Racial Discrimination Potrayed in Flannery

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION PORTRAYED IN FLANNERY
O’CONNOR’S SHORT STORIES:A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND
AND EVERYTHING THAT RISES MUST CONVERGE
A THESIS
By :
AL – YUNI FAZRIANI NASUTION
REG. NO. 130705144
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2017
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION PORTRAYED IN FLANNERY O’CONNOR’S
SHORT STORIES: A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND AND EVERYTHING
THAT RISES MUST CONVERGE
A THESIS
BY
AL - YUNI FAZRIANI NASUTION
REG. NO. 130705144
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd.

NIP: 19521229 197903 2 001 NIP: 19561214 198601 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2017

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Dr. Deliana, M. Hum. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.

NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara on Wednesday, October 18th, 2017
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.

NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. Deliana, M. Hum.
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S.
Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, ALYUNI FAZRIANI NASUTION DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
Date : October 18th, 2017

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : ALYUNI FAZRIANI NASUTION
TITLE OF THESIS :RACIAL DISCRIMINATION PORTRAYED IN
FLANNERY O’CONNOR’S SHORT STORIES: A GOOD
MAN IS HARD TO FIND AND EVERYTHING THAT
RISES MUST CONVERGE
QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
Date : October 18th, 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Alhamdulillah for the
blessing, and everything in my life. Salutation to my Prophet Nabi Muhammad
SAW, may the peace and blessings be on the most noble of Prophets and
Messengers, on his family and all of his Companions.
There are so many steps has been done by the writer to make this thesis complete
entitled Racial Discrimination Portrayed in Flannery O’Connor’s Short Stories:
A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge, and ready
to presented as a thesis of the first graduate. I have got so many helps, support and
motivation from many people to process of doing this thesis from the beginning until
the end.
My deepest and greatest gratitude thanks to my beloved mother, Elvi Wirnawati, the
most special woman in my life, and my father, Al-Ghozali, for their pray,
unconditional love, attention and support me all the time. For my dear sister, Nadya
Agustina, thank you for your support, happiness and sadness that we always share
together. We may fight sometimes, we may argue, but I do love you. Special thanks
also to all my aunts, my uncle, my cousins and all my family members who always
pray for me. I do love you all.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S as my
Supervisor for her kindness, patience, knowledge, and immense time for me to write
and finish this thesis. And for Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd as my Co-Supervisor
for her suggestion, and kindness to help me in writing this thesis.

I address my high gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,Dr. Budi
Agustono, M.S.. The head of English Department, Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.. And the
secretary of English Department for their encouragement during my study in this
faculty.
I would like to thank to Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A as my academic Supervisor who
has supported me and all the lecturers of English Department who has given me
valuable knowledge during my study in this faculty. And also Bang Kibot, thank so
much for helping me in administration.
Thanks to ‘TERRA’ Vero, Rara, Taufik, and Vani for their support and laughter for
all the moments we had shared together, I love you guys. For you, Mr. Situmeang,
thanks for your love, support and attention. Thanks also for our moments that we had
ever been shared together, you always put me first before your patients.
Despite my effort to produce a faultless paper, I am well aware that the readers will
find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize.
Medan, October 2017
(Alyuni Fazriani Nst)

ABSTRACK
This thesis entitled Racial Discrimination Portrayedin Flannery O’Connor’s Short

Stories: A Good Manis Hardto Findand Everything That Rises MustConverge. This
thesis contains an analysis of the racial discrimination in the two short stories of the
same author. The two short stories setting in United States on 19th century. The aims
of this thesis are (i) to know how the stereotype portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to
Find and Everything That Rises Must Convergeshort stories, (ii) to know how the
prejudice portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find and EverythingThat Rises Must
Convergeshort stories, and (iii) to know how the rejection portrayed in A Good Man
is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge short stories. The writer
used sociology of literature as the main theory, and some attitudes that related to
discriminations such as stereotype, prejudice and rejection in analyzing the problems.
In completing the analysis, the writer used qualitative descriptive method. The writer
collects the data from some sources includedA Good ManisHardto Findand
Everything That Rises MustConverge short stories, journals, article, website, and
books which related to the racial discrimination.
Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Stereotype,Prejudice, Rejection,Short Story.

ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul Diskriminasi Rasial yang Digambarkan dalam Cerita Pendek
Flannery O'Connor: A Good Man is Hard to Find dan Everything That Rises Must
Converge. Skrispsi ini berisi analisis diskriminasi rasial dalam dua cerita pendek dari
penulis yang sama. Kedua cerita pendek ini terjadi di Amerika Serikat pada abad ke-
19. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah (i) untuk mengetahui bagaimana stereotip
digambarkan dalam cerita pendek A Good Man is Hard to Find dan Everything That
Rises Must Converge, (ii) untuk mengetahui bagaimana prasangka digambarkan
dalam cerita pendek pendek A Good Man is Hard to Find dan Everything That Rises
Must Converge, dan (iii) untuk mengetahui bagaimana penolakan digambarkan
dalam cerita pendek A Good Man is Hard to Find dan Everything That Rises Must
Converge. Penulis menggunakan sosiologi sastra sebagai teori utama, dan beberapa
sikap yang berkaitan dengan diskriminasi seperti stereotip, prasangka dan penolakan
dalam menganalisis permasalahan. Dalam menyelesaikan analisis, penulis
menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penulis mengumpulkan data dari beberapa
sumber seperti cerita pendek A Good Manis Hardto Find dan Everything That Rises
MustConverge, beberapa jurnal, artikel, situs web, dan buku-buku yang terkait
dengan diskriminasi rasial.
Kata kunci: Diskriminasi Rasial, Stereotip, Prasangka, Penolakan, Cerita

Pendek.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ................................................................................. v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................ vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ix
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study.....................................................1

1.2 Problem of the Study.........................................................10
1.3 Objective of the Study.......................................................10
1.4 Scope of the Study.............................................................11
1.5 Significance of the Study...................................................11
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE.........................................................12
2.1 Brief Description of Short Story.......................................12
2.1.1 Theme............................................................................13
2.1.2 Background (setting)......................................................13
2.1.3 Plot.................................................................................14
2.1.4 Character........................................................................14

2.2 Brief Description of Racial Discrimination......................17
2.3 Racial Discrimination in United States.............................20
2.4 Sociology Literature..........................................................22
2.5 Concepts............................................................................24
2.5.1 Stereotype.......................................................................24
2.5.2 Prejudice.........................................................................29
2.5.3 Social Rejection..............................................................32
2.6 Historical Approach..........................................................35
2.7 Review of Related Studies.................................................37
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH..........................................................39
3.1 Research Design...............................................................39
3.2 Data and Data Source.......................................................40
3.3 Data Collecting Procedure................................................40
3.4 Data Analysis....................................................................41
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING..........................................................43
4.1 Stereotype as Portrayed in Character in A Good Man is
Hard to Findand Everything That Rises Must
Converge.........................................................................44

4.1.1 Stereotype as Portrayed in Character in A Good Man is
Hard to Find....................................................................44
4.1.2 Stereotype as Portrayed in Character in Everything That
Rises Must Converge.....................................................53
4.2 Prejudice as Portrayed in Character in A Good Man is
Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must
Converge..........................................................................56
4.2.1 Prejudice as Portrayed in Character in A Good Man is

Hard to Find..................................................................56
4.2.2 Prejudice as Portrayed in Character in Everything That Rises Must

Converge.....................................................60
4.3 Rejection as Portrayed in Character in A Good Man is

Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must
Converge..........................................................................64
4.3.1 Rejection as Portrayed in Character in A Good Man is

Hard toFind..................................................................65
4.3.2 Rejection as Portrayed in Character in Everything That

Rises Must Converge......................................................67
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION............................................70
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................70
5.2 Suggestion.........................................................................71
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................73

APPENDICES
i.Biography of the author
Flannery O’Connor
ii.Summary of the short story
A Good Man is Hard to Find
` iii.Summary of the short story
Everything That Rises Must Converge

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Racial discrimination is one of the worst social problems that still exist up
to this very moment in every part of the world. It can be defined as the
mistreatment of a group of people on the basis of race, color, and religion. Racial
discrimination is also the belief that race accounts for differences in human
character and that a particular race is superior to others. This problem is very
serious because it always leads to destruction, not only to certain human being but
also the society.
People who discriminates other peopleusually has a bad temper or
behavior, for example: the Black people get seriously injured or injustice
treatment. In fact this behavior can be a danger treatment and gives more
disadvantages to people or group who became the aimed from discrimination
action, even though the violence will annoy the nation life also caused an
extraordinary of crimes. In America, the Black unjust treatment and cruelty by the
white, just because their race identity. At the moment, the black were insulted,
oppressed, and even killed by the white. The white were against to the black as
minority group caused the white became dominant and supposed the different race
between the black and white as a hostility symbol and a reason for making
practice discrimination toward the black.

In social life often encountered social groups that no doubt there is a
conflict between members in mutual meet the needs. How group members can
accept the inequalities of other groups with all the consequences. The inability to
accept differences in other people or groups, this is what will lead to conflict
between individuals or groups. Actually, the discrimination comes from people
who have a mental problem.
People with mental health problems say that the social stigma attached to
mental ill health and the discrimination they experience can make their difficulties
worse and make it harder to recover.Mental illness is common. It affects
thousands of people, friends, families, work colleagues and society in general.But
even though so many people are affected, there is a strong social stigma attached
to mental ill health, and people with mental health problems can experience
discrimination in all aspects of their lives.This is because society in general has
stereotyped views about mental illness and how it affects people. Many people
believe that people with mental ill health are violent and dangerous, when in fact
they are more at risk of being attacked or harming themselves than harming other
people. Stigma and discrimination can also worsen someone's mental health
problems, and delay or impede their getting help and treatment, and their
recovery. Social isolation, poor housing, unemployment and poverty are all linked
to mental ill health. So stigma and discrimination can trap people in a cycle of
illness.
In racial discrimination, there are some kinds of discriminations, such as
stereotype, prejudice, rejection, segregation and etc. The writer wants to do this

thesis which uses stereotype, prejudice, and rejection as the problems that will be
analyzed in the short stories.
Stereotypes are a cognitive component of group clashes, beliefs about
personal attributes recognized by people in a group or social category. The
stereotype of the group is the belief and hope that we focus on what the group
members are like. Stereotypes affect how a person processes and interprets
information. Stereotypes can get people to see what they expect to see and predict
how often they see it.Stereotypes are often interpreted as mockery, as well as
images or wishful thinking or responses to prejudiced individuals or groups.
Individuals who are stereotyped with a group or group, this stereotypical attitude
is difficult to change, though what stereotypes differ from reality. For example:
Stereotypes say that Jews are loan sharks, cheats. Yet many Jews are friendly and
honest. (Franzoi in Social Psychology 2008:199)
Prejudice is directed when members of a group called "inner groups"
exhibit negative attitudes and behavior from other groups called "outsiders". Are
stereotypes and prejudices really different? Stereotypes are cognitive and
prejudice is affective. Although in reality both are reflected together both
cognitively and affectively. Prejudice can be one of the distructive aspects of
human social behavior, often resulting in sad, horrible activities of violence.
Social prejudice is a symptom of social psychology. (Gordon Allport in The
Nature of Prejudice 1958)

Social rejection is the cruelest act because every people were born as
social creature in which people strived for their existence. If people were rejected,
inner conflict will occur. Not every people can be treated that way. Most of them
will become frighten of society or even their social environment due to the
rejection.
Human is said as a social being for several reasons, such as there is
encouragement to interact, human subject to the rules of social norms, humans
have a need to interact with each other, human’s potential will really develop if he
lives among humans. Surely, a human will face problems in their social life
because not all people can receive someone in the community itself. This kind of
phenomenon is called social rejection. From early childhood to adulthood and
even old, the rejection still hurts and will always be painful. In communities that
had a strong social kinship, social rejection can mean death. In a society that
requires the cooperation for survival, living alone is something that could not
possibly be maintained. (Matnuh in Pengertian Penolakan Sosial 2012)
The topic of racial discrimination also appears in literary works, like in
short story.
The two short storieswritten by Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is
Hard To FindandEverything That Rises Must Converge will be analyzed. The
racial discrimination in these two short stories will be discussed by using
sociology of literature, some concepts about discrimination such as stereotype,

prejudice, rejectionand qualitative method. The writer will discuss about
literature.
Literature is the mirror of social condition. Through seeing it, people, in a
large or narrow sight, could see to the reality occuring in the society. Reading
literary works seems like standing in front of a mirror. People could see entirely
of their body without any bug of lying. It is possible since literature tells a truth
for the story intended in that work comes from its author’s heart. In the literature,
there is also a short story.
Flannery O'Connor is considered as one of America's greatest fiction
writers and one of the strongest apologists for Roman Catholicism in the twentieth
century.Mary Flannery O'Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia, on March 25,
1925to Regina Cline and Edward F. O'Connor, she began her education at the
city's parochial schools.The publication of her first short-story collection, A Good
Man Is Hard to Find (1955), made O'Connor's Christian vision and darkly comic
intent somewhat clearer to readers and allowed them to more easily grasp the
intent of her 1960 novel, The Violent Bear It Away. A second collection of
stories, Everything That Rises Must Converge, published posthumously in 1965,
contains some of O'Connor's most popular short fiction, including the title story
and "Revelation."In 1992 O'Connor was inducted as an inaugural honoree into
Georgia Women of Achievement, and in 2000 she was inducted as a charter
member into the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame.

The two short stories published in nineteenth century. So it is important
for the readers to know if there was a segregation happened back there. The writer
wants to give a brief explanation about it. Black Americans, long treated as
second-class citizens, began to make themselves heard in America by demanding
that they be given equal rights under the law. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled
that segregation by color in public buses was unconstitutional, and the protest
movement gained force. Accounts of bus boycotts and freedom marches were part
of the daily news reports, and Southern writers were expected to give their views
on "relations between people in the South, especially between Negroes and
whites."
The two short stories had the same theme, which were racial
discrimination. In the two short stories shown that the female character as the
most influential in the story. The two women came from wealthy families who
had power and hundreds of slaves in the past. Their life experience in the past
made them unable to accept the black that had risen or freed from slavery and had
the same life with the white people. Both women became the symbol of the white
that still had a stigma against black.
From the stigma, there are some kind ofdiscriminations against black. This
is what makes the writer really want to discuss the racial discrimination that
happen in both short stories, so the readers can really understand that the
discrimination is not derived from the regulation, institution and etc, but from the
individual who have stigma against others.

A Good Man is Hard to Find has a deep meaning. Even during O'Connor's
lifetime, her works provoked strong reactions among readers and critics. The
naysayers found them consistently grotesque in their depiction of debased,
repulsive (and usually unsympathetic) characters and their spectacular displays of
violence or cruelty. A Good Man is Hard to Findwhich is O'Connor's most
popular story frequently stood at the center of discussion. O'Connor, though, saw
all of her fiction including this story as realistic, demandingly unsentimental, but
ultimately hopeful. Her inspiration as a writer came from a deeply felt faith in
Roman Catholicism, which she claimed informed all of her stories.
A recurrent theme throughout her writings was the action of divine grace
in the horribly imperfect, often revolting, and generally funny world of human
beings. And this theme is out in force in A Good Man is Hard to Find. The deep
dive into ethics doesn't stop there, A Good Man is Hard to Findalso makes us
think about the possibility of dramatic transformation in a person.The title is also
a line of dialogue, it comes into play when Red Sammy and the grandmother are
talking about how no one is trustworthy anymore. Red Sammy makes the
assertion that a good man is hard to find, and the grandmother heartily agrees. She
doesn't, unfortunately, know that she will get the other kind in short order.
Everything That Rises Must Converge is a story of mothers and sons on
both sides of the black or white divide. O’Connor never considered herself liberal
or political, she wrote during a time of extreme social change. She was deeply
religious when those around her were becoming more and more secular. She

managed to incorporate what was going on in the South with integration and civil
rights without making it the focus of her writing.
In the end of the story, Julian's mom's blood pressure does rise, and it
causes some sort of stroke. We can see this, maybe, as being a statement about
consequences. Julian sees the attack as a harmless lesson, but in fact it's not
harmless at all. There's no peaceful way to teach people a lesson, if their entire
identity is wrapped up in a rapidly outdated truth. Julian's mom believes in the
separate but equal doctrine. The title Everything That Rises Must Converge
undercuts that whole idea. African-Americans are rising and they are going to
eventually rise so high that they will just leap on over the fence and converge with
the white people. What Julian's mom doesn't see is that there's no way to rise
without converging. And that convergence is already happening: all the characters
converge on the bus, and we see that blacks and whites aren't so different after all.
They even have the same taste in hats.
Sometimes, convergence is violent. In fact, it sounds a lot more like a
clash than a neutral convergence.In fact, O'Connor seems to be all inclusive when
it comes to observing the pettiness, misguidedness, and need for redemption in all
of us.
In the two short stories, there are old and young generations. Where the
two generations have different views on blacks. The old generation still had a
stigma against blacks because of their past which at that time was in control of
blacks (blacks as slaves), meanwhile they (the whites) were respected. This

ideacan not disappeared from the memory of the two women in the short story. In
thetwo short stories also had a young generation, they are the sons of the two
women. Their sons had a different view of blacks than their mother. They can
accept circumstances in which blacks have risen or freed from the period of
slavery and already had the same standard of living as them. They can live side by
side, they were more rational minded because they learnt it in college, then they
started to interact with blacks. Because of this differences the sons and mothers
always quarrel (disagree) about things that concernedthe black. The difference of
view between the young and the old generation can be seen from the two short
stories that will be analyzed.
The reason the writer chose two short stories from the same author is
because the writer wants to reinforce the reason for the racial discrimination that
happened in the 20th century, where both women (the old generation) became a
symbol of white skin that still had a stigma against blacks, and their sons (young
generation) were the opposite of their mother, who can accept the fact that the
world had changed, no more race discrimination.
That is why the title is choosen to know how is the stereotype, prejudice
and rejection happened inA Good Man Is Hard To FindandEverything That Rises
Must Converge.

1.2 Problem of the Study
According to the title of this thesis “Racial Discrimination Portrayed
inFlannery O’Connor’s Short Stories A Good Man is Hard to FindandEverything
that Rises Must Converge”, the problems of this study are:
1. How is the stereotype portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Findand
Everything That Rises Must Converge?
2. How is the prejudice portrayed inA Good Man is Hard to Find
andEverything That Rises Must Converge?
3. How is the rejection portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find and
Everything That Rises Must Converge?
1.3 Objective of the Study
This thesis is also designed to achieve two objectives, theyare:
1. To know how the stereotype portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Findand
Everything That Rises Must Converge.
2. To know how the prejudice portrayed inA Good Man is Hard to Find
andEverythingThat Rises Must Converge.
3. To know how the rejection portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find and
Everything That Rises Must Converge.
1.4 Scope of the Study

The analysis is focused on the character in the two short stories A Good
Man Is Hard To FindandEverything That Rises Must Converge, especially the
racial discrimination character figures. The characters will be analyzed based
on the characterization of the characters in the short story itself. Because it is
not possible for the author to discuss all the details.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The analysis of this thesis is expected to be able to give significance for
readers about the impacts of racial discrimination towards the black
people.Moreover, this study can be used as reference for the readers who want to
study literature. We have to be aware of how to treat people without racial
discrimination because in general human are all the same.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Brief Description of Short Story
In Robert Diyanni’s book Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and
Drama(1990:21-23), he said that a short story is a brief work of literature, usually
written in narrative prose. In so doing, short stories make use of plot, resonance,
and other dynamic components to a far greater degree than is typical of an
anecdote, yet to a far lesser degree than a novel. While the short story is largely
distinct from the novel, authors of both generally draw from a common pool of
literary techniques.
Short stories have no set length, in terms of word count there is no official
demarcation between an anecdote, a short story, and a novel. Short story in
general is a form of fiction, and is the most widely published fiction such as
science fiction, horror fiction, detective fiction, and others. The short story is now
also include other forms of non-fiction such as travel notes, lyrics and prose post-
modern variants as well as non-fiction such as fikto-critical or new journalism.
Short stories tend to be less complex than novels. Short stories usually focus on
one incident, has a single plot, a single setting, a limited number of characters,
including a short period of time. In the forms of longer fiction, stories tend to
contain certain core elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the introduction
setting, situation and main characters); complications (events in the story that

introduces the conflict); rising action, crisis (when decisive for the protagonist and
their commitment to a step); climax (the point of highest interest in terms of the
conflict and the point of the story with the most action); resolution (the story
where the conflict is resolved), and moral.
Short story has 2 elements, namely:
• Intrinsic elements
Intrinsic elements are elements that build on the work itself. Intrinsic
elements of stories include:
2.1.1 Theme
The theme in a story is its underlying message, or 'big idea.' In other
words, what critical belief about life is the author trying to convey in the writing
of a novel, play, short story or poem? This belief, or idea, transcends cultural
barriers. It is usually universal in nature. When a theme is universal, it touches on
the human experience, regardless of race or language. It is what the story means.
Often, a piece of writing will have more than one theme.
2.1.2 Background (setting)
Background (setting) is the place, the time, the atmosphere contained in
the story. A story should be clear that the course, when it happened and when the
state of the atmosphere as well as the story progresses.

2.1.3 Plot
Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or
the main part of a story. These events relate to each other in a pattern or a
sequence. The structure of a novel depends on the organization of events in the
plot of the story.
Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters
and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a
logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be
careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story.
2.1.4 Character
Plot and character in fact, are inseparable: we are often less concerned
with “what happened, than with whathappened to him or her. Although fictional
characters cannot step out of the pages of their stories.
Character is very important in real-made creation of literary works such as
novel,short story, drama or even some of poems. The nature of character
presentation brings a positive impact for readers to find out what is going on and
what it is for. In short, we approach fictional characters with the same concerns
with which we approach people. We need to be alert for how we are to take them.
For what we are to make of them, and we need to see how they may reflect our
own experience. We need to observe their actions. To listen to what they say and

how they say it, to notice how they relate to other characters and how other
characters respond to them. Especially to what they say about each other.
Character in fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor,
static and dynamic. A major character is an important figure at the center of the
story’s action or theme. Usually a character’s status as major or minor is clear. On
occasion, however not one but two character’s may dominate a story.
The major character is sometimes called a protagonis whose conflict with
an antagonis may spark the story’s conflict. Supporting the major character are
one or more secondary or minor characters whose function is partly to illuminate
the major characters. Minor characters are often static or unchanging: they remain
the same from the beginning of a work to the end. Dynamic characters, on the
other hand, exhibit some kind of change of attitude, of purpose, of behavior of the
story.
E. M Forster’s book Aspects of the Novel (1990:73-80) said that,
distinguishes two kinds of characters, those are: Flat character is constructed
round a single idea or quality, unchanging and static, at the end of the short story
he is essentially what he has been throughout, his response is predictable and
Round character is a charcter portrayed in the round, profoundly altered by his
experiences, he does not embody a single or quality but it much more complex,
his responses take us by surprise.

• Extrinsic elements
Extrinsic elements are elements that are outside of literature, but it does
not directly affect the structure or organism system literature. Extrinsic elements
include:
• The values in the story (religious, cultural, political, economic).
• Background of life of the author.
• The social situation when the story was invented.
In analyzing a literary work, such as a short story, we need to apply some
approaches to get the better ideas of understanding of how to analyze this literary
work. These approaches can be applied to analyze a literary work itself. In this
case, the writer applies intrinsic approach to analyze a short stories from the
outside of its text.
The writer would like to focus on character. Because, in here the black
people as a minor character who are the object which get the racial discrimination.
In Robert Diyanni and E. M Forster’s book about literature, the writer gets
more explanation and knowledge about the definition and elements of short story
itself.

2.2 Brief Description of Racial Discrimation
The definition of discrimination is the act of prejudice against a person
because they have a certain set of characteristics. Discriminated characteristics
can include disability, age, gender reassignment, religion, race, sex and sexual
orientation. Discrimination can take many forms but in many countries around the
world there are laws prohibiting any form of discrimination.
Racial discrimination refers to unequal treatment of persons or group on
the basis of their race or ethnicity. Many scholars and legal advocates distinguish
between differential treatment and disparate impact, differential treatment occurs
when individuals are treated unequally because of their race. Races are
distinguished from one another by such characteristics as hair color and texture,
skin color, eye color and shape, size of body parts, and facial organs.
Racial discrimination or racism is the belief that race is the primary
determinant of human qualities and capacities and those racial differences produce
an inherent superiority of a particular race. As a result, mistreatment of a group
people on the basis of race, color, and religion are often found in the name
superiority.
In Bowling’s book Race, Crime, Criminal Justice (2002:38), he states,
Discrimination consist of unequal, unfavorable and unjustifiable

treatment based on a person’s sex, gender, ‘race’, ethnicity, culture,
religion, language, class, sexual preference, age, physical disability
or any improper ground. It includes refusal to offer employment,
pay fair wages, to provide housing or medical treatment or to
provide a commercial or social service. It can also take the form of
harassment, attack, exclusion and expulsion.

The term racial discrimination is usually used to describe the action of a
dominant majority in relation to a weak minority, of course, by implying an
immoraland undemocratic behavior or way. In a broader sense, racial
discrimination is the active and overt aspects of negative prejudice toward a
person or a group of people.
According to Bowling (2002:42) in Race, Crime, Criminal Justice there
are two types of discrimination, those are direct and indirect discrimination.
Direct discrimination is a type of discrimination which is more obvious. It
involves in treating someone less favorably because of their possession of
anattribute such as sex, age, race, religion, family status, national origin, military
status,sexual orientation, disability, body size or shape, skin color compared with
someone without that attribute in the same circumstances.
According to E.U. Essien-Udom in Black Nationalism book (1975:235):
“Race refer to a human groups that defines itself and/or is defined

by other groups asdifferent from other groups by virtue of innate
and immutable physical characteristic.”
In addition Omi and Winant Sacknell’sbook (2003:2) stated:
“Race is a concept that signifies and symbolizes social conflicts

and interests by referring to different types of human bodies. It is a
socio historical process by which racial categories are created,
inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.”
From both statements above, it is clear that race simply a theory that
concern only with physical characteristics. However, human are outwardly
different in appearances. In a positive manner, one may embrace the differences
of people across the face of the earth and marvel at the uniqueness of individuals

who live on a different part of the globe or across the street. Problems occur if
there are claims that these physical appearances are closely related with moral,
intelectual, and other non physical attributesor abilities. Thus, race becomes a
justification for prejudiced beliefs and discrimination attitude to others that have
different physical characteristic.
The other type of discrimination is indirect discrimination. It refers totreatment
which might be described as ‘equal’ in a formal sense between differentgroups,
but is discriminatory in its actual effect on a particular group.
The ‘minimumheight’ requirement for appointment as a police officer in
some jurisdictions is anexample of indirect discrimination (Bowling, 2002:40).
Unlike direct discrimination,this type of discrimination works smoothly and tends
to be undetected. One exampleof indirect discrimination is the capability test used
in job applications to disqualify certain ethnic.One example of direct
discrimination is racial discrimination.
There are some factors of racial discrimination such as:
1. There is increasingly intense competition in various areas of life.
2. There is pressure and intimidation usually done by the dominant group
against the weaker group or group.
3. The powerless group's helplessness of the intimidation they get makes
them worse off and becomes victims of discrimination.
These three factors are the causes of why discrimination is always present
and increasingly discriminates the discriminated society into discrimination.

In Bowling’s book Race, Crime, Criminal Justice and Essien-Udom in
Black Nationalism book the writer gets contribution such as a knowledge and
information that can help the writer more understand about the racial
discrimination itself.
The writer will give an explanation about the racial discrimination in
United States, it is because the two short stories that will be analyzed happened in
America.
2.3 Racial Discrimination in United States
Race is the classification of humans into groups based on physical traits,
ancestry, genetics or social relations, or the relations between them. First used to
refer to speakers of a common language and then to denote national affiliations,
by the 17th century race began to refer to physical traits. The term was often used
in a general biological taxonomic sense, starting from the 19th century, to denote
genetically differentiated human populations defined by phenotype.
According to Omi and Winant (2003:2) in Racial Formation in the United
States book, race is a concept that“signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and
interests by referring to different types of human bodies.” While people may
interchange or confuse the concepts of ethnicity and race, the differences are
important. Race has always existed as groups of people living in certain areas,
developing lifestyles andlanguage feature that distinguish them from others.

Each society in the country consist of various races. Those variousraces
can be a big power for those countries if the people can accept the varieties which
exist among them because they have skills to increase their life and their country.
On the other hand, it also can cause a big problem if they cannot regard one to
another. This condition happened in United States which had various races. The
White people created a new kind of understanding and interpretation of human
differences that gave bad effects and sufferings towards black people. White
people cannot accept the existence of black people, as consequence they never
treat black people as the true human beings due to the different types of physical
characteristics. The Black people always become the victims of white people bad
treatments.
In the United States, employment laws are very strict regarding
discrimination and the laws serve to protect individuals from being discriminated
in the workplace. The laws also serve to guide employers on acceptable conduct
for its employees with regards to discrimination. The discrimination still continue,
for example in job market. Racial discrimination continues to be pervasive in
cultures throughout the world. Researchers examined the level of racial
discrimination in the United States labor market by randomly assigning identical
résumés black-sounding or white-sounding names and observing the impact on
requests for interviews from employers. Results found that résumés with white-
sounding names received 50 percent more callbacks than those with black names,
indicating that, all other things being equal, race is still an important factor in the
American labor market.

In Omi and Winant book aboutRacial Formation in the United States, the
writer gets a knowledge and some information about the racial discrimination that
happened in United States.
In soscial life, discrimination always related to society. That is why, the
writer will used sociology of literature as the main theory.
2.4 Sociology Literature
Sociology and literature are two studies that are different but have a
relation. The sociology of literature is a subfield of the sociology of culture. It
studies the social production of literature and its social implications.
According to Auguste Comte (1798-1857) in The Foundation of Sociology
, sociology derives from Greek ‘socious’and ‘logos’ which means that sociology
is the systematic and scientific study of human social life. Sociologists study
people as they form groups and interact with one another. The groups they study
may be small, such as married couples, or large, such as a subculture of suburban
teenagers. Sociology places special emphasis on studying societies, both as
individual entities and as elements of a global perspective. Sociology offers a
distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the social world in
which we live and shapes our lives. Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-for-
granres views of reality, to provide deeper, more illuminating and challenging
understandings of social life. Through its particular analytical perspective, social
theories, and research methods, sociology is a discipline that expands our

awareness and analysis of the human social relationships, cultures, and institutions
that profoundly shape both our lives and human history.
Literature derives from Latin ‘littera’ which means that the art of written
text. It is considered as the reflection of human imagination. Literature is writing
which expresses and communicate thoughts, feelings and attitudes to life. At the
beginning of the chapter, the writer was explain about Literature from the expert.
Literature is like a sound of heart that shows creativity from human. Taylor
(1981:1) says, “Literature like other arts; is essentially an imaginative act, that is
an act of the writer’s imagination in selecting, ordering, and interpreting life
experience”. Some relation between literature and society are the written work is
include some social story which is derives from real fact in society. Every social
phenomenon was written in literary work that will be a note that can be examined
again the truth of the events.
According to M.H. Abrams (1981:178) in Sociology / Politics & Social
Sciences , sociology of literature in literary science is meant to refer to the literary
critic and literary historian who mainly pay attention to the relationship between
authors with social class, social status and ideology, economic conditions, and
model of its target. They believe that literary works (both aspects of the content
and form) are absolute conditioned by environment and social power of a given
period.
Auguste Comte and M.H. Abrams give the writer the contribution such as
knowledge and information about the sociology literature definition.

2.5 Concepts
Some attitudes deal with discriminations as stereotype, prejudice, and
rejection.
2.5.1 Stereotype
In communicating between one group with another group coming from
different backgrounds, there is a tendency that characterizes attitudes and
behaviors. Among them are stereotypes and prejudices. Often they are used as
guidance or foundation between one group and another rather than considering the
individual characteristics of a group. Consequently communication is based on
stereotypes in which numerous and diverse elements are classified into a
particular picture and this is what stereotypes mean. Stereotyping is an assessment
of something that can not be proven factually factually. Stereotypes in this regard
are overly generalizable, simplified, or exaggerated beliefs against particular
ethnic groups. Thus, when we give stereotypes to a person, the first thing we do is
to identify the individual on the basis of a particular ethnic group member, and the
next step is to assess the individual's self.
“Stereotypes are the perception that most members of a category

(group) have some of the same attributes. Stereotypes arise directly
from the categorization process, particularly the assimilations of
different groups. Stereotypes can come from cultures in which
people are socialized, from the real cultural and socioeconomic
differences between groups, as well as from differences in
cognitive biasesseems to emerge in imaginary correlations between
minority groups and rarely seen attributes (Brown in Gender
Stereotypes and Discrimination2005: 181).”

Franzoi (2008: 199) in Social Psychology’s book, stereotypes are beliefs
about people who put them into one category and do not allow for individual
variations.
This social trust is learned from others and maintained through the rules of
social interaction. Stereotypes are an assessment of a person only based on
perceptions of the group in which the person can be categorized. Stereotypes are
the intuitive shortcuts of thinking by humans to simplify complex things and aid
in quick decision making.
Stereotypes affect how a person processes and interprets information.
Stereotypes can get people to see what they expect to see and predict how often
they see it.
The most common stereotype in our society is based on gender and
membership in ethnic or occupational groups. Gender stereotypes are beliefs
about differences in characteristics or attributes that men and women have. People
are more respectful to men than women and these factors play an important role in
discrimination in the workplace for women. Sometimes women who have high
work achievement do not get a position that fits her achievement because she is a
woman. Gender stereotypes tend to say that women are emotional, submissive,
illogical, passive, otherwise men tend to be unemotional, dominant, logical and
aggressive.
Stereotypes of work, such as wise teachers, glamor artists, police officers
and so on. Stereotypes tend to generalize the overly vast unknown in one group

and the less accurate perceptions of a person. Not all police officers are firm, not
all women are emotional, not all men are dominant, and not all wise teachers.
Parents and other adults indirectly instill stereotypes early on. Children
from birth have been labeled by the community using the name of the boy for
boys and girls for girls. Likewise with the model and color of clothing for them.
According to Franzoi (2009: 199) people show stereotypical attitude with
the intention:
1. Thinking fast: providing basic information for immediate action in an
indeterminate atmosphere, rich and different information about
individuals we know personally, showing very free thinking for other
tasks.
2. Efficient and allow others to join cognitively in other needs activities.
In reality, stereotypes are "quick thinking" which gives us rich and
different information about individuals we do not know personally.
Miles and Brown suggest there are three essential aspects of stereotypes,
including:
1. Often the existence of individuals in a group has been categorized and
that categorization is always easily identified through certain
characters such as behavior and habit of action.
2. Stereotypes derived from the form or nature of hereditary behavior, so
as if attached to all members of the group.

3. Therefore, individuals who are members of the group are assumed to
possess the same characteristic, habitual behavior of the generalized
group (Liliweri 2005: 208).
Based on the direction stereotypes are divided into two kinds, namely
positive stereotypes and negative stereotypes. But most people think that
stereotypes are negative when it is possible that the stereotype can be positive.
Positive stereotype is a positive guess or picture of the condition of a particular
group. Positive stereotypes can help the occurrence of intercultural
communication so as to facilitate the interaction between people of different
backgrounds in an environment together so as to create a harmonious relationship
between groups with different cultures. Whereas negative stereotypes are a
conjecture or a negative image imposed on a particular group that has differences
that can not be accepted by another group.
Although stereotypes that are widely developed are generally negative,
stereotypes also have several functions, including:
a) describing a group condition,
b) giving and shaping the image to a group,
c) helping a person from a group to start behaving towards another
and last group ,
d) through this stereotype we can assess the state of a group.

If the stereotype present in society is a negative stereotype of a particular
group with the condition of a plural society, it will be a threat to maintain unity in
the pluralism.This stereotype will make a clear partition, so that it can hamper
intercultural communication because of the waking distance the stereotype.
Moreover, the stereotype of a group is not impossible to trigger conflict between
groups. Stereotyping will cause prejudice and this prejudice will subsequently
transition into a foundation or a driver of discriminatory behavior. Matsumoto in
Debunking Seven Cultural Stereotypes’s book (1996) describes three points about
stereotypes, namely:
1. Stereotypes are based on the interpretations we produce on the basis of
our perspective and cultural background. Stereotypes are also generated from our
communication with other parties, not from the source directly. Hence our
interpretation may be wrong, based on false facts or no basis of fact.
2. Stereotypes are often associated with identifiable characteristics. The
features we identify are often selected for no reason. It means we can simply
admit a certain trait and ignore the other traits.
3. Stereotyping is a generalization of the group to the people within the
group. Generalization of a group may indeed explain or correspond to many
individuals within the group.
In Franzoi book Social Psychology, Brown’s Gender Stereotypes and
Discrimination, Matsumoto book about Debunking Seven Cultural Stereotypes,

the writer gets a clear explanation about the stereotype and hope that explanation
could help the writer to do the analysis.
2.5.2 Prejudice
According to William J. Goode in Principles of Sociology’s book (1977),
prejudices are attitudes and are likely to lead to the action we call discrimination,
that is, barring people from oppurtunities and rewards they deserve or punishing
them, simply because they are members of a racial or ethnic group.
Prejudice is an unfair, intolerant, or unfavorable attitude toward a group of
people. Prejudice as the possession of negative attitudes targeted against members
ofa particular religious, racial, ethnic, social, and/or political group. These
attitudesgive rise to negative or unfavorable evaluations of individuals seen as
belonging tothat group. Individuals that have a prejudice against specific groups
will tend toexperience intense negative feelings when they come into contact with
these groups,either directly or indirectly (Baron, 2007:177).
Lipsitz in Sacknel (2003:6) also describes how strong the power of white
people among black people. He says:
The power of whiteness depended not only on white hegemony

over separate racial groups, but also on manipulating racial
outsiders to fight against one another, to compete with each other
with for white approval , and to seek the rewards and privileges of
whiteness for themselves at the expense of other racial populations.
From the definition, racial discrimination usually deals with the prejudice.
Prejudice is an attitude of superiority group such white people toward a minority

group, in thiscase a black race people. Prejudice and discrimination are
distinguished, then, by wether we are referring to attitudes or to action. A building
contractor may, for example, discriminate against blacks without being
prejudiced, because he wants to avoid trouble from a white labor union; or he may
not discriminate, even though prejudiced, because he feels that a government
guaranteed loan will be withdrawn if he does.
Prejudice is the assessment of a group or individual based primarily on
group membership. The effects of prejudice are destructive and create large
distances. It is often said that prejudice is a temporary attitude of discrimination is
an act. Prejudice is influenced by choices about public policy. Prejudice has a
contribution to a greater opposition to the activities of the consenting party.
Prejudice is not limited to groups, races, ethnicities, prejudices also exist
between religious groups, parties, as well as overweight people who become
targets of negative prejudices and stereotypes, even elderly are also pretended to
be physically and mentally incapable.
1. Racism is a racial prejudice that becomes institutionalized, reflected in
government policies, schools, etc., and is done by the presence of a
social power structure.
2. Sexism prejudices that have been institutionalized against members of
one sex, based on one of the sexes.
3. Ageism The institutionalized tendency toward discrimination is based
on age, prejudice based on age.

4. Heterosexism beliefs that heterosexuals are better or more natural than
homosexuality.
Research suggests that prejudice can be a common personality trait. In the
process, they find that people prejudice against other groups tend to become
prejudiced by all groups.
Prejudice arises from the existence of social norms. Prejudice against the
Negro has been owned by American children since the preschool years. The child
realizes that he belongs to his group, his family and extends to his people. The
family as a place to join forbids his son from hanging out with the Negro because
in his opinion, the Negro is dirty, stupid, and so on. This persistent ban eventually
turns into the norm in children and it is this norm that is used to judge others.
The emergence of prejudices can be reinforced by political circumstances.
Individuals or groups who are prejudiced have an objective and reasonable
attitude and perspective.
Gordon Allport (1958) in The Nature of Prejudice’s book,summarizes two
important sources of prejudice. Personal prejudice occurs when members of other
social groups accept it as a threat to their own interests. Group prejudice occurs
when a person complies with the group norm.
These are the causes of prejudice:
People do not necessarily prejudice others. There are certain factors that
cause a person to be prejudiced.

1. People are prejudiced in search of scapegoats.
2. People who prejudice others actually has been influenced by the
environment or groups to prejudice.
3. Prejudice arises because some differences based on religion, ethnic, skin
color, gender, sex and etc, where differences create superiority feelings.
4. Prejudice arises because of a painful impression or an unpleasant
experience.
From William J. Goode, Lipsitz, and Goldon Allport, the writer gets more
knowledge and explanation about the prejudice and kind of prejudice itself, and
hope that the explanation could help the writer to do the analysis.
2.5.3 Social Rejection
Nowadays we can find many people who are not accepted by their
society. Usually, it was because of the weakness in them. The kind of weakness
are physical, personality or social status, for example in our environment there
was a people who has physical defect like ugly face, over weight and many kind
of things. Our society tends to bully those kinds of people like mocking, cursing
or even hurting them. For those who are bullying considered it as a joke but for
those who were bullied considered it as humiliation.
Society does not realize that their act toward the people who had
weakness is considered as a rejection. This kind of phenomenon is called social
rejection. Socialrejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from

a social relationship or social interaction. The topic includes interpersonal
rejection or peer rejection. According toRinaUlwiya (2014: 20) in her journal
entitled SuksesMenghadapiPenolakanSosialsaid that social rejection is when
someone’s identity cannot be accepted by the society for example; the difference
of religion, point of view, way of thinking, aim, sexual orientation, ethnicity, etc.
According to Fausiah and Widury ( 2005: 167 ) in their book entitled
Psikologi Abnormal Klinis Dewasa there are so many impacts from social
rejection, for example: the sufferer will be loner, feels inferior, obsessive and
having avoidant disorder.
- Loner
Loner is a people who always avoid the social interaction. In fact, there
are so many cases that are cause someone in being a loner; it can be caused by the
person is not easy to interact with the other, feels uncomfortable, sensitive, or he
is being isolated by the society (maybe he has mental disorder or something).
- Inferiority
Confident is someone’s belief in the skill and the estimation for himself
that he has. But there are so many people in this era feel inferior (they do not
believe in their selves); it because they think that their physical appearance is not
perfect.
- Obsessive

Obsessive is marked by the stubborn behavior, worried, perfectionist and
the tendency of repeat something. The first key of obsessive is the tendency of
being perfectionist and not flexible that is stuck in the individual. The individual
with this disorder is preoccupied by the rules, regularity, tidiness, details and lack
of sense of humor. They always think that we should follow the rules no matter
what. It makes them seem like have no tolerance.
- Avoidant Disorder
A people who is anti-social has a personality disorder called avoidant
disorder. Avoidant disorder is a personality disorder in which they will face social
obstacles and have no confident in themselves. Besides, they are fear of rejection
and critics from other people. That is why most of people who suffer avoidant
disorder tend to avoid and hide themselves from society and never show
themselves. We cannot know whether a person suffers avoidant disorder or not
because it is hard to be detected and quite rare. There are some characteristics
which suffered avoidant disorder, one of them is they tend to avoid personal
contact due to rejection and critics.
“The diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder applies to people

who are very fearful of the possibility of criticism, rejection or
disapproval and are therefore reluctant to enter into relationships
unless they are sure they will be liked” (Davidson et.al, 2004: 424)
From Rina Ulwiya, Fauziah and Widury, the writer gets more explanation
and knowledge about social rejection. It will help the writer to understand it well.

The writer will explain about the historical approach as a supporting
theory of racial discrimination for the reader to understand how racial
discrimination first came in United States.
2.6 Historical Approach
The blacks were first sold and traded to the south of America from 1607 to
1807 when it was finally forbidden. After Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery
inaugurated as US President in 1860, slavery was abolished in 1863 through legal
status.
When the Spaniards began to occupy Central America (1500), they
established land companies (haciende, plantage) for tobacco, sugar and cotton.
They need workers in many fields. Evidently the Indians can not be used (because
the usual life of independence) and white people themselves can not stand because
of heat. The Indians who were forced to work in the fields were dead.
Bartolomo de las Casas, a Roman Catholic and a defender of the Indians,
then proposed to use the Negro (because of a strong, heat-resistant nation).
Beginning in 1501, the slavery of Negroes in America with a very sad history.
Negroes in Africa are cruelly captured, transported as animals to America by slave
ships and sold there as slaves with large profits (because in Africa they do not
have to buy them, just caught them).

Nevertheless, racial differences still exist until finally around the
beginning and middle of the 20th century, blacks began to rise up against
discrimination against their tribes. The peak occurred in the 1960s with the
emergence of the Human Rights Movement under the leadership of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr. And Roy Wilkins so that now black people in the US have gained
a much better life and treatment. Their economic situation and levels in society
have also improved. Nevertheless, collectively, they are still inferior to the white
people in these fields. Many social problems such as poor health access and
difficulty in getting jobs are still attached to blacks in the US.
Louis Filler in his book, The Crusade against Slavery (1960), the author
writes of the beginnings of the anti-slavery movement after the Revolution, of
efforts to end the slave trade, and of the impetus given slavery by the cotton-gin,
which by making slavery profitable in cotton-growing states forced the South to
defend it and brought a corresponding increase in anti-slavery sentiment in the
North. In the 1830's under the slave-owning Jackson the movement turned to one
for abolition and became the hub of all reform movements in that era of reform.
Men such as the Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, and the fiery William Lloyd Garrison
preached abolition; Northern efforts to enforce anti-Negro and Fugitive Slave
Laws brought adherents to the cause; and in Rhode Island Prudence Crandall was
sent to prison for teaching Negro children. Men were kidnapped from Northern
states and sent to Southern prisons for aiding fugitive slaves, presses of abolition
papers were burned, in Illinois an abolitionist, Lovejoy, was lynched, but the fight
continued, to explode in 1860 in John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry.

The writer gets information from media blogs (2012) written by Adam,
Louis Filler book and wikipedia about slavery in America. This information
really help the writer to understand the fighting of some good people who have
decide to abolish the slavery.
2.7 Review of Related Studies
• In Robert Diyanni’s book Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and
Drama (1990:21-23), the writer gets more explanation and knowledge about
the definition and elements of short story itself.
• In Bowling’s book Race, Crime, Criminal Justice (2002:38), the writer
gets contribution such as a knowledge and information that can help the
writer more understand about the racial discrimination itself.
• In Omi and Winant (2003:2) in Racial Formation in the United States’s
book, the writer gets a knowledge and some information about the racial
discrimination that happened in United States.
• In Auguste Comte (1798-1857) in The Foundation of Sociology’s book,
the writer gets contribution such as knowledge and information about the
sociology literature definition.
• In Franzoi (2008: 199) in Social Psychology’s book, the writer gets a clear
explanation about the stereotype and hope that explanation could help the
writer to do the analysis.

• In William J. Goode in Principles of Sociology’s book (1977), the writer
gets more knowledge and explanation about the prejudice and kind of
prejudice itself, and hope that the explanation could help the writer to do the
analysis.
• In RinaUlwiya (2014: 20) in her journal entitled
SuksesMenghadapiPenolakanSosial, the writer gets more explanation and
knowledge about social rejection. It will help the writer to understand it well.
• In Louis Filler’s book, The Crusade against Slavery (1960),the
information really help the writer to understand the fighting of some good
people who have decide to abolish the slavery.

CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design
In analyzing the short story, the writer used the library research which is
qualitative descriptive method, because all data were analyzed in form of words
and sentences. Qualitative methods were developed in the social sciences to
enabled research to study social and cultural phenomena (Myres,. 1977).
According to Sukmadinata (2005) the primary thing about qualitative research is
constructivism which assumes that reality is multidimensional, interactive and an
exchange of social experience is interpreted by each individual. Qualitative
research is an inductive approach, and its goal is to gain a deeper understanding of
person’s or group experiences. This methodology as a qualitative research
procedure descriptive data in the form of written word spoken of the people and
the observed behaviour.
In supporting qualitative method, the writer also used descriptive method.
Descriptive method is the way to reveal the image of the subject of the research
and qualitative method as an umbrella term to level to several research strategies
that share certain characteristic. Nazir (1998:75) describes “descriptive method is
a method of research that makes the description of the situation of the events or
occurrences, so that the method has an intentionto accumulate the basic data”.
According to Azwar (2004:126) says that “Analisis deskrptif bertujuan untuk
memberikan deskripsi mengenai subjek penelitian berdasarkan data dari variabel

yang diperoleh dari kelompok subjek yang diteliti dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk
pengujian hipotesis”. (descriptive analysis is aimed to give a description about a
research subject which is based on the data taken from some variables which are
obtained from the group of subject and is not aimed to examine a hypothesis). For
that reason, this research is best done by using qualitative descriptive method.
3.2. Data and Data Sources
The data was taken from the text oftwo short stories. The first short story is
A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor, published on 1953, it
contains 11 pages. The second short story is Everything That Rises Must
Converge by Flannery O’Connor, published on 1965, it contains 10 pages.
3.3. Data Collecting Procedure
The collecting data is one of the tasks which is the most one important in
this research. In the process of collecting the data, the writer needed primary and
secondary data. For the primary data, the writer took the data from the short story
and printed out in hard copy. The secondary data that used in this study are books,
journal and previous works to support this thesis.
3.4. Data Analysis

After collecting all the data and information which relateed with the
study, the data will be combined and analyzed to get what the writer want and has
been planned in the object of this proposal. This steps is to make the writer easier
in work of analyze the problem in this proposal.
First, the writer read both of two short stories. The writer has read it over
and over again in order tofully understand what the text means.
Second, the writercollected the data from the text about the racial
discrimination.
Third, the writer had to mark and note the data which having the relation
to the problem of this study.
Fourth, the writer decided the data.
Fifth, the writer made a data display to make the writer more easier in
analyzing process.
Sixth, the writer started to analyze the data. Investigated and analyzed the
racial discrimination which contained in the quote with descriptive qualitative
method. The using of qualitative descriptive method is started from the analysis of
various data which are collected from a research, then move to categorical
conclusion drawing or certain general characteristic. On that ground, this method
is started from data classification activity.From here, the researcher entered the
general characteristics conclusion expected. As quoted from Bungin:

Penggunaan strategi deskriptif kualitatif dimulai dari analisis
berbagai data yang terhimpun dari suatu penelitian, kemudian
bergerak kearah pembentukan kesimpulan kategoris atau ciri-ciri
umum tertentu. Oleh karenanya, strategi ini dimulai dari pekerjaan
klasifikasi data.
… peneliti harus mampu mengecilkan keanekamacaman ini dengan

suatu jumlah yang kecil berdasarkan beberapa persamaan atau
perbedaan. Dari pijakan seperti ini, barulah peneliti dapat
memasuki kesimpulan ciri-ciri umum yang diinginkan”.
(Bungin, 2001:290)
Seventh, after all steps had been done, the writer then made the conclusion
and suggestion of the analysis. This was the last step of the analysis.

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
In this chapter, there are three major points that the writer wants to
analyze. First is the stereotype as portrayed in character in both short stories,
second is the prejudice as portrayed in character in both short stories, and the last
is the rejection as portrayed in character in both short stories.
In the first problem, the writer focuses on the stereotypes of character in A
Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge.Stereotype
is an assessment of a person only based on perceptions of the group in which the
person can be categorized. Stereotypes are the intuitive shortcuts of thinking by
humans to simplify complex things and aid in quick decision making.
In the second problem, the writer focuses on the prejudices of character in
A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge.
Prejudices are attitudes and are likely to lead to the action we call discrimination,
that is, barring people from oppurtunities and rewards they deserve or punishing
them, simply because they are members of a racial or ethnic group.
In the third problem, the writer focuses on the rejection of character in A
Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge. Rejection
is a kind of phenomenon when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social
relationship or social interaction.

In the analysis, the writer wants to analyze the quotations which related to
three problems. In the first problem, the writer will put the quotations which
related to the stereotype’s character as portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find
and Everything That Rises Must Convergeshort stories and explain every
quotation. In the second problem, the writer put the quotations which related to
the prejudice’s character as portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find
andEverything That Rises Must Converge short stories. In the last problem, the
writer put the quoations which related to the rejection’s character as portrayed in
A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge short
stories.
4.1 Stereotypeas Portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything
That Rises Must Converge
In this problem, the writer will analyze the point of view or the way the
character thinks about the other in both short stories.
4.1.1 Stereotype as Portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find
A Good Man Is Hard to Findis one of the most famous examples of
Southern Gothic literature written by Flannery O’Connor. Southern Gothic
writing focused on strange events, eccentric characters, and local color to create a
moody and unsettling depiction of life in the American South.
Throughout A Good Man is Hard to Find images of the south were
frequent and interestingly, while we heard the grandmother pining for the good

old days of the plantation south, back when she was a belle and could smile at the
“cute” negroes, we cannot help but recoil. This sickening adherence to just about
every stereotype of the old South that the grandmother represents was part of what
made her a grotesque character. In fact, every member of the family was
grotesque in some way, the children by their over-the-top rudeness and lack of
manners, the father by his intense, simmering anger paired with a bright, happy-
looking parrot shirt, the mother by her lack of personality or character and, of
course, the Misfit by his complete lack of regard for anything or anyone.
O'Connor portrayed this family in a very stereotypical manner, depicting
the average modern contemporary American family. Its members possess many
flaws, but were not, necessarily, dysfunctional as they were only human.
As the title suggests, the men in this story were short-tempered, sexist, and
at worst, murderers. Although a good man in this story is hard to find, O’Connor
ultimately showed The Misfit to be a tragic character, and the tale became the
story of the redemption of the grandmother at the hand of this violent criminal.
Many allow the violence of the story to highlight the purest moment of the
Grandmother, however, the redemption story thrown a shadow on the story’s
treatment of women. The female characters in this story conform to a patriarchal
view of how a woman should act, and the story’s conclusion suggested that
woman must be redeemed, and woman can only be guided to redemption with
help from “a good man.”

Men always seen as rational, strong, protective and decisive character but
women always seen as emotional (irrational), weak, nurturing, and
submissivecharacter. We seen woman's heavy reliance on man when O'Connor
described the Grandmother's living conditions.Here is the statement.
Bailey was the son she lived with, her only boy. (page 1)
That statement suggests that while the Grandmother has other children,
because Bailey is the only male, she sees him as being the one to provide her with
a proper living situation, none of her female children can provide for her like a
man.
The grandmother thought that man was able to accommodate her and
finance her life, since in general man will become the head of the household and
had to work hard to fulfill the needs of his family so the grandmother was sure to
stayed with her son rather than her daughter that we know that the daughter will
depend on her husband someday.
The grandmother was a patriarchal woman, a woman who has internalized
the norms and values of patriarchy. Women were perceived as being “irrational”
and “emotional” early in the story. This kind of stereotype is based on the
interpretations that produce on the basis of cultural background. Because the
grandmother was a patriarchal, she still felt that her past with power and title is
still existed in her life now. So, she thought if something bad happened, she would

destroyed. In opposition to the Florida trip, a possible location of The Misfit, the
grandmother told Bailey:
“I wouldn't take my children in any direction with a criminal like

that aloose in it. I couldn't answer to my conscience if I did.” (page
1)
The quotation above means that the grandmother appealed to emotions,
how she will felt if something happens, not the logical process of the chances they
might run into The Misfit.
In addition, the mother has all the attributes and virtues rewarded within
patriarchy, she is selfless, self-sacrificing, nurturing, and unassuming.The mother
performed stereotypical tasks of a wife and mother, it can be seen in this
statement.
She was sitting on the sofa, feeding the baby his apricots out of a
jar.(page 1)
Again we saw that women were subservient to men, always relying on
him, or serving him.The mother quietly taken care of her household, although it
was the duty of the mother to fed her child even under any circumstances the
mother remained responsible for her duties.
In this sort of patriarchal family, it was no surprise then that the boy,
John Wesley, has learned “male privilege” early on, and he disrespected his
grandmother, not only John Wesley but also June Star disrecpected everyone. The

children were self centered, annoying, loud, such as the usual children in America.
Here is the quote about John Wesley.
“If you don't want to go to Florida, why dontcha stay at

home?”(page 1)
Although still a boy, John Wesley has no respect for his elders, and did not
see his Grandmother as an equal, his status as a male allowed him to talk to her
however he liked.
John Wesley showed more traditional male behavior when the
grandmother asked him what he would do if The Misfit caught him. John Wesley
replies.
“I'd smack his face” (page 1)
Giving the idea no thought, and immediately jumping to the macho,
masculine responsed of violence.
John Wesley showed more chauvinistic, male behavior in the car, when he
cannot let his sister win a simple game based on cloud shapes. It shows in this
statement.
When there was nothing else to do, they played a game by choosing a
cloud and making the other two guess what shape it suggested. John
Wesley took one of the shape cow and June Star guessed a cow and
John Wesley said, no, an automobile, and June Star said he didin’t
play fair, and they began fight.(page 2)
He lied to her and becomes physically aggressive. He would rather fight
and argue than admit loss to a girl. John disguised his insecurity at the loss by

becoming angry and aggressive. It such a boy nowadays, boys wanted to have a
higher degree than girls.
The Grandmother’s class and race pretensions were exposed, and she
appeared smug and self-complacent. She performed notions of Southern
femininity, as she dressed from head to toe in white to appear as lady-like as
possible.This kind of stereotype is a stereotype based on the interpretations that
produce on the basis of cultural background. Because, she thought in her past, a
wealthy family like a lady should dressed fancy, and suit with her title. It can be
seen in this statement.
She wears white cotton gloves, a navy blue straw sailor hat with a
bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a
small white dot in the print. Her collar and cuffs were white
organdy. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the
highway would know at once that she was a lady.(page 1-2)
Being a “patriarchal woman,” she has bought the patriarchal ideology
that women were to be looked at and appreciated in the male gaze. She was
obsessed with keeping herself on the pedestal of a traditional, proper woman.
The Grandmother chose to dress this way so anyone they encountered will be
assured that they were witnessing someone with “good blood.”
By the trip, the grandmother showed an act of a grandmother who loved
her grandchild, generally. It can be seen in this statement.
The grandmother offered to hold the baby and the children’s

mother passed him over the front seat to her. She set him on her
knee and bounced him and told him about the things they were
passing. She rolled her eyes and screwed up her mouth and stuck
her leathery thin face into smooth bland one. Occasionally he gave
her a faraway smile. (page 2)

In the statement above we can see how the grandmother showed her love
toward the baby just like a grandmother in general.
The grandmother started telling the story when she was a maiden lady, in
order to make the children quiet about their fighting. In the story, she mentioned
about a nigger boy that can be seen in this statement.
Well, one Saturday,she said, Mr. Teagarden brought the

watermelon and there was nobody at home and he left it on the
front porch and returned in his buggy to Jasper, but she never got
the watermelon, she said, because a nigger boy ate it when he saw
the initials, E.A.T. (‘page 3)
The initials E.A.T on the watermelon means a name of an old suitor, Edgar
Atkins Teagarden (Mr. Teagarden). He always left it in front of the door and
carved his initials so the Grandmother will know that it was him. Turned out the
nigger boy saw and eat it because he thought it just said eat.
Nigger or sometimes pronounced Nigga in English is a term for to describe
African-Americans. In Indonesian, the commonly used term is Negro which has a
more neutral connotation.The use of the Nigger term in the United States is
perceived as a racist term and can incite hatred for the person who hears it (the
intended person). In the daily social interaction of African-Americans, the term is
often used as a sign of proximity, but when spoken by others outside the
community, Nigger is often regarded as highly offensive.
In slavery time, nigga has a disgraceful habit because they live with
limitations, so the nigga boy sometimes do bad things like stealing, pickpocketing
in order to buy food and survive, because they are alienated in America. Like in
the story, the nigger boy ate the watermelon without hesitation when he saw the

initials, he just didn’t care about whose watermelon was that. This kind of
stereotype is based on the interpretation that produce on the basis of cultural
background. Because, in the past, the children of negro known as slave just like
their parents, so they always seen as a bad person, like stealing, robbing, had an
inappropriate manner, etc. So, this kind of thing made the grandmother called him
Nigger.
On the way, the children whining about their destination, they wanted to
stop at the house with a secret panel just like the grandmother said. But Bailey
(dad) didn’t want to. Here is the quote.
“We never seen a house with a secret panel!” June Star shrieked.
Let’s go to the house with the secret panel! Hey Pop, can’t we go
see the house with the secret panel!” Bailey was looking straight
ahead. His jaw was as rigid as a horsehoe. “No,” he said. (page 4)
Bailey showed that he was the father who has the right to decide the things
in a family. So when his children asked him to go to the house, he directly
answered no, he just want to discipline his children because of their attitude. But
however it was, he loved his children and granted the children’s request to stop
by. Like the quotes below.
“All right!” he shouted and drew the car to a stop at the side of the
road. “Will you all shut up? Will you all just shut up for one
second? If you don’t shut up, we won’t go anywhere.”(page 5)
So they had an accident but nobody’s killed, and then they finally met
three men that they thought will help them. But unfortunately, they were the three

escaped prisoner and one of them is Misfit. Misfit didn’t look like a killer with his
look like that. Here is the statement.
He was an older man than the other two. His hair was just
beginning to gray and he wore silver-rimmed spectacles that give
him a scholarly look. He had a long creased face and didn’t have
on any shirt or undershirt. He had on blue jeans that were too tight
for him. (page 6)
In our opinion, the killer must be scary. It can be seen on his look, his
attitude, that all make us scared, but Misfit was different. Misfit was a middle
aged man, his hair was graying, he was soft-spoken, polite, and philosophical.
With that description, nobody can guessed if Misfit was a killer or criminal but in
fact he was.
Misfit wasn’t a killer who did many bad things like the other killer. Turned
out he was a good man back then. It can be seen in the quote below.
“I was a gospel singer for a while. I been most everything. Been in

the arm service both land and sea, at home and abroad, been twice
married, been an undertaker, been with the railroads, plowed
Mother Earth, been in a tornado, seen a man burnt alive once.”
(page 8)
We always thought that the killer always do something bad. And sure the
killer must had a bad history which is why they turned out to be that kind of guy.
But Misfit was different, he didn’t like the other killer. Heused to be a good man
who did many useful things in his life, unfortunately he became a killer because
of his dad and started doing the bad things, and now he was on the run (escape
prisoner). This kind of stereotype is based on the interpretations that produce on

the basis of our perspective. Because, we always knew that a killer must have a
bad history of life, so that’s why they turned out to be a criminal, but Misfit was
different, he had a beautiful life before he turned out to be a killer.
4.1.2 Stereotype as Portrayed in Everything That Rises Must Converge
The story is told from the close third-person point of view of Julian, a
recent college graduate and self-styled intellectual who lived with his mother
because he cannot afford his own lodgings with the pittance he earned as a
typewriter salesman. The mother, whose worldview reflected the institutional
racism of the mid-twentieth century American South, wished to attend an exercise
session at a nearby community center, but was wary of riding the bus by herself in
light of the recent racial integration of the city's public transportation system.
Though he despised his mother's racism, cheeriness, and intellectual
aloofness, Julian resentfully agreed to escort her, if only out of a sense of duty to
the woman who paid his way through college and continued to support him even
afterward. His confrontational bitterness and her thoughtless prejudice brought the
circumstances to a boil when they step onto the bus and joined a widely disparate
cast of characters, among them two black people who inhabit vastly different
regions of the social spectrum.
Mrs. Chestny was a widow, she lived with her only child named Julian.
Even a widow, she can make Julian grown up to be an independent teenager and
finished his school. This kind of stereotype is based on the interpretation on the

basis of our perspective. In our opinion, a widow always seen as a poor woman
because she had no husband and always seen as a threat of the other woman
because can seduce their husband. But in here, Mrs Chestny was different. It can
be seen in the statement below.
Were it not that she was a widow who had struggled fiercely to feed
and clothe and put him through his school and who was supporting
him until he got on his feet. (page 1)
In general, widow always seen as negative stereotype of woman. People
assume that widow always mourning, not allowed to have fun because of the
death of their husband, emotionally unstable, a threat to their friends’s marriage,
and uncomfortable to be around.
But Mrs Chestny was different, she can survive and so her child, she can
managed everything on her own, she was one of the strong woman.
Mrs. Chestny and Julian came from a wealthy family. Her ancestor or like
her great grandfather was a prosoereous landowner and had so many of slaves.
That thing always remembered in her memory even the world changes. This kind
of stereotype is based on the interpretations that produce on the basis of cultural
background. Because, she still felt that her family’s power in the past still affect
her mind and life. So, she always felt that the others were lower class in the
present. Here is the the quote.
“If you know who you are, you can go anywhere.” She said
everytime he took her to the reducing class. “Most of them in it are
not our kind of people,”she said, “but i can be gracious to
anybody. I know who i am.” (page 2)

Mrs. Chestny was an heir of her rich family, so wherever and whenever
she went, she felt that she was in higher potiton than others, even she still labeled
people but she showed her gracious to anybody.
Living in a city made Mrs. Chestny and her child always dressed well,
remembering them as an heir of the wealthy family, she just want to be
recognized like that all the time. Julian’s act made she angry about his look. It can
be seen in the quote below.
He suddenly unloosened his tie and pulled it off and put it in his
pocket. She stiffened. “Why must you look like that? Why must you
deliberately embarass me?” “You look like a thug, “ she said.
(page 3)
Mrs. Chestny always dressed well everytime, she wanted her son to look
like that. She wanted people see them as a nobble one. She wanted people always
remember of who she was.
In a bus, there were two blacks get on, they were a large black woman and
her child (little boy). They took a seat separately, the black with Julian and the
little boy(Carver) with Mrs. Chestny. Mrs. Chestny found that little boy wass so
cute even he’s black. Here is the statement.
Carver slid down from the seat but remained squatting with his
back against the base of it, his head turned slyly around toward
Julian’s mother. “Isn’t he cute?”Julian’s mother said to the
woman with the protruding teeth. “I think he likes me, “Julian’s
mother said, and smiled at the woman. It was the smile she used
when she was being particularly gracious to inferior. (page 8)

Just like the other mother, Mrs. Chestny can’t keep her love toward the
little boy (Carver), even he was black, but he was cute and act funny. She saw
children like her own children, she didn’t hesitate to play a peekaboo with Carver.
4.2 Prejudice as Portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything
In this problem, the writer will analyze how the character judge about a
person based on their race, religion, and class without even knowing them
personally in both short stories.
4.2.1 Prejudice as Portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find
The word prejudice refers to prejudgement or making a decision before
becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or an event. In a place that fills
with racial discrimination, prejudice in America has becoming the main social
disease that needs to be aware off. The worst thing of this kind of disease is that
so contagious, could affect people and populations all over the world in a very
short period of time.
The Grandmother demonstrated racial and class prejudice through her
words and actions. She was vain and selfish, and she believed that good character
is a result of coming from "good people," an important concept in O'Connor's
fiction. This kind of prejudice arise because of an unpleasant experience. Because,
in her past the negro boy always known had a bad habit, so the grandmother used

to called them like that even in a present day.It can be seen in the quote when she
saw an African-American child without any clothes, she exclaims,
“Oh look at the cute little pickaninny!” she said and pointed to a
Negro child standing in the door of a shack. “Wouldn’t that make a
picture, now?”(page 2)
The quotation above showed that the grandmother was prejudice. She
just called the negro child as a pickaninny. Pickaninny means a negro boy who
usually pick a penny from the white people in a slavery time, not only from the
people but also they pick a penny on the ground or on the street.
She still called the negro boy that with that name, she saw them as a low
class even the black arisen. She judged all the negro boy like that.
Not only the grandmother, but also the granddaughter, June Star was
being prejudiced toward the negro boy, here is the quote.
“He didn’t have any britches on,”June Star said. “He probably
didn’t have any,” the grandmother explained. “little niggers in the
country don’t have things like we do. If i could paint, i’d paint that
picture,”she said. (page 2)
In the short story, the grandmother demonstrated prejudice through her
words above. When they saw the black kid wearing nothing in his body she said
that the kid may didn’t have anything to wear. Also, the grandmother seemed to
care less about poverty and the sufferings of lower class people.
In here, we can see that the grandmother was a picture of a lot of people
in the real world that pay more attention to their outward appearance to impress
others. In the story we can see that the family had a car in the era where having
car was perceived as a higher class possession. The class difference that existed in

the American society and the negligence and the lack of assistance from higher
class to less fortunate class might be the cause of the prejudice.
When the grandmother met Misfit, she was scared, but she kept talking to
Misfit, she didn’t want to die. So she was trying to manipulate Misfit with her
words. This kind of prejudice arises because of an unpleasant impression. Because
she knew that she would die but she tried to manipulate Misfit by saying
something. In fact, Misfit’s family were broken, sure that he had a bad history in
his family, that’s why he turned out to be like that. But the grandmother begged
for her life by saying the opposite of Misfit’s family past. Here is the quote.
“I know you’re a good man. You don’t look a bit like you have
com-mon blood. I know you must come from nice people!” (page 7)
The grandmother was just trying to convince herself that she will be
alright. She said that prejudice words to manipulating The Misfit. But
unfortunately, telling a shirtless, oddly-dressed, gun-toting criminal who probably
didn't care what she said that he's a "good man," because he didn't look like he had
common blood.
In fact, all of the ways of prejudice in which the grandmother tried to
manipulate The Misfit seem like appealed that would only carry weight for
someone like her. In the situation, her arguments were irrelevant and
inappropriate. Everyone knows that he was a killer, and probably didn't care about
shooting a lady if he's on the run and had been recognized.

When Misfit and grandmother had a conversation. Misfit said that he can’t
remember what he has done. The grandmother said something prejudice toward
him. Here is the quote.
“Maybe they put you in by mistake,”the old lady said vaguely.

“Nome,”he said. “It wasn’t no mistake. They had the papers on
me.” “You must have stolen something.”she said.(page 9)
What the grandmother says was prejudice. When Misfit said that the police
had papers on him, grandmother directly judged him if he has stolen something so
he got arrested. The grandmother directly judged him because Misfit was a black
and she knew if the black always did something bad in the past. So her judgement
about the black always bad, and her words hurt Misfit, and make him angrier.
This kind of prejudice arises because of an unpleasant impression. Because
Misfit can’t remember his sins, the grandmother tried to guess what thing that
made him arrested. She directly said that mayble Misfit stolen something because
she knew that Negro was a bad person, and they known because of their bad habit
like stealing, robbing, etc. Of course their habits made them avoided by the white
until now.
After the grandmother knew that the Misfit shot her children and
grandchildren, the grandmother still asked for mercy from the Misfit, she didn’t
want to die. In fact, she offered her all money to Misfit. Here is the quote.
“Jesus!” the old lady cried. “You’ve got good blood! I know you
wouldn’t shoot a lady! I know you come from nice people! pray!
Jesus, you ought not to shoot a lady. I’ll give you all the money i’ve
got!” (page 10)

` And again, she repeated the same words that was said to manipulate the
Misfit. The grandmother told the Misfit to pray. She thought that the Misfit will
not shoot her. In her panic, she may be instinctively trying to savedher own life. It
certainly looked as if she's losing control of herself and sayid such things.
Although she talked about Jesus a lot in the situation, the grandmother
certainly didn't seem to be deeply religious. She never brought it up in the rest of
the story, and only brought up Jesus when she hoped that it might help saved her
life. Her first appeal isn't a religious one. A religious person will never judged
others. Just like he first quotes that was shown up the prejudice of the
grandmother to a little nigger. She thinks money can solved the problem because
she knew a killer must need money to ran away, but she was wrong.
4.2.2 Prejudice as Portrayed in Everything That Rises Must Converge
This racial division surrounded the story conflicts and eventually results in
the tragic climax.In the plot, a significant character only known as Julians mother
was obviously prejudice and the author expressed her feelings clearly using
stereotypes and biases, that animate the story.
Mrs. Chestny was a clearly racist woman, she always being prejudiced
toward the black. She would like to judge the black anytime. This kind of
prejudice happened because it has been prepared in the environment to prejudice.
The environment that Mrs. Chestny and Julian lived, was filled by the white in the
past, but now it changed, the black also lived in there. That’s why Mrs. Chestny

felt uncomfortable when the black was around her even in the bus. It can be seen
in the statement.
She would not ride the buses by herself at night since they had been
integrated. (page 1)
She didn’t want to ride the bus by herself because she was afraid of the
blacksif they got on the bus too, the blacks will made her uncomfortable and she
thought the blacks were a bad guy such a criminal.
Mrs. Chestny didn’t like the existence of black in the neighborhood,
because she won’t admit that the black now arisen and equal with her. It can be
seen in the quote.
“The ones i feel sorry for,” she said, “are the ones that are half
white. They’re tragic.” (page 3)
She can’t express her feeling toward people who had a family of white and
black because she thoughtit would strange and clearly has mixed feeling. She
called it patethic. It marked her indelibly as a member of that generation which
failed to concern itself with the problem of social justice.
Mrs. Chestny was happy if she surrounded by her own people (white
people), even on her way to the reducing class she hoped that the people she met
were white. This kind of prejudice also happened because it has been prepared in
the environment to prejudice. Because in her past, her environment was always
white so she felt happy but now she had to lived with the black around her. But

the fact that the bus almost filled with the white, she felt the moment like it used
to. Here is the quote.
She sat forward and looked up and down the bus. It was half filled.
Everybody was white. "I see we have the bus to ourselves,” she
said. (page 4)
She talked to the woman who sat beside her. They felt relief if there
wasn’t any black who got on the bus with them. They felt black as a threat to
them, they judged the blacks were always low status, always being a bad ones,
and can’t live the way of the white people live.
In fact, not only Mrs. Chestny was being prejudiced but also Julian. He
showed his prejudice toward the black with his view on the bus. Like in the
statement below.
She got off and a large Negro got on. Julian kept his paper lowered
to watch. It gave him a certain satisfaction to see injustice in daily
operation. The negro was well dressed and carried a briefcase.
(page 5)
As we can see how Julian satisfied with the view of the black got on the
bus, we can tell that he was being prejudice because he knew the common black
was poor, and of course they can’t afford to buy the good outfit and ride the bus
just like the white people but now he suprised when he saw the negro dressed like
that.
The other white people showed the same prejudice just like Mrs. Chestny.
Here is the statement.

The woman with the red and white canvas sandals had risen at the
same time the negro sat down and had gone farther back in the bus
and taken the seat of the woman who had got off. (page 5)
The woman thoght the same as Julian. She didn’t expect of the black will
get on the bus like her. Clearly her act and mind were prejudiced. She felt
uncomfortable of the black.
The woman kept thinking about the negro. She thought that the black was
the worst human being in the world. This kind of prejudice arises because of
differences. Negro as we known is black, have a curly hair, and yellow teeth.
Sometimes there was a fat one or thin one. And sometimes when saw a negro, we
were scared at first because of their look. The woman saw them as a monster,
because the differences of their skin, race, class, and etc. She described him like in
the statement below.
The woman with protruding teeth was looking at him avidly as if he

were a type of monster new to her. (page 6)
The woman judged the black as a worst human being, like a monster
which was scary and bad. She described the black as a frightening man that will
made her crazy, just like he was not worth to look at. She felt disgust.
Mrs. Chestny was shocked when she saw the black woman who wore the
same hat as her. She felt insulted. It can be seen in the statement below.
She kept her eyes on the woman and an amused smile came over
her face as if the woman were a monkey that had stolen her hat.
(page 8)

She felt ashame of herself because people will saw her and the black
woman were equal because of their same hat. She described her hat was stolen by
the monkey. She knew the black was poor, so she cant’t afford to buy the hat like
that, but now she felt insult when she saw her hat was worn by the black woman.
When they got off of the bus, so Mrs. Chestny and Julian. Mrs. Chestny
wanted to give the little boy coin because she thought the little boy was cute. Here
is the quote.
“Oh little boy!” Julian’s mother called and took a few steps and
caught up with them just beyond the lamppost. “Here’s a bright
new penny for you,” and she held out the coin, which shone bronze
in the dim light. (page 9)
Mrs. Chestny felt it’s okay to give him the coin, because in a slavery time,
the white people often gave the negro boy a coin without hesitation, they feel a
negro back then surely need money even coin. And Mrs. Chestny still do that kind
of thing, although she was being kind to the little boy but a negro woman gotmad
on her, the black woman saw Mrs. Chestny is being prejudiced.
4.3 Rejection as Portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything
In this problem, the writer will analyze how the character reject about a
person or something because of their weakness for example different physical,
religion, point of view in both short stories.

4.3.1Rejection as Portrayed in A Good Man is Hard to Find
In A Good Man is Hard to Find, there were two characters who showed
rejection of the others, they were June Star and The Misfit. June Star showed the
rejection toward people physical and people living. The Misfit also showed his
rejection in the story.
When the family stopped by the diner at Red Sammy’s restaurat, June Star
wanted to dance, so she asked her mother to played a fast number so she can did
her tap routine. Red Sammy’s wife saw that June Star’s act was cute, but June
Star said something harsh toward her. Here is the quote.
“Ain’t she cute?” Red Sam’s wife said, leaning over the counter.
“Would you like to come be my little girl?” “No i certainly
wouldn’t,” June Star said. “I wouldn’t live in a broken down place
like this for a million bucks!” and she ran back to the table. (page
3)
June Star didn’t want to live in the place like that, she directly reject
what the woman said. She saw the place like a broken down, half of it made by
wood, and inside the place was dark. The place like that didn’t suit her, she
compared with her own house and everything that she had. She talked as she
wanted without thinking the other’s feeling. This kind of rejection because of their
social status. June Star looked them as a pity family which was poor, ugly and
sure they were in low class. Becasue of their house’s look, June Star acts
disrespect toward them, because she knew that Red Sammy’s wife can’t afford the
life like her.

June Star also being reject of the Bobby Lee (Misfit’s friend). Here is
the quote.
“I don’t want to hold hand with him,”June Star said. “He reminds
me of a pig.”(page 9)
From the quotation above we can see that June Star was being harsh
toward Bobby Lee. She rejected to hold hands with him because Bobby Lee’s
physical was ugly, like he had a fat body and an ugly face, so that’s why June Star
called him like a pig. This kind of rejection because of their physical. Because of
Bobby Lee’s appearance, June Star felt disgust to hold hands with him.
Misfit also rejected the grandmother kindness, when the grandmother
saying..
"You're one of my babies. You're one of my own children."(page

10)
The grandmother's epiphany involved her recognition that the Misfit
was, in some way, a product of the hypocritical attitudes and hollow actions
which she and others like her had held and taken. They have given only lip service
to spiritual concepts and have concerned themselves with the gratification of their
physical and material desires in this life. The Misfit, then, represented this attitude
carried to the extreme. He rejected their hypocrisy by dismissing that which they
hold to be of little worth (a spiritual view of life) and concentrated on the
gratification of the passions.

This kind of rejection because of her personality. Misfit knew that the
grandmother was a woman with an ugly heart and mind, so he directly rejectedthe
grandmother wish. Because he didn’t want to be her child and became like her.
4.3.2Rejection as Portrayed in Everything That Rises Must Converge
In Everything That Rises Must Converge, both of the main characters
showed the rejection towards people based on their look or their action.
Julian didn’t like the way his mother’s dressed, he rejected his mother’s
fashion. He thought that the way his mother’s dressed as old fashioned. It can be
seen in the quote below.
“It was a hideous hat. A purple velvet flap came down on one side
of it and stood upon the other; the est of it was green and looked
like a cushion with the stuffing out. He decided it wass less comical
than jaunty and pathetic.”(page 1)
From the quotation above, we can see that Julian rejected his mother’s
look especially her hat. He described the hat with harsh words. But in reality, he
toildhis mother to wear it. He thought that thing like that didn’t suit at that time.
He knew that his mother was too overdressed even they just went to town.
Mrs. Chestny thought that once a slave will remain a slave. Slave itself
refered to the black. She thoght that the blacks were better when they were slave.
Here is the quote.
“There are no more slaves,” he said irritably. “They were better

off when they were,”she said. “It’s ridiculous. It’s simply not

realistic. They should rise, yes, but on their own side of the fence.”
(page 2)
She won’t admit that the black now arisen, not being a slave anymore. She
can’t stand live in the same neighborhood with the black, and won’t breath the
same air as them. She found that the black was a low class. She clearly rejected
the fact that the world had changed.
Julian’s mother wanted to showed her kindness toward the black people,
but unfortunately, the mother of the black child didn’t think that as a kindness but
as a humilation. This kind of rejection because of her social status. In the past,
negro was in a lower class, surely they need money to survive. And in the present
day, Mrs. Chestny still felt like the black still need money but she was wrong
when she met the negro woman in the bus. It can be seen in the quote.
“He don’t take nobody’s pennies!”(page 9)
From the quotation above, Julian’s mother was being rejected by the
mother of the black child. In fact, Julian’s mother shocked after that incident,
because she never thoghgt that the black will mad.The penny that Julian’s mother
gave to Carver represented her patronizing attitude toward all African Americans.
Even though she waned to give the penny out of kindness, Julian’s mother failed
to recognize the offer’s condescending and patronizing overtones.
Giving money to Carver, therefore, was a symbolic continuation of
blacks’ dependence on whites. Fueled by centuries of anger and the promises of

the growing civil rights movement, Carver’s mother lashed out to establish her
status as an independent being and rejected historical subservience to white
patronage.
Julian disagreed with his mother’s idea about the situation that
happened in the world now, he knew that his mother can’t move on of her past
when the slavery time. This kind of rejection because of her personality. Julian
never want to be like his mother who always judge the black as a low person
especially a slave. He was more open minded than his mother. Julian said the
mean words to his mother. Here is the quote.
“Don’t think that was just an uppity negro woman, “he said. “That
was the whole colored race which will no longer take your
condescending pennies. That was your black double. She can wear
the same hat as you, and to be sure,” he added gratuitously.(page
10)
From the quotation above, we can see that Julian clearly rejected his
mother’s view about the black. He took out all his heart about how racist his
mother was against the black.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the result of analysis and finding in chapter IV, the writer can
concluded the subject matter which reflected in both short stories.
1. In A Good Man is Hard to FindandEverything That Rises Must
Converge, the stereotype most found in the female characters. The
stereotype that shown by the Grandmother, June Star and Mrs.
Chestny were clearly racist. They labeled people based on their
perception.
2. In A Good Man is Hard to Findand Everything That Rises Must
Converge, the prejudice most found also in the female characters. The
Grandmother demonstrated racial and class prejudice through her
words and actions. She was vain and selfish, and she believed that
good character was a result of coming from “good people”.
Mrs.Chestny’s character led her acts towards the black. Her prejudice
attitude is influenced by her past where the social status of the black
was lower than the white.
3. In A Good Man is Hard to Findand Everything That Rises Must
Converge, June Star showed her rejection towards people based on
their look and their way of lived. Meanwhile, the Misfit showed

rejection towards grandmother’s kindness. Mrs. Chestny showed her
rejection towards the black, she won’t admit that the black has arisen.
But Julian showed his rejection towards his own mother, by his
mother’s dressed and his mother’s ideas about the black.
4. The writer concluded that from the two short stories, it can be seen
that there was a gap between the old and young generation with the
blacks.
5.2 Suggestion
These two short stories are very interesting to be read and analyzed. The
two short stories give the clear example of how did the stereotype, prejudice, and
rejection happened. So, the readers and the learners can understand and get more
knowledge about it.
Based on the conclusion above, the writer wants to give the suggestion
about the stereotype, prejudice, and rejection. Do not label a person only from
what culture or group he or she belongs to. But label a person from his individual,
regardless of his group's appendages. Because generalization will only plunge us
into false or wrong views. In addition, multiplying personal relationships with
people of different religions, cultures, and races may be the best way to break
stereotypes and suspicions and, of course, if the person has enough open attitude
is not filled with suspicions based on assumptions and so on.
For the prejudice, there should be open to each other and each party
should be able to accept cultural, racial and ethnic diversity as the wealth of a

pluralistic nation like Indonesia. Precisely with unity in diversity. This we will
become a powerful nation in the eyes of the world. For future generations, efforts
are made to combat prejudice between classes. Clearly noble character lessons
must be re-taught to children from an early age, both at home and at school
because the environment is very influential. In the meantime, it is best to avoid
such teachings as to precipitate such social prejudices.
The writer hopes that this research can be understood by the reader and
the reader can learn it well. Furthermore, we as human can understand the aim and
the impact of social rejection, and finally we can understand the good relationship
between human being. Because after all, even the rules are created, still
discrimination can not be eliminated just like that. We have to look at ourself
before discriminate others.

REFERENCES
Articles
Brown, Miles. 2005. Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination. Kentucky:
University of Kentucky.
Books
Abrams, M.H. 1981. Sociology / Politics & Social Sciences. New York: Cornell
University.
Allport, Gordon. 1958. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company.
Bowling, Ben, Philips, Coretta. 2002. Racism, Crime and Justice. London:
Pearson Education.
Comte, Auguste. 1857. The Foundation of Sociology. Paris: University of
Montpellier.
Connor, O Flannery. 1953. A Good Man Is Hard To Find. Connecticut: Harcourt,
Brace and Company.
Connor. O Flannery. 1965. Everything That Rises Must Converge. New York:
Farrar Straus Giroux.
Diyanni, Robert. 1990. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.
Pennsylvania: McGraw-Hill Education.
Essien, Udom. 1975. Black Nationalism Book.Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Fausiah, Widuri. 2005. Psikologi Abnormal Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas
Indonesia.

Filler, Louis. 1960. The Crusade against Slavery. London: Routledge Company.
Forster, E.M. 1990. Aspects of the Novel. Cambridge: Trinity College.
Franzoi, Stephen L. 1996. Social Psychology. Pennsylvania: McGraw-Hill
Education.
Frazier, E. Franklin. 1949. The Negro in the United States. New York: The
Macmillan Company.
Goode, William J. 1977. Principles of Sociology. Pennsylvania: McGraw-Hill
Education.
Matsumoto. 1996. Debunking Seven Cultural Stereotype. Tokyo: International
Christion University.
Omi, Winant. 2003. Racial Formation in the United States. New York: Routledge
Company.
Suardiman, Siti Partini. 2014. Psikologi Sosial. Yogyakarta: Universitas Negeri
Yogyakarta.
Journals
Erika, Yuni. 2015. Social and Racial Problem Exposed in Michael Jakcson’s
Selected Songs.Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Marpaung, Rama R. 2010. An Analysis of Racial Issues in Some Langston
Hughes’s Poems. Yogyakarta: Skripsi Mahasiswa UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Okmita, Nelfi. 2015. Discrimination Between Black and White People Found in
Kathryn Stockett’s Novel The Help. Samarinda: eJournal Ilmu Hubungan
Internasional. Volume 4 No. 1. 2017.

Siregar, Winda Widya. 2015. The Madness Character Reflected in Poe’s Three
Short Stories. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Tami, Farah Dipa. 2017. Impacts of Social Rejection on The Leading Character in
Leroux’s The Phantom of The Opera. Samarinda: eJournal Ilmu Hubungan
Internasional. Volume 5. No. 1. 2017.
Ulwia, Rina. 2014. Sukses Menghadapi Penolakan Sosial.Lampung: Jurnal
Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra. Volume 1. No. 2.
Website
Saputro, Sigit Dwi. 2013. “Diskriminasi dalam sehari-hari”,
http://sigitdwisaputro.blogspot.com/2013/11/diskriminasi-dalam-kehidupan-
sehari-hari.html, diakses pada 23 September 2017 pukul 14.20.
Tamami, Zamanul Akhya. 2011. “Diskriminasi agama ras ethnis gender”,
http://zamanulakhyatamami.blogspot.com/2012/11/diskriminasi-agamarasethnis-
gender.html, diakses pada 4 Oktober 2017 pukul 16.50.

APPENDICES :
Appendix 1 : Biography of Flannery O’Connor
Appendix 2 : Summary of the short story A Good Man is Hard to Find
Appendix 3 : Summary of the short story Everything That Rises Must
Converge

APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Biography of Flannery O’Connor
Born on March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia, Flannery O'Connor is considered one
of the greatest short story writers of the 20th century. She faced some hardships growing up,
losing her father as a teenager; he died of systemic lupus erythematosus.Early on, Flannery
O'Connor demonstrated her literary talents for school publications. Studying at what is now
the University of Iowa for a master's degree, O'Connor's first story, "The Geranium," was
published in 1946. She had also begun what was to be first novel, Wise Blood, published in
1952.
After graduating in 1947, Flannery O'Connor pursued her writing, spending time at
several months at Yaddo, a Saratoga Springs, New York artists' retreat. Her work was
informed by her experiences growing up as a Catholic in the South. Religion was a recurring
theme in her work, and the main characters of her first and second novels were preachers of
sorts.O'Connor was best-known, however, for her short stories, which appeared in several

collections, including A Good Man Is Hard To Find and Other Stories (1955) and Everything
That Rises Must Converge (1965).
After battling lupus, an autoimmune disease, for more than a decade, Flannery
O'Connor died on August 3, 1964, in Milledgeville, Georgia. For her work, she received
many honors, including an O. Henry Award in 1957 and the National Book Award in 1972.

Appendix 2: Summary of the short story A Good Man is Hard to Find
It's time for a family trip of some kind, and there's a disagreement in the family about
where to go. Bailey wants to take his family, (i.e., his wife, baby, and two kids, John Wesley
and June Star), to Florida. His mother, called simply "the grandmother," doesn't want to go
there.To make her case, she mentions that there's a dangerous criminal named The Misfit on
the loose, and that he's headed that way. No one seems to take her especially seriously—after
all, she's just the grandma.
The next morning, it's off to Florida they go. Everyone piles in the car, including the
grandmother, who seems to have acquired some enthusiasm for the trip. (She's also secretly
stowed away her cat, Pitty Sing.) They hit the road and begin the trip from Georgia to
Florida.During the trip the grandmother plays games and tells stories to the kids. They stop at
a restaurant to eat, and converse a bit with the owner, Red Sammy, and his wife. The
grandmother talks with the couple about how hard it is to trust people and find "good men"
these days. She also talks a bit about The Misfit.
Back on the road, the grandmother gets the kids all excited by telling them about an
old plantation she once visited that's located nearby. The kids convince the reluctant Bailey to
take them all to see it. He turns onto a dirt road, which, the grandmother assures him, leads to
the plantation.After following the road for a while they don't see anything. Suddenly, the
grandmother remembers that the plantation isn't here at all—it's actually in Tennessee. She is
so startled by this realization (which she doesn't tell anybody), that she jerks, letting her cat
out of the basket where she's stowed it. The animal is propelled onto Bailey's shoulder. A
dramatic accident follows, as the car veers off the road and flips over.
As June Star laments, however, no one is killed.The family waits for a car to come
along, and sure enough, one does. Only it's not quite the help they were expecting. It turns out

that their "help" is none other than The Misfit and two of his buddies. The grandmother
recognizes The Misfit, and tries to convince him he's a good man who couldn't possibly want
to do anything to harm them. The Misfit orders Bailey and John Wesley into the woods,
where his cronies shoot them. The mother, the baby, and June Star soon follow.
All the while, the grandmother, increasingly dizzy and in shock, talks with The Misfit,
still trying to convince him he's a good man, and telling him he should pray to Jesus. This
gives The Misfit the opportunity to tell a bit of his personal history and offer some his ideas
on Jesus, about whom he's actually done some thinking. The grandmother, detecting a
moment of vulnerability in him is suddenly moved to call him her child and reaches out to
touch him. The Misfit responds by promptly shooting her three times in the chest.
The story ends with him telling his cronies, who've returned from shooting the others,
to dump her body with the rest. "She would've been a good woman if it had been somebody
there to shoot her every minute of her life," he says.

Appendix 3: Summary of the short story Everything That Rises Must Converge
Julian, a recent college graduate, prepares to escort his mother to her weekly weight-
loss class at the YMCA, which she attends to reduce her high blood pressure. He escorts her
there every week because she has refused to take the bus alone since integration. She adjusts
her garish new hat and contemplates returning it to pay the monthly gas bill. While walking
through their dilapidated neighborhood, Julian imagines moving to a house in the country. He
declares that he will one day make money, even though he knows he never really will. His
mother encourages him to dream, saying that it will take time to establish himself.
She continues to chatter, mentioning that her grandfather once owned a plantation
with 200 slaves. Embarrassed, Julian comments that the days of slavery are over, to which
she replies that blacks should be free to rise but should do so separately from whites. Both
think about the grandfather’s house again, and Julian grows envious, despite the fact that he
only saw the house in ruins as a boy. As his mother talks about her black nurse, Caroline,
Julian resolves to sit next to a black person on the bus in reparation for his mother’s
prejudices.
When they arrive at the bus stop, Julian baits his mother by removing his tie,
prompting her to exclaim that he looks like a thug. Julian retorts that true culture is in the
mind and not reflected by how one acts or looks, as his mother believes. As they bicker, the
bus pulls up and they board. Julian’s mother strikes up conversation with other passengers,
eventually pointing out with relief that there are only white people on the bus. Another
woman joins in, and the subject of the discussion turns to Julian. Julian’s mother comments
that he works as a typewriter salesman but wants to be a writer. Julian withdraws into a
mental bubble. He judges his mother for her opinions, believing that she lives in a distorted

fantasy world of false graciousness. Although he feels nothing but disdain for her, she has
made sacrifices so that he could have a good education.
The bus stops and a well-dressed African American man boards, sits down, and opens
a newspaper. Julian imagines striking up conversation with him just to make his mother
uncomfortable. Instead, he asks for a light, in spite of the no-smoking signs and the fact that
he doesn’t have any cigarettes. He awkwardly returns the matches to the man, who glares at
him. Julian dreams up new ways to teach his mother a lesson, imagining that he will ignore
her as she gets off the bus, which would force her to worry that he may not pick her up after
her exercise class.
Julian retreats deeper into his thoughts, daydreaming about bringing a black lawyer or
professor home for dinner or about his mother becoming sick and requiring treatment from a
black doctor. Though he would not want to give his mother a stroke, he fantasizes about
bringing a black woman home and forcing his mother to accept her. Despite these fantasies,
he remembers how he has failed to connect with the African Americans with whom he has
struck up conversations in the past.
The bus stops again, and a stern-looking black woman boards with her young son in
tow. Julian senses something familiar about her, but he doesn’t know why. The little boy
clambers onto the seat next to Julian’s mother, while the black woman squeezes into the seat
next to Julian. Julian’s mother likes all children regardless of race and smiles at the little boy.
He then realizes with delight that the black woman seems so familiar because she wears the
same ugly hat as his mother, and he hopes the coincidence will teach his mother a lesson. The
black woman angrily calls out to her son, Carver, yanking him to her side. Julian’s mother
tries to play peek-a-boo with the little boy, but the black woman ignores her and chastises her
son instead.

Julian and the black woman both pull the signal cord at the same time to get off the
bus. Julian realizes with horror that his mother will try to give Carver a nickel as she does
with all little children. While they disembark, his mother searches through her purse but can
find only a penny. Despite Julian’s warnings, his mother calls after Carver and tells him she
has a shiny new penny for him. Carver’s mother explodes with rage, shouting “He don’t take
nobody’s pennies!” She swings her massive purse and knocks Julian’s mother down to the
ground, then drags Carver away.
Julian berates his mother as he collects her items and pulls her up. Disoriented, she
sways for a moment before stumbling off. Julian follows and lectures her, saying that she
should learn from her encounter with the woman on the bus, who represents all African
Americans and their distaste for condescending handouts. Reaching out to grab her arm, he
sees a strange expression on her face. She tells him to call for Grandpa or her nurse, Caroline,
to fetch her. Wresting herself from his grasp, she crumples to the pavement. Julian rushes to
her and finds her face distorted, one eye rolling around and the other fixed on his face before
finally closing. Julian starts to run for help but quickly returns to his mother’s side.

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RACIAL DISCRIMINATION PORTRAYED IN FLANNERY

O’CONNOR’S SHORT STORIES:A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND

AND EVERYTHING THAT RISES MUST CONVERGE

AL – YUNI FAZRIANI NASUTION

REG. NO. 130705144

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd.

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Dr. Deliana, M. Hum. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.

Dr. Deliana, M. Hum.

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S.

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

I, ALYUNI FAZRIANI NASUTION DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE

AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN

THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL

PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART

FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED

ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED

WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS

OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Date : October 18th, 2017

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

NAME : ALYUNI FAZRIANI NASUTION

TITLE OF THESIS :RACIAL DISCRIMINATION PORTRAYED IN

FLANNERY O’CONNOR’S SHORT STORIES: A GOOD

MAN IS HARD TO FIND AND EVERYTHING THAT

RISES MUST CONVERGE

QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Date : October 18th, 2017

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

blessing, and everything in my life. Salutation to my Prophet Nabi Muhammad

Messengers, on his family and all of his Companions.

entitled Racial Discrimination Portrayed in Flannery O’Connor’s Short Stories:

pray for me. I do love you all.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S as my

for her suggestion, and kindness to help me in writing this thesis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

secretary of English Department for their encouragement during my study in this

much for helping me in administration.

find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize.

Medan, October 2017

(Alyuni Fazriani Nst)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

This thesis entitled Racial Discrimination Portrayedin Flannery O’Connor’s Short

Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Stereotype,Prejudice, Rejection,Short Story.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Kata kunci: Diskriminasi Rasial, Stereotip, Prasangka, Penolakan, Cerita

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ................................................................................. v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................ vi