FORMULA LIST

Trigonometry
(1)1800   radians
l
(2)   ,  is measured in radians
r
(3) Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
1 1 3
cos 45  cos 60  cos 30 
2 2
2
1
1 3 sin 30 
sin 45  sin 60  2
2 2
1

m
tan 45  1 tan 60  3 tan 30 
3
(4) sin  90     cos ; cos  90     sin

co
tan  90     cot  ;  
cot 900   tan 

.
sec  90     cos ec ; cosec  90     sec 

(5) cos     cos  ; sin      sin  hs ; tan      tan 

at
1 1 1 sin  cos 
(6) sec   ; cosec  ; cot   ; tan   ; cot  
m

cos  sin tan  cos  sin 

(7)sin 2   cos 2   1 ; 1  tan 2   sec 2  ; 1  cot 2   cos ec 2
aj

(8)  1  sin x  1 ;  1  cos x  1 ;    tan x  

aj

(9) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

itb

(10) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

(11) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
am

(12) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

tan A  tan B
(13) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
(14) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
(15) 2 sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
(16) 2 cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
(17) 2 cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
(18) 2 sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 

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  A B   A B 
(19) sin A  sin B  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
(20)sin A  sin B  2cos   sin  
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
(21) cos A  cos B  2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
(22) cos A  cos B   2sin   sin  
 2   2 
2 tan A
(23) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A 
1  tan 2 A
1  tan 2 A
(24) cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A  2 cos 2 A  1  1  2 sin 2 A 

m
1  tan 2 A

co
2 tan A
(25) tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A

.
1  cos 2 A 1  cos 2 A
(26) sin A  
2
cot A cot B 1
hs
(27) cos A  
2
cot A cot B  1
at
(28) cot  A  B   (29) cot  A  B  
cot B  cot A cot B  cot A
m

(30) sin 3 A  3sin A  4sin 3 A (31) cos 3 A  4 cos3 A  3cos A

aj

3 tan A  tan 3 A
(32) tan 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A
aj

(34) Trigonometric Equation General Solution

itb

(i) sin   0   n , n Z

(ii ) cos   0    2n 1 , n Z
am

2
(iii ) tan   0   n , n  Z
n
(iv ) sin   sin    n   1  , nZ
(v ) cos   cos    2n   , nZ
(vi) tan   tan    n   , n Z
sin 2   sin 2  

(vii) cos 2   cos 2     n   , n Z
tan 2   tan 2  
n
(35) sin n  0 ; cos n   1 ; tan n  0

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 Integrals
(1) Standard Formulas
x n 1
(i )  x n dx   c ; n  1
n 1
1
(ii )  dx  log e x  c
x
ax
(iii )  a x dx  c
log e a
1 1
(iv )  2
dx    c
x x

m
1
(v )  dx  2 x  c
x

co
2
(vi )  x dx  x 3 2  c
3

.
(vii)  sin x dx   cos x  c

(viii)  cos x dx  sin x  c

hs
at
(ix )  sec 2 x dx  tan x  c
m

( x)  cos ec 2 x dx   cot x  c
aj

( x)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c

aj

( xi )  cos ecx cot x dx   cos ecx  c

itb

( xii )  tan x dx  log sec x  c

( xiii )  cot x dx  log sin x  c

am

 x 
( xiv )  sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  c  log tan     c
 4 2
x
( xv)  cos ecx dx  log cosec x  cot x  c  log tan c
2

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 1 1 xa
( xvi )  2 2
dx  log c
x a 2a xa
1 1 ax
( xvii )  2
2
dx  log c
a x 2a ax
1 1 x
( xviii )  22
dx  tan 1    c
x a a a
1
( xix )  dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
x a
1 x
( xx )  dx  sin 1    c
a x2 2
a

m
1
( xxi )  dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2

co
x a

2 2 x 2 2 a2
( xxii )  x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  c

.
2 2

( xxiii )  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
x 2 2 a2
2
x
a  x  sin 1    c
a
hs
at
x 2 a2
( xxiv)  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  c
m

2 2
(2) By Parts (ILATE Rule):
aj

 du 
aj

If u and v are two functions of x , then  uv dx  u  vdx     vdx dx

 dx 
itb

i.e. (first function) x (integral of second function) – integral of {(derivative of first function) x
(integral of second function)}
am

We can choose the first function as the function which comes first in the word ILATE, where
I stands for inverse trigonometric functions, L for logarithmic functions, A for algebraic
functions, T for trigonometric functions and E for exponential function.
' x
(3)   f  x   f  x  e dx  e x f  x   c

P x
(4) Integration by Partial fraction of Rational Function of the form :
Q x

If degree of P  x   degree of Q  x  , then divide P  x  by Q  x 

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 Form Partial Fraction
px  q A B
(i ) 
 x  a  x  b   x  a   x  b
px  q A B
(ii ) 2

 x  a  x  a   x  a 2
px 2  qx  r A B C
(iii )  
 x  a  x  b  x  c   x  a  x  b  x  c
px 2  qx  r A B C
(iv ) 2
 2

 x  a  x b  x  a  x  a  x  b
px 2  qx  r A Bx  C
(v )  2 here, x 2  bx  c can't be factorised.

m
 2
 x  a  x  bx  c   x  a  x  bx  c

co
dx dx
(5) For Integrals of the form  2
or  use completing the square
ax  bx  c ax 2  bx  c

.
method and then applying formulas xvi to xxi . hs
at
(6) For Integrals of the form
px  q px  q
m

 ax 2
dx or  dx or   px  q  ax 2  bx  c dx , write
 bx  c 2
ax  bx  c
aj

d
px  q  A  
ax 2  bx  c  B where A and B are determined by comparing coefficients on
aj

dx
both sides.
itb

(7) For Integrals of the form

am

1 1 1
 a  b sin 2
x
dx or  a  b cos 2
x
dx or  a sin 2
x  b cos 2 x
dx or

1 1 1
  a sin x  b cos x  2
dx or  a  b sin 2 x dx or 
a  b cos 2 x
dx

Algorithm:
Step 1: Divide numerator and denominator by cos2 x
Step 2: Replace sec2 x , if any, in denominator by 1  tan 2 x
1
Step 3: Put tan x  t so that sec 2 x dx  dt . This will reduce the integral in form  at 2
dx
 bt  c
Step 4: Evaluate the integral now using completing the square method.

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 1 1 1
(8) For Integrals of the form  dx or  a  b cos x dx or  a sin x  b cos x dx
a  b sin x
Algorithm:
2 tan x 2 1  tan 2 x 2
Put sin x  , cos x 
1  tan 2 x 2 1  tan 2 x 2

a sin x  b cos x
(9) For Integrals of the form  dx .
c sin x  d cos x
Algorithm:
Put Numerator  A  Denominator   B  Derivative of Denominator 

m
(10) For Integrals of the form

co
x2 1 1 1
 x4   x2 1 dx or x 4
dx or  tan x dx or  cot x dx or  dx
  x2 1 sin x  cos 4 x
4

.
Algorithm:
Step1: Divide numerator and denominator by x2 . hs
at
2
 1
Step2: Express the denominator in the form  x    k 2
m

 x

 1  1
aj

Step3: Introduce d  x   or d  x   in the numerator.

 x  x
aj

1 1
Step4: Substitute x   t or x   t as the case may be.
itb

x x
sin x  cos x
(11) For Integrals of the form  dx , Put Derivativeof Numerator = t
am

presence of sin 2 x

1
(12) For Integrals of the form  dx Put cx  d  t 2
 ax  b  cx  d

1
(13) For Integrals of the form  dx Put px  q  t 2
 ax  bx  c  px  q
2

1 1
(14) For Integrals of the form  dx Put ax  b 
 ax  b  px 2  qx  r t

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(15) For Integrals of the form
1 1 tdt
 dx Put x  to obtain  and then put c  dt 2  u 2
 ax 2
 b 2
cx  d t  a  bt  c  dt
2 2

(16) First fundamental theorem of integral calculus:

x
Let the area function be defined by A  x    f  x  dx for all x  a where the function f is
a

assumed to be continuous on  a , b  . Then A '  x   f  x  for all x  a , b 

(17) Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus:

Let f be a continuous function of x defined on the closed interval [a, b] and let F be another function

m
b
d

co
such that F  x   f  x  for all x in the domain of f , then  f  x  dx  F  b   F  a  .
dx a

.
(18) Properties of Definite Integral

b b
hs
at
(i )  f  x  dx   f  t  dt
a a
m

b a
(ii )  f  x  dx    f  x  dx
aj

a b
b c b
aj

(iii )  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx where a  c  b
a a c
itb

b b
(iv )  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx
a a
am

a a
(v )  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0

 a
2 f  x  dx if f   x   f  x  i.e. f is even function
a
(vi)  f  x  dx   0
a  0 if f   x    f  x  i.e. f is odd function

 a
2 f  x  dx if f  2a  x   f  x 
2a
(vii )  f  x  dx   0
0  0 if f  2a  x    f  x 


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(19) Limit as a Sum
b

 f  x  dx  lim h  f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h   ...  f  a  (n 1 h 

a
h 0
where nh  b  a

n  n 1
(20) 1  2  3  ...   n 1 
2
2 n  n 1 2n  1
(21) 12  22  32  ...   n 1 
6
e x 1 x
(22) lim  1  lim x
x 0 x x 0 e 1

m
 r n 1 
(23) a  ar  ar 2  ... ar n 1  a  
 r 1 

. co
hs
at
m
aj
aj
itb
am

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 Application of Integration
Area between a Curve and an Axis
In general, if A(x) is an area function under the curve y = f(x), then area under the curve y = f(x)
b
from x = a to x = b is given by A   f  x  dx
a
where f(x)  0 for a  x  b.

m
. co
hs
at
m
aj
aj
itb
am

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 Differential Equations
(1) Order of a differential equation: is the order of the highest order derivative appearing in the
equation.
(2) Degree of a differential equation: is the degree of the highest order derivative, when
differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.
(3) Solution of a differential equation:
3a. Variable separable form:
An equation whose variables are separable can be put into the form
f1  x  dx  f 2  y  dy  0 . Integrating, the general solution is given by

 f  x  dx   f  y  dy  C , where C is an arbitrary constant.

m
1 2

3b. Homogeneous differential equation:

co
dy f x , y
A differential equation of the form  where f  x , y  and g  x , y  are both
g x , y

.
dx

hs
homogeneous function of the same degree in x and y i.e. an equation of the form
at
dy  y
 F .
dx x
m

dy dv
To solve, put y  vx , then  v  x and on substituting these values in the given
aj

dx dx
equation it will be reducible to variable separable.
aj

dx x
itb

Another form:  G   , can be solved by substitution x  vy

dy y
am

3c. Linear Differential Equation:

dy
Equation of the form  P. y  Q where both P and Q are functions of x only.
dx

To solve, find Integrating Factor (I.F.) = e 

P dx
and the solution is given by

y.( I .F .)   Q .( I .F .) dx  c .

dx
Another Form: Equation of form  P. x  Q where both P and Q are functions of y only.
dy

e
P dx
To solve, find Integrating Factor (I.F.) = and the solution is given by

x.( I .F .)   Q .( I .F .) dy  c .

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 Vectors
 
(1) Position vector of a point P  x , y , z  is given by OP  r  x i  y j  zkˆ and its magnitude is

given by x2  y2  z2 .
 
(2) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , then a1 , a2 and a3 are direction ratios of a .
  
(3) Triangle law of vector addition: AB  BC  AC

(4) The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0 .

(5) If r  a i  b j  c kˆ , then a , b , c are proportional to its direction ratios and its direction cosine

m
a b c
are l , m , n given by  , , . Here
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c a  b2  c2
2

co
l 2  m2  n2  1


.


b a.
 hs
(6) Two vectors a and b are collinear if and only if there exists a nonzero scalar  such that
at
 
(7) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ then the two vectors are collinear if and only
m

a1 a2 a3
if :  
aj

b1 b2 b3
(8) The vector sum of two co- initial vectors is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose
aj

adjacent sides are the given vectors.

itb


 a 
(9) For a given vector a , the vector aˆ   gives the unit vector in the direction of a .
a
am

(10) If P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z 2  are any two points, then the vector joining P and Q is

given by PQ   x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ

(11) Section Formula: The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the
 
points P and Q whose position vectors are a and b respectively, in the ratio m :n
   
mb  na mb  na
(i) Internally, is given by (ii) externally, is given by
mn mn
 
(12) The Scalar (dot) Product of two given vectors a and b having angle  between them is
   
a . b  a b cos 

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    
(13) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ , then: a . b  a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3 .
  2
(14) a . a  a
   
  a .b   a .b
(15) Projection of vector a on b   and Projection of vector b on a   .
b a

   
(16) If a  b , then a .b  0

(17) For mutually perpendicular unit vectors iˆ , ˆj and kˆ , we have:


iˆ . iˆ  j . ˆj  kˆ. kˆ  1 and iˆ . ˆj  ˆj. kˆ  kˆ. iˆ  0
 

m
(18) The Vector (cross) Product of two given vectors a and b having angle  between them is
     

co
a  b  a b sin  nˆ , where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b .
  
i j k

.
   
hs
(19) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ , then: a  b  a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
at
   
(20) If a || b , then a  b  0
m

(21) For mutually perpendicular unit vectors iˆ , ˆj and kˆ , we have:

aj


iˆ  iˆ  j  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0 and iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , ˆj  kˆ  iˆ , kˆ  iˆ  ˆj
aj

 
(22) Area of a triangle: If a and b represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is
itb

1  
given as a b .
2
am

1   1   1  

Also, Area of  ABC  AB  AC  BC  BA  CB  CA
2 2 2
  
(23) If a , b , c are p.v. of the vertices A , B , C of  ABC , then Area of
1      
 ABC  a b  b  c  c  a
2
   
(24) Area of a parallelogram having two adjacent sides as a and b = a  b

  
 a b
(25) Unit vectors perpendicular to the plane of a and b are    .
a b
       
(26) a . b  b . a and a  b   b  a 
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    2   2 2 2
(27) For any two vectors a and b , we have a  b  a . b    a b .

   2  2 2 2
(28) For any two vectors a and b , we have a  b  a  b  2 a  b  
(29) Scalar Triple Product
     
 
Let a , b , c be three vectors. Then the scalar a  b . c is known as scalar triple product and is
  
denoted by  a b c  .
  
(30) Geometrically,  a b c  represents the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous
  

m
edges are a , b and c .
(31) Properties of Scalar Triple Product:

co
        
   
(a) a  b . c  b  c . a   c  a  . b

.
           

   
hs
(b)  a b c    b a c     c b a     a c b 
     
at
(c) a  b . c  a . b  c
           
m

(d)  a b c  = 0 , if a  b or b  c or c  a i.e. a , b , c are coplanar.

     
aj

(e)   a b c     a b c 
aj

      
  
(f) a  b  c  a  b   a  c  
itb

  
(g) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ and c  c1iˆ  c2 ˆj  c3kˆ , then:
am

a1 a2 a3
  
 a b c   b1 b2 b3
 
c1 c2 c3
  
(h) Four points A , B , C and D are coplanar if  AB AC AD   0

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 Three Dimensional Geometry
LINE
(1) Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to given vector

m

Vector Form: Equation of a line passing through point with position vector a and parallel to the

co
    
vector b is given by: r  a  b , where r is position vector of any point on the line.

.
Cartesian Form: Cartesian equation of a line passing through the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and parallel to

the line having D-ratios  a, b, c  is given by: hs

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
a

b

c
at
(2) Equation of a line passing through two points
m

 
Vector Form: Equation of a line passing through two points with position vector a and b is
aj

   

given by r  a   b  a ,   R 
aj

Cartesian Form: Cartesian equation of a line passing through the points with  x1 , y1 , z1  and
itb

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 x2 , y2 , z2  is given by:  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
am

(3) Angle between two lines: Angle between the lines with d.r.’s  a1 , b1 , c1  and  a2 , b2 , c2  is

a1a2  b1b2  c1c2

given by: cos  
a1  b12  c12 a2 2  b2 2  c2 2
2

(4) Two lines with d.r.’s  a1 , b1 , c1  and  a2 , b2 , c2 

4a. will be perpendicular to each other iff a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0

a1 b1 c1
4b. will be parallel to each other iff  
a2 b2 c2

(5) Angle between the two lines with direction cosines  l1 , m1 , n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2  is given by

cos   l1l2  m1m2  n1n2

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(6) Skew Lines: Two lines in the space which are neither parallel and nor intersecting.

(7) If two lines are coplanar then they are either parallel or intersecting. Also, two lines are

neither parallel nor intersecting iff they are non-coplanar.

(8) Shortest Distance (SD) between two lines:

     
Vector Form: If r  a1   b1 and r  a2  b2 are the vector equations of two lines then the

shortest distance between them is the length of the line of the line segment perpendicular to both

of them, it is denoted by ‘ d ’.

m
  
 b  b . a  a1 

co
1 2 2
d  
b1  b2

.
Cartesian Form: If
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
a1

b1

c1
and
a2

hs
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
b2

c2
are the equations of two
at
skew lines then the shortest distance between them ‘ d ’ is given by:
m

x2  x1 yy z2  z1
a1 b1 c1
aj

a2 b2 c2
d
aj

2 2 2
 a1b2  a2b1    b1c2  b2 c1    c1a2  c2 a1 
 
itb

   
(9) Two skew lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2  b2 will be intersecting each other iff the shortest
 
distance between them is zero iff  b1  b2  .  a2  a1   0 iff the lines are coplanar.
am

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
(10) Two skew lines   and   will be intersecting
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

x2  x1 y y z 2  z1
each other iff a1 b1 c1  0 .
a2 b2 c2
  
(11) Distance between two parallel lines: Distance between two parallel lines r  a1   b and
  
r  a2  b and is given by:
  
b   a2  a1 
d 
b

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PLANE
(12) Normal form of the Plane:

Vector Form: Equation of a plane having unit vector normal to the plane n̂ and at a distance of


m
‘d’ from the origin is r .nˆ  d , where,


co
r =Position vector of any point on the plane, n̂ = Unit vector normal to the plane
d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane

.
Cartesian Form: Equation of the plane with  l , m, n  as d-cosine of the normal to the plane is
hs
lx  my  nz  d
at
Where, d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane.
m

(13) General form of the equation of the plane:

 
Vector Form: Equation of plane having normal vector to it as n is given by r .n  p
aj

Note: 1. Here ‘ p ’ is not the distance from the origin to the plane
aj


2. In order to convert the equation r .n  p to unit vector normal form we divide the
itb


  n p
equation by n i.e. the unit vector normal form becomes r .   
n n
am

p
and then , d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane = 
n

Cartesian Form: Equation of plane with d.r.’s of normal vector to it as  a, b, c  is

ax  by  cz  p  0
Note: 1. Here ‘ p ’ is not the distance from the origin to the plane
2. In order to convert the equation ax  by  cz  p  0 to normal form we divide the

equation by a 2  b 2  c 2 i.e. the normal form becomes

a b c p
x y z 0
a 2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c 2 a 2  b2  c 2 a2  b2  c 2

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 p
and then , d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane = .
a2  b2  c 2
(14) Equation of a plane passing through a given point and with given normal vector:

Vector Form: Equation of a plane passing through the point a and having normal to the plane as

vector n is given by
  
 r  a  .n  0

m
co
Cartesian Form:: Equation of a plane passing through the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and having  a, b, c 

.
hs
as the d.r. of the normal to the plane is a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0

(15) Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points:

at
  
Vector Form: Equation of plane passing through three points A  a  , B b and C  c  , where  
m

  
a, b and c are the position vectors of three points A, B and C , is given by:
aj

     
 
 r  a  .  b  a   c  a   0
aj

Cartesian Form: Equation of the plane passing through the three points
itb

A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  and C  x3 , y3 , z3  is:
am

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1

(16) Intercept form of the plane: Equation of a plane having x , y and z intercept as
x y z
a, b and c respectively is given by   1
a b c
(17) Equation of a plane passing through the intersection of two given planes:
Vector Form: Equation of a plane passing through the intersection of two planes
 
r .n1  d1 and r .n2  d 2 is given by
  
r .  n1   n2   d1   d 2 , where  R

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Cartesian Form: Equation of plane passing through the intersection of the two planes
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 is given by

a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1    a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2   0 , where   R

(18) Coplanarity of two lines:

     
Vector Form: Two lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2  b2 will be coplanar iff they lie in a common
   
 
plane iff b1  b2 .  a2  a1   0 .

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
Cartesian Form: Two lines   and   will be coplanar
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

m
iff

co
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
a1 b1 c1  0

.
a2 b2 c2

And equation of the plane containing these two lines is:

hs
at
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
m

a1 b1 c1  0
a2 b2 c2
aj

(19) Angle between two planes:

aj

Vector Form: Angle between two intersecting planes is the angle between the normal to the
itb

 
planes i.e. Angle ‘  ’ between the planes r .n1  d1 and r .n2  d 2 is given by
 
am

n1.n2
cos    
n1 n2

Cartesian Form: Angle ‘  ’ between planes a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 is

given by
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos  
a12  b12  c12 a2 2  b2 2  c2 2

(20) Angle between a line and a plane:


    b .n
Vector Form: Angle ‘  ’between a line r  a  b and a plane r .n  d is given by sin    
b .n

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 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Cartesian Form: Angle ‘  ’between a line   and a plane
a1 b1 c1
aa1  bb1  cc1
ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by sin  
a  b 2  c 2 a12  b12  c12
2

(21) Distance of a point from a line:

 
Vector Form: Distance of a point a (not on the plane) from a plane r .n  p is given by

r .n  p
D 
n

Cartesian Form: Distance of a point  x1 , y1 , z1  (not on the plane) from a plane

m
ax1  by1  cz1  d

co
ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by D 
a2  b2  c2

.
hs
at
m
aj
aj
itb
am

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 Linear Programming
(1) Theorem 1 Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a linear programming problem

and let Z = ax + by be the objective function. When Z has an optimal value (maximum or

minimum), where the variables x and y are subject to constraints described by linear inequalities,

this optimal value must occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.

(2) Theorem 2 Let R be the feasible region for a linear programming problem, and let

Z = ax + by be the objective function. If R is bounded, then the objective function Z has both a

maximum and a minimum value on R and each of these occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R.

m
(3) If R is unbounded, then a maximum or a minimum value of the objective function may not

co
exist. However, if it exists, it must occur at a corner point of R.

(4) If two corner points of the feasible region are both optimal solutions of the same type, i.e.,

.
hs
both produce the same maximum or minimum, then any point on the line segment joining these
at
two points is also an optimal solution of the same type.
m

(5) Corner Point Method:

aj

Step 1: Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its
aj

corner points (vertices) either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines
itb

intersecting at that point.

am

Step 2: Evaluate the objective function Z = ax + by at each corner point. Let M and m,

respectively denote the largest and smallest values of these points.

Step 3a: When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum

values of Z.

Step 3b: In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:

(a) M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by > M has

no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.

(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by

<m has no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum value.
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 Probability
Number of favorable outcomes in E n( E )
(1) P( E )  
Number of possible outcomes in S n( S )

 
(2) P A  1  P  A

(3) P  A  B   P  A   P  B   P  A  B 

(4) If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P  A  B   0 .

 
(5) P A  B  P  B   P  A  B 

(6) Probability of occurrence of exactly one of A and B =

P  A  P  B   2P  A  B   P  A  B   P  A  B 

m
(7) If A , B and C are three events, then

P  A  B  C   P  A  P  B   P C   P  A  B   P  B  C   P  A  C   P  A  B  C 

co
(9)

.
hs
at
m
aj

(10) Conditional Probability: P  A | B   Probability of occurrence of A when B has already

aj
itb

P  A B
occured =
PB
am

(11) P  A | B   1  P  A | B 

(12) Multiplication Theorem on Probability: P  A  B   P  A  . P  B | A   P  B  . P  A | B 

(13) Independent events: If A and B are independent events, then P  A  B   P  A   P  B 

(14) If A and B are independent events, then P  A  B   P  at least one of A or B   1  P  A  P  B 

(15) If A and B are independent events, then A and B ; A and B ; A and B are all independent.

(16) Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually independent, if:

(a) P  A  B   P  A   P  B  (b) P  B  C   P  B   P  C 

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 (c) P  A  C   P  A   P  C  (d) P  A  B  C   P  A   P  B   P  C 

(17) Bayes’ Theorem:

If E1 , E2 , E3 ,... En are n non empty events which constitute a partition of sample space S i.e.

E1 , E2 , E3 ,... En are pair- wise disjoint and E1  E2  E3  ...  En  S and A is any event, then

P  Ei  P  A| Ei 
P  Ei | A  n
; where i  1, 2,3,..., n
 P  E  P  A| E 
i 1
i i

For Example, for two events E1 and E2 , we have

m
P  E1  P  A | E1  P  E2  P  A | E 2 
P  E1 | A   and P  E2 | A  
P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E2  P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E 2 

co
(18) Probability Distribution: If a random variable X takes values x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn with respective

.
probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 ,..., pn , then
hs
at
X : x1 x2 x3 ..... xn n

P X  : p1 p2 p3 ..... pn
is known as probability distribution of X . Here, p i 1
m

i 1

n
aj

(19) Mean (Expectation) / Expected Value of Random Variable: E  X     x p i i

i 1
aj

2
n  n 
itb

2 2
(20) Variance of Random Variable: Var  X    x   xi pi    xi pi 
i 1  i 1 
am

(21) Standard Deviation of a Random Variable:  x  Var  X 

Amit Bajaj | amitbajajmaths.com | amitbajajcrpf@gmail.com