Hydrographic Surveying

defined as the process of measuring and information gathering

concerning bodies of water that are necessary in the preparation of the
nautical chart.
Engineering Applications
1. Marine Survey
2. Subaqueous Exploration
3. Marine Maintenance Survey
4. Reservoir Sedimentation Survey
Methods of Locating Soundings
• By means of a boat traveling at a uniform speed along a known
direction at an equal time interval.

d d

d d

d d
Methods of Locating Soundings
• One angle measured at shore and a range line on shore.

Y X
Methods of Locating Soundings
• One angle measured at sea and a range line on shore.

Y X
Methods of Locating Soundings
• Two angles measured at shore.

α2 α3 ß1 ß2
α1 ß3
X Y
Methods of Locating Soundings
• Two angles measured at sea using a sextant and three established
stations at shore.
T2
ω

T1 T3

αß
P
Methods of Locating Soundings
• By transit stadia method.

α3 S1
α2
α1

S2

S3
Methods of Locating Soundings
E

A
1 2 3 4 5 6
Methods of Locating Soundings
• By a tagline across a river

TAGLINE
Definitions
1. Hydrography 11. Sounding
2. Hydrographic Chart 12. Sounding Lead
3. Smooth Sheet 13. Tag Line
4. Holidays 14. Stay Line
5. Tide 15. Slack Water
6. High Tide 16. Drift
7. Low Tide 17. Stream Gaging
8. Set 18. Gaging Station
9. Flood Tide 19. Current Meter
10. Ebb Tide 20. Wire Drag
From the current meter notes taken on the Pasig
River, the main outlet of the Laguna Lake.
Compute the discharge in L/sec, the area in m2
and the main velocity in m/sec.

80
75
60
45
33 12 15 15 10

WE WE
2.5 2
INITIAL PT 3.3
 V(m/s) V1 V2 V3 V4
Ave vel (section) 0.135 0.295 0.265 0.105
Sta vel 0 0.27 0.32 0.21 0
vel 0 0.32 0.22 0.40 0.24 0.21 0

a b c d e
0 + 2.5
= 15𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴1 = 12 ∗
2
1 4 𝑉𝑉� =
𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐴𝐴2 = 15 ∗
2.5 + 3.3
2
= 43.5𝑚𝑚2 2 3
26.44125
𝑉𝑉� =
3.3 + 2 108.25
𝐴𝐴3 = 15 ∗ = 39.75𝑚𝑚2
2
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑉𝑉 𝑚𝑚
2.0 + 0 𝑄𝑄1 = 𝐴𝐴1 ∗ 𝑉𝑉1 = 15.00 ∗ 0.135 = 2.025 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉� = 0.244
𝐴𝐴4 = 10 ∗ = 10𝑚𝑚2 𝑠𝑠
2 𝑄𝑄2 = 𝐴𝐴2 ∗ 𝑉𝑉2 = 43.50 ∗ 0.295 = 12.8325 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
𝑄𝑄3 = 𝐴𝐴3 ∗ 𝑉𝑉3 = 39.75 ∗ 0.265 = 10.53375 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝐴𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐴3 + 𝐴𝐴4 𝑄𝑄4 = 𝐴𝐴4 ∗ 𝑉𝑉4 = 10.00 ∗ 0.105 = 1.05 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 15 + 43.5 + 39.75 + 10 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 𝐋𝐋
𝑸𝑸𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 + 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 + 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑 + 𝑸𝑸𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔 𝐬𝐬
Determine the discharge and average velocity of the river with observation data at tabulation
‘A’ and velocity equivalent at tabulation ‘B’
Pt Section Time Rev Vel Reading Sta Vel Section Vel Tabulation B
Time
WE1 0 0 0.00 0.00
(sec) Rev Vel m/s
1 A 40 26 0.18 0.18 0.09 40 18 0.10
40 20 0.12
B 32 0.24 0.18
40 22 0.14
2 40 0.18
20 0.12 40 24 0.16
C 0.17 40 26 0.18
30 0.22 40 28 0.20
3 40 0.16 40 30 0.22
D 18 0.10 0.16 40 32 0.24
4 E 40 24 0.16 0.16 0.08
WE2 0 0 0.00 0.00 Section A V Q=A*V
10.51
Area A 3.60 0.09 0.324 𝑉𝑉� =
Depth of 65.00
Pt Section Dist Length Ave Depth Length * Ave
water B 20.00 0.18 3.6
Depth
26.44125
WE1 4 0.00 C 15.00 0.17 2.55 𝑉𝑉� =
A 6 0.60 3.60 108.25
1 10 1.20
B 10 2.00 20.00 D 24.00 0.16 3.84
2 20 2.80 𝑚𝑚
C 5 3.00 15.00 E 2.40 0.08 0.192 𝑉𝑉� = 0.162
3 25 3.20 𝑠𝑠
D 10 2.40 24.00
4 35 1.60 65.00 10.51
E 3 0.80 2.40
WE2 38 0.00

AreaTotal 65.00
What is the azimuth of Polaris if it is at its greatest
eastern elongation and the measured altitude is
25degrees and the polar distance is 1deg4’?
Determine the discharge and the average velocity of the river using the tabulated data which were
taken with the use of a current meter and sounding rod.
 Length A V
Sta Dist (section) Depth Ave Depth Area Vel (m/s) Sta Vel Sec Vel Q=AV
WE1 8 0 0 0
7 0.3 2.1 0.07 0.147
0.14
1 15 0.6 0.14
5 0.85 4.25 0.135 0.5738
0.13
2 20 1.1 0.13
10 1.85 18.5 0.1225 2.2663
0.13
3 30 2.6 0.115
0.1
10 2.85 28.5 0.1125 3.2063
0.13
4 40 3.1 0.11
0.09
5 2.3 11.5 0.115 1.3225
0.12
5 45 1.5 0.12
5 0.95 4.75 0.135 0.6413
0.15
6 50 0.4 0.15
6 0.2 1.2 0.075 0.09
WE2 56 0 0 0
Atotal 70.8 Qtotal 8.247

V=Qtot/Atot 0.116483
A water reservoir was constructed bounded by a high mountain and an earth dam at the downstrea
side. From the topographic map, the areas for each contour were determined with the use of a
planimeter. The areas and elevations are as follows:
Key
1. Shaft
2. Adit
3. Surface line
Key
1. Ore body
2. Main shaft
3. Ventilation shaft
4. Ramp
5. Crosscut
6. Ore body
7. Drifts
8. Main level
9. Waste pass
10. Ore pass
Key
1 Vein outcrop 9 Stope
2 Drifts 10 Pillar
3 Drifts 11 Raise
4 Incline 12 Winze
5 Decline spiral (ramp) 13 Ore pass
6 Shaft collar 14 Sump
7 Adit 15 Loading pocket
8 Cross cut 16 Footwall
Key
1 Topsoil
2 Overburden
3 Coal seam
Key
1 Face
2 Bench
3 Ground surface
4 Overburden
5 Bench height
6 Ore
7 Crater
8 Haulage rode
9 Ramp
Key

KEY
1 Bench
2 Glory Hole
3 Broken ore
4 Raise
5 Soil
6 Ore pass
7 Wall rock
8 Adit haulage way
9 Ore
Key
1 Dip
2 Outcrop
3 Drift
4 Crosscut
5 Inclined shaft
6 Sump
7 Adit
8 Portal
9 Hanging wall
10 Footwall
11 Vein
12 Undiscovered ore
13 Hoist house
14 Head Frame
15 Collar of shaft
16 Vertical shaft
17 Raise
18 Drift
19 Massive or deposit
20 Stope
21 Winze
22 Level 1
23 Level 2
24 Level 3
25 Sump