PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide

NATATORIUM DESIGN GUIDE
EVERYTHING ENGINEERS, CONTRACTORS, AND OWNERS NEED

TO KNOW TO CREATE THE OPTIMAL INDOOR POOL ENVIRONMENT.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
About the Author........................................................................................................................ 3
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 4
Health, Safety, and Comfort........................................................................................................ 6
Humidity Control Calculations..................................................................................................... 8
Indoor Air Quality...................................................................................................................... 12
Condensation Control............................................................................................................... 16
Energy Considerations.............................................................................................................. 20
Finalizing the System Design.................................................................................................... 27
Popular Configurations and System Designs............................................................................ 31
Replacement Systems.............................................................................................................. 35
Vital Features to Specify .......................................................................................................... 36
Design and Installation Details.................................................................................................. 39
Humidity Control Technology.................................................................................................... 41
Design Checklist for Traditional Pools....................................................................................... 47

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
RALPH KITTLER, P. ENG.
The creation of this Natatorium Design Guide has been a
collaboration between the sales, service, and engineering teams
of three of the industry’s most respected dehumidifier brands, led
by Ralph Kittler. Quite simply, nobody in the industry has better
credentials than Ralph to create all of our natatorium design
educational materials.
In addition to being a founding partner of one of Dehumidified

Air Solutions’ manufacturers, he is also currently chairman of the
CDC’s Council for the Model Aquatic Health Code (CMAHC) ad
hoc committee on indoor air quality. The committee’s mandate
is to identify and assess the factors affecting air quality at indoor
aquatic facilities and develop revisions to the Model Aquatic
Health Code (MAHC) to better address ventilation/air quality
design and operational criteria.
Ralph was an ASHRAE “Distinguished Lecturer” on indoor

pool design for 12 years and sits on two technical committees: TC
8.10 “Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Equipment” and TC
9.8 “Large Building Air Conditioning Applications.”
He is the primary revisor on two ASHRAE Handbook chapters and
helped create the new “Indoor Pool Design” chapter (Applications
2019 Chapter 25).
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Copyright© 2021 PoolPak Dehumidifiers 3

INTRODUCTION
The know-how and experience to provide a first-
class indoor pool experience exists today. There
are hundreds of successful indoor pools currently
HVAC Water
operating in North America. Chemistry
Resources are available to help guide and

educate indoor pool designers, operators, and
owners. In 2019, ASHRAE created a new chapter Successful
in the design handbooks dedicated to indoor pool Pool
design. The CDC’s Council for the Model Aquatic IAQ Building
Design
Health Code (CMAHC) is also actively working to
provide better guidelines on indoor pool design
and indoor air quality (IAQ). Operation and
“
Maintenance
The building, HVAC

system, and all equipment This puzzle helps illustrate the key factors needed
must perform reliably, day for success. It is a coordinated effort. A proper
design sets the stage for continued success for
in and day out. operation and maintenance.
A first-class indoor pool experience should The building itself also needs to be designed
be everyone’s expectation. Fortunately, it is suitable for a higher temperature and dew point
absolutely possible to provide a safe, healthy, application. An indoor pool environment is
comfortable indoor pool environment, all different from traditional conditioned spaces and
while keeping operating costs at a minimum. needs to be designed appropriately. The building,
HVAC system, and all equipment must perform
There is no “one thing” that will ensure reliably, day in and day out, ideally with minimum
a successful pool. Many things need to energy consumption, no matter the ambient
come together during the design and then temperatures or level of pool activity.
during operations.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Introduction 4

This guide is the culmination of decades of THE BASICS
experience from a multitude of contributors The natatorium experience for a patron should be
and partners. We have seen first-hand what works no different than in any other room in a building.
and what doesn’t. This guide offers It should be comfortable, healthy, and have good
best practice advice based on what we have air quality. When designing a natatorium, the first
seen work successfully. While there are many recommended step for the designers is to meet
details that need to be addressed, a great indoor with the facility owners to discuss the desired
pool environment should be something everyone operating conditions and expectations. Only
expects, without compromise. once the operating conditions and expectations
While bad IAQ ultimately stems from water are defined can the designer effectively calculate
chemistry issues, there are things that need to loads and address all the key design aspects.
be done on the HVAC side to provide the best
possible comfort and air quality. That’s why we A natatorium is one of the most notoriously
created this Natatorium Design Guide. difficult facilities to design because there are so
“
many critical considerations that, if overlooked,
can develop into serious problems affecting
A natatorium is one of the building structure or result in an unpleasant
experience or ill-health effects for the occupants.
the most notoriously There are vital design aspects that must be
difficult facilities to considered in order to deliver a successful
facility. These include relative humidity levels,
design because there condensation, air temperature, pool water
are so many critical temperature, pool activity levels, air distribution,
outdoor air, exhaust air, pool water treatment, and
considerations. chloramine control.
There are new technologies available that will

reduce and possibly eliminate chloramines.
To ensure good air quality within a facility, an
investment in one of these technologies is a
must. UV water treatment and the Evacuator
source capture system are two highly effective
technologies for chloramine control. The treated
and conditioned air must be delivered down
into the breathing zone where the patrons
are located if there is to be any reasonable
expectation of providing good air quality and
a comfortable experience.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Introduction 5

HEALTH, SAFETY,
AND COMFORT
Poor indoor air quality makes swimmers While 40% is certainly an acceptable indoor
and lifeguards sick, plain and simple. Sadly, relative humidity level, most indoor pools do not
this is well documented and the bane of operate at lower than 50% RH due to significantly
competitive swimming and the indoor pool increased operating costs.
industry in general.
• At lower RH levels, the pool evaporation rate
Temperature and relative humidity play a critical increases dramatically. This increases both
role in human comfort levels. It is essential that the dehumidification load and the pool water
both are controlled and stable. While temperature heating requirement.
control is generally well understood and mastered • In cold climate applications, it is important to
by designers, it is important to recognize the ensure no more outdoor air be introduced than
special temperature levels that natatorium patrons what the codes require. More is not better in
expect. The space temperatures in a natatorium this case as it causes the RH levels to plummet
are unique to each project and assumptions must to as low as 20%, dramatically increasing air
never be made. and pool water heating costs.
Proper control of relative humidity levels is also a • Swimmers leaving the water will also feel chilly
concern because of the direct effect on human at lower relative humidity levels due
comfort and health. Figure 1 demonstrates relative to evaporation off their bodies.
humidity levels outside the optimum zone 40-
60% range can result in human vulnerability to
FIGURE 1: RELATIVE HUMIDITY IMPACTS
disease. These diseases include bacteria, viruses,
OCCUPANT HEALTH
fungi, mites, and other contaminants that lower
air quality and will potentially lead to respiratory Relative Humidity Impacts Occupant Health
issues. Decrease in bar width indicates

decrease in effect Optimum Zone
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Mites
Respiratory Infections1
Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma
Chemical Interaction
Ozone Production
20 40 60 80
1
Insufficient data above 50% R.H.
% Relative Humidity
Study by Theodore Sterling Ltd., A. Arundel Research Associates and Simon Fraser University.
P o o l P a k N a t a t o r i u m D e s i g n G u i d e / H e a l t h , S a f e t y, a n d C o m f o r t 6
The type of facility being designed will typically dictate the space temperature. Table 1 helps target
some typical conditions. It is critical to understand who will be using the facility in order to deliver the
conditions most likely to satisfy them.
TABLE 1 – NATATORIUM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
POOL TYPE AIR TEMPERATURE (°F) WATER TEMPERATURE (°F)

Competition 75 to 85 76 to 82
Diving 80 to 85 84 to 88
Elderly Swimmers 84 to 85 85 to 90
Hotel 82 to 85 82 to 86
Physical Therapy 80 to 85 90 to 95
Recreational 82 to 85 80 to 84
Whirlpool/Spa 80 to 85 102 to 104
Kids Swim Schools 86 to 92 88 to 92
GENERAL NOTES
• Discuss the planned operation of the facility • Elderly swimmers and kids swim schools
with the operator to establish operating tend to prefer much warmer air and water
temperatures and general expectations. temperatures.
• Facilities with warmer water temperatures tend • Maintain relative humidity between 50% and
to have warmer space temperatures. Warmer 60% RH. Allowing the RH to go to 60% in
spaces have higher dew points summer will help reduce operating costs and
and will have condensation issues equipment size while eliminating condensation
unless the building is designed suitable concerns (condensation occurs only in cool/
for this application. cold weather).
• Physical therapy facilities will often cater to the
comfort of the therapist rather than the patient.
The patient is generally not in the space for
more than an hour, whereas the therapist is
there all day. The designer should consult local
codes. Some states require a full purge of the
clinic room air with 100% outdoor air for every
hour of occupancy.
P o o l P a k N a t a t o r i u m D e s i g n G u i d e / H e a l t h , S a f e t y, a n d C o m f o r t 7
HUMIDITY CONTROL
CALCULATIONS
While warm space temperatures and 50-60% In the summer, the outdoor air tends to be a load,
relative humidity levels are ideal for patron but since it is warm outside, condensation is not
comfort, they also translate to high dew point a concern, so it is recommended to model the
conditions which can lead to condensation space at 60% RH.
problems and serious damage to the building
In the winter, there is significant risk of
structure (in cool/cold weather). If the building
condensation, so it is recommended to model at
structure itself has not been properly designed
50% RH. The outdoor air in winter almost always
for this higher indoor dew point application,
is a dehumidification credit, making this easily
catastrophic results may occur. The architect
achievable.
should design and protect the building envelope
based on an indoor dew point design condition.
POOL EVAPORATION
Controlling humidity to provide this stable dew The internal load in a natatorium is the
point condition year round requires that a total evaporation from the pool water and continuously
moisture load be accurately calculated. This wet surfaces. In a natatorium, this represents
moisture load must be removed from the space the majority of the total dehumidification load.
at the same rate it is generated in order to Consequently, it is essential to accurately predict
maintain stable space conditions. the pool evaporation.
It is imperative that the designer know what There are five variables used to calculate the
the operating temperatures will be in order to evaporation rate:
properly establish loads.
• Pool water surface area
SEASONAL LOAD CALCULATION • Pool water temperature
Every building’s moisture (latent) load is calculated • Room air temperature
the same way. There are generally three sources
• Room air relative humidity
of moisture that are considered:
• Pool water agitation and activity factor
• Internal load (pool evaporation)
The first four variables are straightforward and
• Occupants
should be dictated by the owner. They are
• Outdoor air load used to calculate the baseline (unoccupied)
evaporation rate in the natatorium.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Humidity Control Calculations 8

The activity factor is the fifth variable. It is (FLATWATER) EVAPORATION RATE
used to evaluate how much water agitation EQUATION
and splashing is expected when the pool is in use
and how that increases the evaporation from the Equation #2 in chapter 6 of ASHRAE’s HVAC
baseline value. Chapter 6 of ASHRAE’s HVAC Applications Handbook calculates the evaporation
Applications Handbook publishes an activity rate in pounds of water per hour (lb/h) for air
factor table (Table 2) based on years velocity over water at 10-30 fpm. The vapor
of empirical field and test data. pressure values can be found in steam tables.
ER = 0.1 x A x AF (Pw – Pdp)

TABLE 2 – ACTIVITY FACTORS
where
TYPE OF POOL ACTIVITY FACTOR ER = evaporation rate of water, lb/h
A = area of pool water surface, ft2
Elderly Swim 0.65 AF = activity factor (Table 2)
Fitness Club — 0.65 Pw = saturation vapor pressure at water
Aquafit surface, in. Hg
Pdp = partial vapor pressure at room dew
Hotel 0.8 point, in. Hg
Institutional — 0.8 – 1.0 As evident by the equation, the following factors
School
increase the evaporation rate:
Physical Therapy 0.65
• Increasing water temperature
Public/YMCA 1.0 • Lowering air temperature
Residential 0.5 • Lowering air relative humidity
Swim Meet 1.0 • High activity/agitation
Wave Pool 1.5 – 2.0 Once equipment has been selected and installed,
any change of the variables that increases the
Whirlpool 1.0
evaporation rate can result in equipment no longer
being suitable for the new larger load.
WATER FEATURES AND TOYS

It is important to understand that the entire effective water surface area and relative velocity
(air and/or water) is required to estimate evaporation.
Manufacturers of water features and toys do not publish the evaporation loads from their products,
forcing engineers to estimate. As a result, any indoor space heavily laden with water toys will make it
difficult to accurately model dehumidification loads, so it is important for designers to set expectations
with the owner. For example, there should not be an expectation that exact relative humidity levels will
be maintained.

OCCUPANT LOAD SPECTATOR GALLERIES
Swimmers are not usually considered occupants If there is a dedicated spectator gallery of a suitable
as they are submerged in the water. Swimmers size, there could be an opportunity to create
and their water agitation are included in the a separate microclimate for them during swim
activity factor. Spectators, especially in facilities meets using a dedicated spectator HVAC unit. A
that host large swim meets, can total several dedicated HVAC unit can deliver the extra outdoor
thousand – and add a significant moisture load air needed to this area during the meet while
(Table 3). also providing a slightly different (usually cooler)
space condition that is more comfortable for the
TABLE 3 – OCCUPANTS’ LATENT LOAD spectators.
ACTIVITY LEVEL LB/H PER SPECTATOR OUTDOOR AIR

Quietly Seated 0.155 The introduction of outdoor air is essential
to maintaining good air quality in any facility.
Moderate Activity 0.205
The impact of this outdoor air ventilation on a
Enthusiastic 0.250 natatorium changes with the weather and the
geographic location of the facility. Introducing
Highly Enthusiastic 0.530 outdoor air during the summer generally adds
moisture to the space, and in the winter,
removes moisture from the space. For maximum
SWIM MEETS
dehumidification load calculations, the summer
Facilities that host swim meets have two design conditions are considered.
distinct modes of operation: normal daily
use and swim meets. Construction codes generally require that outdoor
air be introduced into a commercial building during
To evaluate the peak dehumidification load during occupied hours. ASHRAE Standard 62 Table 6.1
swim meets (which occurs during the warm-ups), recommends the introduction of outdoor air into a
an activity factor of 1.0 should be used. The natatorium at the following rates:
total number of spectators and competitors on
the pool deck must also be included in the load. • 0.48 CFM/ft2 of pool water and wet
Codes also generally require that each spectator deck area
be provided with 7.5 CFM of outdoor air. The load • Some versions of Table 6.1 call for 0.06 CFM/ft2
impact of the outdoor air must also be calculated. dry deck as base line
Facilities should size equipment based on the • 7.5 CFM per spectator added to the base line
larger of the two main operating modes. during swim meets

The purpose of this outdoor air, in part, is to help dilute chemicals off-gassed from water. Exceeding code
requirements for outdoor air will not necessarily provide better air quality. In winter, it will significantly increase
the operating expenses, and in summer, may increase the dehumidification load.
LOAD ESTIMATION SOFTWARE

There is software based on ASHRAE criteria that calculates all moisture loads in a matter of minutes.
Figure 2 provides a snapshot of the basic data that would generally need to be entered to calculate
a load.
FIGURE 2: POOL LOAD CALCULATION

INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Good indoor air quality must be a primary goal for Designers that follow ASHRAE Handbook
all. If it is a top concern, it will get the attention it guidelines, as well as those recommended in
needs and deserves. this guide, should have every expectation of a
great space condition and a pleasant indoor pool
The definition of acceptable indoor air quality for
experience. There are steps a design engineer
an indoor pool is something the Council for the
must take to minimize the chances that a patron
Model Aquatic Health Code’s (CMAHC) research is
experiences discomfort or ill-health effects.
trying to define for North America. Currently, there
There are many factors that impact the IAQ in a
is no definition regarding what chemical levels are
natatorium. These include pool water chemistry
acceptable before having a negative impact on
problems, inadequate outdoor air, air stagnation,
human physiology.
poor air distribution, high humidity, facility
The World Health Organization (WHO) has maintenance and operation, as well as occupant/
established a guideline of 0.5 mg/m3 for gas-phase swimmer behavior (urine in pools is responsible for
NCl3 (trichloramine) concentration in pools. A slightly 50% of chemical issues).
more stringent value of 0.3 mg/m3 was suggested
Four key factors having the most direct impact
by a research group from Belgium. A possible
on indoor air quality are under the control of the
outcome of the project is identification of a different
design engineer:
guideline for gas-phase NCl3 concentration, but for
now, most recognize the need to stay under 0.5 • Poor air distribution – no airflow in the breathing
mg/m3. zone
Part of CMAHC’s research is to find a means to • Air change rate

measure trichloramine levels with commercially • Outdoor air ventilation
available sensors in HVAC systems. Currently, there • Exhaust air – chemical source capture
are no viable trichloramine sensors that can be
used in HVAC, so the research is hoping to find a Factors that have a significant impact on IAQ but
suitable replacement, perhaps similar to VOC or are not under the control of the HVAC design
CO2 levels. Once that is established, HVAC system engineer are pool water chemistry, maintenance,
control strategies will be able to adjust based on operation, and patron behavior. It is vital that these
the chemical levels in the space. are addressed by the facility operator.
While this can have an impact on the IAQ, it will
always be reactive to the chemicals already being
off-gassed. Addressing water chemical levels
directly will have a more immediate impact on IAQ
because fewer chemicals will off-gas. Maintaining
optimal chemical levels should always be the focus
when trying to achieve the best possible IAQ.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Indoor Air Quality 12

BREATHING ZONE The room volume determines the amount of
supply air a space requires.
The single most important focus of the HVAC
design is to provide adequate supply air down
OUTDOOR VENTILATION AIR
into the breathing zone. The supply air from the
HVAC system has been conditioned and filtered The amount of outdoor air to be introduced to
with outdoor air blended in. It is the best quality the facility is determined by local codes. Most
air the system has to offer. When supply air is codes adopt ASHRAE Standard 62. Outdoor air
delivered down into the breathing zone, patrons is critical towards diluting airborne chemicals and
will enjoy the best possible air quality. maintaining good indoor air quality.
A properly designed facility will adequately control Facilities that introduce outdoor air per ASHRAE
and remove chloramines while providing the Standard 62 and have proper/effective air
treated and conditioned air to where it is most distribution will have outstanding IAQ.
needed – into the breathing zone and deck area. • More outdoor air than required by ASHRAE
Standard 62 is not required for good IAQ if the
AIR CHANGE RATE air distribution is done well (except for indoor
ASHRAE recommendations for proper volumetric water and splash parks).
supply air changes per hour are important
• Outdoor air requires a significant amount of
to ensuring that the entire room will see air
heating energy in the winter and must be
movement. Stagnant areas must be avoided, as
included in heat load calculations.
they will be prone to condensation and air quality
problems. • Heat recovery should be considered between
the exhaust air and outdoor air streams.
Short circuiting between supply and return air
• Introduce the outdoor air at the factory-
must also be avoided as it significantly reduces
provided intakes on the air handlers.
the actual air changes within the space and the
overall effectiveness of the HVAC system. • Locate outdoor air intakes away from sources
of airborne contamination, such as exhaust
ASHRAE recommends: fans or plumbing vents.
• 4-6 volumetric air changes per hour in a • The outdoor air may need to be preheated to
regular natatorium 65°F if more than 35% of the total airflow is
outdoor air or if the winter design temperature
• 6-8 volumetric air changes per hour in
is below 10°F.
spectator areas
• A certified air-balancing contractor must
A quick calculation will determine the supply air
balance the system airflow.
requirement:
All air handlers for indoor pools must be equipped
• Supply air required (CFM) = room volume (ft3) x
with an outdoor air connection, filter, two-position
desired air changes / 60
motorized damper, and balancing damper.

EXHAUST AIR FIGURE 3: EXHAUST AIR
ASHRAE recommends the room be maintained Exhausted Chemicals
at 0.05-0.15” WC negative pressure relative to Exhaust Fan
surrounding spaces. 10% more exhaust air than Exterior Wall
outdoor air is a good rule of thumb.
“
Chemical
Laden Air
10% more exhaust air

than outdoor air is a
good rule of thumb. Whirlpool
More exhaust air than recommended by ASHRAE

will not reduce or stop moisture migration through
the building envelope to the outdoors in cold
CHEMICAL SOURCE CAPTURE EXHAUST BENEFIT
weather. Vapor migrates based on vapor pressure
differential. There is effectively a 10” WC pressure If the Evacuator is being used, it addresses the
differential between indoors and outdoors on exhaust air requirements of the space while
cold winter days. There is no amount of negative providing a terrific secondary HVAC benefit.
airside pressure that can be added to a space Since it exhausts directly from the water surface,
to stop vapor migration. To prevent this, vapor that air gets replaced by air from the space. This
retarders must be placed in appropriate locations enhances the breathing zone by helping draw air
throughout the entire building envelope. down all the way to the water and deck surface.
Figure 3 illustrates how the strategic location POOL WATER CHEMISTRY

of the exhaust grille can also significantly improve If there are no chemicals off-gassing, there is no
the air quality in the space. An indoor spa or air quality issue. All efforts towards minimized
whirlpool should have the exhaust air intake grille chemical off-gassing in the design and operation
located directly above it. This source captures and of the pool will directly impact the IAQ. Pool water
extracts the highest concentration of pollutants chemistry and facility operation are key variables
before they can diffuse into the space and impacting IAQ that are not generally under the
negatively impact the room air quality. control of the design engineer.
Good pool water chemistry is critical in order to

achieve high levels of human health and comfort.
Maintaining ideal pool water conditions also ensures
the best possible indoor air quality and optimal
performance from the mechanical system. There
are new technologies available to help with water
chemistry and chloramine management, such as the
Evacuator system and ultraviolet (UV) light treatment
systems.
CHLORINE SMELL

It is a common misconception that a strong SOURCE CAPTURE CHEMICAL EXHAUST
chlorine odor is caused by too much chlorine
A very effective method of chloramine control
in the water. The odor is actually caused by
is to source capture them off the water surface
chloramines (combined chlorines) off-gassing
and exhaust them before they have a chance
from the pool water surface.
to become an IAQ problem. The Evacuator
Chloramines are formed in the pool water when system was designed for exactly this purpose.
there is insufficient free chlorine in the pool to The result is top notch air quality, even on
address the nitrogen-containing compounds retrofitted systems.
brought into the pool water by the swimmers.
Ultraviolet light treatment of pool water has
These nitrogen compounds are naturally
shown to have a very positive impact on the
occurring and contained in sweat, urine, body
water chemistry and can help significantly reduce
oils, and other proteins that get released into the
chloramines (if not eliminate them entirely). This
pool water. If the introduction of these nitrogen
approach to water treatment is gaining popularity,
compounds outpaces the introduction of free
and as positive data continues to be released,
chlorine, the chlorine combines with the nitrogen
should become the norm.
compounds rather than fully oxidizing them.
The chloramine levels increase in the HUMIDITY AND CORROSION

water, resulting in an increase in chloramine Any condensation of the space humidity
off-gassing, which creates the odor of will become corrosive. It is critical that the
chlorine in the room. There are three space humidity levels be controlled to prevent
different types of chloramines that can form: condensation, as it will damage the building
monochloramine, dichloramine, and trichloramine. and mechanical system.
Trichloramine is the most volatile and will off-gas
By design, indoor pool environments are
most quickly.
warmer and, as a result, have higher dew point
Off-gassed chloramines have a strong attraction temperatures compared to traditional spaces.
to the airborne humidity and will combine
Engineers and architects must understand the
with moisture in the air. Consequently, any
consequences of moist corrosive air and pay
condensation of the space humidity will
special attention to its potential impact on the
become corrosive.
entire HVAC system and building envelope.
It is a best practice to ensure that all electrical

components are located in a separate mechanical
vestibule, protected from the pool air stream. All
components in contact with the pool air stream
should be protected with the best possible
corrosion resistant paints, coatings, and materials
available.

CONDENSATION CONTROL
While 50-60% relative humidity levels are ideal for DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
patron comfort and health, they are much higher
Condensation forms on surfaces when surface
than in traditional spaces in winter.
temperatures are lower than the dew point of
In cold climates, it is very common to humidify in
the surrounding air.
order to get the humidity levels up to 30-40%. An
indoor pool and humidified space can experience The first step in condensation control is to
condensation problems and serious damage to establish the space dew point temperature
the building structure in cold weather if they are based on the desired space conditions. With that
not designed properly. information, the designer can establish potential
condensation spots in the building. A pool’s indoor
Condensation triggers a destruction process,
design dew point will typically range from 62-69°F
as it leads to the growth of mold and mildew.
(82-84°F 50-60% RH). Contrast this to a typical
If allowed to occur inside the building walls
space in winter that might be 70°F 40% RH, which
or roof, condensation will cause deterioration and
has a 45°F dew point.
can devastate the structure by freezing
in winter. Pools have a much higher likelihood of
condensation because of both an elevated space
It is critical that condensation be avoided at
temperature and slightly higher relative humidity,
all costs.
resulting in a very high dew point.
The building design and construction must
These are building elements with low R-values
be appropriate to house an indoor pool and must
that will have an inside surface temperature below
be suitable for 50-60% relative humidity
the dew point at winter design condition. Most
year round.
importantly, the dew point also establishes where
A successful design will identify and blanket to locate the vapor retarder in the wall. Figure 4
building elements that have low R-values (typically shows that a typical pool design of 82°F 50% RH
exterior windows) with warm supply air to prevent has a dew point of 62°F.
condensation. Window frames and emergency
Therefore, any surface with a temperature below
exit doors must also be thermally broken to avoid
62°F will condense moisture.
condensation.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Condensation Control 16

FIGURE 4: DEW POINT TEMPERATURE It is important to ensure the entire pool enclosure
design (walls and ceilings) has a vapor retarder in
Relative Humidity
the correct location. Care must be taken where
100% 50% walls and roof and walls and floor meet to ensure
there is no breach in the vapor barrier.
A properly located and installed vapor retarder

is the only means of protecting a building structure
50% from vapor migration that results in moisture
Dew Point 62°F damage.
Figure 6 is an example of a wall detail with its

temperature gradient. This exercise allows the
designer to identify the dew point temperature
in the wall and where the vapor retarder must
Dry Bulb Temperature 82°F be installed.
VAPOR RETARDER
A vapor retarder is a material that restricts the FIGURE 6: POOLS ARE DIFFERENT –
rate of water vapor diffusion through the ceilings INSTALL THE VAPOR RETARDER ON THE
and walls of a building when below dew point WARM SIDE OF THE DEW POINT
temperature occurs. Figure 5 illustrates how
Temperature Gradient
failure to install the vapor retarder in the proper Through Wall
location will result in condensation within the

structure. Condensation in the walls or roof can 85°F 70°F
Vapor Retarder Location
lead to structural failure. A vapor retarder should 64.5°F Dew Point Location
4°F
be sealed at all seams. 0°F
FIGURE 5: DO NOT BUILD AN INDOOR Exterior Wall Detail

POOL WITHOUT A VAPOR RETARDER
Natatorium Pool Outside Air Film
Space Condition (15 MPH Wind)
No Vapor Retarder 85°F DB, 50% RH.
Dew Point is 64.5°F Face Brick 4"
Dew Point location
moves inward as Rigid Polystyrene 2"
insulation gets wet
Vapor Retarder
Room Air
Concrete Block 8"
Condensation Results
in Soggy Insulation Inside Air Film (Still Air)
Inside Outside
Vapor Retarder Wall
Dew Point location

Note: Install vapor retarder on the
warm side of the dew point location.
Room Air
Dry Insulation
Vapor Retarder
Do not build an indoor pool without a vapor retarder.

WINDOW DESIGN AIR DISTRIBUTION
Windows have a relatively low R-value and, Since exterior windows and exterior doors are
as a result, will have surface temperatures a primary condensation concern, it is extremely
below the pool room dew point when outside important that the supply air is focused in these
temperatures are cool. Exterior windows will areas. The warm air from the dehumidifier will
develop condensation on the first cold day unless keep the window surface temperature above the
preventative measures are taken. The solution to dew point temperature and in turn, ensure the
the condensation problem is to fully blanket every windows and exterior doors remain condensation
part of the window with supply air from the HVAC free.
system. It is critical that no section be missed, or
There are five basic steps for the best air
the window will get cold and condense.
distribution:
1. Supply air to the breathing zone at the deck

FIGURE 7: WINDOW DESIGN level and water surface.
2. Supply air to exterior windows and doors.
3. Supply air to the remainder of the room to
ensure there are no stagnant areas.
4. Locate the return duct where it will optimize the
Air Flow
entire airflow pattern.
No Air Flow
5. Prevent air short-circuiting by avoiding supply
air diffusers near the return grille.
Figure 8 illustrates good air distribution
practices.
Condensation build up
on window without
air flow.
FIGURE 8: PERIMETER DUCT LAYOUT
Skylight
Linear Diffuser
Linear Diffuser
Duct
Main Supply
Duct
Return
Air Grill
Dehumidifier
Air Movement
at Deck Level

All air distribution systems should:
• Satisfy ASHRAE design requirements and local codes.

• Supply at least 4-6 volumetric air changes per hour.
• Blanket exterior windows, exterior surfaces, and other areas prone to condensation with supply air. A
good rule of thumb is 3-5 CFM per ft2 of exterior glass.
• Locate the return grille to enhance the overall air pattern within the room.
• Select grilles, registers, and diffusers that deliver the required throw distance and the specified CFM
rating.
• Introduce outdoor air per local codes and/or ASHRAE Standard 62.
• Maintain a negative pressure in the space with an exhaust fan.
• Have an air balance performed.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS:
• Galvanized sheet metal ducts are acceptable in most installations.
• A below-grade duct system should use PVC or plastic-coated galvanized spiral pipe to avoid
deterioration.
• Stainless steel duct and hardware should be avoided as they are readily attacked by chlorine.
• Fabric duct is an excellent choice of duct material for a natatorium.
• The duct material should not allow air to leak.
• The location of supply grilles and overall duct layout should be exactly the same as with a
metal duct.
• Ductwork that passes through an unconditioned area should be insulated on the exterior.
• When applicable, locate exhaust fan air intakes as close to the whirlpool as possible.
• To prevent excessive vibration noise, install neoprene flex connectors when attaching ductwork to the
dehumidifier. Acoustic insulation on the duct close to the unit may also be a consideration.
• Skylights require significant airflow to avoid condensation on their surfaces.

ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS
Reducing energy consumption is an earth-friendly • The warmer the pool water, the higher the
and green focus that also reduces operating evaporation rate.
costs and monthly bills. There are many aspects • The lower the space relative humidity level, the
to indoor pool operation that have energy higher the evaporation rate.
considerations.
• The lower the room temperature (dew point),
Choice of operating conditions and building the higher the evaporation rate.
envelope should be discussed during the
design phase in order to ensure optimal energy At the same water temperature, a pool in a room
consumption and performance. For example, an at 78°F 50% RH will evaporate almost 35% more
all-glass structure is going to be expensive to heat than that same pool in an 85°F 50% RH room.
and difficult to keep condensation-free in a cold
While the space temperature should be dictated
climate.
by the owner based on what satisfies their
A natatorium has five major areas of energy patrons, it is useful to be aware of a few guidelines
consumption: that can help with energy consumption:
• Pool water heating • Maintaining the room air temperature as

warm as possible (usually 2-4°F above the
• Dehumidification
pool water temperature) will help reduce
• Space heating in winter evaporation. Most applications don’t want to
• Space cooling in summer see air temperatures above 86°F per ASHRAE
• Outdoor air heating and cooling guidelines; however, indoor pools sometimes
go beyond that recommendation, with kids
OPERATING CONDITIONS swim schools seeing air as warm as 92°F
and some elderly swim programs exceeding
Pool water heating and evaporation rates are
that recommendation as well. Reducing the
always interrelated. Every pound of moisture
evaporation in turn reduces the pool water
evaporated to the space is a load to be
heating requirement as well as the dehumidifier
dehumidified, and it also represents heat lost
size.
by the pool water. Approximately 90% of an
indoor pool’s annual water heating cost is due • Introducing more outdoor ventilation air than
to evaporation losses. Every pound of moisture required by code will impact the space RH
evaporated represents ~1000 Btu of heat lost from levels in summer and winter. In winter, the
the pool water body, and unless a pool is covered, space relative humidity levels will drop below
that heat is lost 24/7. 50%, which increases the evaporation rate and
pool water heating requirement.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Energy Considerations 20

SEASONAL RH LEVELS
In the summer, the outdoor air tends to be a load, A dehumidifier with a pool water heating option
but since it is warm outside, condensation is not a has an enormous potential for energy savings.
concern. In this case, it is recommended to model This process has an impressive coefficient of
the space at 60% RH. performance of 8.
In winter, there is significant risk of condensation, The use of the pool water heating option satisfies
so it is recommended to model the space at ASHRAE Energy Standard 90.1; otherwise, a pool
50% RH. The outdoor air in winter almost always cover is required to meet the standard.
is a dehumidification credit, making this easily
A refrigeration-based dehumidifier can use up
achievable.
to 100% of the compressor hot gas waste heat
POOL WATER HEATING ENERGY RECOVERY to heat the pool water and/or reheat the air.
Returning this free energy back to the pool
When using a refrigeration-based approach to water or room air greatly reduces the annual
control humidity, the dehumidification process heating costs. During winter, the dehumidifier is
captures energy in the refrigerant at the evaporator capable of providing 100% of the pool’s water-
coil. The latent heat component is essentially heating requirement.
the pool’s evaporation. Evaporation represents
a significant portion of the pool’s annual water The mechanical refrigeration system approach
heating requirements. This captured energy can be to controlling the environment in a pool is a unique
returned to the pool water to provide free heating use of the refrigeration system. The evaporator
(Figure 9). controls the humidity, while the compressor
hot gas can be used to heat the pool water
and/or room air simultaneously. Traditional air
FIGURE 9: THE ENERGY CYCLE conditioning systems merely send the compressor
The Energy Cycle Dry Air
hot gas outdoors to a condenser or cooling tower
and do not tap into this heat source.
“
Humid Air
Recycled
The ROI on a pool water

Heat Energy
heating option is less

than 1 yr.

Table 4 highlights the annual contribution Calculations are based on the following:
towards water heating from the dehumidifier while 1000 Btu/lb latent heat of vaporization.
operating in cooling mode. A pool with a 50 lb/hr Gas: $0.60 per 100,000 Btu, efficiency = 75%.
evaporation rate and a cooling season of 2,000 Electricity: 8¢ per kWh.
hours would realize an annual savings of $2,350 if
Most pools require an auxiliary pool water heater.
the primary source of pool water heating was an
When the dehumidifier is not able to provide full
electric heater.
water heating, it can control the auxiliary heater.
TABLE 4 – ANNUAL WATER HEATING SAVINGS FROM POOL HEATING OPTION
ANNUAL SAVINGS FROM POOL WATER HEATING OPTIONS
Cooling Heat AVERAGE POOL EVAPORATION (LB/H)

Season Source
20 30 40 50 100 150 200 300
4000 Gas $640 $960 $1280 $1600 $3200 $4800 $6400 $9600
hours
Electricity $1880 $2820 $3760 $4700 $9400 $14100 $18800 $28200
2000 Gas $320 $480 $640 $800 $1600 $2400 $3200 $4800
hours
Electricity $940 $1410 $1880 $2350 $4700 $7050 $9400 $14100
“ A dehumidifier with a pool water heating option

has an enormous potential for energy savings.

SPACE HEATING OUTDOOR AIR, EXHAUST AIR, AND ENERGY
As with every other room being designed, the RECOVERY
cooling and heating load calculations should be Outdoor ventilation air is essential for maintaining
performed for the natatorium. That is the only good IAQ in the pool and is a code requirement.
way to ensure the specific heating and cooling The natatorium needs to be maintained at a slight
requirements are met. The room air temperature negative air pressure, so warm “energy rich” air
of an indoor pool facility is generally 10-15°F needs to be exhausted.
warmer than a typical occupied space, so
Outdoor air must be cooled and dehumidified
the heating requirement per square foot of a
in the summer and heated in the winter. In cold
natatorium will be considerably higher than a
climates, outdoor air has the biggest impact in
traditional room. Outdoor air must be included
winter where it reduces the space relative humidity
in load calculations as it often represents up to
levels and represents a significant portion of the
50% of the heating load.
natatorium’s heating requirement. Outdoor air in
SPACE COOLING winter may need to be heated 100°F to become
neutral to the space temperature. In southern
Most patrons prefer buildings with year-round
regions, the outdoor air introduces a lot of
temperature control. Even though the space is
moisture and increases the dehumidification load.
generally 10-15°F warmer than a typical room,
most patrons would find it objectionable to be The designer has several energy issues to
in a space that has no cooling at all. consider:
Space cooling is a free byproduct from packaged • Introducing more outdoor air than codes
dehumidifiers and chilled water systems. These require is not recommended:
systems can provide year-round temperature and – In winter, it will increase space heating and
humidity control. They dehumidify by cooling the pool water heating costs significantly.
air below its dew point and condensing moisture
– Too much outdoor air in winter can
at the cooling coil. If the cooling load exceeds the
also lower the relative humidity levels to
standard output of a dehumidification unit, a larger
uncomfortable levels for the patrons.
unit with compressor staging is often specified.
– In summer, it can introduce so much
“
additional moisture that larger equipment
could be needed.
Outdoor ventilation air is
• Warm “energy rich” air is required to be
essential for maintaining exhausted from the space to maintain negative
pressure and good IAQ.
good IAQ.
Energy recovery from the “energy rich” exhaust air
should be considered.

FIGURE 10: HEAT EXCHANGE
Exhaust Air (Cooled)
Exhaust Air (Cooled)

Outdoor Air (Heated) Outdoor Air (Heated)
Air-to-air heat exchangers are available for both a large airside pressure drop, which increases
sensible heat recovery and total energy recovery. blower motor sizes and operating costs.
Sensible-only devices are used in natatoriums.
The annualized energy recovery of the glycol
All sensible recovery devices are effective,
runaround loop outperforms any other form of
but some are better suited to provide a cost-
heat recovery.
effective solution. Figure 10 highlights two
examples. There are several questions that must
be answered to determine which heat recovery
approach is best suited for a particular facility:
FIGURE 11: PACKAGED HEAT RECOVERY
• Is the installation in a cold climate application?

Outdoor Air Supply Air
• Does the outdoor ventilation air need to be

conditioned in order to avoid condensation Heat Recovery
Coil
when blended with the room air in summer
and winter?
• Are the outdoor ventilation air and Return Air
exhaust air streams within close proximity Heat Recovery

Coil
to each other?
• What is the return on investment?
Exhaust Air
GLYCOL RUNAROUND LOOP The glycol runaround loop approach to

Heat recovery is generally packaged as part of a heat recovery offers the best performance
dehumidifier when outdoor or rooftop installations and design flexibility in the smallest cabinet
are specified. Figure 11 shows a schematic possible. This heat recovery coil set fits
of a recommended glycol runaround loop heat directly onto the outdoor air and exhaust
recovery method. This heat recovery option can air openings already provided on the unit without
be packaged seamlessly within the dehumidifier increasing the cabinet size. They are also easily
or remotely installed in the ductwork. The plate sized to meet the specific requirements of the
heat recovery devices in Figure 10 require special facility. The result is a compact, cost-effective
and complicated air paths within the unit. This heat recovery option that outperforms other
increases the unit size and cost and also has technologies.

The compact nature of this design results in The glycol runaround loop approach is also
lighter-weight cabinets compared to units well suited for cold climate applications.
integrating plate heat recovery technology. On the coldest winter days, when heat recovery
This is an important consideration on applications is needed the most, other heat recovery devices
where roof loads are a concern. require the bypassing of air to prevent the device
from freezing. However, the glycol approach does
The glycol runaround loop approach is well suited
not present this risk.
for the corrosive indoor pool environment as it
offers superior corrosion protection compared to
The introduction of the heat recovery coils into
plate heat recovery devices. the existing air streams offers a substantially
lower overall airside pressure drop compared to
units with dual air paths and complicated internal
air patterns. This configuration offers the end user
the lowest possible operating cost while providing
TABLE 5 – ENERGY RECOVERY CALCULATION
the best possible heat recovery effectiveness.
WEATHER DATA
City Average °F Winter °F
T1 T2
HEAT RECOVERY SAVINGS (Q) ANALYSIS
Atlanta 61 17
Pool Location Atlanta
Boston 51 6
T1 Average Outdoor Temperature 61 °F
Buffalo 43 2
T2 Winter Design Temperature 17 °F
Chicago 51 -8
T3 Indoor Design Temperature 84 °F
Dallas 65 18
V Outdoor Air Volume 3500 CFM
Denver 50 -5
N Occupied Hours 12 Hours
Detroit 49 3
ER Electric Rate: 0.06 $/kW
Minneapolis 45 -16
GR Gas Rate: 0.65 $/CCF
Indianapolis 52 -2
GE Gas Heating system efficiency: 60 %
Nashville 60 9
Space Heating by: GAS
New York 54 11
HE Heat Recovery Efficiency 50 %
Oklahoma City 60 9
Q {t3-T1} x 1.08 x V x 190400 MBH
Pittsburgh 50 3 {8760*N/24} x GE
Portland, OR 53 17
ANNUAL SAVINGS FROM HEAT RECOVERY DEVICE
Salt Lake City 52 3
$ {Q x $/CCF} / HE $2,062
Seattle 51 20
REDUCTION IN PEAK HEATING
St-Louis 55 2
Q1 {T3-T2} x 1.08 x V x HE Btu/h
Toronto 46 -5

A heat recovery option in a cold climate On a 32,000 CFM system, going from 1 to 3”
application will typically pay for itself after ESP raises fan BHP from 24.5 to 40.5. This
one year due to increased energy savings. equates to roughly 12kW 24/7/365 of extra
energy usage. With an average electrical supply
The savings are noteworthy even in a mild cost of $0.12/kWh, that is an extra expense of
climate, where these devices generally pay roughly $12,600 per year in running costs – or
for themselves in two to three years. roughly $200,000 over the life of the machine.
These numbers do not even factor in other
FAN ENERGY AND DUCT DESIGN possible expenses such as electrical service
Air movement and circulation is a significant upgrades or additional capacity charges from the
energy component in indoor pools. It can be 50% local utility.
of the electrical consumption and potentially more
Considerations during the design phase and
if the duct static pressures are high or the fans
equipment selection can help minimize the
are inefficient.
energy footprint. A “big picture” look at the total
The supply fan(s) on a pool unit operate 24/7, cost (installation and operation) of a project is
and the operating costs can increase with a important – saving costs upfront on an inefficient
high-pressure duct. ductwork design may actually drive up overall
operating costs significantly.
“ A ‘big picture’ look at the

total cost (installation and
Most equipment today is built with direct drive
plenum fans. Belt-driven fans can consume 25%
more energy, and that and that can result in a
large operating cost penalty over the lifetime of
operation) of a project is the equipment.
important in the design
phase.

FINALIZING THE
SYSTEM DESIGN
At the core of every successful natatorium design
is a system that provides the operator the year- DESIGN THE SYSTEM WITH IAQ IN MIND
round conditions they expected while meeting
Ensuring that the system will deliver good
ASHRAE design standards, satisfying local codes,
indoor air quality is quite possibly the most
and being as energy efficient as possible.
important design consideration of all.
Understanding that product flexibility is essential
There are two key design aspects to
allows the designer to work through the project-
delivering good IAQ:
specific issues without compromising design.
The overall performance of a natatorium will be 1. Ensure that chemical off-gassing is
directly impacted by the number of deviations and reduced, controlled, or, ideally, eliminated.
compromises taken in the design stage. It cannot be stressed enough that the
Evacuator system, as well as any waterside
Once all the design parameters have been
systems that reduce chemical off-gassing,
established, the only remaining decisions will be
are essential considerations to helping
what the designer would like incorporated into
deliver good IAQ.
their dehumidifier and what they want provided
externally. Some of the configurations available 2. Ensure the air distribution system supplies
from most manufacturers include unit-mounted sufficient air to the breathing zone,
heating coils, exhaust fans, heat recovery including across the water surface.
packages, weatherproof outdoor cabinets,
and a variety of heat rejection options. The
project-specific details generally dictate what is the
most appropriate.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / FInalizing the System Design 27

STEP 1: OPERATING CONDITIONS
The designer must discuss with the owner • Be careful to avoid air short circuiting or
the desired pool water temperature, room placing supply diffusers too close to the return
temperature, and relative humidity. duct opening. This can ruin the effectiveness
of the supply air and give any return duct
Operating conditions have a tremendous impact mounted sensors false readings.
on the entire design and cannot be changed by
a large degree after the fact. It is critical that the STEP 3: OUTDOOR VENTILATION PER LOCAL
designer educate the owner on the implications of CODES
their operating temperature choices. Maintaining
The baseline outdoor ventilation air requirement
the room air temperature 2-4°F above the pool
could be any of the following:
water temperature will help reduce evaporation –
but the temperature must still be comfortable to • 0.48 CFM/ft2 of water surface area and wet
patrons. Reduced evaporation in turn reduces the deck for a regular pool
pool water heating requirement. • 0.06 CFM/ ft2 for the rest of the dry deck
STEP 2: SUPPLY AIR • If spectators are in a seating area, add

7.5 CFM per spectator during swim meets.
Calculate the supply air requirement of the space
based on the room volume. The target air change Introducing more outdoor air than codes require is
rate per ASHRAE is 4-6 volumetric air changes not recommended. In winter, it will increase space
per hour, with a 6-8 air change rate in spectator heating and pool water heating costs significantly.
areas. This calculation establishes the entire air Too much outdoor air in winter can also lower the
handling system. relative humidity levels to uncomfortable levels for
the patrons.
• Supply air must move down into the breathing
zone. It is critical for comfort and good IAQ • Outdoor air must be filtered.
that the treated supply air reach the pool deck • Ensure the airflow is balanced when the
and occupants. system is commissioned.
• If using a fabric duct, the same air distribution • Preheat the outdoor air to 65°F if condensation
and duct design rules apply. Supply air must is a concern. A glycol
be directed to where it is needed, or IAQ heat recovery loop is a good means to
problems will result. accomplish this while also saving the operator
• Ensure the return duct location complements in heating costs.
the supply air duct location and promotes a • Thermally insulate the exterior of the
good air pattern. In a large natatorium, several outside air duct.
return air grilles might be required to achieve a
good air pattern in the space.

STEP 4: EXHAUST AIR STEP 6: CONDENSATION AND
The room should have a slight negative pressure. VAPOR MIGRATION
ASHRAE recommends 0.05 to 0.15 inches of Establish the space dew point temperature
water column. A good rule of thumb is to exhaust based on the desired space conditions. Once
110% of the outdoor air CFM. A well-located established, the designer must identify all
exhaust fan can significantly improve the air potential condensation spots in the building.
quality in the space. If the space has a spa or A typical pool design of 82°F 50-60% RH has a
whirlpool, the exhaust air intake grille should be peak dew point of 67°F. Some applications see
located directly above it. This source captures dew points over 75°F. Any surface temperature
and extracts the most contaminant-laden air below the dew point of the space will condense
before it can diffuse into the space and negatively moisture. The higher the dew point, the bigger the
impact the room air quality. challenge.
• The exhaust fan can be installed remotely or A vapor retarder restricts the rate of water vapor
within the dehumidifier. diffusion through the ceilings and walls of a
building when below dew point temperature
• Energy recovery from the energy rich exhaust
occurs. Failure to install the vapor retarder in the
air to outdoor air should be considered.
proper location will result in condensation within
STEP 5: LOAD CALCULATIONS the structure and lead to structural failure. Always
ensure the vapor retarder is sealed at all the
The natatorium needs to be heated, cooled,
seams.
and dehumidified. This requires the accurate
calculation of the following loads: • The vapor retarder must be on the warm
side of the dew point temperature in all walls,
• Building envelope sensible heating load that
ceilings, and floors.
includes outdoor air
• All exterior windows, doors, and skylights must
• Building envelope sensible cooling load that
be fully blanketed with warm supply air. 3-5
includes outdoor air
CFM/ft² is recommended.
• Latent load [pool evaporation, outdoor air
(summer), and spectators] STEP 7: ENERGY & LEED CONSIDERATIONS
All manufacturers offer the ability to include the The energy consumption and performance
heating coil inside the dehumidifier. The coil should implications of the building type and operating
be fully corrosion protected and suitable for a pool conditions must be discussed with the owner.
environment. Manufacturers generally offer unit-
mounted control valves as well.
Care must be taken when considering gas

heating. If chlorine from the natatorium is allowed
to mix with combustion gases, hydrochloric acid
(HCl) forms and is very corrosive. It is a best
practice to select a gas heat option that has
been engineered to fully prevent this from ever
happening.

OPERATING CONDITIONS HEAT RECOVERY ON MINIMUM OUTDOOR AIR
Operating conditions have a tremendous impact AND EXHAUST AIR
on operating costs. It is critical that the owner Outdoor ventilation air is essential for maintaining
understand that at the same water temperature, good IAQ in the pool and is a code requirement.
a pool in a room at 78°F 50% RH will evaporate The natatorium also needs to be maintained at
almost 35% more than that exact same pool in a slight negative air pressure, so warm energy
an 85°F 50% RH room. The pool room should rich air can be exhausted. These two air streams
be kept as warm as possible and also be at vastly different conditions present a perfect
comfortable to patrons. Reduced evaporation opportunity for heat recovery.
reduces the dehumidifier size and runtime as
It is a best practice to leverage heat recovery
well as the pool water heating requirement.
between these two air streams. A glycol
HEAT RECOVERY POOL WATER HEATING runaround loop has many benefits over other
methods of heat recovery, and is recommended.
The dehumidifier’s pool water heating option
should be considered. It is site-recovered Adding the glycol runaround loop heat recovery
energy with a very attractive return on investment. option to a dehumidifier in a cold climate
The use of the pool water application will typically pay for itself after
heating option also satisfies ASHRAE Energy one year.
Standard 90.1.
• The heat recovery device should be suitably
Ensure that the pool water circuit is designed to protected from corrosion and freezing.
allow water to be delivered to the unit reliably.
CONDENSATE RECLAIM
• Provide a separate circulating pump. Verify with local codes whether condensate
• Use the controls provided by the dehumidifier return to the pool is allowed. While condensate
to control the auxiliary water heater operation. is generally considered gray water, this condensate
• Install the auxiliary pool water heater is actually cleaner and can help realize considerable
downstream of the dehumidifier for water savings if introduced upstream of the filters
backup heating. and chemical treatment.
• Ensure the pool water chemicals are • If allowed by local codes, the condensate
introduced downstream of the unit, reclaim from the dehumidifier can be the
auxiliary heaters, and pumps. equivalent of one pool fill annually.
REFRIGERANT REDUCTION
If a compressorized system is being used,
efforts should be made to minimize the system
refrigerant charge and reduce the refrigerant
piping complexity. Fluid-cooled systems are a
popular option because of their inherently low
refrigerant charge and simple installation.

POPULAR
CONFIGURATIONS
AND SYSTEM DESIGNS
Specific market segments have gravitated The configuration in Figure 12 is very popular
towards unit designs based on features, ease of in hotel and residential applications because of
installation, first cost, and system performance. their compact footprint and limited service access
requirements.
HOTEL AND RESIDENTIAL MARKET
There are a multitude of other configurations
Hotel and residential pools are typically smaller
available should a horizontal unit or outdoor
with light usage compared to institutional pools.
packaged system better suit the project.
Besides the pool water heating option, they tend
The heat rejection can also be connected to a
to select unit designs without some of the other
geothermal loop, dry cooler, or cooling tower.
heat recovery options that are usually incorporated
into larger units: FIGURE 12: SLB CABINET
• This configuration is usually refrigeration based
with the outdoor ventilation air connected
directly to a special intake at the unit.
• The space heating coil is also mounted
internally.
• The exhaust fan is usually installed in the space
with its intake over the hot tub.
• The air conditioning heat rejection is to
a remote outdoor air-cooled condenser.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Popular Configurations and System Designs 31

FIGURE 13: TYPICAL HOTEL AND THERAPY POOL LAYOUT
Windows
Exhaust Fan
Spa
Equipment
Room
Typical Hotel Pool
Exterior Door
Door
Duct heater available
unit mounted
Return Air
Outdoor Condenser
Windows
Outdoor Air
PURGE-ECONOMIZER LAYOUT FIGURE 14: NORMAL MODE

This configuration is popular in larger systems that
are looking for flexibility with outdoor air amounts. Outdoor Air Supply Air
Normal Mode 20% 100%
These systems are designed with multiple
dedicated duty exhaust fans. The first exhaust
fan (EF1) is sized to maintain the room’s negative Dampers
pressure by exhausting 10% more room air than

is introduced to the space as code-mandated Return Air
ventilation outdoor air. The second exhaust fan

(EF2) is sized to allow up to full purge/evacuation
of the space with a 100% outdoor air mode.
Exhaust Fan
Figure 14 displays a unit in “Normal Operation” EF2 OFF
where EF1 maintains the room’s negative pressure. Exhaust Fan

EFI 22%
EF1 can be unit mounted or remotely installed with The outdoor air intake is set to introduce
its intake located above the whirlpool whenever the code-required ventilation outdoor air
appropriate. (aka minimum OA) until the system goes
into Purge-Economizer mode when it opens
EF2 is normally off and operates only when a
to 100%.
purge or economizer demand exists.

These minimum outdoor air and EF1 air streams FIGURE 16: PURGE-ECONOMIZER MODE
at vastly different conditions present a perfect
opportunity for heat recovery. The heat recovery
Purge or Economizer Mode Outdoor Air Supply Air
coils could easily be introduced into the air 100% 100%
streams of this unit configuration. This approach

to heat recovery offers the best performance Dampers
and design flexibility while staying in the smallest

possible cabinet. Figure 15 displays a unit in Return Air
“Normal Operation” with the glycol heat recovery
coils in place.
FIGURE 15: NORMAL MODE WITH GLYCOL

HEAT RECOVERY
Exhaust Fan Exhaust Fan
EFI 22% EF2 78%
Normal Mode Outdoor Air Supply Air

20% 100% 1. 100% air purge capability available at any time.
The operator can super-chlorinate (shock)
Dampers the pool and ventilate the space with 100%
outdoor air to quickly clear out any airborne
Return Air
chemicals.
2. It also allows for a means to deliver a complete
air change of the space should it require a
quick purge.
Exhaust Fan
EF2 OFF 3. Built-in economizer operation. All controls
Exhaust Fan and mechanical equipment are already in
EFI 22%
place to operate in economizer cooling and
If the system design has remote exhaust fans, the dehumidification modes whenever the outdoor
glycol runaround loop can still be used for heat air conditions are suitable. This offers the
recovery. operator the most economical year-round
system operation.
A significant added benefit to heat recovery
is the tempering of the outdoor air before it can 4. This configuration consumes significantly
mix with the system air. Tempered outdoor air will less energy than traditional supply/return
not create condensation problems during the cold fan economizer systems with a mixing box
weather. In cold climates, it is very common to because of the specific duty exhaust fans.
add a separate heating coil for the outdoor air if They only operate when required compared
heat recovery is not being utilized. to the supply and return fan configuration
that has both full-sized fans operating year
Figure 16 displays a unit in “Purge-Economizer round. EF1 is a very small horsepower fan. EF2
mode.” There are four significant benefits to this operates only when called upon or when the
configuration: outdoor conditions are suitable for economizer
operation whereas the traditional approach has
two full-sized fans operating year round.

These system features can be designed into the ductwork or incorporated into the unit as a
complete package.
TABLE 6 – EXHAUST FAN OPERATION
EXHAUST FAN OPERATING SEQUENCE EXAMPLE
Exhaust Fan Exhaust Fan Outdoor Air

EF1 EF2
Normal Operation Minimum required

ON OFF
by code
Purge–Economizer
Mode ON ON 100%
EVACUATOR INTEGRATION
From an HVAC standpoint, the Evacuator is an exhaust fan that just factors into the total exhaust air
needed for the space. They generally exhaust the same amount of air required to keep the space
negative, so they blend into the design nicely.
There are several ways to set things up with Evacuators:
• Evacuators are totally stand alone.

– Simply reduce the CFM of EF1 in the unit accordingly.
• Provide a dedicated air path, the EF1, and use the dehumidifier’s exhaust fan.
• Provide the dedicated air path, the EF1, and a heat recovery coil.
• Provide a heat recovery coil in the dehumidifier for outside air preheat, and a remote heat recovery
coil gets installed at the Evacuator exhaust air.
The Evacuator control strategy is either constant air volume (CAV) or variable based on a VOC meter.
The dehumidifier should be set up to modulate outside air in concert with the Evacuator exhaust.

REPLACEMENT SYSTEMS
There are tens of thousands of existing • Is there adequate exhaust air? Could the
dehumidification systems in operation today, Evacuator help improve the air quality?
many at their end of their useful life and in need of • How is the building envelope holding up?
replacement. Professional assessment is likely needed.
For example, an R22 system in operation today is If there has been any degradation, this could
very expensive to keep running, making it a prime lead to an envelope failure.
candidate for replacement. • Have any water features or toys been added?
These are very popular, and it is quite possible
EVALUATING THE EXISTING SYSTEM some have been added.
There is a tendency to simply replace the • Where can energy be saved?
dehumidifier for the same exact unit. While that is
certainly an option, this is really the time to assess EQUIPMENT OPTIONS
the site and evaluate how the existing system The size and accessibility of the mechanical room
performed and if it met the owner’s expectations. will likely determine which equipment is ultimately
What was state of the art 15-20 years ago is selected. Manufacturers offer many different unit
very different to what is considered best practice configurations in a variety
today. of footprints:
A complete audit is recommended. The pool • Smaller units are designed to fit through a
might be used completely differently to its standard 32” door.
intended original design. Treat the audit as a new
• Stackable units. Multiple smaller units that fit
pool project and re-evaluate owner expectations.
through a door are simply stacked once in the
Once those expectations are established,
mechanical space and can provide a simple
shortcomings of the system can be considered for
solution to midsized pools.
remediation.
• Splitable units. While there are limitations, units
• What are the desired operating conditions? can be “sliced” and reassembled once in the
• Is the existing air distribution sufficient? mechanical room.
Upgrading the ducting can be cost prohibitive, • Refurbishing or rebuilding of existing
but sometimes a few changes to the existing equipment. If the cabinet is still in good
system could dramatically improve air delivery condition, units can be “gutted” and reverse
in general. engineered to fit into the existing cabinet.
• Does the system meet today’s codes?
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Replacement Systems 35

VITAL FEATURES
TO SPECIFY
In order to ensure the system performs reliably SERVICE VESTIBULE
and that the equipment is suitable for an indoor
The best way to protect a component from
pool environment, there are several features that
corrosion is to keep it away from the chlorine.
must be included.
This means keeping all vital components out of
the process air stream, housed in a protective
FLUID COOLED DESIGN
service vestibule. These key components
Refrigerant charges must be kept at a minimum. include compressors, receivers, pool water
As refrigerants get phased down/out, costs heaters, contactors, control valves, and
increase. The phasing out of R22 refrigerant, for electronics. Components in the air stream are
example, has made these systems very expensive kept to an absolute minimum, ensuring very few
to run. opportunities for corrosion. There is an added
Fluid cooled units typically reduce the system benefit to using a service vestibule – 100% of the
charge by 50-60%. An industry-leading unit can evaporator’s sensible cooling is delivered to the
enhance efficiency by reducing refrigerant charges space for cooling. Systems with compressors,
by as much as 80-90%. receivers, and pool water heaters in the process
air stream add so much heat that their unit cooling
Due to the operational requirements of the output needs to be de-rated by as much as 25%.
compressorized dehumidifier, they are very
different to an air conditioner and have very large MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL
refrigeration charges. Attaining lifetime equipment The dehumidification system controls the entire
support may also pose a challenge as service natatorium environment. It needs to operate
technicians seldom encounter these units on a reliably and be easy to support.
regular basis.
Consequently, a control system that is tried and
Simplifying the refrigeration circuit and reducing proven is in the best interests of the facility.
the overall complexity results in a system that is
easier to service and is also more environmentally An operator will get much better support
friendly. Less refrigerant equates to less liability over the life of the equipment when people are
and exposure to unnecessary service costs. familiar with the system. A proper microprocessor
controller has a full range of unit-mounted sensors,
pressure transducers, and remote sensors that
can all be accessed from the keypad, building
management system interface, or over the
Internet.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Vital Features to Specify 36

All necessary information regarding the system The refrigeration pressure information from
operation and conditions in the space should these transducers is used in the control of
always be at the fingertips of the operator and the dehumidifier. The operational history of
support team. the operating pressures is also stored in the
controller. This provides access to critical historical
INTERNET CONNECTION information for diagnostics and trouble shooting.
Web monitoring redefines the concept of factory A system without refrigerant pressure transduces
service and support by remotely monitoring, is considerably more costly and difficult to service
analyzing, and reporting all the critical functions over its lifetime.
of the dehumidifier in real time via the Internet. All
necessary information regarding unit operation EXHAUST AIR HEAT RECOVERY
can be viewed from any web-enabled device. The exhaust air is energy rich and can be used to
Setpoints can be adjusted, sensors can be preheat the incoming outdoor air. Heat recovery
recalibrated, and unit performance can be has an immediate and significant return on
monitored. investment, even in milder climates. The reason
for this is the exhausted air is warmer than
Unit alarms will generate emails to any email
traditional rooms and has relative humidity levels
address on the pool owner’s contact list.
typically between 50-60%.
Contractors who install or service the equipment
can be set up to access the units. The facility A glycol runaround loop approach is recommended
owner, especially those in remote locations, will because it is service friendly and has the best
have a more efficient means of ensuring their units annualized performance.
are monitored and service is supervised by factory
There are software tools available to provide an
technicians.
ROI analysis to help illustrate the savings from this
Factory certified service companies offer pool option.
operators 24-hour monitoring, a new standard in
customer satisfaction and unit reliability. POOL WATER HEATING
This option satisfies ASHRAE Energy Standard
REFRIGERANT PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS 90.1 and can contribute considerable operating
Unit-mounted pressure transducers allow the cost savings.
operator or service technician to access the
The pool water heat exchanger should
vital refrigerant pressures through the operator
be either potable water rated cupronickel
panel of the microprocessor (or remotely via
or titanium.
the Internet) rather than having to connect a
set of refrigerant manifold gauges. This is As with exhaust air heat recovery, there are
the most important operation and diagnostic software tools available to provide an ROI analysis
information for any refrigeration system, and to help illustrate the savings from this option.
the ability to access this information at any time is
a significant benefit. Systems without refrigerant
pressure transducers require a service technician
to physically visit the site and connect gauges
when information regarding the refrigeration circuit
operation is desired.

RECEIVER REFRIGERANT LEVEL INDICATORS COMMISSIONING AND STARTUP
Sight glasses mounted on the receiver allow for The startup must be performed by an experienced
easy refrigerant charge adjustment without the and qualified professional. If the startup is not
expense of evacuation and weigh-in techniques. being carried out by a factory technician, it should
be performed by someone who regularly and
DIRECT DRIVE PLENUM FANS WITH VFD routinely starts up these systems. The best unit
Direct drive ECM and plenum fans with VFD in the world will not operate to expectations if
offer the most efficient means of moving air while not started up correctly. The final performance
using the lowest possible fan energy. Belt-driven review and adjustment of a dehumidifier can only
systems are antiquated and a maintenance be completed once the natatorium is operating at
concern. They can also consume as much as design conditions. Often, the initial startup is done
25% more fan energy. ECM fans and VFDs allow with a cold pool; however, all facilities require
for easy supply air balancing without changing a follow-up visit once the water has reached
pulleys or belts. design conditions. It is highly recommended that
a factory technician perform the startup to ensure
COATED AIRSIDE COILS optimal performance.
All coils exposed to the pool air must be corrosion
protected. It is best practice for all coils to be
fully dipped to ensure the entire coil is protected
from corrosion. Coil coatings should also have
hydrophilic properties to allow the condensate on
the evaporator to drain more efficiently.

DESIGN AND
INSTALLATION DETAILS
The designer should address the following issues OUTDOOR AIR COOLED DRY COOLER OR
to ensure the unit is properly installed, serviced, CONDENSER INSTALLATION
and maintained.
This heat exchanger is used in air conditioning
mode where it rejects unneeded heat from the
ACCESS SPACE
space to outdoors. Proper installation is essential to
Access to a unit must be safe. If a technician ensure it functions as intended. Proper airflow and
cannot safely and comfortably access a unit, refrigerant piping are paramount.
it cannot be optimally serviced.
• Ensure an appropriate maximum ambient air
No Access = No Service or Maintenance. temperature has been specified.
Refer to factory submittal drawings for • Ensure the unit has proper airflow and that the
recommended clearances. discharged air from the fan can escape fully;
otherwise, operational problems will result. A
POOL WATER HEATING (OPTION) perimeter of free area equal to its width must
This option can contribute considerable energy be provided as well as a means for the air off
savings over the life of the system. A quick the unit to dissipate.
calculation of the annual energy savings can help • Use line sizes as specified by the manufacturer.
establish the return on investment.
• To avoid potential seasonal system charge
This option is simple to design into the pool water
problems with outdoor condensers, ensure
circuit.
the installed line lengths are never longer than
• The water circuit should tap off the main pool indicated on the plans and specifications.
water line downstream of the main filter and • If the condenser is installed above the
upstream of the auxiliary pool water heater and dehumidifier, ensure the hot gas line has proper
chemical feeder (see Figure 17). oil traps.
• An auxiliary water pump to deliver the unit’s • Contact the manufacturer if the condenser is
required water flow rate is required. This is an to be installed more than 50 feet away or eight
open system, and the pool’s main circulating feet below the dehumidifier. There are some
pump can rarely accommodate additional absolute limitations that cannot be exceeded
system pressure. without jeopardizing system reliability and
operation.
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Design and Installation Details 39

• Specify the lines be nitrogen purged while being • All the refrigeration requirements disappear
brazed to help avoid scaling inside when using fluid-cooled systems or dry cooler
the pipe. systems!
FIGURE 17: RECOMMENDED ACCESS SPACE
Dehumidifier
1
14
2
13
12
3
4
6 11
7
9 10
8
5
LEGEND
Legend
1. Refrigerant Piping to Outdoor Condenser 8. Auxilary Pump
1.
2. 2.
Refrigerant Piping to Outdoor Condenser
Dehumidifier
8. 9. Auxiliary
AutomaticPumpChemical Feeder
Dehumidifier 9. Automatic Chemical Feeder
3. 3. P-Trap
P-Trap 10.10.Pool
Pool Filter
Filter
4. 4. Outdoor
Outdoor Condenser/Drycooler
Condenser/Drycooler 11.11.Main
MainPool
Pool Pump
Pump
5. Ball Valve 12. Water Inlet
5. 6.
BallFlow
ValveMeter 12. Water Inlet
13. Water Outlet
6. 7.
FlowAuxiliary
Meter Pool Heater 14.13.AirWater
Vent Outlet
7. Auxillary Pool Heater 14. Air Vent
PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Design and Installation Details 40

HUMIDITY CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
HOW TO REMOVE MOISTURE A PoolPak unit with compressors has a 0-100%
modulating reheat coil whose control is based
There are several approaches that engineers
on the room air temperature trending. The
typically consider to control a natatorium.
control algorithm bleeds as much or as little
This chapter highlights the two main approaches:
heat as needed to essentially flat line the space
refrigeration-based dehumidifiers and outdoor air
temperature year round. Modulating reheat is
ventilation systems.
important because for a vast majority of the year,
It is important to understand the capabilities the facility operates at off-peak conditions, and the
and limitations of each approach in order to select system needs to be somewhere between peak
the best system for the application and climate. cooling mode and peak heating mode. It is also
Energy consumption, geographic location, important to note that when the room temperature
budget, and desired control of space conditions is stabilized, the RH level will also be stabilized.
are among some of the key decision-making
First, let’s look at a conventional compressorized
criteria.
unit with a hot gas reheat coil. Most hot gas reheat
coils in pool units are on/off controlled, and this
KEY OPERATION FEATURES
results in unstable space temperatures, which also
There are two key operation features every results in RH level fluctuations.
dehumidifier should have to ensure the system (The graphs on the following page are taken from
provides the best comfort levels in the space while WebSentry, PoolPak’s performance monitoring
minimizing operating costs: maintain stable relative technology for dehumidifiers.)
humidity levels and stable space temperature
levels. Wide fluctuations of either negatively
impacts patron comfort and system operation.
PoolPak units with full ventilation/economizer

capabilities optimize the use of outdoor air with
a “ventilation forward” control strategy. This
approach leverages outdoor air until operating the
compressors is more economically beneficial.
P o o l P a k N a t a t o r i u m D e s i g n G u i d e / H u m i d i t y C o n t r o l Te c h n o l o g y 41
FIGURE 18: HOT GAS REHEAT REFRIGERATION-BASED
COIL RESULTS IN UNSTABLE DEHUMIDIFIERS
TEMPERATURES AND RH LEVELS Refrigeration-based dehumidifiers are by far
the most common and popular method of
100
90 removing moisture from the space. These are
80
70
the PPK Series units built by PoolPak. The units
60 are designed and developed specifically for
50
40
dehumidifying indoor pools, offering year-round
30
humidity control at the lowest possible operating
20
10 costs.
0
05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00

A major benefit of this approach is year-round
Eastern Standard Time humidity and temperature control with low
Return Air RH Return Air Temp Pool Water In
operating costs. These systems use both
Now, compare this to a PoolPak modulating sides of the refrigeration cycle (evaporator and
reheat system. The space temperature is a flat compressor waste heat) simultaneously. Contrast
line. This system provides better overall space this to traditional air conditioning units that use
temperature and humidity control, translating only the evaporator and dump condenser heat
into better occupant comfort.This modulating outdoors. These units use the evaporator to
approach to reheat also results in less wear and dehumidify (and cool when needed) but also put
tear on the compressor as the unit does not have recovered heat energy back into the pool and/
to cycle between on and off modes. or back into the process air. This approach is
unique to the natatorium industry. The system
FIGURE 19: POOLPAK’S MODULATING can be simultaneously dehumidifying (cooling)
REHEAT SYSTEM PROVIDES STABLE the air and reheating it (and/or the pool water) to
TEMPERATURES AND RH LEVELS deliver dehumidified and reheated air to the space
and warm water to the pool. Not a single Btu on
100
90
either side of the refrigeration cycle is wasted.
80
Coefficients of performance are close to 8, and
70
60 energy-efficiency ratios are greater than 25.
50
40
30
20
10
0
07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30
Eastern Standard Time

Return Air RH Return Air Temp
FIGURE 20: REFRIGERATION-BASED DEHUMIDIFIERS
OA and heating varies and is

not calculated in this document Outside Air
Filter
Bypass Heating
82°F
Full Reheat = 106°F Supply condition

82°F 67°F Reheat + Pool Heat = 82°F changes with
M IX the OA temp
Cooling = 67°F
Compressor
52°F Vestibule
Evaporator Reheat
Filter
Figure 20 illustrates schematically how warm REFRIGERANT REDUCTION: POOLPAK’S PPK

humid air passes through the dehumidifying SERIES
coil and is cooled to below its dew point.
Once air is cooled below its dew point, moisture The PPK Series has become the HVAC industry’s
condenses out of the air. Depending on the space new benchmark for indoor swimming pool
temperature requirements, the hot gas from the dehumidifier technology. Compared to traditional
compressor can be used to reheat the air or be all-DX units, the PPK Series reduces annual
rejected to an outdoor condenser. Compressor operating costs by 5-7% and reduces the system
hot gas can also be used to heat the pool water. refrigerant charge by upwards of 85%.
Pool water heating not only contributes The PPK Series substitutes hundreds of pounds of
considerable energy savings, but it also refrigerant with glycol, which is 95% less expensive
helps the unit operate more efficiently and an environmentally-preferred heat transfer fluid
overall. This generally has a tremendous for LEED® and other sustainable building projects.
return on investment that alone should make
it worth considering.
All-DX systems have outdoor condensers Other benefits of the PPK Series include the
and hot gas reheat coils that flood with liquid following:
refrigerant for extended periods. The result
• Fully modulating, total variable reheat provides
is a large system charge, which aside from
the ultimate indoor air comfort by providing
being expensive, creates the tendency for oil
unprecedented stability in pool space
migration and premature compressor failure. The
temperature and relative humidity levels.
PPK Series’ heat exchangers instead transfer
refrigerant heat to the glycol loop, which is then • Factory-charged and sealed refrigeration
used for air reheat or heat rejection to outdoor air system means no on-site field charge
cooled dry coolers. refrigeration work or EPA-certified installation
technicians are required.
The result is greater system reliability and
• Small factory-sealed refrigerant charges
reduced project costs. Not only is there a huge
totally eliminate all issues of refrigerant and
savings in refrigerant charge, but there are also
oil migration associated with all traditional
additional installation cost savings because
DX systems.
external PVC glycol piping to dry coolers is
less expensive to install in labor/materials • Significant reduction of system refrigerant
than copper refrigerant piping. The dry cooler charges prevent costly service costly service
system also has reduced likelihood of refrigerant bills in the event of a refrigerant leak.
leaks and longer compressor life, which further • Package or split system and indoor or
reduces lifetime cost of ownership. outdoor configurations are available with no
distance limits between the unit and the AC
It should be noted this technology is not new.
heat exchanger.
Dry coolers have been employed in precision
computer-room air-conditioning systems and • Glycol is 95% less expensive than refrigerants,
environmentally-sensitive areas for decades. thus any recharging service costs are
significantly reduced in materials and labor.
At the moment, PPK Series units are offered
• No copper piping between the unit and
starting at 20 HP, but all PoolPak units can
remote condenser eliminates temptation
be provided with the dry cooler heat rejection
of material theft.
option.
• All critical components are located outside
PoolPak’s innovative heat rejection design makes of the corrosive air stream in a protective
the PPK Series equally efficient as DX systems service vestibule.
on summer design days and 5-7% more efficient
throughout the rest of the year. The innovative
fluid design uses an active refrigeration head
PADDOCK EVACUATOR INTEGRATION
pressure monitor/control that ensures the lowest
PoolPak’s PPK Series is fully compatible
possible condensing pressures to boost system
with the Paddock Evacuator source
performance year round.
capture system (www.paddockevacuator.
com), an essential technology for reducing
chloramines and delivering good indoor air
quality.
OUTDOOR AIR VENTILATION SYSTEMS The Hybrid Series offers the following
Ventilation-based dehumidification is an advantages:
established approach that uses fresh air to dry
• Its simple design makes it easier to
the space. This approach to dehumidification is
service and maintain; smaller refrigeration
possible in areas with suitable climates that are
components cost less to operate and
dry and/or cool outdoors year round and has
maintain.
been used successfully for decades. A cooling
coil is sometimes added when the conditions • Mechanical cooling keeps the space
might be warm in summer. temperature comfortable by meeting the
sensible load.
These outdoor ventilation style units have
• Advanced control algorithm precisely
several attractive features if the facility is located
modulates outdoor air, using only
in a suitable geographic area. They have a lower
the minimum necessary to maintain
first cost than a refrigerant-based approach and
space humidity.
are also considerably simpler units operationally.
With heat recovery between the exhaust air and • Direct-drive fan array with ECM motors
outdoor air streams and controls that properly means lower energy costs and no belts!
sequence the outdoor air, this can be a very • Heat recovery standard with PoolPak’s
attractive means to ventilate a natatorium. energy efficient glycol runaround loop that
THE HYBRID SERIES dramatically reduces the cost of pre-heating
outdoor air.
The PoolPak Hybrid design provides the
simplicity, reliability, and efficiency of ventilation- The Hybrid Series is available with the following
based dehumidification for indoor pools, along options:
with heat recovery and an optional cooling coil
• Unit-mounted, EC motorized exhaust fans
to provide air conditioning if required.
• Purge mode
While the Hybrid Series is a suitable
• Packaged space heating – hot water,
dehumidification solution for indoor pools
electric, or gas furnace
in most North American climates, it is most
cost-effective in areas where outdoor air is
dry for most of the year. However, unlike
other ventilation-based dehumidifiers, the
Hybrid Series also provides sensible cooling
capability, so high outdoor air temperatures
are no longer a concern.
TABLE 7 – SYSTEM COMPARISON
REFRIGERATION OUTDOOR AIR VENTILATION
Operating Cost Lowest Medium
First Cost 100% 80%
Year-Round Humidity Control Yes Weather Dependent
Meets/Exceeds Energy Standard 90.1 Yes No
Dehumidification Energy Recovery Yes No
Heat Recovery on Exhaust and Outdoor Air Option Option
Cooling Mode Yes Extra
Pool Water Heating Yes No
WEB MONITORING WITH WEBSENTRY

Web monitoring is a powerful humidity control • 24-7 Remote Monitoring – WebSentry allows
technology that allows users to monitor and PoolPak’s servers to remotely monitor, record,
precisely fine tune natatorium conditions from a and analyze the dehumidifier performance
computer, tablet, or smartphone. every 60 seconds, 24 hours a day, 7 days
a week, providing real-time online data
WebSentry from PoolPak delivers incomparable
access for operators and authorized service
value and peak performance for the lifetime of
technicians.
the dehumidifier – and it’s installed at no cost
on every PoolPak unit. Nothing more than an • Remote System Control – WebSentry allows
Ethernet connection is all that’s required to take authorized technicians and service experts
full advantage of WebSentry (Wi-Fi and cellular to remotely view and change performance
network options are also available). parameters in real time via any Internet-
connected device, including smartphones.
Once connected, WebSentry connects securely
• Performance Trouble Alerts – WebSentry
with PoolPak’s remote servers and begins
provides instant email alerts to key personnel
sending performance data every 60 seconds,
should any system parameters not conform
24 hours a day, 7 days a week – for the ultimate
to performance expectations.
in performance monitoring.
• Maintenance Reminders – WebSentry helps
WebSentry offers the following advantages: ensure scheduled maintenance to maximize
• Peak Performance – With WebSentry, the performance, boost energy savings, and
same engineers who designed and built the provide the absolute lowest overall cost of
dehumidifier can remotely observe, control, ownership of any dehumidifier in the industry.
and fine-tune its performance during and Having a unit connected to WebSentry is like
after installation with control of over 100 having PoolPak keep an eye on it, alerting
critical functions. service personnel to any possible issues.
That’s why WebSentry connection at start up
is highly recommended.
Design Checklist for Traditional Pools*
Having a checklist comes in handy when designing complex jobs. PoolPak® is pleased to provide this dehumidification
design checklist for your convenience.
KEY DESIGN CONCERNS FOR TRADITIONAL* POOLS:

1. Operating conditions in writing from end user 6. Condensation and Vapor Migration
(pool water temperature, room air temperature). Vapor barrier on the warm side of the dew point
temperature in all walls, ceiling and floors
2. System supply CFM delivers 4-6 air changes per hour.
All exterior windows, doors and skylights are
The room volume dictates the supply CFM.
fully blanketed with supply air (3-5 cfm per sq ft)
Supply air gets to the ‘breathing zone’
Return duct location compliments supply duct 7. Energy & LEEDs Considerations
No short circuiting Energy Standard 90.1 – pool water heating option
Heat recovery between the minimum OA
3. Outdoor air CFM per Standard 62
and minimum EA
Baseline: 0.48 CFM/ft² of water and wet deck Condensate reclaim
for regular pool System refrigerant charge reduction -
Add 7.5 CFM per spectator (swimmers are Fluid Cooled Design
not considered spectators and are covered
in the baseline OA CFM) 8. Swim Meet Mode
Number of spectators and competitors expected?
4. Exhaust Air
Spectator areas
Room is at slight negative pressure 6-8 air changes supply air to spectator
(0.05 to 0.15 inches of water column) seating areas
110% the outdoor air CFM is generally Micro climate via separate air handler
recommended for larger spectator areas
Source capture contaminants:
Evacuator system onsite? 9. Service and Maintenance
Exhaust air drawn from above the whirlpool Internet monitoring
or any other warm or highly active water area Unit is accessible
Unit has adequate service clearance
5. Load Calculation
Latent load (pools, OA and spectators)
Sensible cooling load has been calculated
for the space design temperature
Heating load has been calculated for the
space design temperature and includes OA
* Please contact factory for Waterparks and pools heavy with water features. Design standards have been established for
‘traditional’ bodies of water and do not adequately address the special needs of these facilities.
LOAD CALCULATION DETAILS
POOL DESIGN DATA

POOL #1 POOL #2 POOL #3 POOL #4 POOL #5
Type of Pool (Lap, Spa...)

Surface Area (ft 2)
Water Temperature (ºF)
Room Design Temp: # of Spectators: Room Volume (ft3):
PoolPak.com
3491 Industrial Drive | York, PA USA 17402 | 717-757-2648 | sales@poolpak.com
MKW02-PDNCHL-20180928
P o o l P a k N a t a t o r i u m D e s i g n G u i d e / D e s i g n C h e c k l i s t f o r Tr a d i t i o n a l P o o l s 47

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NATATORIUM DESIGN GUIDE

EVERYTHING ENGINEERS, CONTRACTORS, AND OWNERS NEED

Health, Safety, and Comfort........................................................................................................ 6

Humidity Control Calculations..................................................................................................... 8

Indoor Air Quality...................................................................................................................... 12

Finalizing the System Design.................................................................................................... 27

Popular Configurations and System Designs............................................................................ 31

Vital Features to Specify .......................................................................................................... 36

Design and Installation Details.................................................................................................. 39

Humidity Control Technology.................................................................................................... 41

Design Checklist for Traditional Pools....................................................................................... 47

In addition to being a founding partner of one of Dehumidified

Ralph was an ASHRAE “Distinguished Lecturer” on indoor

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Copyright© 2021 PoolPak Dehumidifiers 3

Resources are available to help guide and

The building, HVAC

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Introduction 4

There are new technologies available that will

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Introduction 5

issues. Decrease in bar width indicates

Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

TABLE 1 – NATATORIUM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

POOL TYPE AIR TEMPERATURE (°F) WATER TEMPERATURE (°F)

Whirlpool/Spa 80 to 85 102 to 104

Kids Swim Schools 86 to 92 88 to 92

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Humidity Control Calculations 8

ER = 0.1 x A x AF (Pw – Pdp)

Swim Meet 1.0 • High activity/agitation

WATER FEATURES AND TOYS

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Humidity Control Calculations 9

ACTIVITY LEVEL LB/H PER SPECTATOR OUTDOOR AIR

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Humidity Control Calculations 10

LOAD ESTIMATION SOFTWARE

FIGURE 2: POOL LOAD CALCULATION

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Humidity Control Calculations 11

Part of CMAHC’s research is to find a means to • Air change rate

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Indoor Air Quality 12

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Indoor Air Quality 13

at 0.05-0.15” WC negative pressure relative to Exhaust Fan

surrounding spaces. 10% more exhaust air than Exterior Wall

outdoor air is a good rule of thumb.

10% more exhaust air

More exhaust air than recommended by ASHRAE

Figure 3 illustrates how the strategic location POOL WATER CHEMISTRY

Good pool water chemistry is critical in order to

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Indoor Air Quality 14

The chloramine levels increase in the HUMIDITY AND CORROSION

It is a best practice to ensure that all electrical

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Indoor Air Quality 15

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Condensation Control 16

A properly located and installed vapor retarder

Figure 6 is an example of a wall detail with its

location will result in condensation within the

FIGURE 5: DO NOT BUILD AN INDOOR Exterior Wall Detail

Vapor Retarder Wall

Dew Point location

Do not build an indoor pool without a vapor retarder.

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Condensation Control 17

1. Supply air to the breathing zone at the deck

FIGURE 8: PERIMETER DUCT LAYOUT

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Condensation Control 18

• Satisfy ASHRAE design requirements and local codes.

PoolPak Natatorium Design Guide / Condensation Control 19