INDEX

1. Pressure
2. Pascal’s law
3. Bernoulli’s Equation
4. Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
5. Venturi Tube
6. Atomizer
7. Torricelli and his Orifice
8. Blood flow and Heart attack
9. Dynamic Lift
10. Limitations of Bernoulli’s theorem
11. Conclusion
12. Bibliography
 Pressure

1.Pressure is defined as force per unit area.

2.Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m2

3.For liquid pressure, the medium is considered as a

continuous distribution of matter.
4.For gas pressure, it is calculated as the average
pressure of molecular collisions on the container.

5.Pressure acts perpendicular on the surface.

6.Pressure is a scalar quantity – pressure has no
particular direction (i.e. acts in every direction).
 Pascal’s law

 The expression for Pascal’s Law is given by:

Pf = P0 + ρgh
 “When there is an increase in pressure at any point
in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at
every point in the container.”
 In a fluid, all points at the same depth must be at the
same pressure.
 Consider a fluid in equilibrium.
 Bernoulli’s Equation

 Bernoulli’s principle states that

“The total mechanical energy of the moving fluid
comprising the gravitational potential energy of
elevation, the energy associated with the fluid
pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion,
remains constant.”

 The equation for Bernoulli’s theorem is:

P+1/2ρv2+ρgh=constant

Where, p – pressure
ρ – density
v – velocity of fluid
h – elevation
g – acceleration due to gravity
 Application of Bernoulli’s theorem
I. Venturi meter

 It is a device used to measure the flow of

incompressible fluids through a pipe

 A2 < A1; V2 > V1

 According to Bernoulli’s Law, pressure at A2 is
lower
 The equation is: P2 + 1/2ρ v12 = P1 + 1/2ρ v12
II. Atomizer

 Atomizer is a device that is used to emit liquid droplets

as fine spray.
 'Atomize' here means splitting up a large body into small,
discrete particles. 
 When high speed horizontal air passes over a vertical
tube, it creates a low pressure and draws the air and
liquid inside the vertical tube upward.
 Atomizer has a nozzle at the end of the horizontal tube
which causes the liquid to break up into small drops and
mixes it with the air.
III. Speed of efflux (Torricelli’s law)

 The word efflux means outflow of fluid.

 In 1843, Evangelista Torricelli proved that the flow
of liquid through an opening is proportional to the
square root of the height of the opening.
 the speed of liquid coming out through a
hole a distance h below the surface is equal to that
acquired by an object falling freely through a vertical
distance h. This phenomenon is known as Torricelli's
law.
IV. Blood flow and heart attack

 The artery may get constricted due to the

accumulation of plaque on its inner walls.
 In order to drive the blood through this constriction,
a greater demand is placed on the activity of the
heart.
 The speed of the flow of the blood in this region is
raised which lowers the pressure inside and the
artery may collapse due to the external pressure.
 The heart exerts further pressure to open this artery
and forces the blood through. As the blood rushes
through the opening, the internal pressure once again
drops due to the same reasons leading to a repeat
collapse. This may result in a heart attack.
V. Dynamic lift

 Dynamic lift is the force that acts on a body by virtue

of its motion through a fluid.
  For a non-spinning ball, the streamlines around the
ball move relative to the fluid (air). From the
symmetry of streamlines, it can be incurred that the
pressure difference at points above and below the ball
at corresponding points is zero as the velocity of the
fluid above and below the ball at the corresponding
points is the same. Thus, there is no upward or
downward force acting on the ball due to air.
 For a spinning ball, the air is dragged along a spinning
ball as it moves. If the ball moves forward, air
relatively moves in the backward direction, therefore,
the relative velocity of the air above the ball is larger
than that below the ball. The streamlines thus get
rarified below and crowded above the ball. The
difference in the velocity between the corresponding
points above and below the ball result in a pressure
difference between the two faces and a net upward
force acts on the ball. This results in a dynamic lift that
the ball experiences which is termed as the Magnus
effect.
 The Magnus effect is an effect in which a spinning ball
or a cylinder curves away from its principle path of
flight
 Aerofoil, which is a solid piece shaped to provide an
upward dynamic lift when it moves horizontally
through the air. We can recall that the cross-section of
the wings of an aeroplanes looks like the aerofoil with
streamlines around it. When the aerofoil moves against
the wind, the orientation of the wing relative to flow
direction causes the streamlines to crowd together
above the wing more than those below it. The flow
speed on top is higher than that below it. Thus, an
upward force results in the dynamic lift of the wings.
 Limitation of Bernoulli’s theorem
 The Bernoulli equation has been derived by assuming that
the velocity of every element of the liquid across any cross-
section of the pipe is uniform. Practically, it is not true. The
elements of the liquid in the innermost layer have the
maximum velocity. The velocity of the liquid decreases
towards the walls of the pipe. Therefore, we should consider
the mean velocity of the liquid.
 While deriving Bernoulli's equation, the viscous drag of the
liquid has not been taken into consideration. The viscous
drag comes into play, when a liquid is in motion.
 Bernoulli's equation has been derived on the assumption that
there is no loss of energy, when a liquid is in motion. In fact,
some kinetic energy is converted into heat energy and a part
of it is lost due to shear force.
 If the liquid is flowing along a curved path, the energy due
to centrifugal force should also be taken into consideration.
 Conclusion

 Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is

flowing along a pipe of varying cross section, then the
pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is
higher, and the pressure is higher where the pipe opens
out and the fluid stagnate.
 Many people find this situation paradoxical when they
first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure).
 Venturi meter, atomizer and filter pump Bernoulli’s
principle is used in venturi meter to find the rate of
flow of a liquid. It is used in a carburetor to mix air
and petrol vapor in an internal combustion engine.
 Bernoulli’s principle is used in an atomizer and filter
pump.
 Wings of Aeroplane Wings of an aeroplane are made
tapering. The upper surface is made convex and the
lower surface is made concave. Due to this shape of
the wing, the air currents at the top have a large
velocity than at the bottom. Consequently, the pressure
above the surface of the wing is less as compared to
the lower surface of the wing. This difference of
pressure is helpful in giving a vertical lift to the plane.