Classification of elements

Isoelectronic ions:- Ions of different elements which have same

number of electrons but different magnitude of the nuclear charge.
The size of isoelectronic ions decreases with increase in magnitude of
nuclear charge(no of protons).[Less no of proton or atomic
number,bigger size]

Ions N
3-
O
2-
F
- Na+ Mg
2+
AI
3+

electrons 10 10 10 10 10 10
Nuclear 7 8 9 11 12 13
charge(proton)

Size increases in the order AI3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2- < N3-

Period Orbital Electrons Element

1 1s 2 2
2 2s 2p 2+6=8 8
3 3s 3p 2+6=8 8
4 4s 3d 4p 2+10+6=18 18
5 5s 4d 5p 2+10+6=18 18
6 6s 4f 5d 6p 2+14+10+6=32 32
7 7s 5f 6d 7p 2+14+10+6=32 32

Q.1 How will do justify presence of 18 elements in the 5 th period of the

periodic table?
Ans:- 5th period n=5, this period involves the filling of orbitals in the
increasing order of energies is 5s < 4d < 5p.The total number of orbitals
available are 9.The maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated is 18. Therefore 18 elements are present in 5th period.
Q.2 On the basis of quantum number justify 6th period has 32
elements?
Ans:- 6th period n=6 involves filling of orbitals in the increasing order of
energy is 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p. The total number of orbital available are 16.
Therefore the maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated is 32. Therefore 6th period has 32 elements.

Diagonal relationship:- The 1st member of a group shows similarity in

properties to the second member of the neighbouring group towards
right.

Li Be B C

Na Mg AI Si

Li & Mg, Be & AI  Show diagonal

relationship (They show diagonal similarity in
properties)

Q.3 How would you explain the fact that 1st ionization enthalpy of
sodium is lower than that of magnesium but its second ionization
enthalpy is higher than that of magnesium.
Ans:- Na=1s22s22p63s1
Mg=1s22s22p63s2. The configuration of Mg is more stable due
to completely filled orbital than Na. Na has one valence e - which can be
easily removed.So 1st ionization enthalpy of Mg is more than Na.
Na Na+ + e- Mg Mg+
1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s1
(2,8,1) (2,8) (2,8,2) (2,8,1)
After loss of one e- Na acquires the configuration of noble gases while
Mg+ has only one valence e-. So the electronic configuration of Na+ is
more stable than Mg+. So second ionization enthalpy of Na is larger than
Mg.

Q.4 Which of the elements Na, Mg, Si and P would have the
greater difference between the 1st and 2nd ionization enthalpies?
Ans:- Na is an alkali metal that has only one valence electron so it has
very low ionization enthalpy(I.E1 very low).After removal of one
electron it acquires noble gas configuration. So its I.E2 is very high. The
difference of 1st and 2nd ionization enthalpies is greater in Na.