Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.

Ola Atef
Unit (1) – Lesson (1): Measuring tools

 Matter: it's anything that has mass and volume (occupies a part of space).

 Mass: it's amount of matter in an object.

 Volume: it's the space occupied by matter.

Length
Measuring tool Measures Measuring unit Measures Example
Measuring ruler Small length Centimeter (cm) Small length Book, Pen
Meter (m) Large length Classroom
Graduated tape Large length
Kilometer (km) very large length Long distance

Mass
Measuring tool Measuring unit
Sensitive balance Small mass Gram (gm) small mass Jewellery
Common balance Large mass Kilogram (kg) Large mass Fruits – Vegetables
Ton Heavy objects

Volume
Measuring tool Measuring unit
Graduated cylinder - Liquids - Liter (L) Liquids - Irregular body
- Irregular body - Milliliter (ml)
- Cubic meter (m3) Regular body
Ruler Regular body - Cubic centimeter (cm3)

 1 Meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)

 1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)
 1 Kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
 1 Ton = 1000 kilograms
 1 Liter = 1000 milliliters = 1000 cm3

Estimating the volume of a solid body: regular – irregular

1- Regular solid body: Volume = length x width x height (m3 – cm3)

2- Irregular solid body: Volume = V2 ‫ ـــ‬V1

 Equal volumes of different materials (substances) have different masses.

 G.r: Glass is a matter: Because it has mass and volume.

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Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.Ola Atef
Lesson (2): Matter states and its changes
 The states of matter: solid state – liquid state - gaseous state
Solid Liquid Gases
Shape Definite indefinite indefinite
Volume Definite Definite indefinite
Example Ice-iron-gold-copper-silver Water-oil-alcohol-mercury Air(oxygen-nitrogen)

 G.r: gold and iron are solids: Because they have definite shape and volume.

 G.r: Air is a gas: Because it has indefinite shape and volume.

Changes of matter:

1- Melting: Change of matter from solid state to the liquid state, by heating.

Ex: ice (solid) changes into water (liquid).

2- Evaporation: Change of matter from the liquid state to the gaseous state, by heating.

Ex: water (liquid) changes into water vapour (gaseous).

3- Condensation: Change of matter from the gaseous state to the liquid state, by cooling.

Ex: water vapour (gaseous) changes into water (liquid).

4- Freezing: Change of matter from the liquid stste to the solid state, by cooling.

Ex: water (liquid) changes into ice (solid).

* G.r: The glass bottle is in the freezer shouldn't be full of water:

Because the volume of water increases, so the bigger volume will explode the bottle.

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Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.Ola Atef
Lesson (3): Elements around us
Element: Simplest form of matter can't be analyzed (decomposed) into two substances or more.

Elements are classified into: Metals - Nonmetals

Property Metals Nonmetals

Shiny- luster Shiny (have metallic luster) Aren't shiny (don't have luster)
Malleability Malleable Aren't malleable
Melting point Have high melting point Have low melting point
Conducting of heat Good conductors of heat and Bad conductors of heat and electricity
and electricity electricity
State in ordinary Solids except Solids Carbon - Sulphur
temperature (Mercury is liquid) Liquids Bromine
Gases Oxygen – Nitrogen – Hydrogen

 Economic importance:

Element Kind Importance

Iron Metal Bridges - Car chassis (frames) – Doors - Street lights (lamp posts)
Aluminum Metal Cooking pans - Foil paper - Doorknobs
Gold Metal Making jewellery
Copper Metal Electric wires – Statues - Metallic coins
Carbon (graphite) Nonmetal Positive electrodes (poles of dry batteries)

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 Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.Ola Atef
Lesson (4): Physical – Chemical change

 Physical change: change in the appearance of matter without change in its

structure.

Grinding of sugar Dissolving of salt in

water
Cutting paper Malleability of copper
Melting of ice Melting of wax

 Chemical change: change in structure of substance produces new substance with

different properties

Adding sodium bicarbonate to Fermentation (rottenness) of

vinegar fruits
Adding yeast to dough (baking) Production of yoghurt from
milk.
Burning of paper Burning of sugar
Digestion Rusting of iron

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Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.Ola Atef

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Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.Ola Atef
Unit (2): lesson (1): Stars and Planets

 Stars: lighting (shining) bodies that emit heat and light.

G.R: Big stars look very small to us: because they are very distant from us.

 The Solar system: Sun - Eight planets - Moons - (Asteroids- Meteors- Meteorites- Comets)

 The Sun: shining star radiates (emits) heat and light.

 The Sun is the biggest star in the solar system, It is in the center of solar system.

G.R: Sun is a medium sized but looks the biggest star to us: because it is the nearest star to us.

 Eight planets: Dark bodies revolve around the Sun in fixed orbits.

 Nearest to the sun: Mercury – Venus – Earth – Mars – Jupiter – Saturn – Uranus – Neptune.

 From biggest: Jupiter – Saturn – Uranus – Neptune – Earth – Venus – Mars – Mercury.

Mercury (Nearest) Venus (Most beautiful) Earth (Where we live) Mars (Red)
Jupiter (Biggest) Saturn (Colored rings) Uranus (Coldest) Neptune (Blue)

 Moons: Followers of some planets and revolve around them.

G.R: Moon is dark body but it seems shiny: because it reflects the sunlight falling on its
surface.

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Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.Ola Atef
Lesson (2): The movement of the sun and the Earth
 Apparent movement of the sun:
The sun rises from east and sets to west. It seems moving from east to west, but this is not true.
(G.R): Apparent movement of the sun: because the earth revolves around itself (axis).

 The rotation of the earth around itself causes:

1- Apparent movement of the sun.
2- Movement of the shadow.

(G.R): movement of the shadow: due to the rotation of the earth around itself.
Time Position of Shadow
Sunrise To the west
Midday Under the tree
Sunset To the east

Read of sunset Time of sunset + 12 hours

Length of day Read of sunset – Read of sunrise
Length of night 24 hours – length of day

The Earth rotates: around: itself and the Sun.

Rotation around Itself ( its axis ) The sun

One round takes 24 hours (one day) 365 1/4 day

Rotation causes Sequence of day and night Sequence of four seasons

Give reasons:
1- Sequence of day and night: due to the rotation of the earth around itself.
2- Sequence of four seasons: due to the rotation of the earth around the Sun.

Sequence of four seasons of the year:

Summer : 21st June Fall : 23th September Winter : 21st December Spring : 21st March

Note:
- Earth’s axis is inclined (not vertical)
- (G.R) Hours of day are not equal to the hours of night: because earth’s axis is inclined.

In Summer In Winter In Spring and fall (autumn)

Day is longer than night Day is shorter than night Hours of day are equal to hours of night

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Junior four 1st term- Science Mrs.Ola Atef
Lesson (3): Motion of the Moon

G.R: Moon is dark body but it seems shiny: because it reflects the sunlight falling on its surface.

 The moon rotates around:

1- Itself every 28 days.
2- The Earth every 28 days (lunar month): in a circular path.

 Rotation of moon around earth causes the 8 phases of the moon.

G.R: Phases of the moon: due to rotation of the moon around the earth.

 Phases of the moon :

1 – New moon 2 – First crescent 3 – First quadrature 4 – First gibbous
5 – Full moon (middle of lunar month)
8 – Second crescent 7 – Second quadrature 6 – Second gibbous

Notes:
1- Solar year equals 365 1/4 day, but the lunar year 354 day.
2- The water represents 71 % of the earth's surface.
3- Tide and ebb phenomenon occurs in water surfaces (oceans, seas and lakes).
 Tide: Rising of water level in water surfaces to cover seashores.
 Ebb: Returning of water to its normal level.

G.R: Moon is considered main reason for tide and ebb: because it is nearer to earth than the sun.

 Benefits of tide and the ebb:

1 Generating electricity Flowing and retraction of water rotates turbines producing elec
2 Cleaning the coasts Water carries wastes from coasts to the bottom and settles them.
3 Cleaning the water canals To keep its depth
4 Helping ships and boats Access to the shallow water

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