22CDC12-COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND DESIGN

Internal Assessment Test –I

Part – A

1. Write short notes on standards for computer graphics

 Need for portability of the geometric model among different hardware

platforms.

Exchange drawing database among software packages.

Need for exchanging graphic data between different computer system.

Need for the requirement of graphic data exchange formats and their details
such as IGES,DXF,STEP.
2. Find the new coordinates of the point (2,-4) after the rotation of 30⁰

Here we need to find new coordinates of the given point (-2,4)

Let the coordinates (x,y) are rotated through an angle θ then the coordinates of new points are (x', y')
where x' = x cos θ + y sin θ
y' = - x sin θ + y cos θ
Let given points (-2,4) = (x,y); rotated through an angle θ = 30°
Therefore, new coordinates
⇒ x' = (-2) cos 30° + 4 sin 30°

= [ ∵ cos 30° = , sin 30° = ]

= - √3 + 2
= 2-√3
⇒ y' = -(-2) sin 30° + 4 cos 30°

=
= 1 + 2√3
The new coordinates are (x',y') = (2-√3, 1+2√3)

3. What are hermite curves?

A Hermite curve is a spline where every piece is a third degree polynomial defined in Hermite
form.These are curves defined by four control points and a cubic polynomial defined in terms of a
parameter t. The control points q0 and q1 define the position of the curve at t=0 and t=1 respectively,
and q′0 and q′1 its derivative.
 4. Classify geometric transformations
 Translation
 Scaling
 Reflection or Mirror
 Rotation
5. Mention the requirements of curves and surface design

The surface modeling software should contain curve-fitting techniques such as Bezier curves, cubic
splines and B-splines. The method of operation curve fitting techniques is to define a number of control
points in the required plane and fit the desired curve type through the points. The shape of the c urve can
then be accurately controlled by adjusting the positions of the control points, which provides the
interactive sculpting facility.

Part – B

6. Explain (i) Translation, (ii) Scaling and (iii) Rotation in 3D concept of CAD with examples.

Translation

It is the process of changing the relative location of a 3-D object with respect to the original position
by changing it’s coordinates. Translation transformation matrix in the 3-D image is shown as

Where Dx,Dy,Dz are the Translation distances, let a point in 3D space is P(x, y, z) over which we want
to apply Translation Transformation operation and we are given with translation distance [D x, Dy, Dz]
So, new position of the point after applying translation operation would be

EXAMPLE
Perform translation transformation on the following figure where the given translation distances are
Dx = 2, Dy = 4, Dz = 6.
Solution: On applying Translation Transformation we get corresponding points –
After performing translation transformation over the Fig.1, it will look like as below –

Scaling Transformation : It is performed to resize the 3D-object that is the dimension of the object
can be scaled(alter) in any of the x, y, z direction through S x, S y, Sz scaling factors.

 The fixed point is translated to the origin.

 The object is scaled.
 The fixed point is translated to its original position.

Let a point in 3D space is P(x, y, z) over which we want to apply Scaling Transformation operation and
we are given with Scaling factor [S x, S y, Sz] So, the new position of the point after applying Scaling
operation would be
EXAMPLE

Consider the above problem where a cube” OABCDEFG” is given O(0, 0, 0, ), A(0, 4, 0), B(0, 4, 4),
C(4, 4, 0), D(4, 4, 4), E(4, 0, 0), F(0, 0, 4), G (4, 0, 4) and we are given with Scaling factor S x, S y, Sz.
Perform Scaling operation over the cube. Solution : We are asked to perform the Scaling
transformation over the given below 3D object Fig.1:
After performing the Scaling Transformation successfully the Fig.1 will look like as below Fig.2 –
 Rotation

In Computer graphics,3D Rotation is a process of rotating an object with respect to an angle in a three
dimensional plane.

Consider a point object O has to be rotated from one angle to another in a 3D plane.
Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)
 Initial angle of the object O with respect to origin = Φ
 Rotation angle = θ
 New coordinates of the object O after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)

For X-Axis Rotation

For Y-Axis Rotation

 For Z-Axis Rotation

EXAMPLE:

Given a homogeneous point (1, 2, 3). Apply rotation 90 degree towards X, Y and Z axis and find out the
new coordinate points.
Solution-
Given-
 Old coordinates = (Xold, Yold, Zold) = (1, 2, 3)
 Rotation angle = θ = 90º
For X-Axis Rotation-
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 1
 Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 3 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 3 x 1 = -3
 Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ = 2 x sin90° + 3 x cos90° = 2 x 1 + 3 x 0 = 2

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (1, -3, 2).

 For Y-Axis Rotation-

Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the rotation equations, we have-

 Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ = 3 x sin90° + 1 x cos90° = 3 x 1 + 1 x 0 = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 2
 Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 1 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 1 x 1 = -1

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (3, 2, -1).

For Z-Axis Rotation-

Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the rotation equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ = 1 x cos90° – 2 x sin90° = 1 x 0 – 2 x 1 = -2
 Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ = 1 x sin90° + 2 x cos90° = 1 x 1 + 2 x 0 = 1
 Znew = Zold = 3

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (-2, 1, 3).

7. Rotate the triangle ABC counter clockwise by 45o , where the triangle has coordinates
A(1,1), B(3,1) and C(1,3)
8. Explain Bezier and B- Spline curve generation techniques
B - SPLINE CURVE
In B-spline curve, the only a specific segment of the curve-shape gets changes or affected by the
changing of the corresponding location of the control points.
 9. Explain various features of surface manipulations

Various surface manipulation techniques are employed in CAD systems. The simplest
and most widely used method is to display a surface by a mesh of curves. This is usually called a mesh in
the CAD software. By holding one parameter constant at a time, a mesh of curves can be generated to
represent the surface.
 Shading of a surface is an effective way of rendering a design model and is available in many
CAD systems.
 Segmentation and trimming is a way of representing part of a surface with localised interests.
Some surfaces can present computational difficulties when split and partitioned. Similar to
segmentation and trimming, intersection is another useful function where curves can be defined
as a result of intersection.
 Sometimes, projection is required by projecting an entity onto a plane or surface. When a curve or
surface is projected, the point projections are performed repeatedly. This function is often used in
determining shadows of entities.

As with the curve transformation, one can translate, rotate, mirror and scale a surface in most CAD
systems. To transform a surface, the control points of the surface are evaluated and then transformed to
new positions and/or orientations. The new surface is then created according to the newly transformed
control points.