Stack applications

• Expression conversion and evaluation

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 1

 Arithmetic Expressions
• Precedence Level
• Highest Exponentiation ( )
• Next Highest Multiplication (*) and Division ( / )
• Lowest Addition (+) and subtraction (-)

• Infix Notation
A+B
• Prefix Notation
+ AB
• Postfix or Suffix Notation (Reverse Polish Notation)
AB +

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 2

 Evaluation of Expression
• The Computer Usually Evaluates an Arithmetic expression written in infix
notation into steps
1. First converts the expression to postfix notation
2. Evaluates the postfix expression

• Stack is the Main Tool that is Used to Accomplish given Task.

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 3

Expression Conversion Procedure
• Infix to postfix conversion
• Read characters from left to right one by one till you reach end of
expression.
• Character you read may be:
• Operand – Place in output
• Operator – push into stack. On top of low priority operator, you can place high
priority operator
• Open bracket – push into stack
• Close bracket – pop symbols from stack and place in output till you pop out
open bracket. Don’t place open bracket in output.
• Once you reach end of expression, pop elements from stack and
place in output until stack becomes empty.

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 4

Q: A + ( B * C - ( D / E F ) * G ) * H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Symbol STACK Expression P
(1) A A
(2) + + A
(3) ( +( A
(4) B +( AB
(5) * +(* AB
(6) C +(* ABC
(7) - +(- ABC *
(8) ( +(- ( ABC *
(9) D +(- ( ABC *D
(10) / +(- (/ ABC *D
(11) E +(- (/ ABC *DE
Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 5
 Q: A + ( B * C - ( D / E F ) * G ) * H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Symbol STACK Expression P

(12) +(- (/ ABC *DE
(13) F +(- (/ ABC *DEF
(14) ) +(- ABC *DEF /
(15) * +(-* ABC *DEF /
(16) G +(-* ABC *DEF /G
(17) ) + ABC *DEF /G*-
(18) * +* ABC *DEF /G*-
(19) H +* ABC *DEF /G*-H
(20) ABC *DEF /G*-H*+

P: A B C * D E F / G * - H * +
Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 6
 infix to postfix Algorithm: POLISH (Q, P)
1. Create empty stack
2. Scan Q from left to right and repeat step 3 to step 6 for each element of Q until the STACK
is empty.
3. If an operands is encountered, add it to P
4. If a left parenthesis is encountered, push it onto STACK
5. If an operator X is encountered then:
a) Repeatedly POP from STACK and add to P each operator (on the top of STACK)
which has the same precedence as or higher precedence than X
b) Add X to STACK
[END of IF Structure]
6. If a right parenthesis is encountered then:
a) Repeatedly POP from STACK and add to P each operator (on the top of STACK) until
a left parenthesis is encountered.
b) Remove the left parenthesis
[END of IF Structure]
[END of STEP 2 loop]
Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE
7. EXIT 7
Postfix Expression Evaluation Algorithm
This Algorithm Finds the VALUE of an Arithmetic Expression
P Written in Postfix Notation.
1. Scan P from left to right and repeat step 3 and 4 for each
element of P until “end of expression” is encountered.
2. If an operand is encountered, put it in STACK.
3. If an operator X is encountered then:
a) Remove the two top elements of STACK
b) Evaluate T2 X T1
c) Place the result of (b) back on STACK.
4. [End of IF Structure]
5. [End of STEP1 loop]
6. Set VALUE equal to the top element on STACK.
7. Exit Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 8
 Postfix Expression Evaluation
• Q: 5 * ( 6 + 2 ) – 12 / 4
• P: 5 , 6 , 2 , + , * , 12 , 4 , / , -
Symbol Scanned STACK
1. 5 5
2. 6 5,6
3. 2 5,6,2
4. + 5,8
5. * 40
6. 12 40,12
7. 4 40, 12, 4
8. / 40, 3
9. - 37
Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 9
Practice Problem
• Evaluate the following expression given in postfix notation using
stack.
52^98–42/16++*-

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 10

Solution
• 16

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 11

Practice Problem

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 12

Solution

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 13

Expression Conversion Procedure
• Infix to prefix conversion
• Read characters from right to left one by one till you reach end of
expression.
• While writing output, write from right side to left.
• Character you read may be:
• Operand – Place in output
• Operator – push into stack. On top of low priority operator, you can place high
priority operator, Equal priority operator is allowed on top of another equal priority
operator.
• Close bracket – push into stack
• Open bracket – pop symbols from stack and place in output till you pop out close
bracket. Don’t place close bracket in output.
• Once you reach end of expression, pop elements from stack and place in
output until stack becomes empty.

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 14

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 15
Practice Problem
Convert the given infix expression into postfix and prefix expression.
(A + B) * (C / D * F) + (G / H + I) – J

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 16

Solution
• Postfix:
AB+CD/F**GH/I++J–
• Prefix
-+*+AB*/CDF+/GHIJ

Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 17

Prefix Expression Evaluation Algorithm
This Algorithm Finds the VALUE of an Arithmetic Expression
P Written in Prefix Notation.
1. Scan P from right to left and repeat step 3 and 4 for each element of P
until “end of expression” is encountered.
2. If an operand is encountered, put it in STACK.
3. If an operator X is encountered then:
a) Remove the two top elements of STACK
b) Evaluate T1 X T2
c) Place the result of (b) back on STACK.
4. [End of IF Structure]
5. [End of STEP1 loop]
6. Set VALUE equal to the top element on STACK.
7. Exit
Dr. P. Gayathri, Associate Professor, SCOPE 18