‫‪Inflammation‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻣر اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎر_ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﮫ اﻟطﺑﯾﮫ_ﻗﺳم اﻟﺻﺣﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﮫ‬

‫ﻋﻣل اﻟطﺎﻟﺑﺎت‪:‬‬
‫أﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺑداﻟﻌزﯾز ﻋﺑداﻟﺣﻔﯾظ ‪1502034‬‬
‫ﺧدﯾﺟﺔ ﻋﻣر اﺑوﺑﻛر اﻟﻘزﯾري‪1502025‬‬
‫ﻏدﯾر إﺑراھﯾم ﻣﺣﻣد ﺟﺎرﷲ ‪1502047‬‬
 introduction
Inflammation is the immune system's response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, toxic •
compounds, or irradiation [1], and acts by removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process [2].
Inflammation is therefore a defense mechanism that is vital to health [3]. Usually, during acute inflammatory
responses, cellular and molecular events and interactions efficiently minimize impending injury or infection.
This mitigation process contributes to restoration of tissue homeostasis and resolution of the acute
inflammation. However, uncontrolled acute inflammation may become chronic, contributing to a variety of
chronic inflammatory diseases [4].
At the tissue level, inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of tissue function, •
which result from local immune, vascular and inflammatory cell responses to infection or injury [5].
Important microcirculatory events that occur during the inflammatory process include vascular permeability
changes, leukocyte recruitment and accumulation, and inflammatory mediator release [2, 6].
Various pathogenic factors, such as infection, tissue injury, or cardiac infarction, can induce inflammation by •
causing tissue damage. The etiologies of inflammation can be infectious or non-infectious (Table (Table1).1).
In response to tissue injury, the body initiates a chemical signaling cascade that stimulates responses aimed
at healing affected tissues. These signals activate leukocyte chemotaxis from the general circulation to sites
of damage. These activated leukocytes produce cytokines that induce inflammatory responses [7].
 What is lnflammation
■What Is Inflammation? •
■Inflammation is a process by which your body's white blood cells •
and the things they make protect you from infection from outside
invaders, such as bacteria and viruses.
■But in some diseases, like arthritis, your body's defensesystem -- •
your immune system -- triggers inflammation when there are no
invaders to fight off. In these autoimmune diseases, your immune
system acts as if regular tissues are infected or somehow unusual,
causing damage.
 Inflammation and Arthritis

Some types of arthritis are the result of inflammation, such •

as:Rheumatoid arthritisPsoriatic arthritisGouty arthritisOther painful
conditions of the joints and musculoskeletal system that may not be
related to inflammation include osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, muscular
low back pain, and muscular neck pain.
 What Are the Symptoms of Inflammation?
Symptoms of inflammation include:Redness*A swollen joint that may •
be warm to the touchJoint pain*Joint stiffness*A joint that doesn’t
work as well as it shouldOften, you’ll have only a few of these
symptoms.Inflammation may also cause flu-like symptoms
including:Fever*Chills*Fatigue/loss of energy*Headaches*Loss of
appetite*Muscle stiffness*
What Causes Inflammation, and What Are Its
Effects?
When inflammation happens, chemicals from your body's white •
blood cells enter your blood or tissues to protect your body from
invaders. This raises the blood flow to the area of injury or infection.
It can cause redness and warmth. Some of the chemicals cause fluid
to leak into your tissues, resulting in swelling. This protective process
may trigger nerves and cause pain.Higher numbers of white blood
cells and the things they make inside your joints cause irritation,
swelling of the joint lining, and loss of cartilage (cushions at the end
of bones) over time.
 How Are Inflammatory Diseases Diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask about your medical history and do a physical •
exam, focusing on:The pattern of painful joints and whether there are
signs of inflammationWhether your joints are stiff in the morningAny
other symptomsThey’ll also look at the results of X-rays and blood
tests for biomarkers such as:C-reactive protein (CRP)Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR)
 Can Inflammation Affect Internal Organs?
Inflammation can affect your organs as part of an autoimmune •
disorder. The symptoms depend on which organs are affected. For
example:Inflammation of your heart (myocarditis) may cause
shortness of breath or fluid buildup.Inflammation of the small tubes
that take air to your lungs may cause shortness of
breath.Inflammation of your kidneys (nephritis) may cause high blood
pressure or kidney failure.You might not have pain with an
inflammatory disease, because many organs don’t have many pain-
sensitive nerves.
 Inflammation Treatment
Treatment for inflammatory diseases may include medications, rest, •
exercise, and surgery to correct joint damage. Your treatment plan
will depend on several things, including your type of disease, your
age, the medications you’re taking, your overall health, and how
severe the symptoms are.The goals of treatment are to:Correct,
control, or slow down the disease processAvoid or change activities
that aggravate painEase pain through pain medications and anti-
inflammatory drugsKeep joint movement and muscle strength
through physical therapyLower stress on joints by using braces,
splints, or canes as needed
 Medications
Many drugs can ease pain, swelling and inflammation. They may also •
prevent or slow inflammatory disease. Doctors often prescribe more than
one. The medications include:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen)Corticosteroids (such as
prednisone)Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine)Other
medicines known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs),
including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate, and
sulfasalazineBiologic drugs such as abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab,
etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, rituximab, and tocilizumabSome of
these are also used to treat conditions such as cancer or inflammatory
bowel disease, or to prevent organ rejection after a transplant. But when
"chemotherapy" types of medications (such as methotrexate or
cyclophosphamide) are used to treat inflammatory diseases, they tend to
have lower doses and less risk of side effects than when they’re prescribed
for cancer
If your doctor prescribes any medication, it’s important that you meet •
with them regularly so they can watch for side effects.Home
remediesSome ways to ease long-term inflammation include:Quit
smoking.Limit how much alcohol you drink.Keep a healthy
weight.Manage stress.Get regular physical activity.Try supplements
such as omega-3 fatty acids, white willow bark, curcumin, green tea,
or capsaicin. Magnesium and vitamins B6, C, D, and E also have some
anti-inflammatory effects. Talk with your doctor before starting any
supplement.
 Anti-Inflammatory Diet
The things you eat and drink can also play a role in inflammation. For •
an anti-inflammatory diet, include foods like:TomatoesOlive oilLeafy
green vegetables (spinach, collards)Nuts (almonds, walnuts)Fatty fish
(salmon, tuna, sardines)Fruits (berries, oranges)These things can
trigger inflammation, so avoid them as much as you can:Refined
carbohydrates (white bread)Fried foods (French fries)Sugary drinks
(soda)Red and processed meats (beef, hot dogs)Margarine,
shortening, and lard