Volcanoes,

Earthquakes and
Mountain Ranges
Objectives:
• Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters, and major mountain belts.
• Determine the scientific basis for dividing the lithospheric plates.
• Infer the relationship of tectonic plates, earthquake epicenters, and
active volcanoes
• Identify volcanoes in the Philippines which are sources of
geothermal energy
• Relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters,
and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory.
Jumping Board:
•Our Earth has four layers consisting of different
materials, namely, crust, mantle, inner, and outer
core
•The lithosphere is said to be in constant but very
slow motion. These motions are not the same
everywhere. This movement of the lithosphere is
called tectonics.
• According to the Plate
Tectonics Theory, the
entire lithosphere of the
Earth is broken into
numerous segments
called plates . The arrows
show the direction of the
plate movement and the
other lines are the fault
lines
• Map 1 (Distribution of Earthquakes)
a. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?
• b. Where are they situated?
Map 2 (Earth’s Major Volcanoes)
• A. How are volcanoes distributed?
• B Where are they situated?
• MAP 3- DISTRIBUTION OF MOUNTAIN RANGE
How will you relate the distribution of mountain
ranges with the distribution of earthquake epicenters
and volcanoes?
• most active volcanoes in the world are found at the plate
boundaries. This is due to the geological process occurring
between the boundaries. Volcanoes are formed because the
subduction process occurs between continental-oceanic
convergence and/or oceanic-oceanic convergence
• Earthquakes are found anywhere else. But when you look at it
carefully, you will notice that patterns are observed. Earthquakes are
usually found or recorded at the edges of the continents or at the
plate boundaries. This means that wherever there are plate
boundaries, expect that earthquakes may occur in those areas.
•Mountain ranges are built along plate
boundaries where the two continental
plates converge.
• The basis of the scientist in dividing the Earth's lithosphere
into several segments called plates is the distribution of
earthquake epicenters, location of volcanoes, and
formation of mountain ranges. All of this geological
features that are formed because of plate movement.
Majority of them are situated along plate boundaries.
Earthquake epicenters are situated in all areas with active
volcanoes and mountain ranges but, not all areas with
earthquake epicenters have mountain ranges and active
volcanoes.
 Volcano and Types of volcano
• The Philippines is located
along the Ring of Fire. As a
result, it is a home to many
volcanoes. The most famous
among our volcanoes is the
Mayon Volcano that has
erupted last May 7, 2013
while a group of hikers were
exploring its beauty.
• Parts of a Volcano
• Pyroclastic material is another
name for a cloud of ash, lava
fragments carried through the air
and vapor.
• Crater is the central vent
surrounded by a bowl-shaped
depression forms when explosive
eruptions occur.
• Slopes are the sides or flanks of a
volcano that radiate from the main
or central vent.
• Vent is an opening on the surface of
a volcano that emits lava, ashes, gas
or other volcanic materials.
• Magma chamber is a hollow within
the volcano where magma and
gases accumulated.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
• Active volcanoes are those that have a record of eruption within the
last 600 years or those that erupted 10,000 years ago based on
analyses of their materials.
• Inactive volcanoes, on the other hand, are those that have not
erupted for the last 10,000 years and their physical form is being
changed by agents of weathering and erosion through formation of
deep and long gullies.
• Potentially Active Volcanoes are young-looking but with no
historical records of eruption.
 Geothermal energy
• Volcanic eruption refers to the release of magma from a volcano. The term
“magma” refers to the molten materials that are still inside the volcano.
When these molten materials are being ejected or reached into the surface,
it is then called “lava”.
• Lava contains different elements and compounds. One of the compounds it
contains is Silica or chemically known as silicon dioxide which greatly
influences the lava’s viscosity. The silica content of the lava determines the
volcano’s explosiveness.
• Volcanic eruption is often associated with negative effects. It can cause
health problems, loss of lives and properties. As the lava flows or pyroclastic
materials are ejected in the air, they can destroy anything on their way.
• Despite the catastrophic effects of volcanic eruptions and its massive
damages to lives and properties, it does have good aspects such providing
fertile soils and offering us beautiful and breathtaking sceneries.
Geothermal Energy
•Geothermal energy comes from
the word “geo” which means Earth
and “thermal” which means heat.
When you put it together,
geothermal literally means Earth’s
heat. It is the internal heat of the
Earth
•In the Philippines, geothermal power plants
are used to generate electricity in Tiwi (Albay),
Kidapawan (North Cotabato), Calaca (Laguna),
Tongonan (Leyte), Bago City (Negros
Occidental), Valencia (Negros Oriental),
Bacon-Manito (Sorsogon and Albay) and
Laguna.
POINTERS TO REVIEW
- CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST
- PLATE TECTONICS
- EARTHQUAKE
- TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVE
- DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE VOLCANO,
EARTHQUAKE’S EPICENTER & MOUNTAIN
RANGES