September 2021 San Diego, CA @QCOMResearch

The essential role

of AI in the 5G future
How machine learning is accelerating wireless
innovations in the new decade and beyond

+ AI
The essential role of AI in the 5G future

5G and AI are two Applying AI to solve AI plays an

synergistic, essential difficult wireless expanding role in
ingredients that are challenges and the evolution of 5G
fueling future deliver new values towards 6G
innovations

+ AI
2
Unifying connectivity fabric that can efficiently Learning platform that can make virtually
connect virtually everything around us everything around us intelligent

5G
Extreme capacity
better AI
Contextual awareness
Multi-Gbps speeds Personalization at scale
Ultra-high reliability and low latency Intelligent, intuitive, and automated actions
Robust end-to-end security and privacy Continual improvement through self-learning
New and diverse services, spectrum, deployments Solving seemingly impossible-to-model problems

Two synergistic and essential ingredients fueling future innovations

3
Advancement in AI is making
5G better
Elevated level of performance
More efficient resource utilization
Energy reduction for longer battery life
Personalized security and privacy
Continuous enhancements over time
New and enhanced system capabilities
5G and AI are working together to accelerate innovations
Proliferation of 5G is making
AI better
Responsive user experiences and services
Lifelong learning
Flexibility for distributed functionality across devices
On-device intelligence assisted by cloud
Scale intelligence through distributed learning
Massive data aggregation for improved AI models
4
 Privacy
On-device
intelligence is Reliability

paramount Low latency

Process data closest to the
Efficient use of
source, complement the cloud
network bandwidth

5
Transformation of the
Connected Intelligent Public network
Edge has begun at scale
Processing data closer to devices at the edge derives
new system values (e.g., lower latency, enhanced privacy)

Cloud Edge cloud On-device

Private networks
Past Today Future
Cloud-centric AI Partially-distributed AI Fully-distributed AI
AI training and Power-efficient With lifelong on-
inference in the on-device AI inference device learning
central cloud

6
 Local network
analytics

Connected
Voice Object
activation classification
Low-latency
interactive content
Intelligent Edge Text
Fingerprint
recognition
brings new and enhanced services
Boundless XR
Face On-device
detection security

On-demand
computing

Industrial
Edge
Cloud AI + On-device
AI
Voice
recognition
Gesture/
hand tracking

automation
and control Computational Contextual
photography awareness

Enterprise data

7
Federated learning brings on-device learning to new level

Offline learning On-device learning Federated learning

Coordinator

5G
Model connectivity
updates
Training on
local data
Training on
local data

Worker Worker

Data
Locally adapt once to a few samples Aggregate model updates across
(e.g., few shot learning) or continuously multiple users to globally improve model
(e.g., unsupervised learning) from more diverse data

Offline training prior to deployment Local adaptation Global adaptation

8
Our research focus to improve 5G with AI
With a cloud-to-network-to-device approach for data collection and learning

Distributed Cloud Disaggregated Network Edge Devices

Central and edge clouds Virtualized and disaggregated RAN On-device intelligence
For end-to-end service For network and device For local device
optimization optimization optimization

Steps towards enabling AI/ML cloud and device platforms

Shorter Term Medium Term Longer Term
Continue to define data Enabling jointly optimized Joint cloud, core, RAN,
collection for new use AI/ML use cases between and device AI/ML
cases hosted at the RAN RAN functions and device functions
9
Applying AI
to solve difficult wireless challenges
and deliver new values

10
 Wireless challenges AI strengths
Hard-to-model problems Determining appropriate
representations for hard-to-
Computational model problems
infeasibility
of optimal solution Finding near-ideal and
computationally realizable
Efficient modem solutions
parameter optimization
Modeling non-linear functions
Dealing with non-linearity
AI-enhanced
wireless communications

Applying AI to solve difficult wireless challenges

Deep wireless domain knowledge is required to optimally use AI capabilities 11
 On-device AI improves the 5G end-to-end system

Enhanced device experience

More intelligent beamforming and power management improve
throughput, robustness, and battery life

Improved system performance

On-device inference reduces network data traffic for more efficient
mobility and spectrum utilization

Better radio security

Detecting and defending against malicious base station spoofing
and jamming with fingerprinting
Radio awareness
Environmental and contextual sensing that reduces
access overhead and latency

12
 Spectrum sensing and access
Predict activities of other devices for more efficient
access and better scheduling to improve 5G
system performance

Contextual awareness
Radio awareness Use device context (e.g., position, velocity,
or in-car) derived from RF, sensors, traffic
achieved by advanced on-device
activities to improve device experience
AI algorithms

Environment (RF) sensing

Detect gestures, movements, and objects by
monitoring signal reflection patterns to enable
new use cases

13
On-device AI
enhances 5G
device experience Agent

State
M strongest
RSRPs

Better beam management Action Deep reinforcement

Incorporate location, velocity, other aspects Select Tx/
learning example
Rx beams
of environmental and application awareness
Reward
to improve robustness and throughput Throughput,
power savings

On-device AI More power saving

Optimize performance/power consumption
tradeoffs by taking advantage of better
contextual awareness on device Environment

14
On-device AI
improves 5G system performance

Better link adaptation

Position-aware interference prediction can improve
overall system throughput and spectral efficiency

AI inference result

Reduced network loading More seamless mobility

On-device AI inference reduces the amount of Device-centric mobility utilizes on-device
raw data needed be sent across the network AI and sensors to predict handovers

15
Demo: Mobile 5G mmWave beam prediction
16
 Improving system spectral efficiency
Implementing a neural network framework for CSI1 on non-linear temporal encoding and decoding

Downlink Data Data Reconstructed

CSI CSI
channel or control or control downlink channel
encoder decoder
estimates channel channel estimates

Encoder at the device Decoder at the base station

Applying AI
for enhanced
Improving device power efficiency
5G air interface Optimizing transmit waveform to reduce Allowing receiver to recover signal from a
efficiency peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) device operating in the non-linear PA region

Example: for uplink transmissions

1 Channel State Information 17

Demo: Enhanced 5G massive MIMO channel state feedback
18
 More accurate device positioning Motion and gesture detection

NLOS
Multi-path detection

Blockage

LOS

RF sensing

Learning device position over time without prior Sensing changes in environment to infer location
knowledge with RF sensing — complementing and type of motion for a wide range of use cases
existing positioning methodologies1 (e.g., vital sign tracking, fall detection)

1. For example, Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA), Multiple Round Trip Time (Multi-RTT), Angle of Arrival (AoA)

Applying AI for contextual awareness and

environmental sensing
19
AI/ML for
Positioning measurements
(e.g., RTT + AoA)

enhanced 5G GNSS information

Sensor information

positioning (e.g., accelerometer)

performance
Channel multi-path profile Improved device
(e.g., NLOS) position estimate
Neural Network

5G positioning is supplemented by Intelligent

various assisting information, such Location Server
as GNSS, multi-path profiles, and
other sensors

20
Demo: Precise 5G positioning with machine learning fusion
21
Demo: Wireless AI-assisted indoor positioning
Leveraging unsupervised/weakly supervised learning — also applicable to 5G RF sensing (e.g., for positioning, motion and gesture detection)
22
AI enables intelligent 5G network management

Enhanced service quality Simplified deployment

Better mobility management, More capable Self Organizing
user localization, and user behavior Networks (SON) for e.g., mmWave
and demand prediction network densification

Higher network efficiency Improved network security

More efficient scheduling, radio More effective detection and defense
resource utilization, congestion against malicious attacks by analyzing a
control and routing massive quantity of data

23
 A more intelligent way
to deploy 5G mmWave
Create a digital twin of targeted deployment
based on readily available sources/databases
(e.g., Google Street/Aerial view, GIS, …)

Reduce model complexity and balance tradeoffs

Smart 5G mmWave through ML-based object recognition, clustering,
densification and pruning

Optimize mmWave network deployment to

provide focused capacity using diverse existing
and new infrastructure (e.g., repeater, IAB,...)

24
Distributed topology enables more efficient deployments
Standardization in e.g., 3GPP, O-RAN Alliance

Integrated Access/
Backhaul (IAB)

Fiber, in-band or Smart Repeater

out-of-band wireless fronthaul

In-band or
out of-band wireless

Fiber
Centralized backhaul
Small Cell
coordination
Fiber
fronthaul Simple Repeater
ORAN Radio Unit

Diversity of node types e.g., Diversity of interconnectivity Many potential radio locations
small cells, IAB, repeaters, … e.g., fiber, out-of-band wireless, … e.g., for different objectives
25
Creating a digital twin of targeted deployment
using readily available databases
Example in Tokyo, Japan

Gray Buildings © 2008 ZENRIN

Gray Buildings © 2008 ZENRIN Gray Buildings
Gray Buildings
Gray ©
© 2008 2008
Buildings
ZENRIN ZENRIN
© 2008 ZENRIN
26
5G mmWave topology optimization example
Philadelphia design using small cells only

Two existing small cells serving a

portion of device traffic
Four additional small cells to support
DL/UL traffic of remaining devices

Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors

Existing Newly added Unused Device In-band

small cells small cells poles hotspots access

27
5G mmWave topology optimization example
Design with integrated access/backhaul, repeaters, small cells with
in-band and out-of-band backhaul

Three new small cells are replaced with

one IAB and two repeaters
One repeater is placed to bend signal
around the corner to provide coverage
IAB now provides coverage to devices
on the left, as new small cell cannot
meet demand of those devices with its
in-band bandwidth
Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors

Existing Newly added Unused Device Repeaters Integrated In-band Out-of-band In-band
small cells small cells poles hotspots access/ backhaul backhaul access
backhaul

28
Expanding design
to larger deployment
area with diverse
mmWave topologies

Refreshed design based on new traffic

requirements of the larger area

Additional small cells, repeaters, IABs

to address increased traffic demand Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors

Utilizing both in-band and out-of-band

backhaul links for even more capacity Existing Newly added Unused Device Repeaters Integrated In-band Out-of-band In-band
small cells small cells poles hotspots access/ backhaul backhaul access
backhaul

29
Machine learning
plays an expanding role in the evolution
of 5G towards 6G

30
Advancing 5G to fulfill its full promise
Enhanced mobile experiences, new capabilities, and expansion to diverse verticals

31
Standardizing AI/ML in cellular communication systems
Broad range of work across standards and industry organizations
Developing AI use cases
Architectural framework for ML
Framework for evaluating intelligence level
Framework for data handling to enable ML
AI for autonomous and assisted driving
Defining reference architecture for Radio Intelligence
Controller (RIC) and interfaces
Developing technical report: “AI/ML Workflow Description
and Requirement”
Developing an AI Mobile Device Requirement Spec
(TS.47)
Focusing on AI mobile phone and tablet (may extend
to IoT/wearable in future releases)
Network automation and autonomy based on AI
Defining requirements and platform recommendations for
reference implementation and interface standards
Data collection for network performance
enhancements (RAN2/3 — Rel-16/17)
Study on AI/ML functional frameworks and use cases
(RAN3 — Rel-17)
Network data analytic function for core AI/ML use
cases (SA2 — Rel-16/17)
Management data analytic service, autonomous
network (SA5 — R17)
Study on AI/ML model transfer performance
requirements over 5G (SA1 — Rel-17)
32
Driving the 5G technology evolution in the new decade

Rel-20+ evolution
Longer-term evolution to
deliver on the 5G vision Rel-191
New verticals, deployments,
use cases, spectrum Rel-181

Unified, future-proof platform Rel-171

Rel-161

Rel-15

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027+

Rel-15 eMBB focus Rel-16 industry expansion Rel-17 continued expansion Rel-18+ 5G-Advanced
• 5G NR foundation • eURLLC and TSN for IIoT • Lower complexity NR-Light • Next set of 5G releases
• Smartphones, FWA, PC • NR in unlicensed • Higher precision positioning (i.e., 18, 19, 20, …)
• Expanding to venues, • 5G V2X sidelink multicast • Improved IIoT, V2X, IAB, and more… • Potential projects in discussions
enterprises • In-band eMTC/NB-IoT • Rel-18 expected to start in 2022
• Positioning

1. 3GPP start date indicates approval of study package (study item->work item->specifications), previous release continues beyond start of next release with functional freezes and ASN.1 33
Data collection for network performance enhancements
Part of 3GPP Release 16

Enhanced Network Automation (eNA) Minimization of Drive Testing (MDT) Self Organizing Network (SON)

Data
repositories

Delivery of
activity data Measurements, e.g., average
and local Delivery of delay, sensor information
analytics analytics data
NWDAF

5GC NF, AF 5GC NF, AF

OAM

New enhanced core network function for
data collection and exposure
Expanding NWDAF1 from providing network slice
analysis in Rel-15 to data collection and exposure
from/to 5G core NF, AF, OAM2, data repositories
Logged and immediate MDT, mobility Mobility robust optimization (MRO),
history information, accessibility and L2 mobility load balancing (MLB), and
measurements3 RACH optimization
Specifying features for identified use cases, including Specifying device reporting needed to enhance network
coverage, optimization, QoS verification, location configurations and inter-node information exchange
information reporting, sensor data collection (e.g., enhancements to interfaces like N2, Xn)

1 NWDAF — Network Data Analytics Function; 2 Network Function, Application Function, Operations Administration and Maintenance; 3 For standalone and dual connected 5G NR systems 34
Expanding 5G system support
for wireless machine learning
Part of 3GPP Release 17

Enhancements for 5G network interfaces

Facilitating machine learning procedures such as model training and
inference, as well as actions to enforce model inference output

Augmented network and device data collection

Supporting targeted applications (e.g., energy saving,
load balancing, mobility management), operations enhancements,
expanded use case1

Support for over-the-top AI/ML services

Introducing new QoS (Quality of Service) definitions that are tailored for
machine learning model delivery over 5G

1 Such as multicast, broadcast, V2X, sidelink, multi-SIM, RAN slicing, and more

35
Network architecture
enhancements
Allowing for machine
learning to run over different
HW/SW and future RAN
function split to improve
flexibility and efficiency
AI/ML procedure
enhancements
Optimizing system for model
management, training (e.g.,
federated and reinforcement
learning), and inference
Data management
enhancements
Standardizing ML data storage/
access, data registration/
discovery, and data request/
subscription
New and expanded
use cases
Supporting traffic/mobility
prediction, coverage/capacity
optimization, massive MIMO,
SON, CSI feedback, beam
management, and other PHY/MAC
and upper layer improvements

5G Advanced (Rel-18+) targets to expand wireless

machine learning to the end-to-end system across
RAN, device, and air interface
36
Machine learning can bring
continuous wireless enhancements
AI-native air interface design can enable continual
system improvements in between major 3GPP releases
Data-driven communication
through self-learning
and network design

Approximately 1.5-year cycle

Release X
No standardized improvement during nominal Work/Study Item
phase towards subsequent release
Data-driven system configuration provides
end-to-end optimizations
Release X+1
Dynamic parameter adaptation based on
fast machine learning algorithms
Neural network system design can
customize to given wireless environment

37
Machine learning
is a key technology
vector on the path to 6G
Wireless AI/ML Communications resiliency
Data-driven communication and network design, End-to-end configurable security, post
with joint training, model sharing and distributed quantum security, robust networks tolerant
interference across networks and devices to failures and attacks

Scalable network architecture Coordinated spectrum sharing

Disaggregation and virtualization from New paradigms for more efficient use of
cloud-to-edge, and use of advanced relay/mesh spectrum, leveraging location /environmental
topologies to address growing demand awareness for dynamic/adaptive coordination

New radio designs Merging of worlds

Waveform/coding for MHz to THz, intelligent Physical, digital, virtual, e.g., ubiquitous,
surfaces, joint comms. and sensing, large-scale low-power sensing/monitoring, immersive
MIMO, advanced duplexing, energy-efficient RF interactions taking human augmentation to
next level

38
Longer term R&D direction

Network Air interface Devices

Link parameter prediction Data-driven Predictive beam management
Multi-cell interference learning propagation models Channel state measurements
Mobility parameter prediction Device positioning

Fully autonomous networks Data-driven optimization Joint sensing-communications

Interference coordination/scheduling of signaling, measurements, Dynamic ML model adaptation
and feedback
Mobility handoff decisions Personalized lifelong learning

E2E approach with machine learning to improve 5G system performance and efficiency

Transition to ML data-driven air interface design and operation

Neural network air interface design for Joint training, model sharing, and distributed Dynamic air interface
coding, waveform, and multiple access inference across network & devices operation and adaptation

39
 Signal intelligence,
baseband and
medium access
ML-based channel feedback
Channel estimation & pilot optimization
MIMO detection
Link prediction & adaptation
Beam management and optimization
Spectrum sensing and sharing
Radio resource scheduling
Network intelligence
and system optimization
Coverage and capacity optimization
Traffic and mobility prediction
Energy saving
Cooperative edge caching
Content-aware X-layer optimization
Enhanced personalized security
TCP optimization
Device intelligence
and optimization
Digital front-end optimization
Antenna and RF optimization
Full duplex
Battery saving
Reflective intelligent surface
Vertical intelligence
and other capabilities
High-precision positioning
Environmental sensing
Contextual awareness
Sensor fusion
Vehicular communication

Our AI research areas to advance

wireless communication 5G+AI
40
Enhanced 5G Mobile 5G mmWave
massive MIMO beam prediction
channel state Improving 5G mmWave robustness
and efficiency with machine learning
feedback to increase the usable capacity and
Enabling efficient channel device battery life
estimation for massive MIMO
operations to improve user
throughput and system capacity

Precise 5G 5G mmWave network

positioning with topology optimization
sensor fusion Exploring performance/
cost tradeoffs with different
Combining 5G positioning
topology options such as IABs and
measurements with GNSS,
repeaters to improve deployment
multi-path profiles and sensor
efficiency options
inputs to improve accuracy

Gray Buildings ©
2008 ZENRIN

Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors

Showcasing advanced wireless machine learning at MWC21

5G OTA prototypes and system simulations
41
 Our AI leadership
Over a decade of cutting-edge AI R&D, speeding up commercialization and enabling scale

Research face MWC demo showcasing Collaboration Brain Corp Qualcomm Power efficiency Mobile AI Enablement Center
detection with photo sorting and with Google on raises $114M Artificial Intelligence gains through compression, in Taiwan
deep learning handwriting recognition TensorFlow Research initiated quantization,
Deep-learning
and compilation
based AlexNet wins ImageNet
competition

Research in spiking Research artificial neural Opened Qualcomm Announced Qualcomm Gauge AIMET
neural networks processing architectures Research Netherlands Facebook Caffe2 Technologies ships equivariant Model Zoo
support ONNX supported CNNs open sourced
by Microsoft,
Facebook, Amazon

2009 2013 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Acquired
EuVision
Qualcomm
2007 Opened joint
research lab
Technologies
researchers AI Model Efficiency
Investment and
Qualcomm Research collaboration with Completed Brain Corp with University Acquired win best paper Toolkit (AIMET)
initiates first AI project Brain Corp joint research of Amsterdam Scyfer at ICLR open sourced

Consistent AI R&D
Qualcomm® Qualcomm® 3rd Gen
Neural Vision Snapdragon Snapdragon
Processing Snapdragon 660 Intelligence Automotive 665, 730, Snapdragon Ride™
SDK Snapdragon 630 Platform Cockpit 730G Platform

investment is the foundation for product leadership 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen Qualcomm 5th Gen 6th Gen
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(Snapdragon 835) (Snapdragon 845) 710 (Snapdragon 855) Cloud AI 100 (Snapdragon 865) (Snapdragon 888)
Qualcomm Artificial Intelligence Research is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Snapdragon, Qualcomm Neural Processing SDK, Qualcomm Vision Intelligence Platform, 1st Gen Qualcomm® AI Engine Qualcomm® QCS400 Qualcomm® Robotics
Qualcomm AI Engine, Qualcomm Cloud AI, Snapdragon Ride, Qualcomm Robotics RB3 (Snapdragon® 820 Mobile Platform) (First audio SoC) RB5 Platform
Platform, and Qualcomm QCS400I are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or
its subsidiaries. 42
AIMET and AIMET Model Zoo are products of Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc.
 2nd gen Qualcomm® Qualcomm AI
Sensing Hub Engine direct
Dedicated AI accelerator Easier and faster access
to the entire AI Engine
First to support TensorFlow Micro

Qualcomm® Hexagon™
Industry leading 780 Processor
AI use cases
AI
Fused AI Accelerators
• Tensor - 2X compute capacity
Super movie with Tetras.AI
• Scalar - 50% performance improvement
Snapchat lenses accelration • Vector – Support for additional data types
NLP with Hugging Face
Highlights 3X performance per watt improvement
Skin condition detection with trinamiX 16X dedicated memory
Up to 1000X hand off time improvement
in certain use cases

Qualcomm Neural 6th gen Qualcomm

Processing SDK & AI AI Engine
Model Efficiency Toolkit 26 TOPS
New features and
improvements

TVM Opensource
More efficient coding
*Compared to previous generations
43
Qualcomm Sensing Hub and Qualcomm Hexagon are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.
Leading research and development
Across the entire spectrum of AI

Fundamental Applied
research research

Deep Neural Graph and Deep

AI Model
G-CNN transfer network kernel learning for
Efficiency Toolkit
learning compression optimization graphics

Bayesian Deep Neural

Compute Source CV DL for
combinatorial generative network Voice UI
in memory compression new sensors
optimization models quantization

Bayesian Hybrid Hardware- Video

Power
distributed reinforcement aware Fingerprint recognition
management
learning learning deep learning and prediction

AI for Energy-efficient AI for

Quantum AI
wireless perception radar

44
 Advancing AI Perception
Object detection, speech IoT/IIoT
research to make
recognition, contextual fusion

efficient AI ubiquitous Reasoning

Edge cloud
Scene understanding, language
Automotive
Power efficiency Personalization Efficient learning understanding, behavior prediction

Model design, Continuous learning, Robust learning

compression, quantization, contextual, always-on, through minimal data,
algorithms, efficient privacy-preserved, unsupervised learning,
hardware, software tool distributed learning on-device learning
Action
Reinforcement learning Cloud
A platform to scale AI for decision making

across the industry Mobile

45
 Quantization Relaxed Quantization Data-free Quantization AdaRound Bayesian Bits Transformer Quantization
research (ICLR 2019) (ICCV 2019) (ICML 2020) (NeurIPS 2020) (EMNLP 2021)

Quantization
open-sourcing

AI Model Efficiency Toolkit (AIMET)

AIMET Model Zoo

AIMET and AIMET Model Zoo are products of Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc.

Leading AI research and fast commercialization

Driving the industry towards integer inference and power-efficient AI
46
 AIMET makes AI models small
Open-sourced GitHub project that includes state-of-the-art quantization
and compression techniques from Qualcomm AI Research

Trained AI Model Efficiency Optimized Deployed

AI model Toolkit AI model AI model
(AIMET)

Compression

Quantization

TensorFlow or PyTorch

If interested, please join the AIMET GitHub project: https://github.com/quic/aimet

State-of-the-art State-of-the-art Support for both Benchmarks Developed by

Features: network compression quantization TensorFlow and tests for professional software
tools tools and PyTorch many models developers

47
 Benefits Features
Lower Quantization
power
State-of-the-art INT8 and Quantization-aware training
INT4 performance Quantization simulation
Post-training quantization methods,
Lower memory
bandwidth including Data-Free Quantization
and Adaptive Rounding (AdaRound) —

AIMET Maintains model

coming soon

Providing advanced accuracy Compression

model efficiency Efficient tensor decomposition Spatial singular value
and removal of redundant decomposition (SVD)
features and benefits Lower channels in convolution layers
storage Channel pruning

Higher
Visualization
performance Analysis tools for drawing insights Weight ranges
for quantization and compression Per-layer compression sensitivity

Simple
ease of use

48
 Image Semantic Super

AIMET
classification segmentation resolution

Model Zoo
Accurate pre-trained 8-bit
quantized models

Object Pose Speech

detection estimation recognition

49
5G and AI are two synergistic, Applying AI techniques to solve Machine learning plays an
essential ingredients that are difficult wireless challenges and expanding role in the evolution of
fueling future innovations deliver new values 5G towards 6G

The essential role of AI in the 5G future

How machine learning is accelerating wireless innovations in the new decade and beyond
50
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