THE HEART

LOVELY MAE QUINTO-PIZETA, RN, MD

 HEART

▪ 2 PUMPS

PULMONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

• right side of the heart • left side of the heart

• Carries blood to the lungs,
where CO2 diffuses from the
blood into the lungs and O2
diffuses from the lungs into
the blood
• delivers O2 and nutrients to
all the remaining tissues of
the body
Functions of the Heart

1. Generating blood pressure generated by the heart’s contractions

responsible for moving blood through the blood vessels.
2. Routing blood by separating the pulmonary and systemic
circulations
3. Ensuring one-way blood flow.
▪ The valves of the heart ensure a one-way flow of blood through
the heart and blood vessels.
4. Regulating blood supply.
▪ The rate and force of heart contractions adjust variously to meet
the metabolic needs of the tissues.
 SIZE, SHAPE AND LOCATION OF THE HEART

▪ shaped like a blunt cone and is

approximately the size of a closed
fist
▪ APEX - blunt, rounded point of the
heart
▪ BASE - larger, flat part at the
opposite end of the heart
▪ MEDIASTINUM – location of the
heart, a midline partition of the
thoracic cavity that also contains
the trachea, the esophagus, the
thymus, and associated structures
PERICARDIUM

▪ AKA pericardial sac

▪ A double-layered, closed sac that surrounds the
heart
▪ two layers
▪ (1) the outer fibrous pericardium
▪ tough, fibrous connective tissue layer that
prevents overdistension of the heart and
anchors it within the mediastinum
▪ Superiorly, continuous with the connective
tissue coverings of the great vessels
▪ Inferiorly, attached to the surface of the
diaphragm
▪ (2) inner serous pericardium.
 WALLS OF THE
HEART
▪ EPICARDIUM
▪ visceral pericardium
▪ superficial layer of the heart wall
▪ MYOCARDIUM
▪ thick, middle layer
▪ composed of cardiac muscle cells
▪ responsible for the heart’s ability to
contract
▪ ENDOCARDIUM
▪ deep to the myocardium
▪ forms the smooth, inner surface of
the heart chambers, which allows
blood to move easily through the
heart
PERICARDIUM
▪ Serous pericardium
▪ further divided into two parts
▪ (1) parietal pericardium
▪ part lining the fibrous pericardium
▪ (2) visceral pericardium
▪ Aka epicardium
▪ part covering the heart surface
▪ PERICARDIAL CAVITY
▪ space between the visceral and parietal
pericardia
▪ Contains pericardial fluid
▪ reduce friction as the heart moves within
the pericardial sac
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

▪ an emergency procedure that

maintains blood flow in the body if
a person’s heart stops
▪ consists of firm and rhythmic
compression of the chest combined
with artificial ventilation of the
lungs
▪ a life-saving process but requires
training for correct execution.
 HEART CHAMBERS

RIGHT ATRIUM
▪ three major openings to the
right atrium
▪ an opening from the
superior vena cava
▪ an opening from the
inferior vena cava
▪ an opening from the
coronary sinus.
 HEART CHAMBERS

LEFT ATRIUM
▪ Four uniform openings
▪ Four pulmonary veins
 HEART CHAMBERS

▪ interatrial septum
▪ Separates right and left atria
▪ foramen ovalis
▪ a slight, oval depression on the right
side of the interatrial septum marking
the former location of the foramen
ovale
 HEART CHAMBERS

RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLES

▪ Right Ventricle
▪ Blood flows towards the
pulmonary trunk
▪ Left Ventricle
▪ Blood flows towards the
aorta
▪ interventricular septum
▪ Separates the two
ventricles
 VALVES OF THE HEART

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

▪ cusps, or flaps that ensure blood flows

from the atria into the ventricles,
preventing blood from flowing back into
the atria
▪ Tricuspid (3 cusps)
▪ AV valve between the right atrium and
the right ventricle
▪ Bicuspid valve/Mitral Valve (2cusps)
▪ AV valve between the left atrium and
the left ventricle
▪ Papillary muscles
▪ contains cone-shaped, muscular pillars
▪ attached to the cusps of the
atrioventricular valves by thin, strong
connective tissue strings called chordae
tendineae
 VALVES OF THE HEART

SEMILUNAR VALVES
▪ half-moon-shaped
▪ valve is positioned between each
ventricle and its associated great
artery
▪ three pocketlike, semilunar
cusps
▪ aortic semilunar valve
▪ pulmonary semilunar valve
 GR0OVES AND SULCI OF THE HEART

▪ CORONARY SULCUS
▪ runs obliquely around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles
▪ Associated vessels:
▪ Artery: Right and Left Coronary Arteries
▪ Vein: Great Cardiac Vein
▪ 2 GROOVES EXTENDING INFERIORLY FROM CORONARY SULCUS towards the apex
▪ division between the right and left ventricles
▪ 1. anterior interventricular sulcus
▪ Associated artery and veins: great cardiac vein and anterior interventricular artery
▪ 2. posterior interventricular sulcus
▪ Associated artery and veins: middle cardiac vein and posterior interventricular
artery
CORONARY ARTERIES
CARDIAC CYCLE
▪ SYSTOLE
▪ to contract
▪ DIASTOLE
▪ to dilate
▪ atrial systole - contraction of the atrial
myocardium
▪ atrial diastole - relaxation of the atrial
myocardium
▪ ventricular systole - contraction of the
ventricular myocardium
▪ ventricular diastole - relaxation of the
ventricular myocardium
CARDIAC CYCLE
CARDIAC CYCLE
CARDIAC
CYCLE
CARDIAC CYCLE
END