GENERAL

BIOLOGY 2
ALYZA B. DURAN
Teacher 1
 Compare classical breeding with modern
01 genetic engineering
Appreciate the significance of breeding
02 plants and animals in improving the
varieties of life.
Discuss the advantages and
03 disadvantages of genetic Engineering.
 In order to make more
cells, we need DNA within
those cells to replicate.
DNA is the nucleic acid that
stores genetic information.
RNA is the nucleic acid
responsible for using the
genetic information in DNA
to produce proteins.
A molecule of DNA is
made up of millions of
tiny subunits called
Nucleotides.
Nucleotide consists of a
phosphate group,
pentose sugar and
nitrogenous base.
DNA has four nitrogenous
bases:
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
and Guanine.
 Codon UAG codes for the
Amino Acid Methionine and
functions as the start
codon.
The Central Dogma in Biology can be
summarized as to the processes of
DNA Replication, Transcription and
Translation or
DNA RNA Protein.
DNA replication occurs
only in the 5' to 3'
direction.
The DNA sequence of this
G T A G T A is T A C T A C.
 1.If you will become a
superhero with
superpowers, what
superpowers will you have?
2. What changes in your
body will you need?
3. Describe your
superpower. What body
modification will you have?
 3. In your own idea
how will you acquire
that superpower?
4. Is it possible to
have that superpower in
real life? If yes, how
will it be possible? If no,
what makes it
impossible?
 What do you think are the reasons
why people continue to think of ways
on how to improve varieties of plants
and animals?
CLASSICAL BREEDING GENETIC ENGINEERING

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Increase in growth • Reduction in genetic

rates of animals and variety
plants • Ethical concerns
• Decrease in the use of • Adverse effects on
pesticides wildlife are possible
• Development of specific • May damage
characteristics genetics in the long
• It can help fight disease run
A B
 CLASSICAL BREEDING
Practices focus on the
mating of organisms with
desirable qualities.
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
Technique of changing the
DNA of living organisms to
create a GMO with a new
genotype.
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISM
Any organism whose
genetic material has been
altered using genetic
engineering techniques.
TRANSGENIC ORGANISM
GENOTYPE
An organism’s complete
set of heritable genes,
or genes that can be
passed down from
parents to offspring.
PHENOTYPE
The set of
observable
characteristics of
an individual
determined by the
genotype.
 VARIATION

Difference
between
individuals within
a species.
 APPLICATION OF THE
PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS
PLANT BREEDING MASS SELECTION

PURE-LINE SELECTIVE
SELECTION BREEDING

HYBRIDIZATION INBREEDING
 PLANT BREEDING

SELF-POLLINATION CROSS-POLLINATION
 PURE-LINE
MASS SELECTION
SELECTION
▪Large number of ▪New variety is developed
phenotype seed mixed by a selection of single
from a population best plant
together to constitute a
new variety ▪Mostly used in self-
▪Mostly used for cross- pollination
pollination ▪Genetic variation absent
▪Genetic variation present ▪Narrow adaptation
▪Wide adaptation ▪Highly uniform
▪Less uniform
▪Homozygous
▪Heterozygous
 SELECTIVE BREEDING
▪ aka artificial breeding
▪when animals/plants with desired
characteristics are mated to produce
offspring with those desired traits
▪Passing of important genes to next
generation.
• Dachshund were once
bred to hunt badgers and
other burrowing animals.
• They must be small to fit
into the animals hole in the
ground.

• Angus cows are bred to

increase muscle mass so
that we get more meat.
 HYBRIDIZATION
▪ two individuals with unlike
characteristics are crossed to produced
the best in both organisms
▪can be different species crossed
together or different types within
the same species.
KINGDOM: Animalia KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata PHYLUM: Chordata
CLASS: Mammalia CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Carnivora ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Felidae FAMILY: Felidae
GENUS: Panthera GENUS: Panthera
SPECIES: tigris SPECIES: leo
 INBREEDING
-Continued breeding of similar individuals
-production of offspring from the mating
of individuals that are closely related

Has risks…
Increases breed’s susceptibility to
disease and deformities
LEARNING CHECKPOINT

MASS SELECTION
PLANT
BREEDING PURE-LINE
SELECTION

CLASSICAL
BREEDING

INBREEDING
SELECTIVE
HYBRIDIZATION BREEDING
CLASSICAL or GENETIC
BREEDING ENGINEERING
 - Guapple is a name given
to extra large and
possibly hybrid guavas.
It is a hybrid of the
fruits, Guava and Apple.
It weighs 400 to 1000
grams per fruit. It has a
thick and white fleshed
fruit with a bland taste. It
is a great source of
Vitamin C.
GUAPPLE
 Tomato (Flavr Savr)
had a "deactivated"
gene (Antisense
approach).
This meant that the
tomato plant was no
longer able to produce
polygalacturonase, an
enzyme involved in
fruit softening.

FLAVR SAVR TOMATOES

 A mule is the offspring of
a male donkey (a jack)
and a female horse (a
mare). A horse has 64
chromosomes, and a
donkey has 62.
The mule ends up with
63. Mules can be either
male or female, but,
because of the odd
number of chromosomes,
they can't reproduce.
MULE
 Gumamela is a shrub that
grows from one meter up
to 4 meters high. In the
Philippines, gumamela is
cultivated as an
ornamental plant.
The gumamela flower
comes in many colors:
red, yellow, orange, white,
purple, pink and other
GUMAMELA color combinations.
 Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is
a bacterium found in soils
throughout the world. It
naturally produces crystal-
like proteins (Cry proteins)
that selectively kill a few
specific insect species. Bt
corn is a variant of maize
that has been modified to
produce the insecticidal
BT-CORN proteins that occur
naturally in Bt.
 Dolly (July 5, 1996 -
February 14, 2003), was
the first mammal to have
been successfully cloned
from an adult cell. She
was cloned at the Roslin
Institute in Midlothian,
Scotland, and lived there
until her death when she
was six years old.

DOLLY THE SHEEP