Lesson Outline
Rapid Community Appraisal
Rapid community appraisal is a method of quickly generating data and

information about a community or village which will be used as bases for proposing an
action plan. It will also provide needs assessment result which would then be used for
the same similar purpose. There are three important immediate outputs of the process.
These are (a) socio-economic profile of the community (b) organized system of data of
the barangay and (c) other data like facilities, features, and the village map.
A profile of the Barangay or the Community will be produced from the data taken
from the Rapid Community Appraisal.
Barangay Profile Outline
1. Historical Background
This section contains a brief history of the barangay, how it came into
being, when was it formed, who were the significant people who helped in the
creation of the barangay. It would be interesting to include a legend attached to
the name of the barangay, if there is one.
II. Physical Feature - included in this section are the data on land area and
location and distance relative to the town proper. Accessibility as to road
network, bridges, number of sitios, the topography, soil properties, brooks,
creeks, rivers, hills, mountains, boundaries and other natural geographic
conditions should be included.
III. Demographic Features
These will include population size, density, age-sex distribution, number of
households, family, income, labor force, number of children going to
school.
IV. Political Structure
These pertains to the barangay officials, Sanguniang Kabataan, NGO’s
and GO’s in the barangay including different organizational units or lupon in the
barangay.
V. Economic Profile
70
This will include the following:
a. Agricultural-crop production, livestock and poultry production, technical
assistance.
b. Forestry-forest and wildlife resources, watershed.
c. Fisheries- fishpond resources, fishing facilities, technical assistance.
d. Cottage industries- number of and types of cottage industries, raw
materials, markets, technical assistance.
VI. Social Services
a. Education - includes the school, enrolment, educational facilities, teaching
force, non-formal education, out of school youth activities.
b. Health services - Health centres, hospitals, Day care centres, home for the
aged, family planning centres, veterinary services
c. Church and other Religious services
VII. Infrastructure
This section should describe or enumerate transport system, water resources,
electricity or power, communication, radio station, library, public toilets,
newspapers.
VIII. Issues and Concerns in the Community
Included here are the issues and concerns which were discussed in the previous
chapter and which are observed to be prevailing in the community based on the
interviews and site visits.
What is an action plan?
Generally, it’s a proposed strategy or course or action. Specifically, in project
management, it’s a document that lists the steps needed to achieve a goal. That is, an
action plan clarifies what resources you’ll need to reach that goal, makes a timeline for
the tasks to get to that goal and determines what team members you’ll need to do it all.
An action plan is a document that documents the project. That is, it is a detailed list of
the work that must be done to complete the goal of the project. It outlines what
resources you’ll need to achieve that objective and what your timeline will be, including
the tasks that are involved in getting from the start of the project to the finish. Not only
are you figuring out the tasks and timeline, but you’ll also determine who you’ll
assemble for your team to work on those tasks.
Preparing the Action Plan

Before the students will schedule their community immersion proper which is also
called community stay, an action plan should be made. The action plan is based on the
preliminary survey and visits which students have done in the target barangay or
community. The action plan will direct and guide the students on what to do during their
stay. It is the master plan of their activities through which they can accomplish the goals
71
or objectives they have set. An action plan usually contain the following parts:
Rationale; Objectives or Targets, Activities, Time Table, Persons Involved, Monitoring
and Evaluating and Budget.
A group action plan is recommended for the course. The target area is the
community or the barangay where the students will stay for 4 to 5 days. The duration of
their stay will be equivalent to 30-40 hours credit for the course.
The action plan should be submitted to the class adviser or course facilitator for
comments and approval before its implementation. The same action Plan should
also be noted by the appropriate persons in the school or college, and the
Barangay Captain of the target community.
Parts of the Action Plan

Project Title/ Activity:
Proponents: (Names of the students & facilitator)
Project Site:
Duration
Date Started:
Date Ended:
Budgetary Requirements:
Rationale:
An action plan should contain two to three paragraphs stating the purpose of the
activities to be conducted in the identified barangay, and the importance of such
activities relative to the objectives of community immersion and to the development or
improvement of the community.
Targets or Objectives of the Activity/Activities
To be stated in specific, measurable, attainable terms within the period of time,
and result oriented. In other words, the objectives should be SMART
Ways and Means
Day to day Activities which will accomplish the objectives set.
Time Table
Period of time which will be used to accomplish the objectives.
72
Persons involved
To include all persons involved in the activities during a particular time, per
activity or per day. These include the sponsors, community people, resource persons,
other key officials.
Budget/Cost
Covers in detail the cost per individual and the project itself. If there are donors,
sponsors, GOs and NGOs which provided material goods, these too should be
included.
A Sample Action Plan

Title of the Project or Activity:
Making Barangay ________________ Clean and Green
Proponents:
Adviser/Facilitator
Project Site:
Rationale:
Community immersion provides every prospective teacher the opportunity to look
beyond the walls of the classrooms and live in the community as an agent of change.
To be a future teacher, one should experience living in a context where he or she will
find jobs in the future. Schools are not confined within the campus but moves beyond
the school fences to the community where the children are living. The close
relationships between schooling and living in the community has to be understood by
future teachers like us. Hence, living and working in the barangay will give us very rich
experiences which we will incorporate in our profession as teachers in the future.
Clean and Green is a project which we, future teachers will always include in our
school curriculum. Assisting the people in the barangay launch and implementing the
same project will enable us to have an experience that will add to our professional
development. At the same time, we will able to help the community by involving
everybody to make their place a better place to live in.
Objectives:
1. Survey the different environmental conditions in the barangay specifically on
degraded sites like river banks, sugar plantation, and others.
2. Assist the barangay in making the environment clean and green by planting
trees and ornamental plants.
73
3. Appreciate the value of living in a community and learn about community living.
Steps for an action plan

The benefits of an action plan are simple: you have now outlined what course and what
resources are needed to reach your stated goal in the project. By having this all
collected in a document, you can more successfully plan out how to achieve this.
People get overwhelmed by jargon when having to plan out a project, but the word
action everyone can understand.
The fundamentals to getting an action plan together for any project, follows these
four basic steps:
1. Create a template
Create a simple planning template to collect tasks, deadlines and assignments. This is
the place where everything task-related goes in your project action plan, so you have a
place for all this crucial information.
2. Use a Tool
Use a tool to keep you on task. That can be as simple as a sheet of paper or a digital
template, like a spreadsheet, but there are more robust options available, like a project
software so you’ll want to research and see what’s best for your project plan.
ProjectManager.com offers award-winning project planning software that will help you
create an action plan and stick to it. Watch the video below to learn more about you can
use software to make an action plan quickly and effectively.
3. Have Your Team Work on One Platform
On board everyone into that tool so it works for the team. Make sure the team knows
how to use it. Whether that’s a meeting on process or a more structured training
session, you want everyone to be able to use the tool before they start working on the
project.
74
4. Set up Alerts
Set up alerts that work to help you become more effective. Automate a lot of the busy
work so you’re free to do the more hands-on management. Alerts are a great way to
keep you abreast of the project’s progress without constantly pulling you away from
your other duties. The alerts can be used to notify changes in tasks and if any have
been added, and there’s always a need to manage tasks better. They can also note the
completion of a milestone, which is a major phase of the project. Finally, alerts can act
as notes for feedback on tasks, documents and more.
Action Plan Tips

Once you got an action plan, how do you work with it to run a successful project? Here
are some tips to help with implementing your action plan included:
 Step 1: Focus on priorities and what is due now
 Step 2: Mark completed tasks complete
 Step 3: Assign someone to every task
 Step 4: Discuss pending or last tasks
What is planning?
Planning is the fundamental management function, which involves deciding

beforehand, what is to be done, when is it to be done, how it is to be done and who is
going to do it. It is an intellectual process which lays down an organization’s objectives
and develops various courses of action, by which the organization can achieve those
objectives. It also emphasize on how to attain a specific goals.
Planning enables management to command the future rather than being swept
away by future. In a fast changing environment the need for planning is more important
because risk and uncertainty increase. In such an environment contingent plans can
be prepared.
75
Characteristics of Planning
76
1. Managerial function. Planning is a first and foremost managerial function
provides the base for other functions of the management, i.e. organising, staffing,
directing and controlling, as they are performed within the periphery of the plans
made.
2. Goal oriented. It focuses on defining the goals of the organisation, identifying
alternative courses of action and deciding the appropriate action plan, which is to
be undertaken for reaching the goals.
3. Pervasive. It is pervasive in the sense that it is present in all the segments and is
required at all the levels of the organisation. Although the scope of planning
varies at different levels and departments.
4. Continuous Process. Plans are made for a specific term, say for a month,
quarter, and year and so on. Once that period is over, new plans are drawn,
considering the organisation’s present and future requirements and conditions.
Therefore, it is an ongoing process, as the plans are framed, executed and
followed by another plan.
5. Intellectual Process. It is a mental exercise at it involves the application of mind,
to think, forecast, imagine intelligently and innovate etc.
6. Futuristic. In the process of planning we take a sneak peek of the future. It
encompasses looking into the future, to analyse and predict it so that the
organisation can face future challenges effectively.
7. Decision making. Decisions are made regarding the choice of alternative
courses of action that can be undertaken to reach the goal. The alternative
chosen should be best among all, with the least number of the negative and
highest number of positive outcomes.
Community Assessment
Community assessment is the process of identifying the strengths, assets,

needs, and challenges of a specified community. Assets refer to the skills, talents
and abilities of individuals as well as the resources that local institutions
contribute to the community.
How do you conduct community assessment?
Conducting community assessment requires ample preparation and

dedicated focus for the results and the subsequent program created to have any
genuine effects.
The Basic Steps of a Community Needs Assessment
1.Define your community

2.Decide on scope
77
3.Identify assets
4. Make connections
5. Collect data
Why is a community assessment important?
The ultimate goal of community assessment is to develop strategies to address
the community’s health needs and identified issues. A variety of tools and processes
may be used to conduct a community health assessment, the essential ingredients are
community engagement and collaborative participation.
Community Needs Assessments

Community needs assessments seek to gather accurate information
representative of the needs of a community. Assessments are performed prior to taking
action and are used to determine current situations and identify issues for action. Needs
assessment establish the essential foundation for vital planning.
Needs assessment is an extension of the strategic planning confirms, transforms
or develops a new mission and vision; characterizes the nature of business; furnishes a
sense of direction for the organization; identifies the goals necessary to achieve the
mission; develops specific plans to carry out each goals; and identifies essential
resources such as people, property, time, money, and technology to attain the goals.
After the goals and the required resources have been determined, the needs
assessment process becomes fairly straightforward. A needs assessment will:
1. Identify the essential resources are already available within the organization.
2. Identify the essential resources to be acquired.
3. Determine how to use, develop or obtain those resources.
Summary
Community assessment is the process of identifying the strength, assets, needs

and challenges of a specified community. Hence, conducting a community assessment
requires ample preparation in a dedicated focus for the results and the subsequent
program created to have any genuine effect. Likewise, an action plan is a document that
documents the project. That is, it is a detailed list of the work that must be done to
complete the goal of the project.
78
To write an action plan the students must follow the parts of an action plan
should contain two to three paragraphs stating the purpose of the activities to be
conducted in the identified barangay, and the importance of such activities relative to
the objectives of community immersion and to the development or improvement of the
community.
In a fast changing environment the need for planning is more important because
risk and uncertainty increase. In such an environment contingent plans can be
prepared. There are some characteristics of planning like: managerial function, goal
oriented, pervasive, continuous activity, intellectual process, futuristic, and decision
making. Additionally, a project/activity needs assessment is an extension of the
strategic planning confirms, transforms or develops a new mission and vision;
characterizes the nature of business; furnishes a sense of direction for the
organization; identifies the goals necessary to achieve the mission; develops specific
plans to carry out each goals; and identifies essential resources such as people,
property, time, money, and technology to attain the goals.
Assessment Tasks
A. Essay: Answer the following questions.
1. What is an action plan? Why should you develop an action plan?
2. Why is an action plan useful?
79
3. Write a project proposal/activity based on the community you were assigned during
the actual immersion.
RUBRIC
of the topic well
80
well-organized.
informative andthe study and the study but it informative has
critical study,somehow lacks insightful no critical
provide critical
analysis.
thoroughness.
References
Philippines.

Tipster (2013). Types of Organizational Culture. Retrieved from artsfwd.org/4-types-org-
culture/
Peck, N. (1987). Community Building stages. Retrieved from

University.
Help Guide. Gambling Addiction and Problem Gambling. Retrieved from

helpguide.org/articles/addictions/gambling-addiction-and-problem-gambling.htm
81
82

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Community Immersion

1. Discuss the meaning of community immersion, its classification and strengths.

Lesson 1. Community, Types of Communities and Classification of Communities

A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as

Examples of formal communities

Informal Communities. Consists of a set of personal relations, social networks, common

Examples of formal communities

▪ Advancement in science and technology

Characteristics of rural communities

▪ Greater personal interaction

5. Global Communities. It is the international aggregate of nation-states.

Sectoral Communities. Include the voluntary sector or non-profit sector

7. Social Space Communities. Based on social spaces

Social space communities

Characteristics of social spaces

3. Global communities is the international aggregate of nation-

6. Formal communities are consists of a set of personal relations,

7. Rural communities usually produce their own food for

9. Communities of people trying to bring about change.

Essay: Answer the following questions.

1. Describe your community. Why you consider it in such type of community?

a. Gathering information on the history of the community.

b. Gathering information on diverse cultural factors that unite or divide the

Why is proposal in the community immersion important?

Sixteen Elements of Community Strength

2. Communal Services. Facilities and services such as roads, markets, potable

3. Common Values. The degree to which members of the community share

5. Confidence. The quality of being certain of an individual on how much

6. Context. An environment that supports strengthening includes political and

7. Information. The ability to process and analyse information, the level of

8. Intervention. The extent and effectiveness of animation aimed at strengthening

Community Building Stages (Peck, 1987)

True Community: Having worked through emptiness, the people in Community are in

Community is a group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by

Multiple Choice: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What are the importance and benefits of community immersion?

Kendall, S. (1987). The Barangay as Community in the Philippines. Retrieved from

Peck, N. (1987). Community Building Stages. Retrieved from

Villareal, M. (N.D.). The Filipino Family Today. A Sociological Perspective. Adamson

Chapter 2 Sociological Considerations

1. Examine and explain the concept of group.

A group is basically an assemblage of people. It can be understood as a

At the end of the lesson, the student can:

1. Explain the concept of group.

Types of Social Groups

Social groups vary in size, quality of group interaction, purpose, structure, or

1. Primary and secondary groups;

Primary and Secondary Groups

2. The neighbourhood group. The neighbourhood influence is the early step in

Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft

Gemeinschaft is a community of intimate, private, and exclusive living and

Informal and Formal Groups

Informal group arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more

Groups are classified according to self-identification as:

4. The Reference Group or Idolized Group. This simply a group of professionals

A. Complete the chart.

Groups are classified according to self-identification

B. Essay: Answer the following questions.