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matrice de passage
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et appliquer VOF NBUSJDF 1
 de changement
EF QBTTBHF FU de base
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2VBOE PO OF TBJU QBT 

6RLW E XQ HVSDFH YHFWRULHO GH GLPHQVLRQ ILQLH n ∈ N∗ 

6RLW B = (e1 , . . . , en ) XQH EDVH GH E HW x XQ YHFWHXU GH E
2Q pFULW x GDQV OD EDVH B VRXV OD IRUPH  x = x1 e1 + · · · + xn en  DYHF x1 , . . . , xn GHV
VFDODLUHV
/D PDWULFH GX YHFWHXU x GDQV OD EDVH B HVW OD PDWULFH FRORQQH j n OLJQHV GRQW OHV FRHIIL
FLHQWV VRQW GH KDXW HQ EDV x1 , . . . , xn 
2Q UDSSHOOH OD GpILQLWLRQ VXLYDQWH 
6RLW B HW B � GHX[ EDVHV GH E
/D PDWULFH GH SDVVDJH GH B YHUV B � HVW OD PDWULFH FDUUpH G¶RUGUH n GRQW OHV FRORQQHV VRQW
OHV PDWULFHV GHV YHFWHXUV GH B � GDQV OD EDVH B
6RLW x XQ YHFWHXU GH E HW f XQ HQGRPRUSKLVPH GH E 2Q QRWH X OD PDWULFH GH x GDQV OD EDVH
B X � OD PDWULFH GH x GDQV OD EDVH B �  M OD PDWULFH GH f GDQV OD EDVH B M � OD PDWULFH GH f
GDQV OD EDVH B �  HW P OD PDWULFH GH SDVVDJH GH B j B �  2Q GLVSRVH GHV SURSULpWpV VXLYDQWHV 
P HVW LQYHUVLEOH HW P −1 HVW OD PDWULFH GH SDVVDJH GH B � YHUV B
X = P X �
M � = P −1 M P 

2VF GBJSF
6RLW B = (e1 , . . . , en ) HW B � = (e�1 , . . . , e�n ) GHX[ EDVHV G¶XQ HVSDFH YHFWRULHO E GH GLPHQVLRQ
ILQLH n ∈ N∗  2Q QRWH P OD PDWULFH GH SDVVDJH GH B j B � 
2Q FDOFXOH OD PDWULFH P GH OD IDoRQ VXLYDQWH  OD jqPH FRORQQH GH P HVW OD PDWULFH GH e�j
GDQV OD EDVH B F¶HVWjGLUH OD PDWULFH FRORQQH FRQVWLWXpH GDQV O¶RUGUH GH KDXW HQ EDV GHV
FRRUGRQQpHV GH e�j GDQV OD EDVH B
6L O¶RQ FRQQDvW OD PDWULFH X G¶XQ YHFWHXU x ∈ E GDQV O¶XQH GHV EDVHV B RX B �  DLQVL TXH
OD PDWULFH P  RQ GpWHUPLQH OD PDWULFH X � GH FH PrPH YHFWHXU GDQV O¶DXWUH EDVH j O¶DLGH
G¶XQ SURGXLW PDWULFLHO YLD OD UHODWLRQ X = P X � UDSSHOpH GDQV OD SDUWLH SUpFpGHQWH &HFL
SHXW QpFHVVLWHU OH FDOFXO GH P −1 

1. Déterminer une matrice de passage et appliquer les formules de changement de base 11

9782340-035287_001_392.indd 11 19/09/2019 11:16

 6L O¶RQ FRQQDvW OD PDWULFH M G¶XQ HQGRPRUSKLVPH f ∈ L(E) GDQV O¶XQH GHV EDVHV B RX
B �  DLQVL TXH OD PDWULFH P  RQ GpWHUPLQH OD PDWULFH M � GH FH PrPH HQGRPRUSKLVPH GDQV
O¶DXWUH EDVH j O¶DLGH GH OD UHODWLRQ M � = P −1 M P UDSSHOpH GDQV OD SDUWLH SUpFpGHQWH &HFL
QpFHVVLWH OH FDOFXO GH P −1 

$POTFJMT

/RUVTXH E HVW XQ HVSDFH YHFWRULHO GH GLPHQVLRQ ILQLH GH UpIpUHQFH B HVW VRXYHQW OD EDVH
FDQRQLTXH GH O¶HVSDFH YHFWRULHO E GDQV OHTXHO RQ WUDYDLOOH /H FDOFXO GH OD PDWULFH GH
SDVVDJH GH B j B � HVW DORUV DVVH] UDSLGH
(Q JpQpUDO OD EDVH B � = (e�1 , . . . , e�n ) HVW FKRLVLH SRXU TXH OD PDWULFH G¶XQ HQGRPRUSKLVPH
f VRLW © SOXV VLPSOH ª VRXYHQW GLDJRQDOH RX WULDQJXODLUH ,O HVW SRVVLEOH TX¶LO VRLW SOXV
IDFLOH GH GpWHUPLQHU GLUHFWHPHQW GRQF VDQV XWLOLVHU OD IRUPXOH GH FKDQJHPHQW GH EDVH OD
PDWULFH GH f GDQV OD EDVH B � 

&YFNQMF USBJU©
� �
'DQV�R3  RQ FRQVLGqUH OD EDVH �FDQRQLTXH E = (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1) HW OD IDPLOOH
B = (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1) 
2Q DGPHW TXH B HVW XQH EDVH GH R3 YRLU OH WRPH GH SUHPLqUH DQQpH ILFKH  SRXU XQH
SUHXYH
 'pWHUPLQHU OD PDWULFH GH SDVVDJH P GH OD EDVH E YHUV OD EDVH B
&DOFXOHU OD PDWULFH LQYHUVH GH P  QRWpH P −1 
 6RLW x = (3, 2, 2) ∈ R3  'pWHUPLQHU OHV PDWULFHV FRORQQHV X HW X � GHV FRRUGRQQpHV GH
x GDQV OHV EDVHV UHVSHFWLYHV E HW B
 6RLW f O¶DSSOLFDWLRQ OLQpDLUH GH R3 GDQV OXLPrPH GpILQLH SDU 
� � � �
∀ (x, y, z) ∈ R3 , f (x, y, z) = − 2x + 3y + z, −x + 2y + z, −3x + 3y + 2z

'pWHUPLQHU OHV PDWULFHV M HW D GH f GDQV OHV EDVHV UHVSHFWLYHV E HW B

4XHO HVW OLHQ HQWUH OHV PDWULFHV M  D HW P "

40-65*0/
 3DU GpILQLWLRQ OD PDWULFH P HVW OD PDWULFH GRQW OHV FRORQQHV VRQW OHV PDWULFHV GHV
YHFWHXUV GH B GDQV OD EDVH C GDQV O¶RUGUH &RPPH C HVW OD EDVH FDQRQLTXH
⎛ GH R⎞3 
1 1 1
FHOD UHYLHQW j pFULUH OHV FRRUGRQQpHV GHV YHFWHXUV GH B HQ FRORQQH  P = ⎝1 0 1⎠
0 1 1
2Q VDLW GpMj TXH P HVW LQYHUVLEOH HQ WDQW TXH PDWULFH GH FKDQJHPHQW GH EDVH

12 Espaces vectoriels

9782340-035287_001_392.indd 12 19/09/2019 11:16

 2Q FDOFXOH OD PDWULFH LQYHUVH GH P  SDU H[HPSOH HQ UpVROYDQW OH V\VWqPH G¶LQFRQQXHV
(x, y, z) ∈ R3 HW GH SDUDPqWUHV (a, b, c) ∈ R3 
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎧
x a ⎨ x + y + z = a
(S) : P ⎝y ⎠ = ⎝ b ⎠ ⇐⇒ x + z = b
z c ⎩ y + z = c
2Q HIIHFWXH O¶RSpUDWLRQ L2 ← L2 − L1 SRXU REWHQLU XQ V\VWqPH pTXLYDOHQW TXH O¶RQ
UpVRXW SDU VXEVWLWXWLRQ 
⎧ ⎧
⎨ x + y + z = a ⎨ x = a−y−z
(S) ⇐⇒ − y = −a + b ⇐⇒ y = a−b
⎩ y + z = c ⎩ z = c−y
⎧
⎨ x = a−c
⇐⇒ y = a−b
⎩ z = −a + b + c
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
x 1 0 −1 a
/H GHUQLHU V\VWqPH VH WUDGXLW PDWULFLHOOHPHQW SDU  ⎝ y ⎠ = ⎝ 1 −1 0 ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
⎛ ⎞ z −1 1 1 c
1 0 −1
$LQVL P −1 = ⎝ 1 −1 0 ⎠
−1 1 1
⎛ ⎞
3
 2Q D GLUHFWHPHQW  X = ⎝2⎠
2
3RXU FDOFXOHU X �  OH SOXV VLPSOH HVW G¶DSSOLTXHU OD IRUPXOH GX FRXUV 
X = P X �  GRQF X � = P −1 X
)LQDOHPHQW  ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 0 −1 3 1
� ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝
X = 1 −1 0 2 = 1⎠
−1 1 1 2 1
 /¶pQRQFp DIILUPH TXH f HVW OLQpDLUH /H OHFWHXU HVW LQYLWp j OH YpULILHU
2Q FDOFXOH 
� � � � � � � � � � � �
f (1, 0, 0) = − 2, −1, −3 ; f (0, 1, 0) = 3, 2, 3 ; f (0, 0, 1) = 1, 1, 2
⎛ ⎞
−2 3 1
GRQF M = ⎝−1 2 1⎠
−3 3 2
2Q FDOFXOH DXVVL 
� � � �
f �(1, 1, 0)� = �1, 1, 0 � � �
f �(1, 0, 1)� = � − 1, 0,
� −1 �= − 1, � 0, 1
f (1, 1, 1) = 2, 2, 2 = 2 1, 1, 1

1. Déterminer une matrice de passage et appliquer les formules de changement de base 13

9782340-035287_001_392.indd 13 19/09/2019 11:16

 ⎛ ⎞
1 0 0
GRQF D = ⎝0 −1 0⎠
0 0 2
(QILQ RQ GLVSRVH GH OD UHODWLRQ  M = P DP −1 

&YFSDJDFT

&9&3$*$& 
2Q FRQVLGqUH O¶DSSOLFDWLRQ OLQpDLUH 

p : M2 (R) −→ �M2 (R) �

M �−→ 12 M + tM
� � � � � � � �
� 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 �
 2Q QRWH C = , , , OD EDVH FDQRQLTXH GH M2 (R)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
'pWHUPLQHU OD PDWULFH M GH p GDQV OD EDVH C
 'pWHUPLQHU XQH EDVH GH .HU(p) HW XQH EDVH GH ,P(p)
⎛ ⎞
1 0 0 0
⎜0 1 0 0⎟
 (Q GpGXLUH XQH EDVH B GH M2 (R) GDQV ODTXHOOH OD PDWULFH GH p HVW D = ⎝ 
0 0 1 0⎠
0 0 0 0
 'pWHUPLQHU XQH PDWULFH P LQYHUVLEOH WHOOH TXH M = P DP −1 

&9&3$*$& 

2Q QRWH B = (e1 , e2 , e3 ) OD EDVH FDQRQLTXH GH R3 

2Q FRQVLGqUH O¶HQGRPRUSKLVPH f GH R3 GRQW OD PDWULFH GDQV OD EDVH B HVW OD PDWULFH A
GRQQpH SDU  ⎛ ⎞
0 −2 −5
A = ⎝−2 0 4⎠
1 1 0
2Q SRVH  u = e1 − e2 = (1, −1, 0) HW v = f (e1 ) + e1 
 &DOFXOHU v
 0RQWUHU TXH OD IDPLOOH C = (u, v, e1 ) HVW XQH EDVH GH R3 
 2Q QRWH P OD PDWULFH GH SDVVDJH GH OD EDVH B j OD EDVH C
([SOLFLWHU OD PDWULFH P HW FDOFXOHU P −1 
 'pWHUPLQHU OD PDWULFH A� GH f GDQV OD EDVH C
 aQm`+2 , 1J GvQM

14 Espaces vectoriels

9782340-035287_001_392.indd 14 19/09/2019 11:16

 1PVS WPVT BJEFS   E©NBSSFS

&9&3$*$&   0RQWUHU TXH .HU(p) HW ,P(p) VRQW UHVSHFWLYHPHQW OH VRXVHVSDFH

YHFWRULHO GH M2 (R) IRUPp GHV PDWULFHV DQWLV\PpWULTXHV HW OH VRXV
HVSDFH YHFWRULHO GH M2 (R) IRUPp GHV PDWULFHV V\PpWULTXHV SXLV
GRQQHU XQH EDVH GH FKDFXQ GHV FHV VRXVHVSDFHV
 3URFpGHU SDU DQDO\VHV\QWKqVH  HQ REVHUYDQW OD PDWULFH j REWHQLU
UHPDUTXHU TXH OH GHUQLHU YHFWHXU GH B DSSDUWLHQW DX QR\DX GH p HW
TXH OHV WURLV SUHPLHUV YHFWHXUV GH B VRQW OHXU SURSUH LPDJH SDU p
 8WLOLVHU OD IRUPXOH GH FKDQJHPHQW GH EDVH

&9&3$*$&   &DOFXOHU v PDWULFLHOOHPHQW

 8WLOLVHU XQ DUJXPHQW GH GLPHQVLRQ SRXU GpPRQWUHU TXH F¶HVW XQH
EDVH
 &DOFXOHU A j O¶DLGH GH OD IRUPXOH GH FKDQJHPHQW GH EDVH

4PMVUJPOT EFT FYFSDJDFT

&9&3$*$& 
p HVW OLQpDLUH SDU OLQpDULWp GH OD WUDQVSRVLWLRQ

Solutions
 2Q FDOFXOH 
� � � � � � � �
� 1 0 � 1 0 � 0 1 � 1 0 1
p = p =2
�0 0� 0� 0 � �0 0� � 1 �0
� 0 0 � 0 1 � 0 0 � 0 0
p = 12 p =
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
⎛ ⎞
1 0 0 0
⎜0 1 1 ⎟
⎜ 2 0⎟
$LQVL M = ⎜ 2
1 1 ⎟
⎝0 2 2 0
⎠
0 0 0 1
� �
a b
 6RLW M = ∈ M2 (R) $ORUV HQ QRWDQW O OD PDWULFH QXOOH 
c d
� � � � � �
1� a b a c � 0 b
M ∈ .HU(p) ⇐⇒ p(M ) = O ⇐⇒ + = O ⇐⇒ M =
2 c d b d b 0
� �
� 0 1 �
8QH EDVH GH .HU(p) HVW DORUV JpQpUDWULFH G¶DSUqV FH TXL SUpFqGH OLEUH
−1 0
FDU XQ VHXO YHFWHXU QRQ QXO

1. Déterminer une matrice de passage et appliquer les formules de changement de base 15

9782340-035287_001_392.indd 15 19/09/2019 11:16

 &RPPH C HQJHQGUH M2 (R) LO YLHQW 
� � � � � � � �
� � 1 0 � � 0 1 � � 0 0 � � 0 0 ��
,P(p) = 9HFW p ,p ,p ,p
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
� � � � � � � �
� 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 �
= 9HFW , , ,
0 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1
� � � � � �
� 1 0 0 1 0 0 �
= 9HFW , ,
0 0 1 0 0 1
� � � � � �
� 1 0 0 1 0 0 �
8QH EDVH GH ,P(p) HVW DORUV , , JpQpUDWULFH G¶DSUqV FH
0 0 1 0 0 1
TXL SUpFqGH OLEUH�SDU YpULILFDWLRQ
� UDSLGH  RQ SHXW DXVVL XWLOLVHU OH WKpRUqPH GX UDQJ
SRXU REWHQLU GLP ,P(p) = 3 HW pYLWHU GH YpULILHU OD OLEHUWp
 3URFpGRQV SDU DQDO\VHV\QWKqVH
$QDO\VH
6XSSRVRQV TX¶LO H[LVWH XQH EDVH B GH M2 (R) WHOOH TXH OD PDWULFH GH p GDQV B HVW D
/D GHUQLqUH FRORQQH GH D HVW QXOOH GRQF OH GHUQLHU YHFWHXU GH OD EDVH B HVW XQ YHFWHXU
GH .HU(p) 3DU DLOOHXUV OHV SUHPLHUV YHFWHXUV GH OD EDVH B VRQW OHXU SURSUH LPDJH FH
VRQW GRQF GHV YHFWHXUV GH ,P(p)
6\QWKqVH
2Q FRQVLGqUH DORUV OD IDPLOOH GH M2 (R) REWHQXH HQ FRQFDWpQDQW OHV YHFWHXUV GHV
EDVHV GH ,P(p) HW .HU(p) SUpFpGHPPHQW GpWHUPLQpHV 
� � � � � � � �
� 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 �
B= , , ,
0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0
/D IDPLOOH B HVW REWHQXH HQ FRQFDWpQDQW XQH EDVH GH O¶HVSDFH GHV PDWULFHV V\Pp
WULTXHV HW XQH EDVH GH O¶HVSDFH GHV PDWULFHV DQWLV\PpWULTXHV 2U FHV HVSDFHV VRQW
VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV GDQV M2 (R) UpVXOWDW pWDEOL GDQV OD ILFKH  GX WRPH GH SUHPLqUH
DQQpH
$LQVL B HVW XQH EDVH GH �M2 (R) RQ
� SRXYDLW DXVVL PRQWUHU UDSLGHPHQW TXH B HVW OLEUH
HW GH FDUGLQDO 4 = GLP M2 (R) 
(QILQ RQ FDOFXOH �
 � � � � � � �
� 1 0 � 1 0 � 0 1 � 0 1
p = p =
�0 0� �0 0� �1 0 � 1� 0 �
� 0 0 � 0 0 � 0 1 � 0 0
p = p =
0 1 0 1 −1 0 0 0
⎛ ⎞
1 0 0 0
⎜0 1 0 0⎟
$LQVL  D = ⎝ 
0 0 1 0⎠
0 0 0 0
 6L P HVW OD PDWULFH GH SDVVDJH GH OD EDVH C YHUV OD EDVH B DORUV RQ D ELHQ 
M = P DP −1 

16 Espaces vectoriels

9782340-035287_001_392.indd 16 19/09/2019 11:16

 ⎛ ⎞
1 0 0 0
⎜0 1 0 1⎟
2Q FDOFXOH DORUV  P = ⎝ 
0 1 0 −1⎠
0 0 1 0
&9&3$*$& 

 /D PDWULFH GH f (e1 ) GDQV OD EDVH B HVW SDU GpILQLWLRQ OD SUHPLqUH FRORQQH GH A $LQVL
f (e1 ) = (0, −2, 1)
)LQDOHPHQW v = f (e1 ) + e1 = (1, −2, 1)
 6¶DJLVVDQW G¶XQH IDPLOOH GH 3 YHFWHXUV G¶XQ HVSDFH YHFWRULHO GH GLPHQVLRQ 3 C HVW XQH
EDVH GH R3 VL HW VHXOHPHQW VL F¶HVW XQH IDPLOOH OLEUH
2Q D 
αu + βv + γe1 = (0, 0, 0) ⇐⇒ α(1, −1, 0) + β(1, −2, 1) + γ(1, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 0)
⇐⇒ (α + β + γ, −α − 2β, β) = (0, 0, 0)
2Q REWLHQW VXFFHVVLYHPHQW GH GURLWH j JDXFKH  β = 0 SXLV α = 0 HW HQILQ γ = 0 GRQF
C HVW OLEUH
)LQDOHPHQW C HVW XQH EDVH GH R3 
 &RPPH B HVW OD EDVH FDQRQLTXH GH R3  RQ FRQVWUXLW P HQ pFULYDQW OHV FRRUGRQQpHV GHV
⎛ ⎞
1 1 1
YHFWHXUV GH C HQ FRORQQH  P = ⎝−1 −2 0⎠
0 1 0
2Q VDLW TXH P HVW LQYHUVLEOH 2Q GpWHUPLQH P −1 HQ UpVROYDQW OH V\VWqPH G¶LQFRQQXHV

Solutions
(x, y, z) ∈ R3 HW GH SDUDPqWUHV (a, b, c) ∈ R3 
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎧
x a ⎨ x + y + z = a
P ⎝y ⎠ = ⎝ b ⎠ ⇐⇒ −x − 2y = b
z c ⎩ y = c
2Q UpVRXW SDU VXEVWLWXWLRQV HW HQ UpRUGRQQDQW OHV LQFRQQXHV j OD ILQ 
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎧ ⎧
x a ⎨ z = a−x−y ⎨ x = − b − 2c
P ⎝y ⎠ = ⎝ b ⎠ ⇐⇒ x = −2y − b ⇐⇒ y = c
z c ⎩ y = c ⎩ z = a + b + c
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
x 0 −1 −2 a
/H GHUQLHU V\VWqPH VH WUDGXLW PDWULFLHOOHPHQW SDU  ⎝y ⎠ = ⎝0 0 1 ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
z 1 1 1 c
⎛ ⎞
0 −1 −2
$LQVL P −1 = ⎝0 0 1 ⎠
1 1 1
 '¶DSUqV OD IRUPXOH GH FKDQJHPHQW GH EDVH RQ D  A� = P −1 AP 
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
2 −1 0 2 0 0
2Q FDOFXOH VXFFHVVLYHPHQW AP = ⎝−2 2 −2⎠ SXLV A� = ⎝0 −1 1 ⎠
0 −1 1 0 0 −1

1. Déterminer une matrice de passage et appliquer les formules de changement de base 17

9782340-035287_001_392.indd 17 19/09/2019 11:16