Rulers of Evil Useful Knowledge About Governing Bodies F Tupper

RULERS OF EVIL
Useful Know ledge About Governing Bodies
F. TUPPER SAUSSY
OSPRAY
BOOKMAKERS
“The w orst thing y ou can do in life is
underestim ate y our adversary .”
—P R E S I D E N T W I L L I AM J . C L I N T O N ,
C B S N e ws , M a r ch 3 1, 19 9 9
xx T h e Ca p it o l d o m e *
1 Tim e Ma ga zin e Co ve r *
6 Fasces*
8 T h e Wa s h in gt o n N u n cia t u r e *
11 Em p er or Co n s t a n t in e *
12 Mit h r a s & Da vid †
14 Pop e Gr egor y I X E xco m m u n ica t in g t h e H oly R o m a n
Em p er or *
18 Pop e Cle m e n t VI I & t h e H o ly R o m a n Em p er or *
21 Ma r t in Lu t h er *
26 Ign atiu s d e Lo yo la *
34 T h e Ba p h o m e t *
36 M a p o f Tr oyes*
42 Fin ger st r oke o f G o d *
46 Giu lia Fa r n ese*
54 T h e Sp ir it o f Tr en t (after Seb a st ia n o R i cci ) *
62 Ign atiu s in H e a ve n †
96 Lor en zo Ricci†
114 Ca s t e l Sa n t ’An ge lo *
116 Wa s h in gt o n in Ma son ic Rega lia *
ILLUSTRATIONS
12 4 Ch a r les Th o m s o n *
12 8 Ca r d in a l Rob er t Bella r m in e*
13 4 J oh n St u a r t , Lor d Bu t e *
14 6 Bish op J oh n Ca r r o ll*
15 4 Ar ch b is h o p vo n H o n t h e im *
16 6 Kin g Ge o r ge III*
18 6 East In d ia Co m p a n y Flag†
20 2 Am e r ica n Gr affiti†
20 4 T h e Mosa ic Sea l†
226 L’En fan t’s P la n of W a s h in gt o n *
228 Con gr ession a l M e d a l of H o n o r †
232 Sea l of Ge o r ge t o wn Un iver s it y‡
234 P er sep h on e, God d ess of t h e Ca p it o l‡
246 “Ap o t h e o s is of Wa s h in gt on ”§
248 Co n s t a n t in o Br u m id i*
252 Rev. Ch a r les Ch in iq u y*
257 T h e St at es§ / T h e Vir gin pursues evild oer s§
258 You n g Am e r ica §
259 J eh u wor sh ip in g Sh a lm a n eser II†
261 Mer cu r y 6k Mor r is§
293-5 T h e An n u Sign a t u r e*, †, ‡
* sketch by the author

† author’s collection
‡ photographed by the author
§ Ar ch it ect of the Capitol
I n t r od u ct ion : ix
Pr eface ix
For ewor d xi
Or ie n t a t io n xiii
1: Su b lim in a l R o m e 1
2: Missionary Adaptation 9
3 : Marginalizing the Bible 15
4 : M e d ici Lea r n in g 19
5: Ap p o in t m e n t a t Cyp r u s 27
6 : T h e Ep it om e of Ch r is t ia n Va lu es 35
7: T h e Fin ger st r oke o f G o d 43
8 : M o vin g I n 55
9: Secu r in g Co n fid e n ce 63
10 : Defin it ion s 77
11: T h e Th ir t e e n Ar t icle s Co n ce r n in g Milit a r y Ar t 85
12 : Lor en zo Ricci’s Wa r 97
13 : T h e Secr et Br id ge 117
14 : T h e Dogm a of I n d ep en d en ce 12 9
CONTENTS
15 : T h e Ma d n ess o f Kin g Ge o r ge III 13 5

16 : Twea kin g t h e Religiou s Righ t 14 7
17 : A Tim ely Gr a n d Tou r 15 5
18 : T h e St im u la t in g Effects o f Tea 16 7
19 : D e a t h an d Resu r r ect ion o f Lor en zo R icci 18 7
2 0 : Am e r ica n Gr a fit t i 20 3
2 1: J upiter’s Ear t h ly Ab o d e 227
2 2 : T h e I m m a cu la t e Co n ce p t i o n 235
2 3 : T h e Do m e o f t h e Gr e a t Sky 247
2 4 : T h e Ma r k o f Ca i n 265
2 5 : T h e Two Min ist r ies 2 79
Ap p e n d ix 293
A: Fifty Cen t u r ies of t h e An n u Sign a t u r e 293
B: Su p er ior Ge n e r a ls of t h e Societ y of J esus 296
c: Glossar y 298
D: N o t e s 30 3
E : Bib liogr a p h y 3 13
F : In d ex 3 18
R U LE R S O F E VI L
Introduction
PREFACE
T
H E O N L Y P E O P LE in t h e wor ld , it seem s, w h o b e lie ve in t h e
c o n s p i r a c y t h e o r y o f h is t o r y a r e t h o s e o f u s w h o h a v e s t u d -
ied it . W h i l e F r a n k l i n D . R o o s e v e l t m i g h t h a v e e x a g g e r a t -
e d w h e n h e s a id “ N o t h i n g h a p p e n s i n p o l i t i c s b y a c c i d e n t ; i f i t
h a p p e n s , it wa s p l a n n e d t h a t wa y,” Ca r r o l l Q u i g l e y – Bill Cl i n t o n ’s
fa vo r i t e p r o fe s s o r a t G e o r g e t o w n U n i v e r s i t y – b o l d l y a d m i t t e d i n
h is Tragedy & Hope ( 1 9 6 6 ) t h a t ( a ) t h e m u l t i t u d e s w e r e a l r e a d y
u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f a s m a ll b u t p o w e r fu l g r o u p b e n t o n w o r l d
d o m i n a t i o n a n d ( b ) Q u i g l e y h i m s e lf wa s a p a r t o f t h a t gr o u p .
I n t e r n e t c o n s p i r a c y s it e s s t r i ve t o i d e n t i fy t h e c o n s p i r a t o r i a l
fa c t i o n s . W e ge t p i e c e s h e r e a n d p i e c e s t h e r e . T h e w o r ld i s r u n b y
F r e e m a s o n s , s o m e say. O t h e r sa y S k u l l & Bo n e s , a n d a lo o s e c o n -
f e d e r a t i o n o f s e c r e t s o c i e t i e s . C I A ge t s lo t s o f v o t e s , a l o n g w i t h
M o s s a d ( t h o u g h I s u s p e ct t h e s e fa c t i o n s a r e m e r e l y t o o l s ) a n d , o f
c o u r s e , “t h e Br i t i s h . ” A m a j o r f r o n t r u n n e r is t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
B a n k i n g Ca r t e l . W h e n Vi c t o r M a r s d e n p u b l i s h e d The Protocols o f
the Elders o f Zion in 1 9 0 6 , w h i c h p u r p o r t e d t o b e a J e w i s h p l a n t o
ix
t a k e o v e r t h e w o r ld , J e w i s h wr it e r s d e n i e d r e s p o n s ib ilit y, c h a r g i n g
a C a t h o l i c p l o t t o d e fa m e J ewr y. W h o s e s id e wa s M a r s d e n o n ? Yo u
c a n ge t s o d e e p i n t o c o n s p i r a c i e s t h a t t h e s u s p e ct s s t a r t c a n c e l i n g
e a c h o t h e r o u t . I t c a n b e c o m e fr u s t r a t in g.
I ’m h a p p y t o r e p o r t t h a t F . T u p p e r Sa u s s y h a s c o m e t o o u r e m o -
t i o n a l r e s c u e . D u r i n g h i s t e n ye a r s a s a fu g i t i v e fr o m t h e D e p a r t -
m e n t o f J u s t ice ( c o n v i c t e d o f a c r i m e t h a t c a n n o t b e fo u n d i n t h e
l a w b o o k s ) , Sa u s s y o c c u p i e d h i m s e l f w i t h a n i n ve s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e
p o w e r s t h a t b e . I t w a s a n i n ve s t i g a t i o n t h e lik e s o f w h i c h , a s fa r a s
I k n o w , h a s n e v e r b e fo r e b e e n u n d e r t a k e n . T h e fr u it o f h i s a m a z-
i n g l e g w o r k is Rulers o f Evil, a p o w e r fu l b o o k t h a t in les s l o v i n g
h a n d s m i g h t h a v e b e e n a n gr y a n d j u d g m e n t a l .
Sa u s s y’s t h e s i s : T h e r e is i n d e e d a s m a l l g r o u p t h a t r u n s t h e
w o r l d , b u t we c a n ’t c a l l it a c o n s p i r a c y b e c a u s e it i d e n t i fi e s it s e lf
w i t h s i gn s , m o t t o e s , a n d m o n u m e n t s . S i g n s , m o t t o e s , a n d m o n u -
m e n t s ? y o u a s k. Quick: w h a t o c c u p i e s t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t o n t h e
U . S . C a p i t o l b u i l d i n g ? It ’s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t oft-published s t a t u e
o n e a r t h , a n d yo u c a n ’t n a m e it ? As l o n g a s yo u d o n ’t k n o w w h o s e
fe e t a r e fir m ly p l a n t e d a t o p yo u r c o u n t r y’s l e g i s l a t i v e c e n t e r , o r
h o w sh e got t h e r e , o r w h e n c e sh e ca m e , t h e gr ou p t h a t co n t r o ls
A m e r i c a r e m a i n s i n v i s i b l e . O n c e y o u k n o w t h e s e t h i n g s , t h e fo g
b e gin s lift in g.
Sa u s s y h a s a n a lyze d h u n d r e d s o f s ign a t o r y clu e s left b y t h e t r u e
r u ler s o f t h e w o r l d , clu e s t h a t w e h a v e p e r h a p s b e e n t r a i n e d t o ig-
n o r e . H e ’s t r a ce d t h e m t o t h e ir o r igin s , a n d m a t c h e d t h e m t o fa ct s
o f h is t o r y g o i n g b a c k s ix t h o u s a n d ye a r s – a ll b a l a n c e d a ga in s t t h e
m o s t r e lia b le h u m a n r e fe r e n ce w o r k t h e r e is, t h e Bi b l e . T h e r es u lt :
a n u n a vo i d a b l e t o u c h s t o n e for a ll fu t u r e wo r k s o n t h e s u b je ct .
Rulers of Evil is a n i n d i s p e n s a b l e s t u d y b o o k t h a t yo u ’l l p r o b a -
b ly d e fa c e fr o m c o v e r t o c o v e r w i t h h i g h l i g h t i n g . By a ll m e a n s
k e e p i t o n yo u r l o w e r lib r a r y s h e lf, w i t h i n c l o s e r e a c h o f i n q u i s i -
t i ve c h i l d r e n .
— Pat Shannon
J o u r n a li s t - a t - La r ge , M E D I A BYP ASS
X
Introduction
FOREWORD
W
H E T H E R O R N O T it ’s a p p r o p r i a t e fo r a lit e r a r y a g e n t t o
wr it e h is clie n t ’s F o r e w o r d , I d o n ’t k n o w . I f I ’m b r e a k i n g
t h e r u le s h e r e , w e l l , t h is is a r u l e - b r e a k i n g b o o k . E x a m -
p l e . D u r i n g la s t s p r in g’s B o o k e x p o i n Lo s An g e l e s , I a g e n t l y
i n t r o d u c e d m y c l i e n t , T u p p e r Sa u s s y, t o o n e o f N e w Yo r k ’s m o s t
u n s h o c k a b l e p u b l i s h i n g e x e c u t i v e s . As T u p p e r a r t i c u l a t e l y s u m -
m a r i ze d Rulers o f Evil fo r h i m , I p e r s o n a l l y w i t n e s s e d t h e b r o w o f
t h i s fe a r le s s e x e c u t i v e d e v e l o p a t w i t c h . I s a w h i m a c t u a l l y g u l p .
W i t h m y o w n ea r s I h e a r d h i m say, “T h i s is a lit t le t o o extrem e for
u s.”
T h e t w i t c h d e v e l o p e d a s T u p p e r w a s s a yi n g “t h e R o m a n
C a t h o l i c C h u r c h r e a lly d o e s r u n t h e w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g t h e U n i t e d
St a t e s g o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h is i s o p e n l y d e c l a r e d i n m o n u m e n t s a n d
e m b l e m s a n d in s ign ia a s w e l l a s officia l d o c u m e n t s . . . ” By t h e t im e
T u p p e r c a l m l y r e a c h e d h is p a yo ff – “ A n d t h i s is g o o d , b e c a u s e it’s
d i vi n e l y o r d a i n e d ” – t h e e x e c wa s s t a r in g i n t o s p a ce .
xi
A l l r igh t , Rulers of Evil is e x t r e m e . ( D o e s t h a t fr i g h t e n yo u ? ) I t

wa s r e s e a r ch e d a n d w r i t t e n d u r in g a d e c a d e o f fligh t t h a t p r o b a b ly
s a ve d t h e a u t h o r ’s life fr o m v i n d i c t i v e fe d e r a l a u t h o r it ie s . I w a n t e d
t o r e p r e s e n t t h is b o o k fr o m t h e m o m e n t I r e a d t h e fir st d r a ft b a c k
i n 1 9 9 3 , c o m p l e t e l y u n a w a r e t h a t it s a u t h o r c o u l d c l a i m t h e cla s -
sic Miracle On Main Street a s h is o w n . ( Tu p p e r Sa u ssy’s id e n t it y wa s
n o t r e ve a le d t o m e u n t il h is ca p t u r e in 19 9 7 . H e c a n k e e p a se-
cr e t . )
Li k e n o b o o k I ’ve s e e n i n m y t h i r t y ye a r s o f l i t e r a r y- a g e n t i n g ,
Rulers o f Evil la ys o u t w h o ’s really w h o in w o r l d p o w e r , p e gs t h e m
a s e v i l ( a b o u t a s e v i l a s t h e r e s t o f u s , m o r e o r le s s ) , a n d t h e n
e xp la i n s h o w s p ir it u a l w i c k e d n e s s in h i g h p la ce s wo r k s for t h e u lt i-
m a t e g o o d o f m a n k i n d . It’s t h e b o o k a b o u t co n s p i r a ci e s t h a t d o e s -
n ’t a d v o c a t e t h r o w i n g t h e b u m s o u t .
Rulers of Evil is a l m o s t a s e l f- h e l p p r o d u c t . T h e u s e fu l k n o w l -
e d ge it im p a r t s r e ve a l s t h e w o r l d s t r u ct u r e a s it r e a lly is. O n c e we
c a n s e e , o u r c h o i c e s i n c r e a s e , o u r p a t h w a y s w i d e n , a n d o u r l i ve s
i m p r o ve .
Bu t d o n ’t e x p e c t a b r e e ze . P a r t s o f t h e b o o k a r e s o r i c h in h is -
t o r ica l d e t a il t h a t yo u r b r a i n m i g h t fe e l o ve r - b u r d e n e d . W h e n t h a t
h a p p e n s , ju s t flip t o m o r e r e a d a b le p a r t s . O r s t u d y t h e p ict u r e s . M y
c l i e n t d o e s n ’t m i n d b e i n g r e a d ca s u a lly, b a c k t o fr o n t , fr o n t t o
b a c k , m i d d l e o u t , a fe w p a ge s a t a t i m e . E n j o y f r e e d o m o f m o v e -
m e n t . I f a c h a p t e r d o e s n ’t fit t o d a y’s m o o d , fin d a n o t h e r t h a t d o e s .
U s e a b o o k m a r k , o r t h e d u s t ja ck e t flap s.
U l t i m a t e l y , yo u ’l l ge t i t a ll. A n d w h e n yo u d o , I p r e d i c t yo u ’l l
b e a d iffe r e n t p e r s o n . Yo u ’l l h a v e a n e w w o r l d vi e w , o n e s h a p e d b y
e v i d e n c e t h a t h a s n e v e r b e e n a s s e m b l e d q u i t e t h i s w a y b e fo r e . I
c a n sa y t h is w i t h c o n fi d e n c e b e ca u s e Rulers of Evil is s t ill in flu e n c-
in g m y o w n life , h a v i n g b e g u n i n m e a p r o ce s s o f a n s w e r i n g m a n y
o f t h e h e r e t o fo r e u n a n s w e r a b le q u e s t io n s o f o u r t i m e .
— Peter Flem ing

T H E P E TE R F LE M I N G AG E N C Y
xii
Introduction
ORIENTATION
“The only new thing in this w orld is the

history y ou don’t know .”
— PRESIDENT H ARRY S. TRUMAN
O
N F R E S H M AN O R I E N T AT I O N day at the U n ive r s it y of t h e
S o u t h in S e w a n e e , T e n n e s s e e , I t o o k a s e a t a cr os s t h e t a b le
fr o m m y fa c u l t y a d vi s o r . H e w a s a p r o fe s s o r o f b o t a n y
n a m e d E d m u n d Be r k e l e y. Dr . Be r k e l e y s t u d i e d t h e t a b o n m y
m a n i l a file fo ld e r a s t h o u g h it w e r e s o m e r a r e s p e cie s o f lea f. S u d -
d e n l y h i s e ye s l e a p t i n t o m y fa c e . G i d d y e i g h t e e n - y e a r - o l d t h a t I
wa s , I gu lp e d a n d t r ie d t o s m ile .
‘“S a u s s y, ”’ h e m u s e d ca lm ly. “ G o o d H u g u e n o t n a m e . ”
T h e w o r d s t u m p e d m e . “H u g u e n o t ? ”
“‘Sa u s s y’ is a F r e n c h n a m e , ” h e le ct u r e d . “S e w a n e e is a P r o t e s -
t a n t u n ive r s it y. Yo u r p e o p l e m u s t h a v e b e e n H u g u e n o t s . ”
I s i le n t ly fo r ga ve m y fa t h e r for n e v e r h a v i n g t o ld m e o u r n a m e
wa s F r e n ch a n d t h a t ou r a n ces t or s m igh t h a ve b e e n s o m e t h in g
ca lle d “H u g u e n o t s . ”
“ W h a t e x a c t l y a r e H u g u e n o t s ? ” I in q u ir e d .
“F r e n c h P r o t e s t a n t s , ” d e c l a r e d m y a d vis o r . “M a s s a c r e d b y s o l-
d ie r s o r d e r e d b y C a t h e r i n e d ’M e d i c i i n c a h o o t s w i t h t h e J e s u it s .
xiii
T h e s u r vivo r s w e r e e x i l e d . S o m e e s t a b li s h e d i n E n g l a n d , o t h e r s i n
P r u ssia . S o m e c a m e t o Am e r i c a , a s yo u r p e o p l e o b vi o u s l y d id .”
“J e s u it s .” N o w t h a t w a s a fa m i li a r w o r d . I n T a m p a , m y h o m e -
t o w n , t h e r e wa s a h i g h s c h o o l n a m e d J es u it . J es u it H i g h wa s gr e a t -
ly e s t e e m e d a c a d e m i c a l l y a n d a t h l e t i c a l l y. I wa s a wa r e of a
c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e J esu it s a n d t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h ,
b u t lit t le e ls e .
“ W h a t a r e J esu it s?” I a s k e d .
“ O h , t h e J e s u it s a r e m e m b e r s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s ,” h e
r e p l i e d . “E x c e l l e n t m e n . I n t e l l e c t u a l s . T h e y w o r k e x c l u s i v e l y fo r
t h e P o p e , t a k e a n o a t h t o h i m a n d h i m a lo n e . S o m e p e o p le ca ll
t h e m t h e P o p e ’s p r i va t e m i li t i a . Ki n d o f a s wo r d le s s a r m y. C o n t r o -
ve r s i a l . T h e y ’v e g o t t e n i n t o t r o u b l e m e d d l i n g w i t h c i v i l g o v e r n -
m e n t s i n t h e p a s t , t r yin g t o b r i n g t h e m u n d e r t h e P o p e ’s d o m i n i o n ,
yo u k n o w , b u t i n t h is c e n t u r y t h e y ’v e b e e n t a m e d d o w n c o n s i d e r -
a b ly. T h e y ’r e w o n d e r fu l e d u ca t o r s .”
T h a t n i g h t I ca lle d m y fa t h e r , w h o a n s w e r e d Dr . Be r k e le y’s su r -
m i s e . Ye s , o u r p e o p l e w e r e H u g u e n o t s . T h e y a r r i ve d a t S a v a n n a h
h a r b o r in t h e la t t e r h a l f o f t h e e i g h t e e n t h ce n t u r y, a ft er a s t o p o ve r
o f s e ve r a l g e n e r a t i o n s i n S c o t l a n d . T h e y h a d i n d e e d b e e n r u n o u t
o f t h e i r b e l o v e d c o u n t r y, t h e s a m e w a y t h e J e ws w e r e r u n o u t o f
G e r m a n y . N a z i s c h a s e d t h e J e ws , J e s u it s c h a s e d u s . A h , b u t t h a t
w a s a l o n g t i m e a g o , m y fa t h e r s a id , a n d I a gr e e d . F o r g i ve n e s s is a
gr e a t v i r t u e , a n d it ’s b e s t t o le t b y g o n e s b e b y g o n e s . So I fo r g o t
a b o u t H u g u e n o t s a n d J e s u it s a n d p l u n g e d i n t o m y c o l l e g e ca r e e r ,
m y fu t u r e , m y life.
I n e ve r h a d o cca s io n t o t h in k a b ou t m y co n ve r s a t io n wit h
E d m u n d B e r k e l e y u n t i l s o m e t h i r t y ye a r s la t e r , i n Au g u s t o f
19 8 4 , d u r in g a b r ie f b u t t e lli n g e n c o u n t e r w i t h a n a s s is t a n t U n i t e d
St a t e s a t t o r n e y b y t h e n a m e o f J o h n M a c C o o n . W e w e r e s t a n d i n g
a fe w p a c e s a p a r t in t h e m a r b l e h a l l w a y o u t s i d e a fe d e r a l c o u r t -
r o o m i n Ch a t t a n o o g a , w a i t i n g for t h e m o r n i n g s e s s io n t o b e ca lle d .
I wa s o n t h e d o c k e t , s c h e d u l e d t o b e a r r a i gn e d o n c h a r g e s o f w i l l -
fu l fa ilu r e t o file i n c o m e t a x r e t u r n s fo r t h e ye a r s 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 7 8 , a n d
19 7 9 .
xiv
I N T R O D U CT I O N O R I E N T AT I O N
I h a d n o d o u b t t h a t t h e ch a r ge s w o u l d b e d r o p p e d . T h e s t a t u t e
I h a d s u p p o s e d ly r u n a fo u l o f a p p l i e d t o p e r s o n s “r e q u i r e d ” t o file
r e t u r n s . Ye t I p o s s e s s e d a le t t e r s ign e d b y t h e I R S D i s t r i ct D i r e c t o r
s t a t i n g t h a t a d i l i g e n t s e a r ch o f I R S files h a d fa ile d t o d is clo s e a n y
t a x l i a b i l i t y i n m y n a m e fo r t h o s e ye a r s . P e o p l e w h o h a v e n o t a x
lia b ilit y a r e n o t r e q u ir e d t o file r e t u r n s . W h y w a s I t h e r e ?
T h e b o o m i n g v o i c e o f a la wye r fr ie n d b r o k e m y c o n c e n t r a t i o n .
“T u p p e r , ” h e s a id , g u i d i n g m e o v e r t o J o h n M a c C o o n , “h a v e yo u
m e t yo u r p r o s e cu t o r ? ”
H e i n t r o d u c e d u s in a j o v i a l f a s h i o n a n d t h e n r u s h e d o ff t o a
h u d d le o f o t h e r lit iga n t s .
M a c C o o n a n d I s h o o k h a n d s . “J o h n , ” I a s k e d , fe e li n g t h e n e e d
t o m a k e s m a ll t a lk , “a r e yo u fr o m Ch a t t a n o o g a ? ”
“N o , ” h e r e p lie d , “I c a m e fr o m W a s h i n g t o n . ”
S o m e t h i n g in s id e t o l d m e t o p r e s s . “ S o yo u ’r e o r i g i n a l l y fr o m
Wa sh in gt on ?”
“N o , o r igin a lly I ’m fr o m N e w O r l e a n s . ”
“I h a v e lo t s o f c o u s i n s i n N e w O r l e a n s , ” I b e a m e d . H e s e e m e d
t o ge t a lit t le ed gy.
“W e l l , t h e n a m e Sa u s s y i s n o t u n k n o w n t h e r e , ” h e s a id .
“ O n e o f m y fa vo r i t e c o u s i n s live s i n N e w O r l e a n s , ” I s a id , a n d
n a m e d m y co u s in .
“H e ’s yo u r co u s in ? W h y , h e a n d I w e r e o r d a i n e d t o ge t h e r . ”
“O r d a i n e d ? ” I a s k e d . “ M y c o u s i n is a J e s u it p r ie s t . A r e y o u a
J esu it ?”
“Ye s , ” s a id m y p r o s e c u t o r , n o w vi s i b l y a g i t a t e d . “Yo u k n o w , I
m i g h t h a v e t o r e cu s e m ys e l f. . . . ”
“I ’ve go t a b e t t e r id e a , d r o p t h e ch a r ge s . ”
“ O h n o , I c o u l d n ’t d o t h a t . ”
T h e d i a lo g u e e n d e d s u d d e n ly w i t h t h e h o a r s e d r a wl o f a b a iliff
a n n o u n c i n g t h a t co u r t wa s n o w i n s e s s io n .
S o J o h n M a c C o o n w a s a J e s u it ! T h e m e d i a , s p o o n fe d b y h is
o ffi ce s , h a d a l r e a d y b r a n d e d m e a “t a x p r o t e s t o r . ” W h a t wa s
g o i n g o n ? W e r e t h e J esu it s c h a s i n g P r o t e s t a n t s a ga in ?
Ac t u a l l y, I h a d n o t p r o t e s t e d a n y t a xe s a t a ll. I h a d m e r e ly d is -
XV
c o v e r e d s o m e t r u t h s a b o u t t h e t a x a n d m o n e t a r y la w s a n d h a d
d a r e d t o s t a n d o n t h e m . As w i t h t h e H u g u e n o t s a n d t h e t r u t h s
t h e y ’d d i s c o v e r e d a b o u t Ch r i s t i a n i t y , a u t h o r i t i e s w e r e o ffe n d e d .
W a s n ’t it in t e r e s t in g t h a t b o t h o f u s – m y a n ce s t o r s a n d m e – we r e
b r a n d e d a s a n t i s o ci a l, r e p u g n a n t , a s p e o p l e w h o d is t u r b g o o d o r d e r
b y d a r i n g t o “p r o t e s t ”? W a s t h is a r e li gi o u s p e r s e c u t i o n h e r e ? W a s
m y s t a n d o n T r u t h s o m e h o w s o o ffe n s i ve t h a t t h e P o p e h a d d is -
p a t c h e d o n e o f h is s wo r d le s s wa r r io r s t o d o m e in ? A n d t h e n t h e r e
wa s t h e d a t e . T h e ch a r ge s a ga in s t m e w e r e filed o n J u ly 3 1s t . T h a t
h a p p e n s t o b e t h e Fea st D a y o f St . I gn a t iu s Lo yo la , t h e fo u n d in g
fa t h e r o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e d o g m a o f t h e
R o m a n L i t u r g i c a l Ca l e n d a r , a n y ca u s e i n i t i a t e d o n a s a in t ’s fe a s t
d a y is e s p e cia lly w o r t h y o f t h e s a in t ’s a t t e n t i o n .
A b iza r r e s e r ie s o f fu r t i ve p r o c e e d i n g s o c c u r r e d o v e r t h e n e x t
e l e ve n m o n t h s . E xcu lp a t o r y e vi d e n c e wa s ign o r e d o r su p p r essed .
T h e r e we r e p r o s e cu t o r ia l im p r op r iet ies , w h i c h t h e co u r t e xcu s e d .
W h e n I a t t e m p t e d t o a vo i d t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e im p r o p r ie t ie s ,
I w a s p u n i s h e d . F e w p r e c e d e n t s fo r s u c h j u d i c i a l s t e a m - r o l l i n g
co u ld b e fo u n d o u t s id e t h e a n n a ls o f t h e R o m a n I n q u is it io n , w h i c h
I l e a r n e d h a d b e e n a d m i n i s t e r e d s i n c e 1 5 4 2 b y t h e J e s u it s . W h a t
wa s t h is – t h e Am e r i c a n I n q u is it io n ? A l l t h e w h i l e , t h e I R S , J o h n
M a c C o o n , a n d t h e m e d i a k e p t l a b e l i n g m e “t a x p r o t e s t o r .” S o m e -
t i m e s t h e y w o u l d s lip a n d c a l l m e a “t a x e v a d e r , ” e v e n t h o u g h I
h a d n e v e r b e e n a ccu s e d o f t h e m u c h m o r e ser iou s cr i m e o f t a x e va -
s io n .
U l t i m a t e l y , a ju r y a c q u i t t e d m e o f w i l l fu l l y fa i l i n g t o file i n -
c o m e t a x r e t u r n s for 1 9 7 8 a n d 1 9 7 9 . Bu t for 1 9 7 7 t h e y fo u n d w i ll-
fu ln e s s , a n d t h e h i g h e r c o u r t s u p h e l d t h e i r v e r d i c t . I t w a s o n l y a
m is d e m e a n o r . T h e la s t d e fe n d a n t i n m y d is t r ict t o b e c o n v i c t e d o n
t h e s a m e c o u n t h a d b e e n s e n t e n c e d t o s ix w e e k s . Bu t t h e c o u r t
s e n t e n c e d m e t o a fu ll yea r , t h e m a x i m u m a l l o w e d b y s t a t u t e . T h i s
w a s d u e t o w h a t t h e p r o s e c u t o r c a l l e d m y “u n r e p e n t a n c e . ” S o m e
sa y I s h o u l d h a v e w e p t c r o c o d i l e t e a r s a n d p r o m i s e d t o m e n d m y
wa ys . Bu t t h a t w o u l d b e g a m e p l a yi n g . H o w c a n yo u r e p e n t o f w i ll-
fu lly fa i l i n g t o d o s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s n e v e r r e q u i r e d i n t h e fir st
p la ce ?
xvi
W H E N I s o b e r ly r e vi e w e d t h e lo n g list o f p r o s e cu t o r ia l a b s u r d i-
t ie s , I d e c i d e d t h a t I w a s b e i n g p u n i s h e d fo r s o m e t h i n g n o t
r e m o t e l y c o n n e c t e d t o willfu ln e s s in filin g t a x r e t u r n s . I w a s b e i n g
p u n i s h e d fo r m o b i l i z i n g w h a t t u r n e d o u t t o b e t h e o n l y c o n s t i t u -
t i o n a l issu e n o c o u r t in t h e U n i t e d St a t e s will fu lly e n t e r t a i n – t h e
m o n e y issu e.
Ba c k in t h e la t e s e ve n t i e s , I d i s co ve r e d t h a t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l go v-
e r n m e n t wa s c o n t r a v e n i n g e ve r y Am e r i c a n ’s r i gh t t o a n e c o n o m y
fr ee of flu ct u a t in g m o n e t a r y va lu e s . I w r o t e a b o o k The Miracle On
Main Street: Saving Yourself and Am erica from Financial Ruin ( 1 9 8 0 ) ,
in w h i c h I co m p a r e d Am e r i c a n m o n e y a s m a n d a t e d b y t h e C o n -
s t i t u t i o n – go ld a n d s ilve r c o i n – w i t h Am e r i c a n m o n e y c u r r e n t l y
in u se – n o t e s , co m p u t e r en t r ies, a n d b a s e - m e t a l t o k e n s . N o t o n ly
wa s t h e m o n e y in u se in fe r io r t o c o n s t i t u t i o n a l m o n e y, b u t a ls o it
h a d b e e n in t r od u ced wit h o u t a co n s t it u t io n a l a m e n d m e n t . Sin ce
o u r v a l u e s w e r e d e n o m i n a t e d i n u n i t s o f la w le s s m o n e y, w e h a d
b e c o m e a la wle s s n a t i o n . Q u a l i t y o f life fo llo ws q u a lit y o f m o n e y. I
u r ge d t h e p e o p le t o t a k e t h e i n i t i a t i ve in n u d g i n g g o v e r n m e n t offi-
ci a ls t o r e s t o r e t h e k i n d o f m o n e t a r y s ys t e m e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e
Co n s t i t u t i o n . T h e u l t i m a t e p a yo ff w o u l d b e a w h o l e s o m e s o cie t y.
M a i n St r e e t a c t i vi s m w o u l d h a v e w o r k e d a m ir a cle .
MOMS c a u g h t o n ve r y q u ick ly. Ac t i v i s t s b e g a n a s s e r t in g e c o -
n o m i c r igh t s i n m a n y c r e a t i v e w a ys . T o a ssist a n d d o c u m e n t t h e i r
wo r k , I la u n ch e d “T h e M a i n St r e e t J ou r n a l.” P u b lis h e d m o r e o r
less m o n t h l y, t h e M SJ r e p o r t e d in d e t a il t h e in t e r e s t in g, s o m e t i m e s
fr i gh t e n i n g c o n s e q u e n c e s o f e c o n o m i c r igh t s a ct i vi s m .
By J u ly 1 9 8 4 , m y b o o k a n d m y j o u r n a l h a d e x p a n d e d i n t o a
g r o w i n g b i b l i o g r a p h y o f h i s t o r i c a n d le ga l m a t e r i a ls r e la t e d t o t h e
m o n e y issu e. I wa s s p e a k i n g a ll o ve r t h e co u n t r y, a n d h o l d i n g w e l l -
a t t e n d e d s e m in a r s i n T e n n e s s e e . W e h a d h i s t o r y o n o u r s id e . T h e
Fr am er s o f t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n h a d u n a n im o u s ly vo t e d d o w n t h e
k i n d o f m o n e t a r y s ys t e m t h a t wa s d e s t r o yin g m o d e r n Am e r i c a , a n d
h a d u n a n i m o u s l y v o t e d fo r t h e s ys t e m w e w e r e a d v o c a t i n g . W e
h a d t h e la w o n o u r s id e . T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a d n e v e r r u le d t h a t
Am e r i c a ’s la wle s s m o n e t a r y s ys t e m w a s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l . W h a t w e
d i d n ’t h a v e o n o u r s id e w a s t h e e n t i t y h a v i n g m o s t t o g a i n fr o m
xvii
la wle s s m o n e y – t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s . W e w e r e d e e p l y o ffe n d i n g
t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e o f l e g i t i m a c y. As o n e T e n n e s s e e v i l l a g e l a w ye r
s a id , in r e t u r n i n g Miracle On Main Street t o t h e fr i e n d w h o ’d
l o a n e d i t t o h i m , “T h i s b o o k w o n ’t ge t Sa u s s y k i lle d , b u t t h e y’ll fi g-
u r e o u t a h u m a n e w a y o f s h u t t i n g h i m u p .”
T H E R E w a s a n i n t e r v a l o f t w o ye a r s b e t w e e n m y t r ia l a n d t h e
S u p r e m e Co u r t ’s d e c i s i o n o n it . A b o u t m i d w a y d u r i n g t h a t
i n t e r v a l , I r e c e i v e d a p o s t c a r d fr o m t h e m o s t fa m o u s p r i s o n e r i n
T e n n e s s e e , J a m e s E a r l R a y. M r . R a y, t h e s e l f - c o n v i c t e d a s s a s s in o f
Dr . M a r t i n L u t h e r Ki n g , w a n t e d m e t o h e l p h i m w r i t e h i s a u t o b i -
o gr a p h y. I i n t e r v i e w e d h i m p e r s o n a lly, e x a m i n e d h is m a n u s c r i p t ,
a n d c o n d u c t e d s o m e r e s e a r ch o f m y o w n . T h e e v i d e n c e p e r s u a d e d
m e t h a t M r . R a y d i d n o t d e s e r v e t o b e c a l l e d , i n Life M a g a z i n e ’s
w o r d s , “t h e w o r ld ’s m o s t h a t e d m a n . ” H e h a d b e e n t o r t u r e d i n t o
p l e a d i n g gu ilt y. Fa r fr o m p u n i s h m e n t fo r m u r d e r , h is c o n f i n e m e n t
w a s t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s w a y o f c o n c e a l i n g t h e t r u e a s s a s s in s , a n d a t
t h e T e n n e s s e e t a x p a ye r s ’ e x p e n s e . I fe lt t h a t h e , l i k e m ys e lf, w a s
b e i n g m a l i c i o u s l y u s e d b y g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s for t h e p u r p o s e o f
d e c e i v i n g t h e p u b li c.
I w o r k e d c l o s e l y w i t h M r . R a y, p u b l i s h i n g h i s a u t o b i o g r a p h y
u n d e r t h e t it le Tennessee W altz: The Making of A Political Prisoner.
I i n c l u d e d a n e p i lo gu e o f m y o w n , “ T h e P o li t i c s o f W i t c h c r a ft , ” i n
w h i c h I d i s cu s s e d h o w Dr . Ki n g ’s m u r d e r b e n e f i t t e d n o o n e a s
m u c h a s it d id t h e e c o n o m i c p o we r s of g o ve r n m e n t . Ab o u t a
m o n t h b e fo r e Tennessee W altz w o u l d b e c o m i n g off t h e p r ess, I wa s
n o t ifie d t h a t t h e U . S . S u p r e m e Co u r t h a d d e n i e d m y a p p e a l. T h e n
t h e D i s t r i c t J u d ge o r d e r e d m e t o s u r r e n d e r m ys e lf t o At l a n t a F e d -
e r a l P r i s o n C a m p o n o r b e fo r e Ap r i l 10 , 19 8 7 . A fr ie n d h a p p e n e d
t o say, “Yo u k n o w , i f yo u r p r e vi o u s w r i t i n g s b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e t a x
p r o s e c u t i o n , t h i n k w h a t Tennessee W altz m i g h t p r o v o k e t h e m t o ,
w i t h yo u i n c u s t o d y . . . . ”
A n d s o , w h e n t h e m o m e n t c a m e fo r m e t o p a s s t h r o u g h t h e
P r i s o n C a m p g a t e s , s o m e t h i n g g o t i n t h e wa y. I c a n o n l y c a l l i t a
s p ir it , a n ir r e s is t ib le s p ir it . I t wa s t h e s a m e s p ir it t h a t h a d d i r e c t e d
m e t o st a n d on t h e t r u t h in m y wr it in g a n d s p e a k in g. I t wa s t h e
xviii
s a m e s p ir it t h a t h a d le d m e t o i n t e r r o g a t e J o h n M a c C o o n a t o u r
first e n c o u n t e r in t h a t m a r b le h a l l w a y b a c k in 19 8 4 , t h e s a m e sp ir -
it t h a t h a d m o v e d h i m t o t e ll m e h e wa s a J esu it . T h i s sp ir it t u r n e d
m e a wa y fr o m t h e p r is o n ga t e a n d le d m e i n t o a fu git ive life s t yle .
I fe lt a n o v e r w h e l m i n g o b l i g a t i o n t o l o ve m y e n e m i e s b y s t u d y-
in g t h e m i n i n t r i c a t e d e t a i l . I w a n t e d t o k n o w t h e e x t e n t o f J es u it
i n v o l v e m e n t i n U n i t e d S t a t e s g o v e r n m e n t , p r e s e n t ly a n d h i s t o r i -
ca lly. W h a t I d i s c o ve r e d wa s a va s t R o m a n C a t h o l i c s u b s t r a t u m t o
A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y, e s p e c i a l l y t h e R e v o l u t i o n t h a t p r o d u c e d t h e
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e p u b l i c . I fo u n d t h a t J e s u it s p l a y e d e m i n e n t a n d
u n d e r - a p p r e c i a t e d r o le s i n m o v i n g t h e c o m p l a c e n t N e w E n g l a n -
d e r s t o r e b e l a g a i n s t t h e i r m o t h e r c o u n t r y. I d i s c o v e r e d fa ct s a n d
m o t i ve s s t r o n gly s u gge s t in g t h a t e ve n t s t h a t m a d e G r e a t Br it a in
d i vi d e i n 1 7 7 6 w e r e t h e o u t w o r k i n g s o f a n i n g e n i o u s J e s u it s t r a t e -
gy. T h i s s t r a t e gy a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n s i n g l e - h a n d e d l y d e s i g n e d
a n d s u p e r vis e d b y a t r u e fo u n d i n g fa t h e r fe w Am e r i c a n s h a v e e ve r
h e a r d o f – L o r e n z o R i c c i ( k n o w n t o Br i t i s h J e s u it s a s L a u r e n c e
R i c h e y ) . I n fa ct , i n ve s t i ga t i n g J esu it i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e fo r m a t i o n
of t h e U n i t e d St a t e s t u r n e d u p a w h o le h o s t of h it h e r t o lit t le-
k n o w n n a m e s , s u ch a s R o b e r t Be lla r m in e , J os ep h Am i o t , t h e
D u k e s o f N o r f o l k , D a n i e l C o x e , S u n - T z u , Lo r d B u t e , F r a n c i s
Th o r p e , Nikola u s vo n H on t h eim , and t h e Ca r r o l l s , Da n iel,
Ch a r l e s , a n d J o h n . I n t h e i r wa y, t h e s e m e n w e r e a s e s s e n t ia l t o o u r
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l o r i g i n s a s J e ffe r s o n , P a i n e , A d a m s , W a s h i n g t o n ,
L o c k e , a n d G e o r g e III.
M y i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e g a n i n 1 9 8 7 . I t c o u r s e d t e n ye a r s , a n d
r a n g e d – w i t h t h e h e l p o f o u r Lo r d a n d m a n y c o u r a g e o u s fr i e n d s ,
t o w h o m t h i s b o o k i s d e d i c a t e d – fr o m t h e F l o r i d a Ke y s t o P u g e t
S o u n d , fr o m t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a t o s o u t h e r n Ca l i fo r n i a . T h e
m o u n t in g e vid e n ce in e xo r a b ly ch a n ge d t h e wa y I p e r ce ive d co n -
s t i t u t e d a u t h o r i t y, a n d m y r e l a t i o n s h i p t o it . F i n a lly, o n t h e t h i r -
t e e n t h m in u t e of t h e t h ir t een t h h ou r of th e t h ir t een t h day of
N o v e m b e r , 1 9 9 7 , t h e j o u r n e y t h a t h a d b e g u n w i t h t h e fi l i n g o f
ch a r ge s a ga in s t m e t h i r t e e n ye a r s e a r lie r r e a c h e d it s d e s t i n a t i o n . I
wa s c a p t u r e d w i t h o u t v i o l e n c e b y t h r e e U . S . M a r s h a l s o u t s i d e m y
office o n t h e c a n a ls i n Ve n i c e , Ca l i fo r n i a . A va l u a b l e p e r s o n h o o d
xix
I w a s p r e p a r e d t o d e n y fo r e ve r w a s g i v e n b a c k t o m e . F o r s i x t e e n
m o n t h s , t h e Bu r e a u o f P r is o n s a ffo r d e d m e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d is -
cu ss t h e fr u it s o f m y i n ve s t i g a t i o n w i t h i n t e l l i g e n t p r is o n e r s in C a l -
i fo r n i a , G e o r g i a , T e n n e s s e e , O k l a h o m a , a n d M i s s i s s i p p i . T h e i r
s t r a i g h t fo r w a r d q u e s t i o n s , c o m m e n t s , in s igh t s , a n d cr it icism s
h e l p e d fu r t h e r p r e p a r e m y m a n u s cr ip t for a ge n e r a l a u d i e n c e .
N o w t h a t m y l i b e r t i e s a r e fu lly r e s t o r e d , I a m a b l e fi n a l l y t o
r e la t e m y fi n d i n gs t o yo u i n m y o w n t r u e v o i c e , t r ie d i n a d ve r s it y,
sea son ed by t im e.
F. Tupper Saussy
XX
RULERS OF EVIL
Chapter 1
SUBLIMINAL ROME
“The Rom an Catholic Church is a State.”

— BISH OP MANDELL CREI GH TON , LETTERS
W
H E N A P U L I T Z E R P R I ZE - win n in g r epor ter a n n o u n ce d in
h is 1 9 9 2 T i m e M a g a z i n e c o v e r s t o r y t h a t a “c o n s p i r a c y”
1
b in d in g P r esid en t R o n a ld R e a ga n a n d P op e J o h n P a u l I I
i n t o a “s e cr e t , h o l y a l l i a n c e ” h a d b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e d e m is e o f c o m -
m u n i s m , a t le a s t o n e r e a d e r sa w t h r o u g h t h e h yp e .
P r o fe s s o r C a r o l A. B r o w n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s
fir ed off a le t t e r t o Tim e ’s e d it o r s s a yin g,
Last we e k I t a u gh t m y st u d en t s a b o u t t h e s e p a r a t io n of
ch u r ch a n d st a t e. Th i s we e k I lea r n ed t h a t t h e P op e is r u n n in g
U . S . for eign p olicy. N o wo n d e r ou r yo u n g p e o p le are cyn ica l
abou t Am e r ica n id eals.
W h a t Br o w n h a d le a r n e d fr o m Ca r l Be r n s t e i n I h a d d i s c o ve r e d
fo r m ys e l f o v e r s e v e r a l ye a r s o f p r i v a t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n : t h e p a p a c y
r e a lly d o e s r u n U n i t e d S t a t e s fo r e i g n p o l i c y, a n d a l w a ys h a s . Ye s ,
1
Be r n s t e i n n o t e d t h a t t h e l e a d i n g A m e r i c a n p la ye r s b e h i n d t h e
R e a g a n / Va t i c a n c o n s p i r a c y, to a man, wer e “d e v o u t R o m a n
Ca t h o l i c s ” – n a m e ly,
W i lli a m Ca s e y Ale xa n d e r H a ig
Director, CIA Secretary of State
R ich a r d Al l e n Ve r n o n Wa lt e r s
National Security Advisor Am bassador-at-Large
J u d ge W illia m Cla r k W i lli a m W ils o n

National Security Advisor Am bassador to the Vatican State
Bu t t h e r e p o r t e r n e g l e c t e d t o m e n t i o n t h a t t h e e n t i r e S e n a t e
F o r e ign R e la t io n s c o m m i t t e e wa s go ve r n e d b y R o m a n Ca t h o l i c s ,
a s w e l l . Sp e cifica lly, Se n a t o r s
J osep h Bid e n J oh n Ker r y

Terrorism , Narcotics, and Interna-
Subcom m ittee on European Affairs tional Com m unications
Pa u l Sa r b a n es a n d ...
International Econom ic Policy ,
Trade, Oceans, and Environm ent Ch r is t o p h e r Do d d
D a n ie l P. M o yn i h a n W estern Hem isphere and Peace
Near Eastern and South Asian Corps Affairs
Affairs
Be r n s t e i n w o u l d h a v e b e e n w a n d e r i n g o ff- p o i n t t o lis t t h e
R o m a n C a t h o l i c le a d e r s o f A m e r i c a n d o m e s t i c p o li c y, s u c h a s
S e n a t e m a jo r it y le a d e r G e o r g e M i t c h e l l a n d S p e a k e r o f t h e H o u s e
T o m F oley.
I n fa ct , w h e n t h e h o l y a l l i a n c e s t o r y h i t t h e s t a n d s , t h e r e wa s
vi r t u a l l y n o a r e n a o f fe d e r a l l e g i s l a t i ve a c t i vi t y, a c c o r d i n g t o The
1992 W orld Alm anac of US Politics, t h a t wa s n o t d ir e ct ly c o n t r o l l e d
b y a R o m a n Ca t h o l i c s en a t or o r r e p r e s e n t a t ive . T h e co m m i t t e e s
a n d s u b c o m m i t t e e s o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s S e n a t e a n d H o u s e o f R e p -
r e s e n t a t i ve s g o v e r n i n g c o m m e r c e , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d t e l e c o m -
m u n i c a t i o n s , e n e r gy, m e d i c i n e , h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n a n d w e l fa r e ,
h u m a n s e r vice s , c o n s u m e r p r o t e c t i o n , fi n a n c e a n d fi n a n c i a l in s t i-
t u t i o n s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , la b o r a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t , h a za r d o u s m a t e -
r ia ls , t a x a t i o n , b a n k r e g u l a t i o n , c u r r e n c y a n d m o n e t a r y p o li c y,
2
C H AP T E R I S U BL I M I N AL R O M E
o ve r s i g h t o f t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e S ys t e m , c o m m o d i t y p r i ce s , r e n t s
s e r vi c e s , s m a l l b u s i n e s s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , u r b a n a ffa ir s , E u r o p e a n
a ffa ir s , N e a r E a s t e r n 6 k S o u t h A s i a n a ffa ir s , t e r r o r i s m / n a r c o t i c s /
in t er n a t ion a l com m u n ica t ion s, in t er n a t ion a l econ om ic/ t r a d e/
o c e a n s / e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c y, in su r a n ce, h o u s in g, co m m u n it y
d e v e l o p m e n t , fe d e r a l l o a n g u a r a n t e e s , e c o n o m i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n
m e a s u r e s ( i n c l u d i n g w a g e a n d p r i c e c o n t r o l s ) , g o ld a n d p r e c i o u s
m e t a l s t r a n s a c t i o n s , a g r i c u l t u r e , a n i m a l a n d fo r e s t r y i n d u s t r i e s ,
r u r a l is s u es , n u t r i t i o n , p r i ce s u p p o r t s , F o o d fo r P e a c e , a gr i cu lt u r a l
e xp o r t s , s o il c o n s e r va t i o n , ir r iga t io n , s t r e a m c h a n n e l i za t i o n , flood -
co n t r o l, m in o r it y en t er p r ise, e n vi r o n m e n t a n d p o llu t io n , a p p r o-
p r i a t i o n s , d e fe n s e , fo r e i g n o p e r a t i o n s , v a c c i n e s , d r u g l a b e l i n g a n d
p a c k a g i n g , d r u g a n d a l c o h o l a b u s e , i n s p e c t i o n a n d ce r t i fi ca t i o n o f
fis h a n d p r o c e s s e d fo o d , u s e o f v i t a m i n s a n d s a c c h a r i n , n a t i o n a l
h e a l t h i n s u r a n c e p r o p o s a ls , h u m a n s e r vi c e s , le ga l s e r vi c e s , fa m i ly
r ela t ion s , t h e arts a n d h u m a n it ie s , t h e h a n d ica p p e d , a n d a gin g –
i n o t h e r w o r d s , vi r t u a l l y e ve r y a s p e c t o f s e cu la r life i n Am e r i c a –
ca m e u n d er t h e ch a ir m a n s h ip of o n e of t h ese R o m a n Ca t h o li c
la yp e r s o n s :
Fr an k An n u n zi o Ed war d Ke n n e d y Da n ie l M o yn i h a n
J osep h Bid en J oh n Ker r y J oh n M u r t h a
Silvio Co n t e J oh n La Fa lce Ma r y Ros e Oa k a r
Kik a De la Ga r za P a t r ick Lea h y Da vid Ob e y
J oh n Din ge ll Ch a r le s Lu k e n Cla ib o r n e P ell
Ch r is t o p h e r Do d d Ed wa r d M a d iga n Ch a r le s R a n ge l
Vic Fazio Ed war d Ma r key Da n Ro s t e n k o ws k i
J am es Flor io J osep h M cD a d e or Ed war d R o yb a l. 2
H e n r y Go n za le z Bar bar a Miku ls ki

Th o m a s H a r kin Ge o r ge Miller
Va t i c a n C o u n c i l IPs Constitution on the Church ( 1 9 6 4 ) in s t r u ct s

p o l i t i c i a n s t o u s e t h e i r s e c u la r o ffice s t o a d v a n c e t h e c a u s e o f
R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m . C a t h o l i c la yp e r s o n s , “w h o e v e r t h e y a r e , a r e
c a l l e d u p o n t o e x p e n d a l l t h e i r e n e r g y fo r t h e g r o w t h o f t h e
C h u r c h a n d it s c o n t i n u o u s s a n c t i f i c a t i o n , ” a n d “t o m a k e t h e
Ch u r c h p r esen t a n d o p e r a t ive in t h ose p la ces a n d cir cu m s t a n ce s
w h e r e o n l y t h r o u g h t h e m c a n i t b e c o m e t h e s a lt o f t h e e a r t h ” ( I V,
3 3 ) . Va t i c a n I I fu r t h e r in s t r u ct s a ll Ca t h o l i c s “b y t h e ir c o m p e t e n c e
3
i n s e c u l a r d i s c i p l i n e s a n d b y t h e i r a c t i v i t y [t o] v i g o r o u s l y c o n -
t r i b u t e t h e i r e ffo r t s o t h a t . . . t h e go o d s o f t h is w o r l d m a y b e m o r e
e q u i t a b l y d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g a ll m e n , a n d m a y i n t h e i r o w n w a y
b e c o n d u c i v e t o u n i v e r s a l p r o gr e s s i n h u m a n a n d C h r i s t i a n fr e e -
d o m . . . a n d [t o] r e m e d y t h e c u s t o m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e w o r l d ,
if t h e y a r e a n i n d u c e m e n t t o s in , s o t h a t t h e y a ll m a y b e c o n fo r m e d
t o t h e n o r m s o f j u s t i ce a n d m a y fa vo r t h e p r a c t i c e o f vi r t u e r a t h e r
t h a n h i n d e r it ” ( I V, 3 6 ) .
Va t i c a n I I affir m s C a t h o l i c d o c t r i n e d a t i n g b a c k t o 13 0 2 , w h e n
P o p e Bo n i fa c e VI I I a s s e r t e d t h a t “it is a b s o lu t e ly n e ce s s a r y for t h e
s a lva t io n o f e ve r y h u m a n cr e a t u r e t o b e s u b ject t o t h e R o m a n
P o n t i ff. ” T h i s w a s t h e i n s p i r a t i o n fo r t h e p a p a c y t o c r e a t e t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s o f Am e r i c a t h a t m a t e r i a l i ze d i n 1 7 7 6 , b y a p r o ce s s
ju s t a s s e cr e t a s t h e R e a g a n - Va t i c a n p r o d u c t i o n o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e
i n 1 9 8 9 . W h a t ? Am e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t R o m a n C a t h o l i c fr o m t h e
b egin n in g?
Co n s i d e r : t h e l a n d k n o w n t o d a y a s t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a
b o r e t h e n a m e “R o m e ” in 16 6 3 p r o p e r t y r ecor d s ; a n d t h e b r a n c h
o f t h e P o t o m a c R i ve r t h a t b o r d e r e d “R o m e ” o n t h e s o u t h wa s
ca lle d “T i b e r . ” T h i s i n fo r m a t i o n wa s r e p o r t e d i n t h e 19 0 2 e d i t i o n
3
o f t h e Catholic Ency clopedia’s a r t i c l e o n D a n i e l Ca r r o l l . T h e a r t i-

c l e , s p e c i fi c a l l y d e c l a r i n g it s e lf “o f i n t e r e s t t o C a t h o l i c s ” i n t h e
19 0 2 e d i t i o n , w a s d e l e t e d fr o m t h e New Catholic Ency clopedia
( 1 9 6 7 ) . O t h e r fa ct s w e r e r e p o r t e d i n 19 0 2 a n d d e l e t e d fr o m 19 6 7 .
F o r e x a m p l e , w h e n Co n g r e s s m e t i n W a s h i n g t o n for t h e fi r s t t im e ,
i n N o v e m b e r , 18 0 0 , “t h e o n l y t w o r e a lly c o m f o r t a b l e a n d i m p o s -
in g h o u s e s w i t h i n t h e b o u n d s o f t h e c i t y ” b e l o n g e d t o R o m a n
C a t h o l i c s . O n e w a s W a s h i n g t o n ’s fir s t m a yo r , R o b e r t Br e n t . T h e
o t h e r wa s Br e n t ’s b r o t h e r - in - la w, N o t l e y Yo u n g , a J es u it p r ie s t .
D a n i e l Ca r r o l l wa s a R o m a n C a t h o l i c c o n g r e s s m a n fr o m M a r y-
l a n d w h o s i g n e d t w o o f Am e r i c a ’s f u n d a m e n t a l d o c u m e n t s , t h e
Ar t i c l e s o f C o n f e d e r a t i o n a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C o n s t i t u t i o n .
Ca r r o l l wa s a d i r e c t d e s c e n d a n t o f t h e Ca l v e r t s , a C a t h o l i c fa m ily
t o w h o m Ki n g Ch a r l e s I o f E n g l a n d h a d gr a n t e d M a r yl a n d a s a feu -
d a l b a r o n y. Ca r r o l l h a d r e c e i ve d h is e d u c a t i o n a t S t . O m e r ’s J es u it
Co l l e g e i n F la n d e r s , w h e r e yo u n g E n gli s h - s p e a k i n g Ca t h o l i c s we r e
4
C H AP T E R I S U BL I M I N AL R O M E
t r a in e d in a va r i e t y o f gu e r r illa t e c h n i q u e s for a d v a n c i n g t h e ca u s e
o f R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m a m o n g h o s t i le P r o t e s t a n t s .
I n 17 9 0 , P r e s i d e n t G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n , a P r o t e s t a n t , a p p o i n t -
e d Co n g r e s s m a n Ca r r o l l t o h e a d a c o m m i s s i o n o f t h r e e m e n t o
s e le ct l a n d for t h e “fe d e r a l c i t y” c a l l e d for i n t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n . O f
a ll p l a c e s , t h e c o m m i s s i o n c h o s e “R o m e , ” w h i c h a t t h e t i m e c o n -
s is t ed o f fo u r fa r m s , o n e o f w h i c h b e l o n g e d t o . . . D a n i e l Ca r r o l l . I t
w a s u p o n Ca r r o l l ’s fa r m t h a t t h e n e w g o v e r n m e n t c h o s e t o e r e c t
its m o s t i m p o r t a n t b u i ld i n g , t h e Ca p i t o l .
T H E Am e r i c a n Ca p i t o l a b o u n d s w i t h clu e s o f its R o m a n o r igin s .

“F r e e d o m , ” t h e R o m a n g o d d e s s w h o s e s t a t u e c r o w n s t h e
d o m e , wa s cr e a t e d in R o m e a t t h e s t u d io o f Am e r i c a n s cu lp t or
T h o m a s Cr a w fo r d . W e fin d a w h o l e p a n t h e o n o f R o m a n d e it ie s i n
t h e gr e a t fr e s co c o v e r i n g t h e d o m e ’s in t e r io r r o t u n d a : P e r s e p h o n e ,
Ce r e s , F r e e d o m , Vu l c a n , M e r cu r y, e v e n a d eified G e o r g e W a s h i n g -
t o n . T h e s e figu r es w e r e t h e c r e a t i o n o f Va t i c a n a r t is t C o n s t a n t i n o
Br u m i d i .
T h e fa c t t h a t t h e n a t i o n a l S t a t e h o u s e e v o l v e d a s a “c a p i t o l ”
b e s p e a ks R o m a n in flu e n ce . N o b u ild in g c a n r igh t ly b e ca lle d a
c a p i t o l u n le s s it’s a t e m p l e o f J u p it er , t h e gr e a t fa t h e r - go d o f R o m e
w h o r u le d h e a v e n w i t h h i s t h u n d e r b o l t s a n d n o u r i s h e d t h e e a r t h
w i t h h is fe r t ilizin g r a in s . I f it wa s a capitolium , it b e l o n g e d t o J u p it e r
a n d h is p r ie s t s .
J u p it e r ’s m a s c o t w a s t h e e a g l e , w h i c h t h e f o u n d i n g fa t h e r s
m a d e t h e i r m a s c o t a s w e l l . A R o m a n e a gle t o p s t h e g o v e r n i n g id o l
o f t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , a f o r t y - s i x - i n c h s t e r l i n g s i lve r -
a n d - e b o n y w a n d c a l l e d a “m a c e . ” T h e m a c e i s “t h e s y m b o l o f
a u t h o r i t y i n t h e H o u s e . ” W h e n t h e S e r g e a n t - a t - a r m s d i s p la ys i t
4
b e fo r e a n u n r u ly m e m b e r o f Co n g r e s s , t h e m a c e r e s t o r e s o r d e r . Its
p o s i t i o n a t t h e r o s t r u m t e lls w h e t h e r t h e H o u s e is in “c o m m i t t e e ”
o r in “s e s s io n .”
Am e r i c a ’s n a t i o n a l m o t t o “Annuit Coeptis” c a m e fr o m a p r a ye r
t o J u p it e r . I t a p p e a r s i n B o o k I X o f Vi r g i l ’s e p i c p r o p a g a n d a , t h e
Aeneid, a p o e m c o m m i s s i o n e d ju s t b e fo r e t h e b i r t h o f C h r i s t b y
C a i u s M a e c e n a s , t h e m u l t i - b i l l i o n a i r e p o w e r b e h i n d Au g u s t u s
5
Ca e s a r . T h e p o e m ’s o b j e c t i ve wa s t o fa s h i o n R o m e i n t o a n im p e r i-
a l m o n a r c h y for w h i c h it s cit ize n s w o u l d gla d ly sa cr ifice t h e ir live s .
F a s cis m m a y b e a n u gly wo r d t o m a n y, b u t its s t a t e ly e m b l e m is
a p p a r e n t l y o ffe n s i ve t o n o o n e . T h e e m b l e m o f fa s c i s m , a p a ir o f
t h e m , c o m m a n d s t h e w a l l a b o v e a n d b e h i n d t h e s p e a k e r ’s r o s t r u m
i n t h e C h a m b e r o f t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . T h e y ’r e c a l l e d
fasces, a n d I c a n t h i n k o f n o r e a s o n for t h e m t o b e t h e r e o t h e r t h a n
t o d e c la r e t h e fa s cis t ic n a t u r e o f Am e r i c a n r e p u b l i c a n d e m o c r a c y.
A fa s ces is a R o m a n d e v i c e . Ac t u a l l y , it o r ig-
i n a t e d w i t h t h e a n c i e n t E t r u s c a n s , fr o m
wh om t h e e a r li e s t R o m a n s d e r i v e d t h e i r
r e ligio u s ju r is p r u d e n ce n e a r ly t h r e e t h o u s a n d
ye a r s a g o . It ’s a n a x e - h e a d w h o s e h a n d l e is a
b u n d le of r od s t igh t ly st r a p p ed t o ge t h e r b y
a r e d s i n e w . I t s ym b o l i ze s t h e o r d e r i n g o f
p r i e s t ly f u n c t i o n s i n t o a s i n g l e i n fa l l i b l e
s o ve r e i gn , a n a u t o c r a t w h o c o u l d r e q u ir e life
a n d lim b o f h is s u b j e c t s . I f t h e fa s ce s is
e n t w i n e d w i t h la u r e l, li k e t h e p a ir o n t h e H o u s e w a l l , i t s ign ifie s
Ca e s a r e a n m i l i t a r y p o w e r . T h e R o m a n s c a l l e d t h i s i n fa l l i b l e s o v-
e r e i gn Pontifex Maxim us, “S u p r e m e Br id ge b u ild e r .” N o R o m a n wa s
c a l l e d Pontifex Maxim us u n t i l t h e t i t l e w a s g i v e n t o J u liu s Ca e s a r
in 4 8 B C . To d a y’s Pontifex Maxim us is P o p e J o h n P a u l I I .
As w e s h a ll d i s c o ve r i n a f o r t h c o m i n g ch a p t e r , J o h n P a u l d o e s
n o t h o l d t h a t t it le a l o n e . H e s h a r e s it w i t h a m ys t e r i o u s p a r t n e r , a
m i l i t a r y m a n , a m a n h o l d i n g a n o ffice t h a t h a s b e e n k n o w n fo r
m o r e t h a n fo u r c e n t u r i e s a s “Papa Nero,” t h e B l a c k P o p e . I s h a l l
p r e s e n t e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e H o u s e fa s ce s r e p r e s e n t t h e Bl a c k P o p e ,
w h o i n d e e d r u les t h e wo r ld .
La t e r , I w i l l d e v e l o p w h a t is su r e t o b e c o m e a c o n t r o v e r s i a l
h yp o t h e s i s : t h a t t h e Bl a c k P o p e r u le s b y d i v i n e a p p o i n t m e n t , a n d
for t h e u lt i m a t e go o d o f m a n k i n d .
6
AP OSTOLI C N UN CI ATURE , U N I TE D STATES OF AMERI CA

3 3 3 9 Ma ssa ch u set t s Ave n u e N W
W a s h in gt o n , D . C .
Chapter 2
MISSIONARY
ADAPTATION
F
E W P E OP LE SEEM t o b e a w a r e t h a t t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c
C h u r c h i n A m e r i c a i s o ffi ci a lly r e c o g n i z e d a s a S t a t e . H o w
t h is c a m e a b o u t m a k e s in t e r e s t in g r e a d in g.
E a r ly i n h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , P r e s i d e n t R o n a l d R e a g a n i n v i t e d
t h e Va t i c a n Ci t y , w h o s e r u l i n g h e a d i s t h e P o p e , t o o p e n it s fir s t
e m b a s s y i n W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . H i s H o l i n e s s r e s p o n d e d p o s i t i ve l y,
a n d t h e em b a ssy, o r Ap o s t o l i c N u n c i a t u r e o f t h e H o l y S e e , o p e n e d
officia lly o n J a n u a r y 10 , 19 8 4 .
S h o r t l y t h e r e a ft e r , a c o m p l a i n t wa s filed a ga in s t P r e s id e n t R e a -
g a n a t U . S . D i s t r i c t C o u r t i n P h i l a d e l p h i a b y t h e A m e r i c a n J e w-
is h Co n g r e s s , t h e Ba p t i s t J o i n t C o m m i t t e e o n P u b l i c Affa i r s ,
S e v e n t h D a y Ad v e n t i s t s , t h e N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l o f C h u r c h e s , t h e
N a t i o n a l As s o c i a t i o n o f E v a n g e l i c a l s , a n d Am e r i c a n s U n i t e d fo r
S e p a r a t i o n o f C h u r c h a n d S t a t e . T h e p la in t iffs s o u g h t t o h a v e t h e
Co u r t d ecla r e t h a t t h e a d m in is t r a t io n h a d u n co n s t it u t io n a lly
9
g r a n t e d t o t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c fa i t h p r i v i l e g e s t h a t w e r e b e i n g
d e n i e d t o o t h e r e s t a b li s h m e n t s o f r e ligio n .
O n M a y 7 , 19 8 5 t h e s u it wa s t h r o w n o u t b y C h i e f J u d ge J o h n
F u l l a m . J u d ge F u l l a m r u le d t h a t d i s t r i c t c o u r t s d o n o t h a v e ju r is -
d i c t i o n t o i n t e r v e n e i n “fo r e i gn p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s ” o f t h e e x e c u t i v e
b r a n c h . Bi s h o p J a m e s W . M a l o n e , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U . S . C a t h o l i c
Co n f e r e n c e , p r a is e d J u d ge F u lla m ’s d e c i s i o n , n o t i n g t h a t it s e t t le d
“n o t a r e ligio u s issu e b u t a p u b l i c p o l i c y q u e s t i o n . ” T h e p la in t iffs
1
a p p e a le d . T h e T h i r d Ci r c u i t d e n i e d t h e a p p e a l, n o t i c i n g t h a t “t h e
R o m a n C a t h o l i c Ch u r c h ’s u n i q u e p o s i t i o n o f c o n t r o l o ve r a s o ve r -
e i g n t e r r it o r y gi ve s it a d va n t a g e s t h a t o t h e r r e ligio u s o r ga n iza t io n s
d o n o t e n j o y. ” T h e Ap o s t o l i c N u n c i a t u r e a t 3 3 3 9 M a s s a c h u s e t t s
1
Av e n u e N . W . e n a b l e s Pontifex Maxim us t o s u p e r vis e m o r e c l o s e l y

A m e r i c a n c i v i l g o v e r n m e n t – “p u b l i c p o l i c y ” – a s a d m i n i s t e r e d
t h r o u g h R o m a n C a t h o l i c l a yp e r s o n s . ( O n e s u c h l a yp e r s o n w a s
C h i e f J u d ge F u l l a m , w h o s e R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m a p p a r e n t l y e s -
c a p e d t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e p la in t iffs .)
T h i s sa m e im p e r iu m r a n p a ga n R o m e in es s en t ia lly t h e sa m e
wa y. T h e p u b l i c s e r va n t s w e r e p r ie s t s o f t h e va r io u s go d s a n d go d -
d e s s e s . M o n e t a r y a ffa ir s, for e x a m p l e , w e r e g o v e r n e d b y p r ie s t s o f
t h e go d d e s s M o n e t a . P r ies t s o f D i o n ys u s m a n a g e d a r ch i t e ct u r e a n d
c e m e t e r i e s , w h i l e p r ie s t s o f J u s t it ia , w i t h h e r s w o r d , a n d Li b e r a ,
b l i n d fo l d e d , h o l d i n g h e r s ca le s a lo ft , r u le d t h e c o u r t s . H u n d r e d s
2
o f p r ie s t ly o r d e r s , k n o w n a s t h e S a c r e d Co l l e g e , m a n a g e d h u n d r e d s
o f g o v e r n m e n t b u r e a u s , fr o m t h e j u s t i c e s ys t e m t o t h e c o n s t r u c -
t i o n , c l e a n i n g , a n d r e p a ir o f b r id ge s ( n o b r id ge c o u l d b e b u i lt w i t h -
o u t t h e a p p r o va l o f Pontifex Maxim us), b u i ld i n g s , t e m p l e s , ca s t le s ,
b a t h s , s e we r s , p o r t s , h i g h w a ys , wa lls a n d r a m p a r t s o f cit ie s a n d t h e
b o u n d a r i e s o f la n d s . 3
P r ie s t s d i r e c t e d t h e p a v i n g a n d r e p a i r i n g o f s t r e e t s a n d r o a d s ,
s u p e r vi s e d t h e ca len d a r and t h e e d u ca t io n of yo u t h . P r ie s t s
r e g u l a t e d w e i g h t s , m e a s u r e s , a n d t h e v a l u e o f m o n e y. P r ie s t s s o l-
e m n i z e d a n d ce r t i fi e d b i r t h s , b a p t i s m s , p u b e r t y, p u r i fi c a t i o n , c o n -
fe s s io n , a d o l e s c e n c e , m a r r ia ge , d i vo r c e , d e a t h , b u r ia l, e x c o m m u n i -
c a t i o n , c a n o n i z a t i o n , d e i fi ca t i o n , a d o p t i o n i n t o fa m ilie s , a d o p t i o n
i n t o t r ib e s a n d o r d e r s o f n o b i l i t y. P r ie s t s r a n t h e li b r a r i e s , t h e
10
C H AP T E R 2 M I SSI O N AR Y AD AP T AT I O N
m u s e u m s , t h e c o n s e c r a t e d la n d s a n d t r e a s u r e s . P r ie s t s r e g i s t e r e d
t h e t r a d e m a r k s a n d s ym b o l s . P r ie s t s w e r e i n c h a r g e o f p u b l i c wo r -
s h ip , d i r e c t i n g t h e fe s t iva ls , p la ys , e n t e r t a i n m e n t s , ga m e s a n d ce r -
e m o n i e s . P r iest s w r o t e a n d h e l d cu s t o d y o ve r wills , t e s t a m e n t s , a n d
le ga l c o n v e y a n c e s .
By t h e fo u r t h c e n t u r y, o n e h a l f o f t h e
la n d s a n d o n e fo u r t h o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f
t h e R o m a n Em p ir e wer e o wn e d b y t h e
p r iest s. W h e n t h e E m p e r o r Co n s t a n t i n e
4
a n d h i s S e n a t e fo r m a l l y a d o p t e d C h r i s -
t ia n it y a s t h e E m p ir e ’s officia l r e ligio n , t h e
e xe r cis e wa s m o r e of a m e r ge r or a cq u is i-
t io n t h a n a r e vo lu t io n . T h e we a lt h o f t h e
p r iest s m e r e ly b e c a m e t h e i m m e d i a t e p o s -
s e s s io n o f t h e Ch r i s t i a n c h u r c h e s , a n d t h e
p r ie s t s m e r e ly d e c l a r e d t h e m s e l v e s Ch r i s -
Co n s t a n t in e t ia n s. Gover n m en t con t in u ed wit h ou t
in t e r r u p t io n . T h e p a ga n god s a n d go d -
d esses w e r e a r t fu lly o u t fit t e d w i t h n a m e s a p p r o p r ia t e t o Ch r i s t i a n -
it y. 1
T h e s i gn o v e r t h e P a n t h e o n i n d i c a t i n g “T o [ t h e fe r t i l i t y
go d d e s s ] C y b e l e a n d A l l t h e G o d s ” w a s r e - w r i t t e n “T o M a r y a n d
Al l t h e Sa in t s .” T h e Te m p le o f Ap o l l o b e ca m e t h e C h u r c h o f St .
Ap o l l i n a r i s . T h e T e m p l e o f M a r s w a s r e c o n s e c r a t e d C h u r c h o f
S a n t a M a r t i n a , w i t h t h e i n s c r i p t i o n “M a r s h e n c e e j e c t e d , M a r t i -
n a , m a r t yr e d m a i d / C l a i m s n o w t h e w o r s h i p w h i c h t o h i m w a s
p a id .”
H a l o e d i co n s o f Ap o l l o w e r e id e n t ifie d a s J esu s, a n d t h e cr o s s -
e s o f B a c c h u s a n d T a m m u z w e r e a c c e p t e d a s t h e o fficia l s ym b o l o f
t h e C r u c i f i x i o n . P o p e L e o I d e c r e e d t h a t “S t . P e t e r a n d S t . P a u l
h a v e r e p la ce d R o m u l u s a n d R e m u s a s R o m e ’s p r o t e c t i n g p a t r o n s . ” 2
P a g a n fea st s, t o o , we r e Ch r i s t i a n i ze d . D e c e m b e r 2 5 – t h e ce le b r a t -
e d b ir t h d a y o f a n u m b e r o f go d s , a m o n g t h e m Sa t u r n , J u p it er , T a m -
m u z, Ba c c h u s , O s ir is , a n d M i t h r a s – wa s c l a i m e d t o h a v e b e e n t h a t
o f J esu s a s w e l l , a n d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l S a t u r n a l i a , s e a s o n o f d r u n k e n
m e r r i m e n t a n d gift - givin g, e v o l v e d i n t o Ch r i s t m a s .
Ba c c h u s wa s p o p u l a r i n a n c i e n t F r a n c e u n d e r h is G r e e k n a m e
11
S k e t c h of M it h r a s ( le ft ) , fr om a s t o n e ca r vin g. M it h r a s wa s “Sol Invictus” t h e

“u n con q u er a b le Su n ,” a n im p er ia l R o m a n god sin ce t h e t h ir d cen t u r y BC U n d e r
Co n s t a n t in ia n Ch r is t ia n it y, ar tisan s r e-con secr a t ed h im J esus a n d o t h e r b ib lica l
n a m e s . I n t h e s ilve r d is h m a d e o n Cyp r u s in t h e e i g h t h ce n t u r y A D , M it h r a s
( n o t e t h e p ecu lia r s t a n ce) sla yin g t h e Co s m ic Bu ll b e ca m e Da vid killin g a lion .
D i o n ys u s – or , a s t h e F r e n c h r e n d e r e d it , D e n i s . H i s fe a s t , t h e Fes-
turn Diony si, w a s h e l d e ve r y s e v e n t h d a y o f O c t o b e r , a t t h e e n d o f
t h e v i n t a g e s e a s o n . Af t e r t w o d a ys o f w i l d p a r t yi n g , a n o t h e r fe a s t
wa s h e l d , t h e Festum Diony si Eleutherei Rusticum ( “Co u n t r y F e s t i-
va l o f M e r r y D i o n ys u s ”) . T h e p a p a cy c l e ve r l y b r o u g h t t h e wo r s h ip -
p e r s o f D i o n y s u s i n t o it s j u r i s d i c t i o n b y t r a n s fo r m i n g t h e w o r d s
D io n ys o s , Ba cch u s , E le u t h e r e i, a n d R u s t i cu m i n t o . . . a gr o u p o f
Ch r i s t i a n m a r t yr s . O c t o b e r s e v e n t h w a s e n t e r e d o n t h e Li t u r g i c a l
Ca l e n d a r a s t h e fea st d a y o f “S t . Ba c c h u s t h e M a r t yr , ” w h i l e O c t o -
b e r n i n t h w a s i n s t i t u t e d a s t h e “F e s t i v a l o f S t . D e n i s , a n d o f h i s
c o m p a n i o n s S t . E l e u t h e r e a n d S t . R u s t i c . ” The Catholic Alm anac
( 19 9 2 e t seq ) su st a in s t h e fa b r ica t io n b y d e s ign a t in g O c t o b e r
n in t h as the
Feast Da y of Den is, b ish op of Par is, an d t wo com p a n ion s id en t i-

fied by ear ly wr it er s as Ru st icu s, a p r iest , a n d Eleu t h er iu s, a d ea-
co n m a r t yr ed n ea r Par is. De n is is p op u la r ly r ega r d ed a s t h e
apostle an d p a t r on sain t of Fr an ce.
12
C H AP T E R M I SSI O N AR Y AD AP T AT I O N
P L A YI N G lo o s e w i t h t r u t h a n d S c r i p t u r e i n o r d e r t o b r i n g e ve r y
h u m a n cr e a t u r e i n t o s u b j e c t i o n t o t h e R o m a n P o n t iff is a t e c h -
n i q u e c a l l e d “m i s s i o n a r y a d a p t a t i o n . ” T h i s i s e x p l a i n e d a s “t h e
a d ju s t m e n t o f t h e m is s io n s u b ject t o t h e cu lt u r a l r e q u ir e m e n t s o f
t h e m i s s i o n o b j e c t ” s o t h a t t h e p a p a cy’s n e e d s w i l l b e b r o u g h t “a s
m u c h a s p o s s i b le i n a c c o r d w i t h e x i s t i n g s o c i a l l y s h a r e d p a t t e r n s
o f t h o u g h t , e v a l u a t i o n , a n d a c t i o n , s o a s t o a vo i d u n n e ce s s a r y a n d
s er iou s d i s o r ga n i za t i o n . ” 1
R o m e h a s s o s e a m le s s ly a d a p t e d it s m i s s i o n t o Am e r i c a n s e cu -
la r is m t h a t we d o n o t t h i n k o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s a s a C a t h o l i c sys-
t e m . Ye t t h e r o s t e r s o f g o v e r n m e n t r a t h e r d e c i s i v e l y s h o w t h i s t o
b e t h e ca s e .
By far t h e gr e a t e s t c h a l l e n g e t o m is s io n a r y a d a p t a t i o n h a s b e e n
S c r i p t u r e – t h a t is, t h e O l d a n d N e w T e s t a m e n t s , c o m m o n l y
k n o w n a s t h e H o l y Bi b l e . Al m o s t for a s l o n g a s R o m e h a s b e e n t h e
s e a t o f Pontifex Maxim us, t h e r e h a s b e e n a cu r io u s e n m i t y b e t w e e n
b e t w e e n t h e p o p e s a n d t h e Bi b l e w h o s e b e l i e v e r s t h e y a r e p r e -
su m ed t o h e a d . I n t h e n e x t ch a p t e r , we s h a ll b e gin o u r e xa m in a -
t i o n o f t h a t e n m it y.
13
RULE RS OF E VI L
ROME vs . SCRIPTURE
P op e Gr e go r y I X ( 12 2 7 - 4 1) , fou n d er of t h e I n q u isit ion
an d ch a m p io n o f Ar is t o t le , e xco m m u n ica t e s H o ly
R o m a n Em p er or Fr ed er ick II, u p sid e d o wn wit h Bib le.
(Fr om t h e p a in t in g b y Va sa r i.)
Chapter 3
MARGINALIZING
THE BIBLE
E
VE R Y R U L E D S O C I E T Y h a s s o m e fo r m o f h o l y s c r i p t u r e . T h e
h o l y s cr ip t u r e s o f Ca e s a r e a n R o m e w e r e t h e p r o p h e c i e s a n d
r it u a l d ir e ct io n s c o n t a i n e d in t h e t e n Sib yllin e go s p e ls a n d
Vir gil’s Aeneid.
T h e Aeneid i m p l i e d t h a t e v e r y R o m a n ’s d u t y w a s t o s a cr i fi ce
h i s i n d i vi d u a l i t y, a s h e r o i c Ae n e a s h a d d o n e , t o t h e gr e a t e r glo r y
o f R o m e a n d Pontifex Maxim us. T h e S i b y l l i n e s , b o r r o w i n g fr o m
I s a ia h ’s m u c h e a r li e r p r o p h e c y o f J es u s C h r i s t , p r o p h e s i e d t h a t
w h e n Ca e s a r Au g u s t u s s u c c e e d e d h is u n c l e J u liu s a s Pontifex Max-
im us h e w o u l d r u le t h e w o r l d a s “P r i n c e o f P e a c e , S o n o f G o d . ”
Au g u s t u s w o u l d issu e in a “n e w wo r ld o r d e r ,” a s i n d e e d h e d id .
T h e S i b yl l i n e s a n d t h e Aeneid w e r e s o b e l o v e d b y t h e g o v e r n -
m e n t p r ie s t s t h a t t h e y w e r e c o n s i d e r e d p a r t o f t h e R o m a n c o n s t i -
t u t i o n . T h e s a m e s cr i p t u r e s w e r e m a d e p a r t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
Co n s t i t u t i o n w h e n t h e m o t t o e s “ AN N UIT CO E PT I S ” and “N OV U S
OR DO SECLORUM,” taken fr o m the Aeneid and the S i b yl l i n e s
15
r e s p e c t i ve l y, w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d , b y t h e A c t o f J u ly 2 8 , 1 7 8 2 , i n t o
t h e G r e a t Se a l o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s . 1
T h e S i b y l l i n e s a n d t h e Aeneid w e r e o p e n o n l y t o p r ie s t s a n d
c e r t a i n p r i v i l e g e d p e r s o n s . T h e p e o p l e l e a r n e d t h e i r s a cr e d c o n -
t e n t b y t h e t r i c k l e - d o w n o f p r i e s t ly r e t e l l i n g . W h e n t h e O l d a n d
N e w T e s t a m e n t s w e r e a d o p t e d a s t h e E m p ir e ’s o fficia l s a cr e d wr it -
in gs t h e y, t o o , we r e g i v e n t o t h e e x c l u s i ve ca r e o f t h e p r ie s t s . A n d
i n a c c o r d w i t h R o m a n t r a d i t i o n , t h e p e o p l e l e a r n e d s a cr e d c o n -
t e n t fr o m d is cr e t io n a r y r e t e llin g. T h i s h a d t o b e , for t h e s a k e o f t h e
H o ly E m p ir e. For s h o u ld t h e p e o p le a cq u ir e b ib lica l k n o wle d ge ,
t h e y w o u l d k n o w t h a t Pontifex Maxim us w a s n o t a l e g i t i m a t e
Ch r i s t i a n e n t i t l e m e n t . Kn o w i n g t h is , t h e y wo u ld n o t b o w t o h is
s u p r e m a c y. T h e E m p i r e c o u l d c o l l a p s e . A n d s o t h e m o n a r c h i a l
R o m a n C h u r c h fo r cib ly s u p p r e s s e d t h e Bib le ’s i n t e l l i g e n t r e a d in g.
T h i s is wh y t h e m ille n n iu m b e t w e e n Co n s t a n t i n e a n d Gu t e n b e r g
is k n o w n a s “t h e D a r k Ag e s . ”
Sp r in k le d t h r o u g h o u t t h e E m p ir e , h o w e ve r , we r e is ola t ed
Ch r i s t i a n a s s e m b lie s w h o h a d p r e s e r ve d Scr i p t u r e fr o m t h e d a ys o f
t h e e a r ly C h u r c h . F o r t h e m t h e Bi b le i n vi t e d a n o n g o i n g , p e r s o n a l
c o m m u n i o n w i t h t h e Cr e a t o r o f t h e u n ive r s e . T h e y live d b y t h e
w r i t i n gs o f w h i c h R o m e w a s s o j e a lo u s . By t h e t h i r t e e n t h ce n t u r y,
t h e s e a s s em b lies h a d gr o w n s o vib r a n t t h a t P o p e Gr e g o r y I X
d e c l a r e d u n a u t h o r i z e d Bi b l e s t u d y a h e r e s y. H e fu r t h e r d e c r e e d
2
t h a t “i t i s t h e d u t y o f e v e r y C a t h o l i c t o p e r s e c u t e h e r e t i c s . ” T o
m a n a g e t h e p e r s e c u t i o n , G r e g o r y e s t a b li s h e d t h e P o n t i fi ca l I n q u i-
s it io n .
T h e I n q u i s i t i o n t r e a t e d t h e s ligh t e s t d e p a r t u r e fr o m t h e life o f
t h e c o m m u n i t y a s p r o o f o f d ir e ct c o m m u n i o n w i t h t h e Bib le o r
S a t a n . E i t h e r i n s t a n ce wa s a s in w o r t h y o f d e a t h . Ca s e s we r e p r os -
3
e c u t e d a c c o r d i n g t o a s t r i ct r o u t i n e . F ir s t , t h e i n q u i s i t o r s w o u l d
e n t e r a t o w n a n d p r es en t t h eir cr e d e n t ia ls t o t h e civil a u t h or it ies .
I n t h e p o p e ’s n a m e , t h e y w o u l d r e q u ir e t h e go ve r n o r ’s c o o p e r a t i o n .
N e x t , t h e l o c a l p r ie s t w o u l d b e o r d e r e d t o s u m m o n h i s c o n g r e g a -
t i o n t o h e a r t h e i n q u i s i t o r s p r e a c h a g a i n s t h e r e s y, w h i c h w a s
d e fi n e d a s a n y t h i n g t h e le a s t b i t o p p o s e d t o t h e p a p a l s ys t e m . A
b r i e f gr a c e p e r i o d f o l l o w e d t h e s e r m o n , w h e r e i n t h e p e o p l e w e r e
16
C H AP T E R 3 M AR G I N AL I Z I N G T H E BI BLE
g i v e n a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o s t e p fo r w a r d a n d a c c u s e t h e m s e l v e s o f
c r i m e s . T h o s e w h o d i d w e r e u s u a lly p u n i s h e d m i ld ly. La t e r , t h e
in q u is it o r s w o u l d r e c e i v e a t t h e i r lo d gi n gs u n ve r i fi e d a c c u s a t i o n s ,
g u a r a n t e e i n g i n t h e p o p e ’s n a m e t h e a n o n y m i t y o f i n fo r m a n t s .
M a n y i n n o c e n t live s w e r e r u in e d b y fa lse t e s t im o n y.
Tr ia ls w e r e c o n d u c t e d a r b it r a r ily a n d s e cr e t ly b y t r ib u n a ls c o n -
s is t in g o f t h e i n q u i s i t o r s , t h e i r st a ffs, a n d t h e i r w i t n e s s e s , a ll c o n -
ce a le d u n d e r h o o d s . T h e a ccu s e d wer e n e ve r t o ld t h e ch a r ges
a ga in s t t h e m , a n d t h e y w e r e fo r b i d d e n t o a sk. N o d e fe n s e wit n e s s -
e s w e r e p e r m i t t e d . T h e a c c u s e d h a d b u t o n e o p t i o n : t o c o n fe s s
g u i l t a n d d i e . T h o s e w h o r e fu s e d t o c o n fe s s ( a n d w i t n e s s e s w h o
b a l k e d a t t e s t i fyi n g ) w e r e c a r r i e d t o t h e d u n g e o n fo r t o r t u r e ses-
s io n s ( b o ys u n d e r f o u r t e e n a n d gir ls u n d e r t w e l v e e x e m p t e d ) .
I n q u isit or s a n d e xe cu t io n e r s we r e c o m m a n d e d b y p a p a l e d ict t o
s h o w n o m e r cy. N o a c q u i t t a l wa s e ve r r e co r d e d . E ve r y fu lly p r o s e -
c u t e d ca s e e n d e d i n t h e d e a t h o f t h e d e fe n d a n t a n d t h e fo r fe it u r e
o f h is o r h e r p r o p e r t y, s i n ce it wa s a s s u m e d (a s in Am e r i c a n for fei-
t u r e ca s e s s i n c e 1 9 8 4 ) t h a t t h e p r o p e r t y w a s g a i n e d i n s in . S o m e -
t i m e s t h e p r o p e r t y o f fa m ily m e m b e r s fo r g e n e r a t i o n s t o c o m e wa s
fo r fe it e d . T h e s e fo r fe it u r e s w e r e p a id o u t in e xp e n s e s t o t h e s cr ib e s
a n d e x e c u t i o n e r s , h a l f o f t h e r e m a i n d e r g o i n g i n t o t h e p a p a l t r ea s -
ury a n d h a lf t o t h e in q u isit or s. Al t h o u g h p op es a n d in q u isit or s
a m a s s e d gr e a t fo r t u n e s fr o m t h e I n q u i s i t i o n , it s gr e a t e s t b e n e fi c i -
ar y wa s , a n d h a s b e e n , t h e R o m a n s ys t e m . 4
T h e I n q u i s i t i o n w a s m o s t e ffe c t i ve a g a i n s t t h e i s o la t e d t r u t h -
s e e k e r i n a n i g n o r a n t c o m m u n i t y . As c o m m u n i t i e s b e c a m e m o r e
l i t e r a t e , t h e I n q u i s i t i o n g r e w s u b t le r . W h a t b r o u g h t l i t e r a c y t o
c o m m u n i t i e s w a s t h e e p i d e m i c o f Bi b l e - r e a d i n g m a d e p o s s i b le b y
t h e p e r fe c t i o n o f J o h a n n e s Gu t e n b e r g ’s i n v e n t i o n o f m o v a b l e t yp e .
17
RULE RS O F E VI L
NOMI NATI ON
Ch a r le s H a b sb u r g (r igh t , Kin g of Sp a in a n d
H o ly R o m a n Em p er or ) con fid es t o P op e
Cl e m e n t VI I ( Giu lio d ’M e d ici) h is ch o ice o f t h e
m a n t o st op d efect ion s t o P r ot est a n t ism .
( Aft e r t h e p a in t in g b y Va sa r i.)
Chapter 4
LEARNING
G
U T E N B E R G C H O S E t h e Bi b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e m o v a b l e t yp e
n o t s o m u ch t h a t t h e c o m m o n m a n m igh t b e b r ou gh t
n e a r e r t o G o d , b u t t h a t h e a n d h i s b a c k e r , Dr . J o h a n n e s
F a u s t , m i g h t m a k e a k i l l i n g in t h e b o o k t r a d e .
P r io r t o 1 4 5 0 , Bi b le s w e r e s o r a r e t h e y w e r e c o n v e y e d b y d e e d ,
lik e p a r ce ls o f r e a l e s t a t e . A Bi b le t o o k n e a r ly a ye a r t o m a k e , c o m -
m a n d i n g a p r ice e q u a l t o t e n t im es t h e a n n u a l i n co m e of a p r os-
p e r o u s m a n . J o h a n n e s G u t e n b e r g i n t e n d e d h is fir st p r o d u c t i o n , a
fo l i o e d i t i o n o f t h e 6 t h - c e n t u r y L a t i n Bi b l e ( k n o w n a s t h e Vu l -
g a t e ) , t o f e t c h m a n u s c r i p t p r i c e s . Dr . F a u s t d i s c r e e t l y s o ld it a s a
o n e - o f- a - k i n d t o k i n g s , n o b l e s , a n d c h u r c h e s . A s e c o n d e d i t i o n i n
1 4 6 2 s o ld fo r a s m u c h a s 6 0 0 c r o w n s e a c h i n P a r is , b u t s a le s w e r e
t o o s l u g g i s h t o s u it F a u s t , s o h e s l a s h e d p r i c e s t o 6 0 c r o w n s a n d
then to 30 .
T h i s p u t e n o u g h c o p i e s i n t o c i r c u l a t i o n fo r C h u r c h a u t h o r -
it ies t o n o t i c e t h a t s e ve r a l w e r e i d e n t i c a l . S u c h e xt r a o r d i n a r y u n i -
fo r m i t y b e i n g r e g a r d e d a s h u m a n l y i m p o s s i b l e , t h e a u t h o r i t i e s
19
c h a r g e d t h a t F a u s t h a d p r o d u c e d t h e Bib le s b y m a gi c. O n t h is p r e -
t e x t , t h e Ar c h b i s h o p o f M a i n z h a d G u t e n b e r g ’s s h o p r a id e d a n d a
fo r t u n e i n c o u n t e r fe i t Bi b le s s e ize d . T h e r e d i n k w i t h w h i c h t h e y
w e r e e m b e l l i s h e d wa s a lle ge d t o b e h u m a n b l o o d . F a u s t wa s a r r est -
e d for co n s p i r i n g w i t h S a t a n , b u t t h e r e is n o r e co r d o f a n y t r ia l.
M e a n w h i l e , t h e p r e s s m e n , w h o h a d b e e n s w o r n n o t t o d is clo s e
G u t e n b e r g ’s s e cr e t s w h i l e i n h is s e r v i c e , fle d t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f
M a i n z a n d s e t u p s h o p s o f t h e i r o w n . As p a p e r m a n u f a c t u r e i m -
p r o ve d , a l o n g w i t h t e c h n i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t s i n m a t r i x c u t t i n g a n d
t yp e - ca s t i n g, b o o k s b e g a n t o p r o life r a t e . M o s t w e r e e d i t i o n s o f t h e
Vu l g a t e . I n t h e d e c a d e f o l l o w i n g t h e M a i n z r a id , fi ve L a t i n a n d
t w o G e r m a n Bi b le s w e r e p u b l i s h e d . Tr a n s la t o r s b u s ie d t h e m s e l ve s
i n o t h e r co u n t r i e s . An I t a lia n ve r s i o n a p p e a r e d i n 1 4 7 1 , a B o h e m i -
a n i n 1 4 7 5 , a D u t c h a n d a F r e n c h i n 1 4 7 7 , a n d a S p a n i s h i n 14 7 8 .
As q u i ck ly a s o u r g e n e r a t i o n h a s b e c o m e co m p u t e r - li t e r a t e , t h e
G u t e n b e r g g e n e r a t i o n l e a r n e d t o r e a d b o o k s , a n d ca r e fu l r e a d e r s
fo u n d s h o c k i n g d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n t h e p a p a cy’s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
o f G o d ’s W o r d a n d t h e W o r d it self.
I n 1 4 8 5 , t h e Ar c h b i s h o p o f M a i n z is s u e d a n e d i c t p u n i s h i n g
u n a u t h o r i z e d Bi b l e - r e a d i n g w i t h e x c o m m u n i c a t i o n , c o n fi s c a t i o n
o f b o o k s , a n d h e a v y fi n e s . T h e g r e a t R e n a i s s a n c e t h e o l o g i a n
D e s i d e r i u s E r a s m u s c h a l l e n g e d t h e Ar c h b i s h o p b y p u b l i s h i n g , i n
1 5 1 6 , t h e fir s t p r i n t e d e d i t i o n o f t h e G r e e k N e w T e s t a m e n t . H e
a d d r e s s e d t h e a n t i - Bi b l e m e n t a l i t y in h is p r e fa ce w i t h t h e s e wo r d s :
I ve h e m e n t ly d issen t from t h ose wh o wou ld n o t h a ve p r iva t e

p er son s read t h e H o ly Scr ip t u r es n or h a ve t h e m t r a n sla t ed in t o
t h e vu lga r t on gu es, a s t h o u gh eit h er Ch r is t t a u gh t su ch difficult
d oct r in es t h a t t h ey ca n on ly be u n d er st ood by a few t h eologia n s,
or t h e safety of t h e Ch r is t ia n r e ligio n lay in ign o r a n ce of it . I
sh ou ld like all w o m e n t o r ead t h e Go s p e l a n d t h e Ep ist les of
Pau l. W o u ld t h a t t h ey wer e t r a n sla t ed in t o all lan gu ages so t h a t
n o t on ly t h e Sco t ch an d Irish , b u t Tu r ks an d Sa r a cen s m igh t b e
able t o read a n d kn o w t h em .
A C a t h o l i c m o n k n a m e d M a r t i n Lu t h e r , a ga in s t t h e a d v i c e o f
h is s u p e r io r s , p l u n g e d i n t o t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t o f E r a s m u s . H e wa s
20
C H AP T E R 4 M E D I CI L E AR N I N G
s h o c k e d b y t h e a b s e n c e o f s cr ip t u r a l a u t h o r i t y
for s o m a n y C h u r c h t r a d it io n s . O f t h e s e v e n
C h u r c h S a c r a m e n t s o n l y t w o , Ba p t i s m a n d
the Lo r d ’s Su p p e r , wer e gr ou n d ed in
S c r i p t u r e . T h e r e m a i n i n g fi ve – C o n f i r -
m a t ion , Ab s o l u t i o n , Or d in a t ion , Mar-
r ia ge, a n d E xt r e m e U n c t i o n – we r e t h e
in ve n t io n s of p ost -b ib lica l co u n cils a n d
d e cr e e s . Lu t h e r fo u n d n o s cr ip t u r a l m a n -
d a t e for c e l i b a c y o f m o n k s a n d n u n s , o r for
p ilgr im a ges and the ve n e r a t io n o f s a cr ed
r e l i c s . T h e C h u r c h t a u g h t t h a t p r a ye r , g o o d
M a r t in Lu t h er
w o r k s , a n d r e gu la r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e S a c r a -
m e n t s m i g h t s a ve m a n fr o m e t e r n a l d a m n a t i o n . Lu t h e r fo u n d t h is
t o b e o p p o s e d t o t h e t e a c h i n g o f Sc r i p t u r e . Ac c o r d i n g t o Scr i p t u r e ,
o n l y o n e t h i n g c a n s a ve m a n fr o m t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f h i s s in s :
G o d ’s gr a ce , a n d t h a t a l o n e .
T h e m o s t e x p l o s i ve r e s u lt o f Lu t h e r ’s Bi b l e - r e a d i n g wa s it s a t t i-
t u d e t o w a r d t h e p a p a cy. N o w h e r e i n S c r i p t u r e c o u l d t h e p a s s i o n -
a t e m o n k f i n d t h a t G o d h a d o r d a i n e d a n i m p e r i o u s R o m a n “Vi c a r
o f Ch r i s t ” t o r u le o ve r a va s t e c o n o m y b a s e d o n s e llin g r igh t s t o d o
e vil. T h e s e r igh t s we r e ca lle d in d u lge n ce s . T h e y h a d b e e n a
C h u r c h t r a d i t i o n s i n c e P o p e L e o III h a d b e g u n g r a n t i n g t h e m i n
t h e ye a r 8 0 0 , p a y a b l e i n t h e m o n e y c o i n e d b y P o p e A d r i a n I i n
78 0 .
I n d u l g e n c e s w e r e fl o a t e d o n t h e C h u r c h ’s c r e d i b i l i t y, r a t h e r
lik e g o v e r n m e n t b o n d s a r e issu ed o n t h e cr e d i b i li t y o f s t a t e s t o d a y.
I n 1 4 9 1 , fo r e x a m p l e , I n n o c e n t VI I g r a n t e d t h e 2 0 - y e a r Butter-
briefe i n d u l g e n c e , b y w h i c h G e r m a n s c o u l d p a y / 2 0 t h o f a g u i l d e r
1
for t h e a n n u a l p r i vi l e g e o f e a t i n g d a ir y p r o d u c t s e v e n w h i l e m e r i t -
i n g fr o m fa s t i n g . T h e p r o c e e d s o f t h e Butterbriefe w e n t t o b u i l d a
b r id ge a t T o r g a u . R o m e ’s i n d u l g e n c e e c o n o m y wa s a s e x t e n s i v e a s
1
Am e r i c a ’s i n c o m e t a x s ys t e m t o d a y. A n d i t w a s e ve r y b i t a s fu e le d
b y t h e p e o p l e ’s t r e m b l i n g c o m p l i a n c e , v o l u n t a r i l y, t o a p r e s u m p -
t i o n o f lia b ilit y.
I n 1 5 1 5 P o p e L e o X issu ed a Bu ll o f I n d u l g e n c e a u t h o r izin g le t -
21
t e r s o f sa fe c o n d u c t t o P a r a d i s e a n d p a r d o n s fo r e v e r y e v i l i m a g i -
n a b l e , fr o m a 2 5 - c e n t p u r g a t o r y r e l e a s e ( t h e d e a d le ft p u r g a t o r y
2
t h e i n s t a n t o n e ’s c o i n s h i t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e i n d u lge n ce - s a le s m a n ’s
b u ck e t ) t o a licen s e so p o t e n t t h a t it wo u ld e xcu s e s o m e o n e w h o
h a d r a p e d t h e Vi r g i n M a r y. F o r t h e p a y m e n t o f fo u r d u c a t s , o n e
c o u l d b e fo r g i ve n for m u r d e r i n g o n e ’s fa t h e r . So r c e r y wa s p a r d o n e d
fo r 6 d u c a t s . F o r r o b b i n g a c h u r c h , t h e la w c o u l d b e r e l a x e d fo r
o n l y 9 d u c a t s . S o d o m y w a s p a r d o n e d fo r 12 d u c a t s . H a l f t h e r e v-
e n u e s fr o m Le o ’s i n d u l g e n c e w e n t t o a fu n d fo r t h e b u i l d i n g o f S t .
P e t e r ’s Ca t h e d r a l , a n d t h e o t h e r h a l f t o p a yi n g 4 0 % i n t e r e s t r a t e s
o n b a n k lo a n s s u b s id izin g t h e m a g n i f i c e n t w o r k s o f a r t a n d a r c h i -
t e ct u r e w i t h w h i c h H i s H o l i n e s s wa s e s t a b li s h i n g R o m e a s t h e cu l-
t u r a l c a p i t a l o f t h e R e n a i s s a n c e . H i s t o r i a n s h a v e g l o r i fi e d L e o ,
w h o s e fa t h e r h a p p e n e d t o b e t h e gr e a t F l o r e n t i n e b a n k e r Lo r e n z o
d ’M e d i c i , b y m a r k i n g t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y a s “t h e Ce n t u r y o f Le o
X. ”
I n e a r ly 1 5 2 1 , M a r t i n Lu t h e r fo r m a lly p r o t e s t e d t h e i n d u l g e n c e
r a c k e t b y n a i l i n g h is fa m o u s N inety -five Theses Upon Indulgences t o
t h e d o o r o f t h e ca s t le c h u r c h o f W i t t e n b u r g . T h e c h u r c h w a s s a id
t o o w n a l o c k o f t h e H o l y Vi r g i n ’s h a i r w o r t h t w o m i l l i o n ye a r s o f
i n d u lge n c e s . Lu t h e r ’s Theses e x h o r t e d Ch r i s t i a n s “t o fo llo w Ch r i s t ,
t h e i r H e a d , t h r o u g h p e n a l t i e s , d e a t h s , a n d h e lls , ” r a t h e r t h a n p u r -
c h a s e “a fa ls e a s s u r a n c e o f p e a c e ” fr o m C h u r c h i n d u l g e n c e - s a l e s -
m en .
L e o h a d Lu t h e r a r r e s t e d a n d d e t a i n e d for t e n m o n t h s i n W a r t -
b u r g C a s t l e . W h i l e i n c u s t o d y, L u t h e r m a n a g e d t o t r a n s l a t e t h e
G r e e k N e w Te s t a m e n t o f Er a sm u s in t o G e r m a n . Its p u b li ca t i o n
a l a r m e d t h e b r o a d e s t r e a c h e s o f R o m a n a u t h o r i t y. D ’Au b i g n e , i n
h is History of the Reform ation, t e lls u s t h a t “I g n o r a n t p r ie s t s s h u d -
d e r e d a t t h e t h o u g h t t h a t e ve r y c i t i z e n , n a y e ve r y p e a s a n t , w o u l d
n o w b e a b le t o d is p u t e w i t h t h e m o n t h e p r e ce p t s o f o u r Lo r d . ”
M e a n w h i l e , Le o X d ie d . T h e n e w p o p e , Ad r i a n VI , h a r d ly
e u lo gi ze d L e o w h e n co n fe s s i n g t o t h e D i e t o f N u r e m b e r g t h a t “for
m a n y ye a r s , a b o m i n a b l e t h i n g s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e C h a i r o f
P e t e r , a b u s e s i n s p ir it u a l m a t t e r s , t r a n s gr e s s io n s o f t h e C o m m a n d -
m en t s , s o t h a t e ve r yt h in g h er e h a s b e e n wick e d ly p e r ve r t e d .” 3
22
C H AP T E R 4 M E D I CI L E AR N I N G
Ad r i a n d i e d s h o r t ly a ft e r s p e a k i n g t h e s e li n e s , t o b e s u c c e e d e d b y
t h e C a r d i n a l w h o h a d b e e n h a n d l i n g M a r t i n Lu t h e r ’s ca s e a ll
a l o n g , a n o t h e r M e d i c i , L e o X’s fi r s t c o u s i n , G i u l i o d ’M e d i c i . G i u l i o
t o o k t h e p a p a l n a m e C l e m e n t VI I .
J u st a s L e o X’s c o r r u p t i o n h a d i g n i t e d Lu t h e r , C l e m e n t VI I ’s
sh r ewd n ess d e t e r m in e d h o w t h e C h u r c h wo u ld d e a l w i t h t h e p r o-
l i fe r a t i o n o f Bi b l e s . C l e m e n t wa s p e r s o n a l l y a d vi s e d b y t h e c a g e y
N i c c o l o M a ch ia ve lli, in ve n t o r of m o d e r n p olit ica l s cien ce, a n d
Ca r d i n a l T h o m a s W o ls e y, Ch a n c e l l o r o f E n g l a n d . M a c h i a v e l l i a n d
Wo ls e y op in ed t h a t b o t h p r in t in g an d P r ot est a n t ism cou ld b e
t u r n e d t o R o m e ’s a d v a n t a g e b y e m p l o y i n g m o v a b l e t yp e t o p r o -
d u ce a lit e r a t u r e t h a t w o u l d co n fu s e , d i m i n i s h , a n d u lt i m a t e ly m a r -
gin a lize t h e Bi b l e . Ca r d i n a l W o ls e y, w h o w o u l d la t e r fo u n d Ch r i s t
C h u r c h C o l l e g e a t O x f o r d , c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e p r o j e c t a s “t o put
learning against lea r n in g .” 4
Ag a i n s t t h e Bi b le ’s l e a r n i n g , w h i c h d e m o n s t r a t e d h o w m a n
c o u l d h a v e e t e r n a l life s i m p ly b y b e l i e v i n g i n t h e fa ct s o f Ch r i s t ’s
d e a t h a n d r es u r r ect ion , wo u ld b e p u t t h e le a r n in g o f t h e gn o s t ics .
G n o s t i c i s m h e l d o u t t h e h o p e t h a t m a n c o u l d a c h i e v e e ve r l a s t i n g
life b y d o i n g g o o d w o r k s h im s e lf. To p u t it s u cci n ct ly, Bi b l e - l e a r n -
in g wa s Ch r i s t - c e n t e r e d ; gn o s t ic le a r n i n g wa s m a n - c e n t e r e d .
An e n o r m o u s t r o ve o f gn o s t i c l e a r n i n g h a d b e e n b r o u g h t fr o m
t h e e a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n b y a ge n t s o f C l e m e n t VI I ’s gr e a t - gr a n d -
fa t h e r , C o s i m o d ’M e d i c i . Su p p r e s s e d s i n c e t h e E m p e r o r J u s t i n i a n
h a d p i o u s ly s h u t d o w n t h e p a g a n c o l l e g e s o f A t h e n s b a c k i n 5 2 9 ,
t h e s e c e l e b r a t e d m ys t i c a l , s c i e n t i fi c a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l s cr o lls a n d
m a n u s c r i p t s fla t t e r e d h u m a n i t y . T h e y t a u g h t t h a t h u m a n i n t e l l i -
g e n c e w a s c o m p e t e n t t o d e t e r m i n e t r u t h fr o m fa l s e h o o d w i t h o u t
g u i d a n c e o r a s s i s t a n c e fr o m a n y g o d . S i n c e , a s P r o t a g o r a s p u t it ,
“m a n i s t h e m e a s u r e o f a ll t h i n g s , ” m a n c o u l d c o n t r o l a ll t h e li v-
in g p o w e r s o f t h e u n i ve r s e . I f e l e c t e d a n d i n i t i a t e d i n t o t h e s e cr e t
k n o w l e d g e , o r gnosis, m a n c o u ld m a s t e r t h e cabalah – t h e “r o ya l sci-
e n c e ” o f n a m e s , n u m b e r s , a n d s ym b o l s – t o c r e a t e h is v e r y o w n
d ivin it y.
C o s i m o h a d s t o r e d h u g e q u a n t i t i e s o f t h is p a g a n m a t e r ia l in h is
lib r a r y i n F l o r e n c e . T h e M e d i c i Lib r a r y, w h o s e fin a l a r c h i t e c t wa s
23
M i c h a e l a n g e l o , w e l c o m e d s c h o l a r s fa v o r e d b y t h e p a p a c y. T h e s e
s c h o l a r s , n o t s u r p r is in gly, s o o n b e g a n e m u l a t i n g t h e p a p a c y i n
fo cu s i n g m o r e u p o n h u m a n i t y t h a n u p o n t h e O l d a n d N e w Te s t a -
m e n t s . S o e x t e n s i v e wa s t h e M e d i c i Lib r a r y’s p h i l o s o p h i c a l in flu -
e n c e t h a t e ve n s ch o la r s t o d a y co n s id e r it t h e cr a d le o f W e s t e r n
ci vi li za t i o n .
M a r t i n Lu t h e r , s e e i n g t h a t learning against learning w a s t h e
fu t u r e o f Ch r i s t i a n i t y , v o i c e d a n “ Ap p e a l t o t h e R u l i n g Cl a s s e s ”
( 1 5 2 0 ) , i n w h i c h h e w r o t e , r a t h e r p r o p h e t i c a lly:
T h o u g h ou r ch ild r e n live in t h e m id st of a Ch r is t ia n wor ld ,

t h ey fa in t an d p er ish in m iser y b eca u se t h ey la ck t h e Go s p e l in
wh ich we sh ou ld b e t r a in in g an d exer cisin g t h em all t h e t im e. I
a d vise n o o n e t o p la ce h is ch ild wh e r e t h e Scr ip t u r es d o n o t
r eign p a r a m ou n t . Sch o o ls will b e co m e wid e-op en gates of h e ll if
t h ey d o n o t d ilige n t ly e n gr a ve t h e H o ly Scr ip t u r es o n yo u n g
h ea r t s. Ever y in s t it u t io n wh er e m e n are n o t in cr ea sin gly o ccu -
pied wit h t h e wor d of G o d m ust b ecom e cor r u p t.
I t w a s o n e t h i n g t o r e c o m m e n d learning against learning, a n d

q u i t e a n o t h e r t o m a n a g e it s m u l t i p l e d i m e n s i o n s . Learning against
learning a m o u n t e d t o n o le s s t h a n m a k i n g w a r o n t h e Bi b l e . T o
w a g e s u c h a wa r , t h e p a p a c y n e e d e d a n e w p r i e s t ly o r d e r o f p i o u s
s o ld ie r s c o n d i t i o n e d t o w i e l d p s y c h o l o g i c a l w e a p o n s o n a b a t t l e -
fie ld o f. . . hum an thought. Bu t fir s t , t h e r e h a d t o b e a g e n e r a l . T h e
m a n c h o s e n t o le a d t h e a s s a u lt o n t h e Bi b l e wa s a s w a s h b u c k l i n g
a d ve n t u r e r fr o m t h e p r o u d Ba s q u e c o u n t r y o f n o r t h e r n S p a i n .
24
I G N AT I U S O F L O YO L A
Chapter 5
APPOINTMENT
AT CYPRUS
H
IS N A M E W AS Iñigo d e L o y o l a . H e w a s born i n 14 9 1 t o a
r i c h fa m ily, y o u n g e s t o f e i g h t b o ys , o n e o f t h i r t e e n c h i l -
d r e n . H i s o ld e r b r o t h e r h a d s a ile d t o t h e N e w W o r l d w i t h
Ch r i s t o p h e r Co l u m b u s .
I ñ i go s e r ve d a s a p a g e i n t h e c o u r t o f K i n g F e r d i n a n d a n d
Q u e e n I s a b e lla o f S p a i n . H e b e c a m e fr ie n d s w i t h F e r d in a n d ’s Be l-
g i a n g r a n d s o n , C h a r l e s H a b s b u r g , w h o s e o t h e r g r a n d fa t h e r w a s
H oly R o m a n Em p er or M a xim ilia n . ( Th e H oly R o m a n Em p er or
w a s a k i n d o f s e cu la r p o p e w h o p r e s i d e d o v e r t h e Ch r i s t i a n k i n g -
d o m s o f t h e w e s t e r n w o r ld . ) Ch a r l e s wa s p r o p e lle d t o gr e a t a u t h o r -
it y b e fo r e h i s t w e n t y- fi r s t b i r t h d a y b y t h e d e a t h s o f h i s t w o
gr a n d fa t h e r s w i t h i n a s p a ce o f t w o ye a r s . F r o m F e r d i n a n d , Ch a r l e s
in h er it ed Sp a in . Fr om M a xim ilia n , h e in h er it ed t h e H o ly R o m a n
E m p i r e . C h a r l e s H a b s b u r g w a s Ki n g C h a r l e s I o f S p a i n , E m p e r o r
Ch a r l e s V o f R o m e . H e wa s t h e m o s t p o we r fu l s e cu la r figu r e in E u -
r o p e . A n d h e wa s I ñ i g o ’s fr ie n d .
27
I n 15 18 , I ñ i g o w a s p a r t o f a l e g a t i o n n e g o t i a t i n g fo r C h a r l e s
w i t h Sp a i n ’s t r a d i t i o n a l r i va l , F r a n c e , a t t h e c o u r t o f t h e D u k e o f
N a j e r a i n Va l l a d o l i d . W h i l e t h e s u m m i t wa s i n s e s s io n , Ca t h e r i n a ,
t h e E m p e r o r ’s s is t er , w a s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e N a j e r a c o u r t . I ñ i g o fe ll
in lo ve w i t h h er . H e wa s t w e n t y- s e ve n a n d sh e wa s e l e ve n . ( T h e
E m p e r o r wa s e i g h t e e n . ) T h e m a t c h , h o w e ve r , wa s n o t t o b e .
O n M o n d a y , M a y 2 0 , 15 2 1, w h i l e c o m m a n d i n g a g a r r i s o n a t
t h e D u k e ’s for t r ess in P a m p l o n a , I ñ igo wa s s t r u ck b y a F r e n c h c a n -
n o n b a l l . H is r igh t le g wa s s h a t t e r e d , a n d w i t h it – s in ce a we ll-
s h a p e d le g wa s a m o n g a co u r t ie r ’s m o s t p r ize d a sset s – t h e p r o s p e ct s
for a r o m a n t i c life w i t h Ca t h e r i n a , o r a n y o t h e r w o m a n . An h o n o r
gu a r d o f F r e n c h s o ld ie r s b o r e t h e w o u n d e d c h a m p i o n o n a s t r e t ch -
e r t o h i s fa m ily’s c a s t l e in the Sp a n ish P yr e n e e s . Su r geon s
b u t c h e r e d h i s le g a n d r e s e t t h e b o n e s . H e lo s t a p p e t i t e a n d w a s
t o ld h e m i g h t d ie . H e m a d e co n fe s s i o n a n d wa s g i v e n la st r it es . Bu t
a fe w d a ys a ft er t h e fea st o f St s . P e t e r a n d P a u l, h e wa s p r o n o u n c e d
o u t o f d e a t h ’s i m m e d i a t e gr a s p . H e c r e d i t e d t h i s r e c o v e r y t o h i s
d e v o t i o n t o St . P e t e r .
I ñ i g o r e m a i n e d b e d r i d d e n fo r n e a r l y a ye a r . U n d e r t h e c o n -
c e r n e d i f d i s t a n t e ye o f t h e y o u t h f u l E m p e r o r , h e s p e n t h i s t i m e
“s e a r c h i n g fo r s u b s t i t u t e s fo r t h e s h a t t e r e d id e a ls , a m b i t i o n s , a n d
va l u e s t h a t h a d b e e n s o c e n t r a l t o h is s e n s e o f h i m s e l f. ” H e ga ze d
2
o b s e s s i ve l y a t a s m a l l i c o n o f S a i n t C a t h e r i n e , a gift fr o m Q u e e n
I s a b e lla t o h i s s is t e r - in - la w. T h e i c o n s p a r k e d d r e a m s o f C a t h e r i -
n a , w h i c h o n ly t h r o t t le d h is h e a r t w i t h d e s o la t io n . H e t u r n e d t o
b o o k s , Lu d o l p h of S a x o n y’s Life of Christ a n d Vo r a gin e ’s Lives of the
Saints – t h e o n l y t w o v o l u m e s in t h e fa m ily lib r a r y d e s p it e t h e fa ct
t h a t a S p a n i s h Bi b le h a d b e e n a va i la b le for fo r t y ye a r s .
T h e i c o n a n d t h e b o o k s g a ve h i m vi s i o n s . T h e vis io n s , i n t u r n ,
le d h i m t o d e v e l o p a p r o ce s s o f “p r e p a r i n g a n d d i s p o s i n g t h e s o u l
t o r id it s e lf o f a ll i n o r d i n a t e a t t a c h m e n t s , a n d , a ft er t h e ir r e m o v a l ,
o f s e e k i n g a n d fi n d i n g t h e w i l l o f G o d . ” I ñ i g o c a l l e d t h i s p r o ce s s
3
“t h e Sp ir it u a l E xe r cis e s .”
I n t h e E x e r c i s e s , a D i r e c t o r le a d s a R e t r e a t a n t t h r o u g h F o u r
W e e k s o f in t e n s e p r a yer , m e d i t a t i o n , a n d d ia lo gu e w i t h t h e Ble s s e d
Vi r g i n M a r y, J e s u s , a n d G o d t h e F a t h e r . F r e q u e n t r e p e t i t i o n o f
28
CH AP T E R 5 A P P O I N T M E N T A T C YP R U S
“Anim a Christi,” Lo yo l a ’s o w n h a b i t u a l p r a ye r fo r d i s o r i e n t a t i o n
a n d s e n s o r y d e p r i v a t i o n ( “B l o o d o f C h r i s t , i n e b r i a t e m e ” ) , i s
a d vi s e d . T h e F ir s t W e e k i s s p e n t c o n s i d e r i n g a n d c o n t e m p l a t i n g
s in s , c r e a t i n g v i v i d m e n t a l p i c t u r e s o f “h e l l i n a ll it s d e p t h a n d
b r e a d t h , p u t t i n g yo u r fi ve s e n s e s a t t h e s e r vi c e o f yo u r i m a g i n a -
t i o n . ” T h e S e c o n d W e e k e x p l o r e s t h e life o f C h r i s t u p t o P a l m
S u n d a y i n c l u s i v e l y; t h e T h i r d W e e k u n d e r t a k e s t h e C r u c i f i x i o n ,
i n w h i c h t h e R e t r e a t a n t i s d i r e c t e d t o “i m a g i n e C h r i s t o u r Lo r d
p r e s e n t b e fo r e yo u o n t h e Cr o s s , a n d b e g i n t o s p e a k w i t h h i m . . .
a n d a sk ‘W h a t h a v e I d o n e for Ch r i s t ? W h a t a m I d o i n g for Ch r i s t ?
W h a t o u g h t I t o d o fo r C h r i s t ? ’” T h e F o u r t h W e e k i s o c c u p i e d
4
w i t h t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n a n d As c e n s i o n , a ft er w h i c h t h e R e t r e a t a n t
p r a ys “fo r a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e d e ce i t s o f t h e r e b e l c h i e f a n d h e l p t o
gu a r d m ys e l f a ga i n s t t h e m ; a n d a ls o t o a s k for a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e
t r u e life e x e m p l i f i e d i n t h e s o v e r e i g n a n d t r u e C o m m a n d e r , a n d
t h e gr a ce t o im it a t e h i m . ”
By t h e t i m e t h e E x e r c i s e s h a v e r u n t h e i r c o u r s e , t h e R e -
t r e a t a n t ’s p u r ified i m a g i n a t i o n is t o t a lly d o m i n a t e d b y m e n t a l p i c-
t u r e s o f J es u s r e s u r r e c t e d , J esu s t h e K i n g M i l i t a n t . O n e c a n n o w
a n s w e r t h e Kin g’s ca ll t o c o n q u e r P r o t e s t a n t i s m a n d it s r e b e l c h i e f
( “t h e e n e m y o f h u m a n n a t u r e ”) w i t h t h e s e lfle s s fi d e l i t y o f a
c h i v a l r o u s k n i g h t . O n e ’s c o n s c i o u s n e s s h a s b e e n a l t e r e d . O n e ’s
s o u l a n d b r a i n h a v e b e e n w a s h e d . O n e ’s lib e r t y h a s b e e n s a cr ifice d
t o a u t h o r i t y. O n e ’s i n d i v i d u a l i t y h a s b e e n s u r r e n d e r e d t o t h e
Ch r i s t o f R o m e . O n e n o l o n g e r h a s a w i l l o f o n e ’s o w n . O n e v o l -
u n t e e r s for any a s s ign e d t a s k n o m a t t e r h o w a d ve r s e .
M a r t i n L u t h e r s p e n t Lo yo l a ’s ye a r o f r e c o v e r y i m p r i s o n e d a t
W a r t b u r g Ca s t l e for in s u lt in g t h e p a p a c y w i t h h is Ninety -Five The-
ses. R e m a r k a b l y, w h i l e o n e p r i s o n e r e x p e r i e n c e d m ys t i c a l vi s i o n s
t h a t u r ge d h i m t o d e fe n d t h e Ch u r c h ’s h o n o r i n t h e r o m a n t i c a l l y
c h i va l r o u s m a n n e r o f t h e Kn i g h t s Te m p la r , t h e o t h e r wa s t r a n s la t -
in g ( w i t h t h e m i r a c u l o u s p e r m i s s i o n o f h is k e e p e r s ) t h e N e w Te s -
t a m e n t in t o G e r m a n s o t h a t or d in a r y p e o p le m igh t lea r n t h e will
o f G o d d i r e c t l y. T h e s e p a r a l l e l , s i m u l t a n e o u s q u e s t s fo r h o l i n e s s
w o u l d d e fin e m o d e r n life’s u n d e r lyi n g co n flict : W h i c h M a s t e r D o I
S e r ve , R o m e o r t h e W o r d o f G o d ?
29
P U R I F I E D b y t h e S p i r i t u a l E xe r c i s e s , I ñ i g o ’s s e n s u a l a t t a c h m e n t
t o P r i n ce s s C a t h e r i n a w a s t r a n s fo r m e d t h r o u g h S a i n t C a t h e r -
in e i n t o a h i g h e r , s p ir it u a l a t t a c h m e n t t o a h i g h e r fe m i n i n i t y – t o
M a r y, t h e Q u e e n o f H e a v e n . An a p p a r i t i o n o f t h e Vi r g i n a p p e a r e d
t o h i m o n e n i g h t a n d va l i d a t e d t h a t h e wa s fr ee o f flesh ly lu st s a n d
w a s n o w w o r t h y o f a p i l g r i m a g e t o J e r u s a l e m . I n M a r t i n Lu t h e r ’s
o p i n i o n , “a s fa r a s G o d i s c o n c e r n e d , J e r u s a le m a n d a ll t h e H o l y
L a n d a r e n o t o n e w h i t m o r e , o r le s s , i n t e r e s t i n g t h a n t h e c o w s i n
Swit ze r la n d .” 5
Bu t t o a s p ir it u a l wa r r io r p r e p a r in g t o le a d t h e
C h u r c h t o w a r a g a i n s t S c r i p t u r e , a t o u c h d o w n i n J e r u s a l e m wa s
a b s o lu t e ly n e ce s s a r y. J e r u s a le m wa s t h e d o m a i n o f Ki n g S o l o m o n ’s
T e m p l e , t h e g e o - s p i r i t u a l c e n t e r o f t h e Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r . I f I ñ i g o
wa s t o r e v i v e t h e T e m p l a r s , a s t h e E m p e r o r d e s ir e d , it w a s lit u r gi-
c a l l y i m p e r a t i v e t h a t h i s n e w l y - w a s h e d s p ir it p r e s e n t it s e lf i n t h e
Sa c r e d C i t y for i n i t i a t i o n i n t o t h e m ys t e r ie s o f h o l y wa r fa r e .
A l l p ilgr im s t o t h e H o l y L a n d w e r e r e q u ir e d b y la w t o a p p ly t o
t h e p o p e a t E a s t e r for p e r m is s io n t o p r o c e e d . I n e a r ly M a r c h 15 2 2 ,
m o r e t h a n a ye a r in a d v a n c e , I ñ igo s e t o u t for R o m e in a ll h is a r is-
t o c r a t i c fin e r y, r i d i n g o n t h e b a c k o f a m u l e . T h e c o r r u p t L e o X
h a d d i e d s u d d e n l y o f m a l a r i a i n D e c e m b e r 15 2 1, a n d o n J a n u a r y
9 , 15 2 2 , C h a r l e s H a b s b u r g ( Ki n g a n d E m p e r o r ) h a d e n g i n e e r e d
t h e n e a r l y u n a n i m o u s e l e c t i o n o f h i s fo r m e r t u t o r , Ad r i a n D e d a l ,
t o s u c c e e d L e o a s Ad r i a n VI . I ñ i g o h e a d e d for R o m e c o i n c i d e n t a l -
l y w i t h Ad r i a n ’s j o u r n e y a cr o s s S p a i n t o B a r c e l o n a , t h e p o i n t o f
e m b a r c a t i o n fo r v o y a g e s t o I t a ly. T h e n e w p o p e s t o p p e d in
N a v a r r e , i n n o r t h e r n S p a i n , fo r a n o fficia l r e c e p t i o n b y t h e D u k e
o f N a j e r a ’s s u cce s s o r . I ñ i g o , t o o , s t o p p e d a t N a v a r r e t o d o s o m e
u n d e s cr i b e d b u s in e s s a t t h e D u k e ’s r e s i d e n ce a t N a v a r e t t e . P e r h a p s
Ad r i a n ga ve h i m a d is cr e e t a u d i e n c e .
F u r t h e r o n , t h e p i lgr i m k e p t a n a ll- n i g h t vi gi l a t a c h a p e l o f t h e
Vi r g i n o f Ar a n za zu , P r o t e ct r e s s o f t h e Ba s q u e s , v o w i n g h is ch a s t it y
t o h e r s m a ll, d a r k s t a t u e . H e c o n t i n u e d o n t o M o n t s e r r a t , wh e r e
h e l o d g e d i n a B e n e d i c t i n e a b b e y. T h e r e , h e r e d e d i c a t e d h i m s e l f
t o G o d ’s s e r vi c e b e fo r e a n o t h e r s t a t u e o f t h e Vi r g i n , t h e B l a c k
M a d o n n a o f M o n t s e r r a t , P r ot ect r es s o f Ca t a l o n i a , P a t r on ess o f
Ch r i s t i a n Co n q u e s t . T h e sp ir it u a l e xe r cis e h e r e m u st h a v e b e e n
30
i n t e n s e , fo r i n t h e l a t e a f t e r n o o n o f t h e t h i r d d a y, I ñ i g o t r a d e d
c l o t h e s w i t h a b e gga r , h u n g h i s s w o r d a n d d a g g e r o n t h e M a d o n -
n a ’s s h r in e , a n d g a ve h is m u le t o t h e a b b e y.
W h i l e Ad r i a n VI p r o c e e d e d o n t o B a r c e l o n a , I ñ i g o d e t o u r e d
o n fo o t t o t h e vi lla ge o f M a n r e s a for t e n m o n t h s o f p e n a n c e s , sp ir -
it u a l p r e p a r a t io n , a n d n o t e - t a k i n g. St r ip p e d o f e ve r yt h i n g b u t
s a c k c l o t h , a g o u r d fo r d r i n k i n g , a n d a p i lgr i m ’s st aff, h e a d o p t e d
t h e life s t yle o f t h e e a r ly Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r , b e g g i n g fo o d a n d a lm s .
H e w a s i n i t i a t e d i n t o t h e Illum inati, t h e “E n l i g h t e n e d O n e s , ” a
s e c r e t s o c i e t y o f g n o s t i c f u n d a m e n t a l i s t s w h o p r e a c h e d t h a t a ll
m a t t e r is a b s o lu t e ly a n d e t e r n a lly e vi l.
T h e g n o s t i c s t a u g h t t h a t h u m a n i t y it s e lf i s o f S a t a n i c o r i g i n .
A d a m a n d E ve w e r e t h e offs p r in g o f d e vi ls . H u m a n i t y c a n a c h i e v e
s a l va t i o n fr o m d e a t h a n d e t e r n a l p u n i s h m e n t , h o w e v e r , b y fr e e in g
s o u l fr o m b o d y fo r a b s o r p t i o n i n t o t h e p u r e l i g h t o f G o d l i n e s s .
T h i s i s d o n e b y w i t h d r a w i n g fr o m s e n s u a l p le a s u r e a n d i n t u i t i ve l y
d i s c o ve r i n g h i d d e n t r u t h s a s c o n v e y e d b y t h e c a b a l a h . ( T h e gn o s -
t ics ’ c o n t e m p t for a n y t h i n g h a v i n g t o d o w i t h t h e p h ys i c a l s id e o f
e xis t e n ce t r a n s la t ed in t o wild ly ir o n ic b e h a vio r . S o m e p r a ct ice d
r a d i c a l c e l i b a c y b e c a u s e t h e y b e l i e v e d t h e r e s u lt o f s e x u a l i n t e r -
c o u r s e , c o n c e p t i o n , w o u l d o n l y i m p r i s o n m o r e s o u ls i n p h y s i c a l
b o d ie s . O t h e r s p r a ct ice d u n b r id le d s e xu a l lib e r t in is m in or d er t o
p r o v e t h e y w e r e c o m p l e t e l y fr ee fr o m a ll p h ys i c a l i n h i b i t i o n . S t i l l
o t h e r s c o m b i n e d t h e t w o , p u r s u i n g h y p o c r i t i c a l l i ve s o f c e l i b a t e
fo r n i c a t i o n , o f w h i c h “sa fe s e x” is t h e m o d e r n i n s t i t u t i o n . Lo yo la ’s
p a r t i cu la r c u l t a p p a r e n t ly c h o s e t h e a s c e t i c i s m o f s e lf- fla ge lla t io n ,
fo r I ñ i g o w a n d e r e d m a n y n i g h t s a b o u t t h e M a n r e s a c o u n t r y s i d e
w h i p p i n g h i m s e l f w i t h a s co u r ge s t u d d e d w i t h i r o n b a r b s . La t e r i n
life , h e w o u l d d e c i d e t h a t t h e w h i p s a n d b a r b s “s a p p e d o n e ’s
s t r en gt h ,” t h a t t h e G o d h e a d co u ld a s a d e q u a t e ly b e s o u gh t b y t h e
m o r e h u m a n e s e lf- m o r t ifica t io n o f t h e Sp i r i t u a l E xe r cis e s .)
W h i l e I ñ i g o w a s o u t l i n i n g t h e E xe r c i s e s i n M a n r e s a , Lu t h e r ’s
t r a n s la t i o n o f t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t wa s i n t r o d u c i n g r e a d e r s a n d lis -
t e n e r s i n G e r m a n y, Sw i t ze r la n d , F r a n c e , Bo h e m i a , a n d E n g l a n d t o
a d i ffe r e n t fo r m o f s p i r i t u a l e x e r c i s e , o n e i n w h i c h G o d ’s w i l l ,
a n c i e n t a n d im m u t a b le , wa s e xp r e s s e d n o t w i t h i n t h e p r iva t e
31
i m a g i n a t i o n b u t p u b li cly, i n t h e p r i n t e d W o r d , for a ll t o s e e . P e o -
p le d e v o u r e d t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t e v e n b e fo r e i t r e a c h e d t h e
b i n d e r y. I n o n e c o n t e m p o r a r y ’s w o r d s , “ T h e s h e e t , ye t w e t , w a s
b r o u g h t fr o m t h e p r e s s u n d e r s o m e o n e ’s c l o a k , a n d p a s s e d fr o m
sh op t o sh op .” 6
T H E p i l g r i m s a i le d fr o m B a r c e l o n a t o t h e I t a l i a n p o r t c i t y o f
G a e t a , a n d w a l k e d t h e r e m a i n i n g d i s t a n c e t o R o m e , a r r i vi n g
t h e r e o n P a l m Su n d a y, M a r c h 2 9 , 15 2 3 . T w o d a ys la t e r , a c c o r d i n g
t o Va t i c a n a r c h i ve s , “I ñ i go d e Lo yo l a , cle r ic o f t h e d io ce s e o f P a m -
p l o n a ” r e c e i ve d p e r m is s io n fr o m P o p e Ad r i a n VI t o vis it J e r u s a le m .
F r o m R o m e , I ñ i g o p r o c e e d e d t o Ve n i c e , w h e r e o n e o f Ch a r l e s
H a b s b u r g’s a ge n t s r e c e i v e d h i m gr a ci o u s ly a n d i n t r o d u c e d h i m t o
t h e D o g e , An d r e a G r i t t i , t h e h i g h e s t officia l i n Ve n e t i a n c i v i l go v-
e r n m e n t . A fa m e d d i p l o m a t a n d lin gu is t , G r i t t i a r r a n ge d fr ee p a s -
s a ge fo r I ñ igo a b o a r d a s m a ll s h i p w h o s e n a m e – t h e “Negrona” –
wa s a p p r o p r i a t e for a n e va n g e l i s t d e d i c a t e d t o t h e Bl a c k Vi r g i n o f
Ch r i s t i a n Co n q u e s t .
O n J u ly 14 , 15 2 3 , t h e Negrona le ft Ve n i c e , a r r i v i n g a m o n t h
la t e r a t t h e is la n d o f Cyp r u s . At Cyp r u s , o n e D i e g o M a n e s a n d h is
s e r va n t , a l o n g w i t h s e ve r a l C y p r i o t o fficia ls , b o a r d e d s h i p for t h e
r est o f t h e vo ya g e t o H a ifa . D i e g o M a n e s wa s a C o m m a n d e r o f t h e
Kn i g h t s H o s p i t a l l e r s o f S t . J o h n o f J e r u s a l e m . S i n c e 13 12 , t h e
7
H o s p i t a lle r s h a d h e l d t it le t o t h e va s t w e a l t h o f t h e Kn i g h t s T e m -
p la r . T h e y h a d b e e n d r a w i n g u p o n t h e s e a s s e t s t o d e fe n d t h e
R o m a n e c o n o m y a ga i n s t I s la m i c m a r a u d e r s i n t h e e a s t . Bu t w h e n
t h e Tu r k s a t t a c k e d t h e H o s p i t a lle r s ’ h e a d q u a r t e r s o n t h e I s la n d o f
R h o d e s , t h e a s s e t s w e r e fr o ze n b y t h e p o p e a n d h i s fo r m e r p u p i l ,
t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p e r o r Ch a r l e s . N o a s s is t a n ce i n a n y fo r m wa s
f o r t h c o m i n g fr o m e i t h e r p a r t y. Co n s e q u e n t l y , i n D e c e m b e r 15 2 2 ,
t h e H o s p it a lle r s h a d n o c h o i c e b u t t o s u r r e n d e r R h o d e s a n d r e t r e a t
t o w h a t w o u l d b e c o m e t h e i r fi n a l d o m i c i l e , M a l t a . T h e m e s s a ge
w a s cle a r . N o w t h a t Lu t h e r ’s G e r m a n - l a n g u a g e N e w T e s t a m e n t
wa s in p r in t , P r o t e s t a n t i s m l o o m e d a gr e a t e r m e n a c e t o R o m e t h a n
I s la m e ve r d id .
I t is p o s s i b le t h a t in a J e r u s a l e m - b o u n d s h i p n a m e d Negrona,
32
C o m m a n d e r D i e g o M a n e s t u r n e d o v e r t h e l i t a n i e s , lis t s , s e c r e t
c o d e s , fo r m u la e , c a b a l a h , a n d o t h e r p o r t a b le a sset s c o m p r i s i n g t h e
Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r r e s o u r ce s t o I ñ i g o . I f t h is i n d e e d h a p p e n e d , t h e
w e s t e r n wo r ld ’s s e cr e t in fr a s t r u ct u r e wa s n o w Lo yo la ’s t o p o p u l a t e
a n d m a n i p u l a t e in t h e ca u s e of learning against learning. T h a t is m y
h yp o t h e s is . W h a t is n o t h yp o t h e s is is t h a t a s s o o n a s t h e p ilgr im
r e t u r n e d fr o m J e r u s a l e m h e b e g a n v e s t i n g h i m s e l f w i t h M e d i c i
le a r n in g.
T h e id e a o f u n i t i n g t h e Te m p la r s w i t h t h e H o s p it a lle r s wa s first
a r g u e d p u b l i c l y i n a b o o k p u b l i s h e d i n 13 0 5 b y R a i m o n L l u l l , a
r e n o w n e d illum inatus fr o m M a j o r c a . Llu ll’s b o o k , Libre d e Fine,
( “F r e e At La s t ”) a p p e a r e d i n t h e m i d s t o f a r a g i n g c o n t r o v e r s y
b e t w e e n t h e F r e n ch m o n a r ch y a n d t h e R o m a n p a p a cy o ve r w h o
h e l d ju r i s d i ct i o n o ve r t h e Te m p la r s . T h a t is t h e s u b je ct o f o u r n e x t
ch a p t e r .
33
TH E BAP H O M E T
Chapter 6
THE EPITOME
OF CHRISTIAN VALUES
S
I N CE TH E I R F O U N D I N G o n F r e n c h s o il i n 1 1 1 8 , t h e Kn i g h t s
T e m p l a r h a d g r o w n fr o m a p a ir o f s e l f- i m p o ve r i s h e d k n i g h t s
h o p i n g t o k e e p M u s l i m t e r r o r is t s fr o m m o l e s t i n g p ilgr im s i n
t h e H o ly La n d t o a m a m m o t h o r ga n iza t io n co n t r o llin g in t er n a -
t i o n a l f i n a n c e a n d p o l i t i c s . T h e fo u n d e r s , H u g h d e P a y e n a n d
Go d fr o i d e St . O m e r , o r ga n ize d a gr o u p o f e x c o m m u n i c a t e d
k n i g h t - c r u s a d e r s a n d s e c u r e d t h e i r a b s o l u t i o n b y a b i s h o p . Af t e r
p l a c i n g t h e r e s t o r e d k n i g h t s u n d e r o a t h s o f p o ve r t y, ch a s t it y, s e cr e -
cy, a n d o b e d i e n c e , t h e y p l e d g e d t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n t o r e b u i l d i n g
S o l o m o n ’s T e m p l e . G i v e n s p a ce a d j a ce n t t o a n I s la m ic m o s q u e sit -
u a t e d u p o n t h e T e m p l e ’s s u p p o s e d r u i n s , t h e y t o o k t h e c o r p o r a t e
n a m e “P o o r Kn i g h t s o f Ch r i s t a n d o f t h e T e m p l e o f S o l o m o n . ”
Be r n a r d , A b b o t o f C l a i r v a u x , t h e l e a d i n g p r o p a g a n d i s t o f t h e
d a y, e x t o l l e d t h e T e m p l a r s a s “t h e e p i t o m e a n d a p o t h e o s i s o f
C h r i s t i a n v a l u e s . ” Bo l s t e r e d b y s u c h u n p r e c e d e n t e d p r o m o t i o n ,
t h e P o o r Kn i g h t s a t t r a c t e d t h e b e s t a n d t h e b r i g h t e s t y o u n g m e n
35
o f E u r o p e t o b e c o m e Cr u s a d e r s , t o v o w c e l i b a c y a n d l e a v e t h e i r
fa m ilie s in d e fe n s e o f Ch r is t ’s t o m b a ga in s t M u s l i m t er r or is t s .
T h e m i s s i o n fa i le d w i t h i n n i n e ye a r s .
E v e n s o , Be r n a r d ’s p r o p a g a n d a c a u s e d t h e
Tem p la r s t o b e r e ce ive d a s co n q u e r in g
h er oes w h e n t h ey r et u r n ed t o Fr a n ce.
T h e y set u p t h e ir p e r m a n e n t lod ge a t
Tr o ye s u n d e r t h e p a t r o n a g e o f t h e c o u r t o f
C h a m p a g n e . ( F o r n e a r l y a c e n t u r y, T r o ye s
h a d b e e n E u r o p e ’s le a d i n g s c h o o l for t h e s t u d y
of t h e ca b a la h , wh ich m a y e xp la in wh y t h e
ci t y is la id o u t in t h e s h a p e o f a c h a m p a g n e co r k . )
F o r m a k i n g t h e T e m p l a r s a w o r l d p o w e r , Be r n a r d s h a r e s cr e d i t
w i t h C a r d i n a l Ai m e r i c o f S a n t a M a r i a N u o v a . Ai m e r i c w a s t h e
Ch u r c h ’s h i g h e s t j u d i c i a l o ffice r . I t w a s h i s u n l a w fu l c o n n i v a n c e 1
t h a t cr e a t e d H o n o r iu s II, t h e p o p e w h o o r d a in e d t h e Tem p la r s a s
t h e Ch u r c h ’s m o s t h i g h l y - e s t e e m e d r e li gi o u s o r d e r . I t w a s Ai m e r -
ic, t o o , w h o d e v i s e d a r a d i c a l “i n n e r r e n e w a l o f t h e C h u r c h , ”
w h i c h in s p ir e d n o b l e m e n t h r o u g h o u t E n g la n d , S c o t l a n d , F la n d e r s ,
S p a i n , a n d P o r t u ga l t o s h o w e r t h e Te m p la r s w i t h d o n a t i o n s o f la n d
a n d m o n e y – o ve r a n d a b o ve t h e p r o p e r t ie s r e q u ir e d o f a ll in it ia t e s
u p o n jo in in g t h e Or d er .
W h e n H o n o r i u s d ie d i n 113 0 , Ai m e r i c le d a m i n o r i t y o f ca r d i-
n a ls i n a n o t h e r c o n n i v a n c e r e s u l t i n g i n t h e e l e c t i o n o f I n n o c e n t
I I , w h o wa s c o n s e c r a t e d p o p e i n Ai m e r i c ’s t it u la r c h u r c h o f S a n t a
M a r i a N u o v a . I n 113 9 , I n n o c e n t issu ed a b u ll p l a c i n g t h e Te m p la r s
u n d er a n e xclu s ive vo w of p a p a l o b e d ie n ce – a m ea su r e b y w h i c h
Ai m e r i c e ffe ct ive ly p u t a ll T e m p l a r r e s o u r ce s a t t h e d is p o s a l o f t h e
p a p a cy. W i t h i n a n o t h e r d e c a d e , t h e Kn i g h t s w e r e g i v e n e x c l u s i v e
r igh t s b y P o p e E u ge n iu s III t o we a r t h e rose croix, t h e r osy cr os s , o n
t h e i r w h i t e t u n i c s . As t h e i r lis t o f p r o p e r t i e s l e n g t h e n e d w i t h
d o n a t i o n s fr o m I t a ly, Au s t r i a , G e r m a n y , H u n g a r y, a n d t h e H o l y
L a n d , t h e Te m p la r s b u i lt h u n d r e d s o f gr e a t s t o n e ca s t le s . W e a l t h y
t r a ve le r s lo d ge d i n t h e s e ca s t le s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r u n m a t c h e d s e cu -
r it y. C o n v i n c e d t h e y w e r e b u i l d i n g a n e w w o r l d , t h e T e m p l a r s
c a l l e d e a c h o t h e r frère m açon ( “b r o t h e r m a s o n ”) . La t e r , t h i s t e r m
w o u l d b e a n glicize d i n t o “F r e e m a s o n . ”
36
CH AP T E R 6 T H E E P I T O M E O F C H R I S T I AN VAL U E S
T h e Te m p la r s i n v e n t e d m o d e r n b a n k i n g b y a p p lyi n g a n o r i e n -
t a l i n v e n t i o n t o t h e i r c o m m e r c e . Ag e n t s o f t h e C h i n e s e e m p e r o r
Ka o - t s u n g , i n v e n t o r o f p a p e r c u r r e n c y c a l l e d fei-chi’en, “fl yi n g
m o n e y, ” s o u g h t t r a d e w i t h t h e m i d d l e e a s t d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f
Tem p la r o ccu p a t io n . 2
Ka o - t s u n g ’s w a s t h e fir s t g o v e r n m e n t o n
e a r t h t o e n fo r ce c i r c u l a t i o n o f d r a ft s a s le ga l t e n d e r for d e b t s . E vi -
d e n t l y, Ka o - t s u n g ’s a g e n t s i n t r o d u c e d t h e Kn i g h t s t o t h i s n e w
m e d i u m o f e x c h a n g e cr e a t e d o u t o f m e r c h a n t d r a ft s. T h e Te m p la r s
e n h a n c e d t h e i r a lr e a d y b o o m i n g b u s in e s s o f ( i ) a c c e p t i n g c u r r e n t
a c c o u n t s , d e p o s i t a c c o u n t s , d e p o s i t s o f j e w e l s , va l u a b l e s a n d t it le
d e e d s , ( 2 ) m a k i n g lo a n s a n d a d va n c e s ( c h a r g i n g “fees” b e ca u s e t h e
C h u r c h fo r b a d e i n t e r e s t ) , a n d ( 3 ) a c t i n g a s a g e n t s fo r t h e s e cu r e
t r a n s m i s s i o n o f s u c h t h i n g s b y ( 4 ) a d d i n g c i r c u l a t i n g le t t e r s o f
c r e d i t – flyi n g m o n e y – t o s e r ve a s p a p e r c u r r e n c y. To s u p p ly t h e
T e m p l a r s ’ c u r r e n c y n e e d s m a y e x p l a i n w h y p a p e r i n F r a n c e wa s
first m a n u fa c t u r e d in t h e P o o r Kn i g h t s ’ h o m e t o w n o f Tr o ye s .
By 13 0 0 , p r e s i d i n g o v e r t h e w o r l d e c o n o m y fr o m t h e i r P a r is
o ffi c e , 3
t h e Tem p la r s h a d b e co m e a n in t e r n a t io n a l p o we r u n t o
t h e m s e lve s . E n ga ge d in d i p lo m a cy a t t h e h i gh e s t le ve ls o f st a t e
fr o m t h e H o l y L a n d w e s t w a r d , t h e y s e t t h e t a s t e s , t h e g o a l s , t h e
m o r a lit y, t h e r u les o f t h e ci vi li ze d w o r ld . Ki n g s d id t h e i r b i d d i n g –
w h e n H e n r y III o f E n g l a n d t h r e a t e n e d t o co n fis ca t e c e r t a i n o f t h e
O r d e r ’s p r o p e r t ie s , h e wa s u p b r a i d e d b y t h e M a s t e r T e m p l a r i n t h e
cit y o f L o n d o n :
“W h a t sayest t h o u , O Kin g? So lo n g a s t h o u d ost e xe r cis e

ju st ice, t h ou wilt r eign . Bu t if t h ou in fr in ge it, t h ou wilt cease t o
b e Kin g.” 4
Bu t s u d d e n ly, a t t h e i r ve r y z e n i t h , t h e P o o r Kn i g h t s s u ffe r e d a
s t r a n ge r e ve r s a l o f fo r t u n e s . I n 13 0 2 , K i n g P h i l i p I V o f F r a n c e
d a r e d t o c h a l l e n g e t h e i r s o v e r e i g n t y o n h is o w n s o il. H e a s s e r t e d
t h a t i n F r a n c e e v e r y o n e , Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r s i n c l u d e d , wa s s u b j e c t
t o t h e K i n g . P o p e B o n i f a c e VI I I j u m p e d i n a n d d e c l a r e d t h a t
F r a n c e , t h e Ki n g , t h e T e m p l a r s , a ll o f t h e m , a n d e ve r yb o d y e ls e a s
w e l l , b e l o n g e d t o Pontifex Maxim us – “I t is a b s o lu t e ly n e ce s s a r y for
t h e s a l v a t i o n o f e ve r y h u m a n cr e a t u r e t o b e s u b je ct t o t h e R o m a n
37
P o n t iff.” P h i l i p t h e n a c c u s e d t h e p o p e o f i lle gi t i m a cy, s e xu a l m is -

c o n d u c t , a n d h e r e s y. B o n i f a c e p r e p a r e d a b u l l e x c o m m u n i c a t i n g
P h i l i p , b u t b e fo r e it c o u ld b e p u b li s h e d , a b a n d o f t h e P h ilip ’s m e r -
c e n a r i e s s t o r m e d t h e Va t i c a n a n d d e m a n d e d t h e p o p e ’s r e s i g n a -
t i o n . A l t h o u g h t h e i n t r u d e r s w e r e d r i v e n off, t h e s h o c k t o b o d y
a n d s o u l wa s t o o m u c h for Bo n i fa c e , a n d h e d ie d a m o n t h la t er .
T w o s u cce s s o r p o p e s h e l d fir m a ga in s t P h i l i p , u n t i l Be r t r a n d d e
G o t , Ar c h b i s h o p o f B o r d e a u x , w a s e l e c t e d i n 13 0 5 . C r o w n e d i n
Lyo n s w i t h t h e p a p a l n a m e C l e m e n t V, d e G o t m o v e d t h e p a p a c y
t o Av i g n o n , a n d b e g a n a l o n g t r a in o f c o n c e s s i o n s t o P h ilip ’s r o ya l
p r e r o g a t i v e . F i n a lly, o n F r id a y, O c t o b e r 13 , 13 0 7 , P h i l i p a r r e s t e d
a ll b u t t h i r t e e n o f t h e T e m p l a r s i n F r a n c e , t r i e d t h e m a n d , u p o n
e v i d e n c e o f t h e i r p r a c t i c e o f t h e c a b a l a h , fo u n d t h e m g u i l t y o f
b l a s p h e m y a n d m a g i c . At le a s t fift y k n i g h t s w e r e b u r n e d a t t h e
stake.
F r o m ca p t u r e d d o c u m e n t s it wa s le a r n e d t h a t t h e Te m p la r s ,
fr o m t h e ve r y b e g i n n i n g , h a d r e n o u n c e d w h a t R o m a n t h e o l o g i a n s
c a l l e d “t h e r e l i g i o n o f S t . P e t e r .” T h e y h a d b e e n i n i t i a t e d i n t o a
s e cr e t gn o s t i c b r a n c h o f t h e E a s t e r n C h u r c h k n o w n a s “t h e P r i m i -
t i v e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h . ” Be c a u s e t h e P r i m i t i v e Ch r i s t i a n s ’ a p o s -
t o l i c s u c c e s s i o n c l a i m e d t o flo w fr o m J o h n t h e Ba p t i s t a n d t h e
a p o s t le J o h n t h e y we r e ca lle d “J o h a n n i t e s . ” 5
T h e J o h a n n i t e s b e l i e ve d t h a t a l t h o u g h J esu s w a s “i m b u e d w i t h
a sp ir it w h o l l y d i vi n e a n d e n d o w e d w i t h t h e m o s t a s t o u n d i n g q u a l-
it ies,” h e wa s n o t t h e t r u e G o d . Co n s i s t e n t w i t h g n o s t i c lo gi c, t h e
t r u e J o h a n n it e G o d w o u ld n e ve r lo we r H im s e lf t o b e c o m e vile
h u m a n m a t t e r . J esu s wa s in fa ct a fa lse M e s s i a h s e n t b y t h e p o we r s
o f d a r k n e s s . H e w a s j u s t ly c r u c i fi e d – a l t h o u g h w h e n h is s id e w a s
p ie r ce d h e d id r e p e n t o f h is p r e t e n s i o n s a n d r e c e i ve d i vi n e fo r give -
n e s s . T h a n k s t o h i s r e p e n t a n c e , J esu s n o w e n j o ys e v e r l a s t i n g life
in t h e ce le s t ia l c o m p a n y o f t h e s a in t s .
R e g a r d i n g m i r a c l e s , t h e J o h a n n i t e s b e l i e v e d t h a t J esu s “d id o r
m a y h a ve d o n e e xt r a o r d in a r y o r m ir a cu lo u s t h in gs ,” a n d t h a t
“s i n c e G o d c a n d o t h i n g s i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l e t o h u m a n i n t e l l i -
g e n c e , a ll t h e a ct s o f C h r i s t a s t h e y a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t h e G o s p e l ,
w h e t h e r a ct s o f h u m a n s c i e n c e o r w h e t h e r a ct s o f d i v i n e p o w e r ”
38
c a n b e a c c e p t e d a s t r u e – e x c e p t fo r t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n , w h i c h i s
o m i t t e d fr o m t h e Te m p la r s ’ c o p y o f t h e G o s p e l o f S t . J o h n . T h e r e - 6
fo r e , fo r a ll h is w o n d e r f u l a t t r i b u t e s , C h r i s t “w a s n o t h i n g , a fa ls e
p r o p h e t a n d o f n o va l u e . ” O n l y t h e H i g h e r G o d o f H e a v e n h a d
p o w e r t o s a ve m a n k i n d . 7
Bu t t h e H i g h e r G o d a v o i d e d h u m a n m a t t e r , a n d s o l o r d s h i p
o ve r t h e m a t er ia l wo r ld b e lo n ge d t o Sa t a n a e l, t h e e vil b r o t h e r o f
J esu s. S a t a n a e l a l o n e c o u l d e n r i c h m a n k i n d . T e m p l a r c a b a l a h r e p -
r e s e n t e d Sa t a n a e l a s t h e h e a d of a goa t e m b la zo n e d wit h , s o m e -
t im es co n t a i n e d w i t h i n , a p e n t a gr a m . 8
T h i s s ym b o l is d e e p ly
r o o t e d i n O l d T e s t a m e n t c a b a l a h , i n w h i c h t h e g o a t i s i d e n t i fi e d
w i t h p o w e r i n t h e w o r ld a n d s e p a r a t io n fr o m G o d . O n t h e gr e a t e s t
I s r a e lit e fea st d a y, Yom Kippur, t h e D a y o f At o n e m e n t , o n e go a t wa s
s p a r e d t h e s a c r i fi c i a l k n i f e , a n d w a s s p r i n k l e d w i t h t h e b l o o d o f
a n o t h e r g o a t k i l l e d fo r t h e s in s o f I s r a e l. T h e s p a r e d g o a t , t h e
s ca p e go a t , wa s t h e n b a n i s h e d fr o m t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n t o b e a r Isr ael’s
s in s i n t o t h e w i ld e r n e s s , w h i c h t yp ifie d t h e w o r l d . T h e s c a p e g o a t
9
e s ca p e d w i t h h is life, h is fr e e d o m .
K i n g S o l o m o n c o n fe r r e d w i t h e v i l s p i r i t s , 10
b u t Scr ip t u r e
d e s cr ib e s t h e s p ir it s o n l y ge n e r a lly. H o w e v e r , t h e Zo h a r , o r “B o o k
o f S p l e n d o r , ” o n e o f t h e m a i n w o r k s o f a n c i e n t c a b a l i s t i c li t e r a -
t u r e , t e lls u s e vi l sp ir it s a p p e a r e d t o t h e I s r a e lit e s “u n d er the form of
he-goats a n d m a d e k n o w n t o t h e m a ll t h a t t h e y w i s h e d t o l e a r n . ” 11
T h e T e m p l a r s c a l l e d t h i s g o a t - i d o l “B a p h o m e t , ” fr o m baphe- a n d – m e t i s , G r e e k wo r
B a p h o m e t e n ca p s u la t e s t h e ca r e e r o f S o l o m o n , w h o Sc r i p t u r e sa ys
wa s a b s o r b e d i n t o t h e w i s d o m o f G o d m o r e t h a n a n y o t h e r h u m a n
b ein g, 12
ye t fin is h e d o u t h is life i n c o m m u n i o n w i t h h e - g o a t i s h e vi l
sp ir it s. 13
By t h e T e m p l a r s ’ J o h a n n i t e s t a n d a r d , c o m m u n i n g w i t h
t h e e vi l s p ir it s wa s t h e s e cr e t t o c o n t r o l l i n g t h e w o r ld . By t h e b i b -
lica l st a n d a r d , h o w e ve r , S o l o m o n r ep r es en t s t h e im p o s s ib ilit y o f
h u m a n p e r fe ct ib ilit y. P e r fe ct i b i li t y i s i n d e e d a t t a i n a b l e , a c c o r d i n g
t o Scr ip t u r e , b u t o n ly t h r o u gh t h e r e d e m p t i ve p r oces s s h o w n in
t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t w h i c h R o m e k e p t t h e Te m p la r s fr o m r e a d in g.
39
O N M a r c h 2 2 , 13 12 , C l e m e n t V d is s o lve d t h e Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r
w i t h h i s d e c r e e Vox clam antis ( “W a r C r y ” ) . Bu t t h e d is s o lu -
t i o n p r o v e d a m e r e fo r m a l i t y t o fu r t h e r a p p e a s e P h i l i p . M o r e
im p o r t a n t ly, it p e r m i t t e d t h e Te m p la r s , in o t h e r m a n i fe s t a t i o n s , t o
c o n t i n u e e n r i c h i n g t h e p a p a c y. F o r G r a n d M a s t e r J a c q u e s d e
M o l a y, ju s t p r io r t o h is e x e c u t i o n i n 13 13 , s e n t t h e s u r vi vi n g t h ir -
t e e n F r e n c h T e m p l a r s t o e s t a b l i s h fo u r n e w M e t r o p o l i t a n lo d ge s :
o n e a t S t o c k h o l m for t h e n o r t h , o n e a t N a p l e s for t h e e a s t , o n e a t
P a r is fo r t h e s o u t h , a n d o n e a t E d i n b u r g h fo r t h e w e s t . T h u s , t h e
Kn i g h t s rem ained t h e m i l i t a n t a r m o f t h e p a p a cy. E x c e p t t h a t t h e ir
w e a l t h , t h e i r s e cr e cy, t h e i r g n o s t i c c a b a l i s m , a n d t h e i r o a t h o f
p a p a l o b e d i e n c e we r e o b s cu r e ly d is p e r s e d u n d e r a va r ie t y o f co r p o -
rate n am es.
A s u b t le p r o v i s i o n in Vox clam antis t r a n s fe r r e d m o s t T e m p l a r
e s t a t e s t o t h e Kn i g h t s o f S t . J o h n o f J e r u s a le m , w h o t o o k p o s s e s -
s i o n a ft er Ki n g P h ilip ’s d e a t h . I n G e r m a n y a n d Au s t r i a , t h e T e m -
p la r s b e c a m e “R o s i c r u c i a n s ” a n d “T e u t o n i c Kn i g h t s . ” T h e T e u t o n -
i c Kn i g h t s gr e w s t r o n g i n M a i n z , b i r t h p l a c e o f G u t e n b e r g ’s p r e s s .
S i x c e n t u r i e s la t e r , a s t h e “T e u t o n i c O r d e r , ” t h e Kn i g h t s w o u l d
p r o v i d e t h e n u c l e u s o f A d o l f H i t le r ’s p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t i n M u n i c h
a n d Vi e n n a .
T h e E d i n b u r g h lo d ge w o u l d b e c o m e t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f S c o t -
t i s h R i t e F r e e m a s o n r y, w h i c h M a s o n i c h i s t o r i a n s c a l l “ Am e r i c a n
F r e e m a s o n r y” b e ca u s e a ll b u t five o f t h e s ign e r s o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n
o f I n d e p e n d e n c e a r e s a id t o h a v e p r a c t i c e d it s cr a ft . I n S p a i n a n d
P o r t u ga l t h e Te m p la r s b e c a m e t h e “lllum inati” i n w h o m I ñ i go h a d
t a k e n m e m b e r s h i p a t M a n r e s a , a n d “K n i g h t s o f C h r i s t . ” I t wa s
u n d e r t h e r e d p a t t é e cr o s s o f t h e Kn i g h t s o f Ch r i s t t h a t C o l u m b u s
h a d t a k e n p o s s e s s io n o f w h a t h e c a l l e d “las Indias” for Ki n g F e r d i-
n a n d V o f S p a i n , g r a n d fa t h e r o f I ñ igo ’s d i s c r e e t p a t r o n , Ch a r l e s I
a n d V, t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p e r o r .
As e a r ly a s Au g u s t o f 15 2 3 , a s I h y p o t h e s i z e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s
ch a p t e r , t h is va s t ye t fr a gm e n t e d s u b t e r r a n e a n e m p ir e – R o m a n
Ca t h o l i c i s m ’s u n s e e n r o o t - s ys t e m b i n d i n g t o g e t h e r t h e w o r l d –
b e l o n g e d t o I ñ i go d e L o y o l a . H i s s p ir it u a l d yn a s t y, w h i c h c o n t i n -
u e s t o t h i s d a y, w o u l d u s e t h i s s ys t e m t o c a u s e G o d - f e a r i n g m e n
40
w h o h a t e d t h e p a p a cy t o p e r fo r m , w i t h o u t r e a lizin g it , e x a c t l y h o w
t h e p a p a cy wa n t e d t h e m t o.
Bu t w h a t o f I ñ i go ’s e d u c a t i o n ? H i s r ise i n a c a d e m e i s t h e s u b -
j e c t o f t h e n e x t ch a p t e r .
41
“Hoc E S T D I G I T U S D E I ! ”
Pope Paul III declares Loyola’s plan for the Com pan y
of Jesus an Act of God . (From a J esuit altar)
Chapter 7
THE FINGERSTROKE
OF GOD
D
ETERMINED ON a p r i e s t ly life , I ñ i g o d e L o y o l a r e t u r n e d t o
B a r c e l o n a fr o m J e r u s a le m i n t h e s p r i n g o f 15 2 4 . H e s p e n t
t h e n e x t t h r e e ye a r s i n S p a i n g e t t i n g t h e r e q u i s i t e L a t i n .
S i n c e d i r e ct c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Bi b le wa s p r o h i b i t e d b y la w, h is r e a d -
in g co u r s e d t h e h u m a n i t i e s .
W i t h t h e es ot er ic e xp e r i e n ce o f h is Sp ir it u a l E xe r cis e s , h e
c h a r m e d t h e w i v e s o f i m p o r t a n t m e n . H e r e c e i v e d fr e q u e n t i n v i -
t a t i o n s t o d i n e a t e l e g a n t t a b le s , b u t p r e fe r r e d t o b e g fo o d d o o r t o
d oor a n d d is t r ib u t e t h e c h o i c e p ick in gs t o t h e p o o r a n d s ick. H e
live d in a n a t t i c a n d s le p t o n t h e flo o r b o a r d s , t r yi n g d e s p e r a t e ly t o
p e r s u a d e G o d o f h is w o r t h i n e s s . H e p r a ye d for s ix h o u r s e a c h d a y,
a t t e n d e d m a s s t h r e e t i m e s a w e e k , c o n fe s s e d e v e r y S u n d a y, a n d
c o n t i n u e d w h i p p i n g h im s e lf. H e d e vi s e d s e cr e t p e n a n c e s , s u c h a s
b o r i n g h o le s in h is s h o e s a n d go i n g b a r e fo o t in win t e r .
S o m e t i m e s t h e E x e r c i s e s a r o u s e d i n h is fo l l o w e r s i n s t a n c e s o f
b iza r r e c o n d u c t – s w o o n i n g , lo n g s p e lls o f fa i n t i n g o r m e l a n c h o l i a ,
43
r o l l i n g a b o u t t h e g r o u n d , b e i n g g r i p p e d w i t h c o r p s e - l i k e r igid it y.
T h e S p a n i s h I n q u i s i t i o n i n ve s t i g a t e d h i m o n s u s p i c i o n o f p r e a c h -
in g g n o s t i c i l l u m i n i s m . W h e n I ñ i g o in s is t e d t h a t h e w a s n o t
p r e a c h i n g a t a ll, b u t wa s m e r e ly t a lk i n g a b o u t t h e t h i n gs o f G o d i n
a fa m ilia r wa y, t h e I n q u is it o r r e le a s e d h i m . I n s u cce s s i ve fr a ys, t h e
I n q u i s i t i o n o r d e r e d I ñ i g o ( 1) t o g e t r id o f h i s e c c e n t r i c c l o t h i n g
a n d d r ess lik e o t h e r s t u d e n t s , ( 2 ) t o r e fr a in fr o m h o l d i n g m e e t i n g s
u n t i l h e h a d c o m p l e t e d fo u r ye a r s o f st u d y, a n d ( 3 ) t o r e fr a in fr o m
d e fin in g w h a t c o n s t i t u t e d a gr a ve s in . W e a r y i n g o f t h e h a r a s s m e n t ,
h e d e c i d e d t o s e e k h is fo u r ye a r s o f e d u c a t i o n b e y o n d t h e I n q u is i-
t io n ’s r e a ch .
H e s e t o u t fo r t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f P a r is w i t h a p a c k m u l e ca r r y-
in g h i s b e l o n g i n g s . H e a r r i ve d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o n F e b r u a r y 2 ,
15 2 8 , a n d s o o n a ft e r w a r d r e gi s t e r e d i n t h e r u n - d o w n o l d C o l l e g e
o f M o n t a i g u . J o h n C a l v i n , w h o w o u l d b e c o m e P r o t e s t a n t i s m ’s
gr e a t t h e o l o g i c a l s ys t e m s d e s i gn e r , w a s l e a v i n g M o n t a i g u ju s t a s
L o y o l a a r r i ve d . E r a s m u s , t h e Co l l e g e ’s m o s t fa m o u s a l u m n u s ,
r e m e m b e r e d g r a d u a t i n g fr o m M o n t a i g u “w i t h n o t h i n g e x c e p t a n
i n fe ct e d b o d y a n d a va s t a r r a y o f li ce . ” T h e s t u d e n t b o d y co n s i s t e d
m o s t ly o f w a yw a r d P a r is ia n b o ys k e p t u n d e r h a r s h d i s ci p li n e ; I ñ igo
wa s t h i r t y- s e ve n .
P a r is wa s e x p e n s i ve , e v e n for s t u d e n t s . M u c h o f t h e fu n d s I ñ i go
h a d r a is e d i n Ba r c e l o n a h a d b e e n s t o l e n b y o n e o f h is d is cip le s . I n
e a r ly 15 2 9 h e w e n t i n t o Be l g i u m , w h e r e i t i s b e l i e v e d h e r e c e i v e d
m o n e y fr o m p e o p l e c l o s e t o t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p e r o r . O n e o f
t h e s e w a s J u a n d e Cu e l l a r , Tr e a s u r e r o f t h e K i n g d o m o f S p a i n .
A n o t h e r wa s Lu is Vi v e s , p e r s o n a l s e cr e t a r y t o t h e E m p e r o r ’s a u n t ,
Q u e e n Ca t h e r i n e o f E n gla n d , a n d p r iva t e t u t or t o h e r d a u gh t e r ,
P r i n ce s s M a r y ( a ft e r wa r d t h e “B l o o d y ” Q u e e n ) . I ñ i g o r e t u r n e d t o
P a r is m u c h b e t t e r off. H e u p gr a d e d h is lo d gin gs .
I n O c t o b e r , h e le ft M o n t a i g u a n d e n r o l l e d a t t h e C o l l e g e o f
S t e . Ba r b e a cr o s s t h e s t r e e t . H e p u r s u e d a c o u r s e i n a r t s a n d p h i -
l o s o p h y t h a t w o u l d la s t t h r e e a n d a h a l f ye a r s . H i s n a m e a p p e a r s
o n t h e S t e . Ba r b e r e gis t r y a s “I gn a t iu s d e Lo yo l a . ” S o m e J es u it h is -
t o r i a n s h a v e gu e s s e d h e a d o p t e d t h e n a m e in ve n e r a t io n of
I gn a t iu s o f An t i o c h , a n e a r ly Ch r i s t i a n m a r t yr . I t wa s a t S t e . Ba r b e
44
CH AP T E R 7 T H E F I N GE R STR O KE O F G O D
t h a t I ñ igo b e g a n e a r n e s t ly o r ga n izin g h is a r m y, b u t n o t b e fo r e t r a v-
e l i n g a g a i n t o B e l g i u m t o a s k J u a n d e C u e l l a r a n d Lu i s Vi v e s for
ye t m o r e m o n e y.
A r m e d w i t h h is c o m m a n d o f t h e T e m p l a r s e cr e t s a n d w i t h in -
t r o d u c t i o n s p r o v i d e d b y t h e E m p e r o r a n d Vi v e s , I g n a t i u s cr o s s e d
t o E n g l a n d . T h i s s i gn i fi ca n t v o ya g e i s m e n t i o n e d o n l y o n c e i n h is
a u t o b i o g r a p h y. H e a d m i t s t h a t h e “r e t u r n e d w i t h m o r e a lm s t h a n
h e u s u a lly d id i n o t h e r ye a r s .” P e r h a p s Q u e e n C a t h e r i n e , t h e E m -
p e r o r ’s a u n t , i n t r o d u c e d h i m t o t h e H o w a r d s a n d t h e P e t r e s ,
k n o w n t o b e a m o n g t h e first fa m ilie s t o r e c e i ve a n d n o u r i s h J esu it s
sen t t o E n gla n d .
S t a r t i n g w i t h h is t w o S t e . Ba r b e r o o m m a t e s , I g n a t i u s s o o n
g a t h e r e d a c i r c l e o f s ix c l o s e fr ie n d s r a n g i n g i n a ge fr o m t e e n s t o
e a r ly t w e n t i e s . S o m e w h a t lik e h im s e lf, t h e y we r e a d ve n t u r o u s , im -
p r e s s i o n a b l e , i n t e l l i g e n t , a n d u n p e r s u a d e d o f t h e Bib le ’s s u p r e m e
a u t h o r it y. T h e i r fo n d e s t d r e a m wa s t o s a ve t h e H o l y La n d fr o m t h e
M u s l i m s b y p e r fo r m i n g h e r o i c T e m p l a r e s q u e e x p l o i t s . O n e b y o n e
I gn a t iu s ga ve t h e m t h e Sp ir it u a l E xe r cis e s , a n d o n e b y o n e t h e y
b e c a m e d is cip le s . W i t h i n a fe w ye a r s t h e y w e r e c a l l i n g t h e m s e l ve s
La Com pañìa d e I esu s, t h e C o m p a n y of J esu s.
O n Au g u s t 15 , 15 3 4 , F e a s t D a y o f t h e As s u m p t i o n o f t h e Vi r -
gin in t o h e a v e n , t h e c o m p a n i o n s s wo r e o a t h s o f s e r vice t o t h e
Ble s s e d Vi r g i n i n S t e . M a r i e ’s C h u r c h a t M o n t m a r t r e , a n d t o S t .
D e n is , p a t r o n sa in t o f F r a n ce , in h is ch a p e l. ( T h e e xp e r i e n ce o f
t h e M o n t m a r t r e O a t h s m u s t h a v e b e e n in t e n s e , for F r a n cis Xa vi e r ,
w h o w o u l d b e c o m e S t . F r a n cis , Ap o s t l e t o t h e E a s t , m a d e t h e Sp ir -
it u a l E xe r cis e s w i t h “a p e n i t e n t i a l fe r vo r ,” sa ys Br o d e r i c k in Origin
o f the Jesuits, “t h a t n e a r l y c o s t h i m t h e u s e o f h i s l i m b s . ”) T h e y
v o w e d p o ve r t y, ch a s t it y, a n d t o r e s cu e J e r u s a le m fr o m t h e M u s li m s .
H o w e v e r , s h o u l d t h e r e s c u e p r o v e i n fe a s i b l e w i t h i n a ye a r , t h e y
vo we d t o u n d er t a ke wit h o u t q u est ion wh a t e ve r ot h er task t h e
p o p e m i g h t r e q u ir e o f t h e m .
W e l l b e fo r e a ye a r h a d p a s s e d , C l e m e n t VI I d i e d a n d t h e
J e r u s a le m d r e a m w a s o v e r w h e l m e d b y m o r e p r e s e n t d a n g e r s .
Lu t h e r ’s Bi b l e i n G e r m a n w a s c r e a t i n g d e f e c t i o n i n r e c o r d n u m -
ber s t h r o u gh o u t Ge r m a n y, N o r wa y, S w e d e n , a n d D e n m a r k . I n
45
F r a n c e , t h e r e s p o n s e t o Le F e vr e ’s Bi b l e w a s s o d e c i s i v e t h a t Ki n g
F r a n cis I e xc l a i m e d t h a t h e w o u ld b e h e a d h is o w n c h i ld r e n if h e
fo u n d them h a r b or in g the b la sp h em ou s h er esies a cq u ir a b le
t h r o u g h d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h s cr i p t u r e . E n g l a n d w a s lo s t i n it s e n -
t ir e t y, d u e n o t t o Bi b l e r e a d i n g , w h i c h H e n r y VI I I p r o s e c u t e d a s
a vi d ly a s a n y p o p e , b u t t o t h e r o ya l l o ve life. H e n r y h a d d e m a n d e d
t h a t C l e m e n t VI I g r a n t h i m a d i v o r c e fr o m t h e E m p e r o r ’s a u n t
C a t h e r i n e , a n d t h e n r e c o g n i ze t h e P r o t e s t a n t - o r i e n t e d A n n e Bo -
le yn a s h is n e w Q u e e n . W h e n C l e m e n t s t o o d m u t e , H e n r y t o o k
a ll o f E n g l a n d a w a y fr o m R o m e a n d m a d e h i m s e l f “c o m p l e t e
o w n e r o f t h e la n d s a n d t e n e m e n t s [of E n gla n d ] , a s w e l l a t la w a s in
e q u i t y. ” 1
C l e m e n t VI I w a s s u c c e e d e d b y t h e o l d -
e s t c a r d i n a l , a n e r u d i t e h u m a n i s t w i t h fo r -
m id a b le d ip lom a t ic s k ills , 6 6 - ye a r - o l d
Al e s s a n d r o F a r n e s e . C a r d i n a l F a r n e s e h a d
b e e n p r i va t e l y e d u c a t e d i n t h e h o u s e h o l d o f
L o r e n z o d ’M e d i c i a n d h a d b e e n a p p o i n t e d
Tr e a s u r e r o f t h e Va t i c a n i n 14 9 2 . H e w a s
c r o w n e d P o p e P a u l I I I . Va t i c a n w a gs c a l l e d
F a r n es e “Ca r d i n a l P e t t i c o a t ” b e ca u s e h is
s t r i k i n g l y b e a u t i fu l s is t e r G i u l i a h a d b e e n
Giulia Farnese, with m is t r e s s t o t h e l i c e n t i o u s P o p e Al e x a n d e r
metal blouse VI , for w h i c h t h e s a m e wa gs n i c k n a m e d h e r
“Br i d e o f Ch r i s t . ” G i u l i a p o s e d u n d r a p e d for
t h e s t a t u e o f t h e G o d d e s s J u s t ice t h a t s t ill r e clin e s vo lu p t u o u s ly o n
P a u l I ll’s t o m b i n S t . P e t e r ’s Ba s i l i c a . T w o c e n t u r i e s la t e r , a t t h e
c o m m a n d , i n t h e in t e r e s t s o f d e c e n c y, o f P iu s I X, t h e fir st p o p e t o
b e officia lly d e c l a r e d in fa llib le , Gi u l i a ’s e xp o s e d b r e a s t s w e r e fit t e d
w i t h a m e t a l b lo u s e . 2
P a u l III is a m a j o r figu r e in t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s,

a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s o f Am e r i c a , s i n ce i t wa s h e
w h o a p p r o v e d , i n t h e s u m m e r o f 15 3 9 , I g n a t i u s d e Lo yo l a ’s b u s i-
n e s s p l a n . I g n a t i u s p r o p o s e d a “m i n i m a l s o c i e t y ” t h a t w o u l d “d o
b a t t l e i n t h e Lo r d G o d ’s s e r vi c e u n d e r t h e b a n n e r o f t h e Cr o s s . ”
T h e m ilit ia w o u l d b e ve r y s m a ll, n o m o r e t h a n s ixt y m e m b e r s , a n d
46
e a c h w o u l d h a v e t o t a k e fo u r v o w s – o f p o ve r t y, c h a s t i t y, o b e d i -
e n ce t o t h e Ch u r c h , a n d a vo w o f s p ecia l o b e d i e n ce t o t h e p o p e .
T h e y w o u l d n o t b e c o n f i n e d t o a n y s p e c i fi c p a r i s h b u t w o u l d b e
d i s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a p a c y’s n e e d s .
T h e y w o u l d w e a r n o p a r t icu la r h a b i t , b u t w o u l d d r ess a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n w h i c h t h e y fo u n d t h e m s e lve s . T h e y w o u ld
in filt r a t e t h e wo r ld in a n u n p r e d i c t a b le va r i e t y o f p u r s u it s – a s d o c-
t or s , la wye r s , a u t h o r s , r e fo r m in g t h e o l o g i a n s , fin a n cie r s , s t a t e s m e n ,
cou r t ier s , d ip lo m a t s , e xp lo r e r s , t r a d e s m e n , m e r ch a n t s , p oet s ,
s ch o la r s , s cie n t is t s , a r c h i t e c t s , e n g i n e e r s , a r t is t s , p r in t e r s , p h i l o s o -
p h e r s , a n d w h a t e v e r else t h e w o r ld m i g h t d e m a n d a n d t h e C h u r c h
r e q u ir e .
T h e i r h e a d w o u l d b e a S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l . I n t h e Co n s t it u t io n s
wh ich I gn a t iu s wa s wr it in g, t h e Su p er ior Ge n e r a l wo u ld be
“o b e ye d a n d r e ve r e n c e d a t a ll t im e s a s t h e o n e w h o h o ld s t h e p la ce
o f Ch r i s t o u r Lo r d . ” T h e p h r a s e “h o ld s t h e p l a c e o f Ch r i s t ” m e a n s
3
t h a t t h e Su p e r io r Ge n e r a l wo u ld sh a r e w i t h t h e P o p e , a t a le ve l
u n p e r c e i v e d b y t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c , t h e d i v i n e t i t l e o f “Vi c a r o f
Ch r i s t ” fir st c l a i m e d b y G e l a s i u s I o n M a y 13 , 4 9 5 . Lo yo la ’s c o m -
p l e t e d Constitutions w o u l d r e p e a t five h u n d r e d t im e s t h a t o n e is t o
s e e C h r i s t i n t h e p e r s o n o f t h e S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l . T h e G e n e r a l ’s
4
e q u a l st a t u s w i t h t h e P o p e , a d va n t a ge d b y a n ob s cu r it y t h a t r en -
d er s h i m vi r t u a lly i n vi s i b l e , i s w h y t h e c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f o f t h e
S o c i e t y o f J esu s h a s a lwa ys b e e n ca lle d Papa Nero, t h e Bl a c k P o p e .
T h e S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l ’s s m a ll a r m y w o u l d b e t r a i n e d b y t h e
Sp i r i t u a l E xe r cis e s t o p r a c t i c e a b r a n d o f o b e d i e n c e Lo yo l a t e r m e d
contem plativus in actione, a c t i ve c o n t e m p l a t i o n , i n s t a n t a n e o u s o b e -
d i e n c e w i t h a ll c r i t i c a l t h o u g h t s u p p r e s s e d . As s t a t e d i n S e c t i o n
3 5 3 . 1 o f t h e E x e r c i s e s , “ W e m u s t p u t a s id e a ll j u d g m e n t o f o u r
o w n , a n d k e e p t h e m i n d e v e r r e a d y a n d p r o m p t t o o b e y i n a ll
t h i n g s t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l C h u r c h . ” Bu t J e s u it o b e d i e n c e w o u l d b e
m o r e t h a n m e r e o b e d i e n c e o f t h e w i l l . An o b e d i e n t w i l l s u p p r e s s -
es w h a t it wo u ld d o in or d er t o o b e y w h a t a su p er ior wa n t s d o n e .
I gn a t i u s d e m a n d e d o b e d i e n c e o f t h e understanding. An o b e d i e n t
u n d e r s t a n d i n g a lt er s it s p e r c e p t i o n o f r e a lit y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s u p e -
r ior ’s d i c t a t e s . S e c t i o n 3 6 5 . 13 d e c la r e s , “ W e m u s t h o l d fa st t o t h e
47
fo l l o w i n g p r i n ci p le : W hat seem s to m e w hite, 1 w ill believe black if the

hierarchical Church so defines.” F r a n cis X a v i e r w o u l d la t e r d e s cr ib e
t h is q u a lit y of s u b m is s io n in a v o w t h a t u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y s u m m a -
r ize d t h e J e s u it m i s s i o n : “I w o u l d n o t e v e n b e l i e v e i n t h e Gospels
w e r e t h e H o l y C h u r c h t o fo r b id it .”
T h e S o c i e t y d o e s n o t o p e n it s e x t r e m e o a t h o f o b e d i e n c e t o
p u b l i c i n s p e c t i o n . H o w e v e r , a s cr ip t a l l e g e d t o b e a t r u e fa cs i m i le
wa s t r a n s la t e d b y E d w i n A. S h e r m a n a n d d e p o s i t e d i n t h e Lib r a r y
o f Co n g r e s s w i t h t h e n u m b e r BX3 70 5.S56 . Ac c o r d i n g t o t h is d o c u -
m en t,
wh e n a J esu it of t h e m in or r a n k is t o b e e le va t e d t o co m m a n d ,
h e is co n d u ct e d in t o t h e Ch a p e l of t h e Co n v e n t of t h e Or d er ,
wh er e t h er e are on ly t h r ee ot h er s p r esen t , t h e p r in cip a l or Su p e-
rior st a n d in g in fr on t of t h e altar. On eit h er side stan d s a m on k,
on e of wh o m h old s a b a n n er of yellow an d wh it e , wh ich are t h e
Pap al color s, an d t h e ot h er a b la ck b a n n er wit h a d agger an d red
cr oss a b o ve a sku ll a n d cr os s b on es , wit h t h e in it ia ls ’I .N .R .I .,’
a n d b e lo w t h e m t h e wo r d s ’I CS T U M N A CA R R EGES IMIOS,’ the
m ea n in g of wh ich is ’It is just to a n n ih ila t e im p iou s rulers.’ [Bib-
lica lly, t h ese in it ia ls r ep r esen t t h e R o m a n in s cr ip t io n a b o ve
Ch r ist ’s h ea d on t h e cross: ’J esus of Na za r et h Kin g of t h e J ews.’]
On t h e floor is a red cross u p o n wh ich t h e p ost u la n t or ca n -
d id a t e k n e e ls . T h e Su p er ior h a n d s h im a sm a ll b la ck cr u cifix,
wh ich h e t a kes in h is left h a n d a n d pr esses t o h is h ea r t a n d t h e
Su p er ior a t t h e sa m e t im e p r esen t s t o h im a d agger , w h i c h h e
grasps b y t h e b la d e a n d h old s t h e p o in t a ga in st h is h e a r t , t h e
Su p er ior still h old in g it b y t h e h ilt . . . .
T h e Su p er ior gives a p r e a m b le , a n d t h e n a d m in ist er s t h e
oa t h :
I, , n ow, in t h e p r esen ce of Alm igh t y Go d ,
t h e Blessed Vir gin Mar y, t h e blessed M ich a e l t h e Ar ch a n ge l, t h e
blessed St . Pa u l a n d all t h e Sa in t s a n d sacr ed H ost s of H e a ve n ,
a n d t o you , m y Gh o s t ly Fa t h er , t h e Su p er ior Ge n e r a l of t h e
So cie t y of J esus, fou n d ed b y Ign a t iu s Lo yo la , in t h e P o n t ifica t e
of P a u l t h e Th i r d , a n d co n t in u e d t o t h e p r es en t , d o b y t h e
W o m b o f t h e Vir gin , t h e M a t r ix o f G o d , a n d t h e R o d o f J esus
Ch r is t , d ecla r e an d swear, t h a t H is H olin ess t h e Pop e is Ch r ist ’s
48
Vice - R e ge n t an d is t h e tr ue an d on ly H e a d of t h e Ca t h o li c a n d
U n ive r s a l Ch u r c h t h r o u gh o u t t h e ea r t h ; a n d t h a t b y vir t u e o f
t h e keys of b in d in g an d loos in g, give n t o H is H o lin e s s b y m y
Sa vio u r , J esus Ch r is t , h e h a t h p ower t o d ep ose h e r e t ica l kin gs ,
p r in ces, states, co m m o n we a lt h s an d gover n m en t s , all b ein g ille-
gal wit h o u t h is sacr ed con fir m a t ion , an d t h a t t h ey m ay safely be
d estr oyed .
Th er efor e, to t h e u t m ost of m y power , I sh all an d will d efen d
t h is d o ct r in e a n d H is H o lin e s s ’ r igh t a n d cu s t o m a ga in st all
usurpers of t h e h er et ica l or P r ot est a n t a u t h or it y wh a t ever , esp e-
cia lly t h e Lu t h e r a n Ch u r c h o f Ge r m a n y, H o lla n d , De n m a r k ,
Swe d e n a n d N o r wa y, a n d t h e n o w p r e t e n d e d a u t h o r it y an d
ch u r ch e s of E n gla n d a n d Sco t la n d , a n d b r a n ch e s of t h e sam e
n o w est a b lish ed in I r ela n d a n d o n t h e Co n t i n e n t o f Am e r i c a
an d elsewh er e; a n d all a d h er en t s in r egar d t h a t t h ey b e usur ped
an d h er et ica l, op p osin g t h e sacred M o t h e r Ch u r ch of R o m e .
I d o n ow r e n o u n ce an d d isown an y a llegia n ce as d u e t o an y
h er et ica l kin g, p r in ce, or st at e n a m ed Pr ot est a n t s or Lib er a ls, or
ob ed ien ce to an y of t h eir laws, m agistr ates or officers.
I d o fu r t h er d e cla r e t h a t t h e d o ct r in e s of t h e ch u r ch e s of
En gla n d an d Sco t la n d , of t h e Ca lvin is t s , H u gu e n o t s a n d ot h er s
of t h e n a m e P r ot es t a n t s or Lib er a ls t o b e d a m n a b le , a n d t h e y
t h em s elves d a m n e d a n d t o b e d a m n ed wh o will n o t for sake t h e
sam e.
I d o fu r t h er d ecla r e t h a t I will h e lp , assist a n d a d vise all or
a n y of H is H olin es s ’ a gen t s in an y p la ce wh e r e ve r I sh a ll b e, in
Swit ze r la n d , Ge r m a n , H o lla n d , De n m a r k , Swe d e n , N o r wa y,
En gla n d , Ir elan d , or Am e r ica , or in an y o t h e r k in gd o m or t er r i-
tory I sh all com e t o, an d d o m y u t t er m ost t o ext ir p a t e t h e h er et i-
ca l P r ot es t a n t s or Lib er a ls’ d o ct r in e s a n d t o d est r oy all t h e ir
p r et en d ed p ower s, r egal or ot h er wise.
I d o fu r th er p r om ise an d d ecla r e t h a t , n o t wit h s t a n d in g I am
d isp en sed wit h , t o assu m e an y r eligion h e r e t ica l, for t h e p r op a -
ga t in g of t h e M o t h e r Ch u r ch ’s in t er est , t o k e e p secr et a n d p r i-
va t e all h er a gen t s’ cou n s els fr om t im e t o t im e , a s t h ey m ay
en t r u st m e, a n d n o t t o d ivu lge , d ir e ct ly or in d ir ect ly, b y wor d ,
wr it in g, or cir cu m s t a n ce wh a t e ve r ; b u t t o e xe cu t e all t h a t sh a ll
be p r op osed , give n in ch a r ge or d iscover ed u n t o m e, by you , m y
Gh o s t ly Fath er , or an y of th is sacred co n ve n t .
49
I d o fu r th er p r om ise an d d ecla r e t h a t I will h a ve n o op in ion

or will of m y o wn , or an y m en t a l r eser va t ion wh a t ever , e ve n as a
cor p se or ca d a ver , b u t will u n h e s it a t in gly ob ey e a ch a n d e ve r y
com m a n d t h a t I m ay r eceive fr om m y su per ior s in t h e M ilit ia of
t h e Pop e an d of J esus Ch r is t .
T h a t I will go t o an y p ar t of t h e wor ld wh it h e r s o e ve r I m ay
be sen t , t o t h e fr ozen r egion s of t h e N o r t h , t h e b u r n in g san ds of
t h e d eser t of Afr ica , or t h e ju n gles of In d ia, t o t h e cen t r es of civ-
iliza t ion of Eu r op e, or t o t h e wild h a u n t s of t h e b a r b a r ou s sav-
ages of Am e r i c a , wit h o u t m u r m u r in g or r e p in in g, a n d will b e
su bm issive in all t h in gs wh a t soever com m u n ica t ed t o m e.
I fu r t h er m or e p r om ise a n d d ecla r e t h a t I will, wh e n op p or -
t u n it y p r esen t s, m a ke an d wa ge r elen t less war, secr et ly or o p e n -
ly, again st all h er et ics, Pr ot est a n t s a n d Lib er a ls, as I am d ir ect ed
t o d o , t o e xt ir p a t e a n d e xt e r m in a t e t h e m fr om t h e fa ce of t h e
wh o le ea r t h ; an d t h a t I will spare n e it h e r age, sex, or con d it ion ;
an d t h a t I will h a n g, b u r n , wa st e, b o il, flay, st r a n gle a n d bu r y
a live t h ese in fam ou s h er et ics, rip u p t h e st om a ch s an d wom b s of
t h eir wo m e n an d cr u sh t h eir in fan t s’ h ea d s again st t h e wa lls, in
or d er t o a n n ih ila t e for ever t h eir execr a b le r a ce. T h a t wh e n t h e
sam e ca n n o t be d on e op en ly, I will secr et ly use t h e p oison ed cu p ,
t h e st r an gu lat in g cor d , t h e st eel of t h e p oin ar d or t h e lea d en bu l-
let, regardless of t h e h on or , r an k, d ign ity, or a u t h or it y of t h e per-
son or p er son s, wh a t e ve r m a y b e t h e ir co n d it io n in life, e it h e r
p u b lic or p r iva t e, as I at an y t im e m ay be d ir ect ed so to d o by an y
a gen t of t h e P op e or Su p er ior of t h e Br o t h e r h o o d of t h e H o ly
Fa it h , of t h e So cie t y of J esus.
In con fir m a t ion of wh ich , I h er eb y d ed ica t e m y life, m y sou l,
an d all m y cor p or ea l p ower s, an d wit h t h is d agger wh ich I n ow
r e ce ive , I will su b scr ib e m y n a m e wr it t e n in m y o wn b lo o d , in
t e s t im o n y t h er eof; a n d s h ou ld I p r o ve false or we a k e n in m y
d et er m in a t ion , m ay m y b r et h r en an d fellow soldier s of t h e Mili-
tia of t h e Pop e cu t off m y h a n d s an d m y feet, an d m y t h r oa t from
ear t o ear, m y b elly op en ed an d su lp h u r bu r n ed t h er ein , wit h all
t h e p u n is h m e n t t h a t ca n b e in flict ed u p on m e on ea r t h a n d m y
soul be tor tu r ed by d em on s in an et er n a l h ell for ever !
Al l of w h i c h I , , d o swear b y t h e
blessed Tr in it y a n d blessed Sa cr a m e n t , w h i c h I a m n o w t o
r e ce ive , t o p er for m a n d on m y p a r t t o ke e p in vio la b ly; a n d d o
50
ca ll all t h e h ea ven ly an d glor iou s h ost of h e a ve n t o wit n ess th ese

m y real in t en t ion s t o keep t h is m y oa t h .
In t est im on y h er eof I t a ke t h is m ost h oly an d blessed Sa cr a -
m e n t of t h e Eu ch a r ist , a n d wit n ess t h e sa m e fu r t h er , wit h m y
n a m e wr it t e n wit h t h e p o in t of t h is d a gger d ip p ed in m y o wn
b lood an d sealed in t h e face of th is h oly Co n ve n t .
He receives the w afer from the Superior and w rites his nam e w ith
the point of his dagger dipped in his ow n blood taken from over the
heart....
W H E N I g n a t i u s c o n c l u d e d h is p r e s e n t a t i o n , t h e P o p e r e p o r t -
e d ly c r i e d o u t “H o c est digitus Dei!” – “ T h i s is t h e fi n ge r -
s t r o k e o f G o d ! ” O n S e p t e m b e r 2 7, 15 4 0 , P a u l III s e a l e d h is
a p p r o v a l w i t h t h e h i g h e s t a n d m o s t s o l e m n fo r m o f p a p a l p r o -
n o u n c e m e n t , a d o c u m e n t k n o w n a s a “b u l l ” ( fr o m t h e La t i n bulla,
m e a n i n g “b u b b l e , ” d e n o t i n g t h e a t t a c h e d o v o i d o r c i r c u l a r s e a l
b e a r i n g t h e p o p e ’s n a m e ) . P a u l’s b u ll o r d a i n i n g t h e J es u it s is e n t i -
t le d Regim ini m ilitantis ecclesiae, “ O n t h e S u p r e m a c y o f t h e C h u r c h
M i l i t a n t . ” T h e t i t le fo r m s a c a b a l i s t i c d e v i c e c o m m o n t o p a g a n
R o m a n d i v i n i n g . K n o w n a s notariqon, t h i s d e v i c e i s a n a c r o n y m
t h a t e n h a n c e s t h e m e a n i n g o f it s i n i t i a l i ze d w o r d s , i n t h e w a y
“ M A D D ” t e lls u s t h a t M o t h e r s Ag a i n s t D r u n k D r i v e r s a r e m o r e
t h a n “a g a i n s t ” d r u n k e n d r ive r s , t h e y’r e ve r y a n gr y. “Regim ini m ili-
tantis ecclesiae” p r o d u c e s t h e n o t a r i q o n “R [ O ] M E , ” t h e e m p ir e
w h o s e s a l v a t i o n t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s w a s o r d a i n e d b y t h i s b u l l t o
s e cu r e t h r o u g h t h e a r t s o f wa r .
T h e fo l l o w i n g Ap r i l , t h e o r i gi n a l s ix a n d a fe w o t h e r m e m b e r s
e l e c t e d I gn a t i u s d e L o y o l a t h e i r fir st S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l . W h a t h a d
b e e n a p p r o ve d a s a m i n i m a l s o cie t y s o o n m u l t i p l i e d t o a t h o u s a n d
s t r o n g. I gn a t iu s d id t h is b y a d m i n i s t e r i n g t o o n ly s ixt y t h e e x t r e m e
oa t h of ob ed ien ce t o t h e p op e, wh ile a d m it t in g h u n d r ed s m or e
u n d e r le s s e r o a t h s . E v e r s i n c e , t h e e x a c t size o f t h e S o c i e t y h a s
b e e n k n o w n o n l y t o t h e S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l . As t h e w o r l d g a i n e d
i n cr e a s i n g n u m b e r s o f d o ct o r s , la wye r s , a u t h o r s , r e fo r m i n g t h e o l o -
gia n s , fin a n cie r s , s t a t e s m e n , co u r t ie r s , d i p lo m a t s , e xp lo r e r s , t r a d e s -
m e n , m e r ch a n t s , p o e t s , s ch o la r s , s cie n t is t s , a r ch it e ct s , e n gin e e r s ,
a r t is t s , p r in t e r s , a n d p h i l o s o p h e r s , it w a s e x t r e m e l y d ifficu lt for a n
51
o r d in a r y ci t i ze n t o t e ll w h i c h we r e J esu it s a n d w h i c h we r e n o t . N o t
e v e n J esu it s c o u l d sa y fo r s u r e , b e c a u s e o f a p r o vi s i o n i n t h e C o n -
s t i t u t i o n s ( S e c t i o n s 8 1- 8 6 o f P a r t I ) w h i c h a u t h o r ize s t h e Su p e r i -
o r G e n e r a l t o “r e c e i v e a g e n t s , b o t h p r i e s t ly a g e n t s t o h e l p i n
s p ir it u a l m a t t e r s a n d la y a ge n t s t o g i ve a id in t e m p o r a l a n d d o m e s -
t ic fu n ct i o n s . ” Ca l l e d “co a d ju t o r s ,” t h e s e la y a ge n t s c o u ld b e o f a n y
r e l i g i o u s d e n o m i n a t i o n , r a c e , n a t i o n a l i t y , o r s e x. T h e y t o o k a n
o a t h w h i c h b o u n d t h e m “fo r w h a t e v e r t i m e t h e S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l
o f t h e S o c i e t y s h o u ld see fit t o e m p l o y t h e m in s p ir it u a l o r t e m p o -
r a l s e r vi c e s . ” T h i s p r o v i s i o n w a s a v a i l e d b y s o m a n y b l a c k p o p e s
t h a t t h e F r e n c h h a d a n a m e fo r p e o p l e s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g J e s u it
a g e n t s : les robes-petites ( “s h o r t - r o b e s ”) . T h e E n g l i s h c a l l e d t h e m
“s h o r t - co a t s ” o r “I gn a t ia n s . ”
With in t wo ye a r s o f Regim ini m ilitantis ecclesiae, Paul III
a p p o in t e d t h e So cie t y t o a d m in ist er t h e R o m a n I n q u isit ion ( n o t
t o b e c o n fu s e d w i t h t h e S p a n i s h I n q u i s i t i o n , w h i c h r e p o r t e d o n l y
t o t h e S p a n i s h c r o w n ) . W h e n t h e J e s u it s w e r e c o m f o r t a b l e w i t h
t h e I n q u i s i t i o n , P a u l m a d e h i s m o v e t o “r e c o n c i l e ” w i t h t h e
Pr otestan ts.
52
TH E SP I RI T OF TR E N T
Sk e t ch fr om t h e Se b a s t ia n o p a in t in g of t h e
P s ych o p o m p d ir ect in g Pa u l I I I (left cen t er )
an d h is ca r d in a ls t o t h e Co u n c i l of Tr en t .
Chapter 8
MOVING IN
T
H E T E R M “ P R O T E S T A N T ” wa s c o i n e d i n 15 2 9 t o d e s cr i b e t h e
la r ge n u m b e r o f p r i n c e s a n d d e l e g a t e s o f f o u r t e e n c i t i e s ,
la r ge ly G e r m a n , w h o p r o t e s t e d E m p e r o r Ch a r l e s H a b s b u r g’s
a t t e m p t t o e n fo r c e t h e E d i c t o f W o r m s . T h i s e d i c t b o u n d t h e
E m p i r e ’s t h r e e h u n d r e d p r i n c e l y s t a t e s a n d fr e e c i t i e s t o R o m a n
C a t h o l i c i s m . T h e P r o t e s t a n t s p r o p o s e d a c o m p r o m i s e fo r m u l a –
b a s i c a l l y a s t a t e m e n t o f t h e L u t h e r a n fa i t h – k n o w n a s t h e Au g s -
b u r g Co n fe s s i o n .
For fift een yea r s t h e E d i ct o f W o r m s a n d t h e Au g s b u r g Co n f e s -
s i o n k e p t C a t h o l i c a n d P r o t e s t a n t r u le r s i n a M e x i c a n s t a n d o ff.
T h e n , o n D e c e m b e r 13 , 15 4 5 , P a u l III c a l l e d b o t h fa c t i o n s t o t h e
s m a ll G e r m a n - s p e a k i n g n o r t h e r n I t a l i a n c a t h e d r a l c i t y o f T r e n t .
T h e p r o m i s e wa s t o r e s o lve d i ffe r e n ce s p e a c e fu l l y i n a n e c u m e n i -
ca l c o u n c i l .
T h e C o u n c i l o f T r e n t h a d n o t b e e n s e a t e d fo u r m o n t h s b e fo r e
i t d e c r e e d t h a t t h e b o o k s a n d b i b l i c a l t r a n s l a t i o n s o f Lu t h e r ,
55
L e F e v r e , Z w i n g l i , C a l v i n , a n d o t h e r “u n a p p r o v e d p e r s o n s ” w e r e
“a l t o g e t h e r fo r b i d d e n [a n d ] a l l o w e d t o n o o n e , s i n c e li t t le a d v a n -
t a ge , b u t m u c h d a n ge r , ge n e r a lly a r ises fr o m r e a d in g t h e m . ” 1
T h e n t h e J e s u it s m o v e d in . D i e g o La i n e z , Al f o n s o S a l m e r o n ,
t w o o f t h e o r i g i n a l c o m p a n i o n s , a n d C l a u d e LeJ a y, a ll t h r e e i n
t h e i r e a r ly t h i r t i e s , d i s t i n g u i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s a t T r e n t e a r ly o n b y
s p u r n in g t h e gr a n d s t yle o f t h e o t h e r d e le ga t e s . T h e y set u p h o u s e -
k e e p i n g i n a “n a r r o w , s m o k e - b l a c k e n e d b a k e r ’s o v e n ” a n d w o r e
c l o t h i n g s o h e a v i l y p a t c h e d a n d gr e a s y t h a t o t h e r p r ie s t s w e r e
e m b a r r a s s e d t o a s s o cia t e w i t h t h e m . T h e y ca r r ie d w i t h t h e m in t r i-
2
c a t e a d vi s o r i e s fr o m I gn a t i u s h i m s e lf, w r i t t e n fr o m t h e d e l e g a t e s ’
p o i n t o f vie w, a s for e x a m p l e :
W h e n t h e m a t t er t h a t is b e in g d eb a t ed seem s so m a n ifest ly
ju st a n d r igh t t h a t I ca n n o lon ger k e e p s ilen t , t h e n I sh ou ld
sp eak m y m in d wit h t h e gr eat est com p osu r e an d co n clu d e wh a t
I h a ve said wit h t h e wor d s ’su b ject of cou r se t o t h e ju d gm en t of
a wiser h e a d t h a n m in e .’ I f t h e lea d er s of t h e o p p o s in g p ar t y
sh ou ld try t o befr ien d m e, I m ust cu lt iva t e t h ese m en , wh o h a ve
in flu en ce over t h e h er et ics a n d lu kewa r m Ca t h o lics , an d try t o
win t h em away from t h eir errors wit h h oly wisd om an d lo ve . . . .
M o s t o f t h e e i g h t e e n - ye a r life t im e o f t h e C o u n c i l o f T r e n t c o n -
s is t e d o f t w o i n t e r m i s s i o n s s p a n n i n g fo u r a n d t e n ye a r s e a c h . At
t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s e c o n d i n t e r m i s s i o n , I gn a t iu s fo u n d e d a s p e -
c i a l c o l l e g e i n R o m e fo r G e r m a n - s p e a k i n g J e s u it s c a l l e d t h e G e r -
m a n i c u m . T h r e e ye a r s la t er , t h e P e a c e o f Au g s b u r g e s t a b lis h e d t h e
p r i n c i p l e cuius regio, eius religio, “w h o s e t h e r e g i o n , h i s t h e r e li -
g i o n . ” T h e P e a c e o f Au g s b u r g w a s J e s u it p a yd i r t . T h e y c o u l d n o w
b r i n g w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n s t o R o m e s i m p l y b y w i n n i n g o v e r a fe w
p r i n ce s . A n d s o t h e y d id . By 15 6 0 , t h e S o c i e t y h a d r e t u r n e d vir t u -
a lly a ll o f S o u t h G e r m a n y a n d Au s t r i a t o t h e C h u r c h .
T h e fr u it s o f t h e G e r m a n i c u m w e r e s o s u cces s fu l t h a t w h e n t h e
C o u n c i l o f T r e n t fi n a l l y a d j o u r n e d o n D e c e m b e r 4 , 15 6 3 , it s
d e cr e e s a n d c a n o n s c o n c e d e d n o t h i n g t o t h e P r o t e s t a n t r e fo r m e r s .
I n d e e d , u n d e r t h e sp ir it u a l d ir e ct io n o f Su p e r io r G e n e r a l D ie go
L a i n e z – I g n a t i u s h a d d i e d i n 15 5 6 – t h e C o u n c i l d e n i e d e v e r y
56
CH AP T E R 8 M O VI N G IN
P r o t e s t a n t d o c t r i n e p o i n t b y p o i n t . An a t h e m a t i z e d ( e t e r n a l l y
d a m n e d ) wa s a n y o n e w h o b e l i e v e d t h a t s a l va t i o n is G o d ’s fr ee gift
t o H i s fa i t h fu l a n d d o e s n o t d e p e n d u p o n p a r t a k i n g o f C h u r c h
s a c r a m e n t s . An a t h e m a t i z e d w a s a n y o n e w h o l o o k e d t o t h e Bi b l e
fo r t h e u l t i m a t e a u t h o r i t y o n “d o c t r i n e , r e p r o o f, c o r r e c t i o n , a n d
i n s t r u ct i o n i n r i g h t e o u s n e s s ” r a t h e r t h a n t o t h e t e a c h i n g C h u r c h .
3
An a t h e m a t i z e d w a s a n y o n e w h o r e g a r d e d a s u n w o r t h y o f b e l i e f
s u ch u n s cr ip t u r a l d o c t r i n e s a s ( 1) t h e effica cy o f p a p a l i n d u lge n c e s ,
( 2 ) o f c o n fe s s i o n a l o n e t o a p r ie s t a s n e ce s s a r y t o s a l va t i o n , ( 3 ) o f
t h e m a s s a s a t r u e a n d r e a l s a cr ifice o f t h e b o d y o f Ch r i s t n e ce s s a r y
t o s a l v a t i o n , ( 4 ) t h e l e g i t i m a c y o f t e a c h i n g s o n p u r ga t o r y, ( 5 ) t h e
c e l i b a t e p r i e s t h o o d , ( 6 ) i n v o k i n g s a in t s b y p r a ye r t o i n t e r ce d e w i t h
G o d , ( 7) t h e ve n e r a t i o n o f r elics , a n d (8 ) t h e u se o f im a ges a n d
s ym b o ls .
T h e C o u n c i l o f T r e n t h u r l e d o n e h u n d r e d t w e n t y- fi ve a n a t h e -
m as – e t e r n a l d a m n a t io n s – a ga in s t P r o t e s t a n t is m . T h e n , as an
a d d e n d u m t o it s c l o s i n g s t a t e m e n t s , t h e C o u n c i l r e c o m m e n d e d
t h a t t h e J e s u it s “s h o u l d b e g i v e n p r i d e o f p l a c e o v e r m e m b e r s o f
o t h e r o r d e r s a s p r e a c h e r s a n d p r o fe s s o r s .” I t w a s a t T r e n t t h a t t h e
R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h b e g a n m a r c h i n g t o t h e b e a t o f t h e Bl a c k
P a p a cy.
A g e n e r a t i o n la t e r , t h e g u i d e l i n e s o f t h e R o m a n I n q u i s i t i o n
u n d e r J e s u it d i r e c t i o n w e r e p u b li s h e d a t t h e c o m m a n d o f t h e Ca r -
d i n a l s I n q u i s i t o r s G e n e r a l . T h i s Directorium I n q u is it or u m ( 15 8 4 )
w a s d e d i c a t e d t o G r e g o r y XI I I , t h e p o p e w h o b e s t o w e d u p o n
J e s u it s t h e r i g h t t o d e a l i n c o m m e r c e a n d b a n k i n g , a n d w h o a ls o
d e c r e e d t h a t e ve r y p a p a l le ga t e s h o u ld h a v e a J es u it a d vis o r o n h is
p e r s o n a l st a ff. H e r e fo l l o w s a s u m m a r y o f t h e Directorium I n qu isi-
4
torum ( t r a n s la t e d b y J . P. Ca l l e n d e r , 18 3 8 ) :
H e is a h er et ic wh o d oes n o t b elieve wh a t t h e R o m a n H ier -

a r ch y t e a c h e s — A h e r e t ic m er it s t h e p a in s of fire By t h e
Go s p e l, t h e ca n o n s , civil law, a n d cu s t o m , h e r e t ics m u st b e
b u r n e d . . . . For t h e s u s p icion a lo n e of h er esy, p u r ga t io n is
d e m a n d e d .... Magist r at es wh o refuse t o t ake t h e oa t h for defen se
of t h e fa it h sh a ll b e su sp ect ed of h er esy Wa r s m a y b e co m -
m e n ce d b y t h e a u t h or it y of t h e Ch u r c h . . . . I n d u lgen ces for t h e
57
r em ission of all sin b elon g t o t h ose wh o sign ed wit h t h e cross for

t h e p e r s e cu t io n of h e r e t ics Ever y in d ivid u a l m a y k ill a
h e r e t ic. Per son s wh o b et r a y h e r e t ics sh a ll b e r e wa r d e d ....
H er et ics m ay be for ced t o profess t h e R o m a n fa it h .... A h er et ic,
a s h e sin s in a ll p la ce s , m ay e ve r ywh e r e b e ju d ge d . . . . H e r e t ics
m u st b e sou gh t after , a n d b e co r r e ct e d or e xt e r m i n a t e d . . . .
H e r e t ics en joy n o p r ivileges in la w or e q u it y. . . . T h e good s of
h e r e t ics are t o b e con s id er ed a s co n fis ca t e d fr om t h e p er p et r a -
t io n of t h e cr im e ... T h e p op e ca n e n a ct n ew ar t icles of fa it h . . . .
De fin it io n s of p op es a n d co u n cils are t o b e r e ce ive d a s in fa lli-
b le . . . . In qu isitor s m ay tor tu r e wit n esses t o ob t a in t h e t r u t h .... It
is la u d a b le t o t or t u r e t h ose of e ve r y class wh o are gu ilt y of
h er esy T h e P op e h as p ower over in fid els.... T h e Ch u r ch m ay
m a ke war wit h i n f i d e l s — Th o s e wh o are st r on gly su sp ect ed are
t o b e r ep u t ed a s h e r e t ics H e wh o d oes n o t in for m a ga in st
h e r e t ics sh a ll b e d e e m e d a s s u s p e c t e d — I n q u isit or s m a y a llow
h er et ics t o wit n ess again st h er et ics, b u t n o t for t h e m . . . . In qu isi-
tor s m u st n o t p u b lis h t h e n a m es of in for m er s, wit n esses, an d
a ccu s e r s .... P e n it e n t h e r e t ics m a y b e co n d e m n e d t o p er p et u a l
im p r ison m en t In qu isitor s m ay p r ovid e for t h eir o wn exp en d i-
t u r es, a n d t h e salar ies of t h eir officer s, fr om t h e p r op er t y of
h e r e t ics .... In qu isitor s en joy t h e ben efits of a p len ar y in d u lgen ce
[a full p ap al for given ess of sin] at all tim es in life, an d in d ea t h .
T h e I n q u i s i t i o n ’s e ffe ct , o f c o u r s e , w a s t o s e n d t h e m o r e
r e s o u r ce fu l o f t h e “h e r e t i cs , P r o t e s t a n t s a n d Lib e r a ls ” w h o e s ca p e d
t o r t u r e o r e x e c u t i o n s cu r r yi n g u n d e r g r o u n d , o r i n t o t h e b u r g e o n -
in g wo r ld o f c o m m e r c e , o r in t o r egion s wh e r e P r o t e s t a n t civil
a u t h o r it ie s k e p t I n q u is it o r s a t b a y. Ye a r n i n g for a less in t r u s ive r eli-
gio u s e x p e r i e n c e , t h e y j o i n e d a t t r a c t i v e p h i l o s o p h i c a l fr a t e r n it ie s
w h e r e t h e y c o u ld s p e a k fr e e ly a ga in s t R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m . F o r t h is
o s t e n s i b l e r e a s o n , t h e s e fr a t e r n i t i e s o r cu lt s o r lo d ge s o p e r a t e d i n
s e cr e cy. I n fa ct , t h e y w e r e t h e r e m n a n t s o f t h e T e m p l a r n e t w o r k –
R o s i c r u c i a n s , T e u t o n i c Kn i g h t s , t h e n u m e r o u s a n d va r io u s r it e s o f
F r e e m a s o n r y. Li k e t h e Te m p la r s a n d t h e J esu it s, t h e y w e r e r e ligio u s
h i e r a r c h i e s o f s t r i ct o b e d i e n c e . T h e y d iffe r e d fr o m t h e J e s u it s ,
h o w e ve r , i n t h a t t h e i r p yr a m i d c u l m i n a t e d i n a n u l t i m a t e a u t h o r i -
t y n o b r o t h e r c o u l d id e n t ify w i t h ce r t a i n t y. T h e h i g h e s t m a s t e r o f
58
CH AP T E R 8 M O VI N G IN
a Lo d g e r e c e i ve d c o m m a n d m e n t s fr o m a n “ U n k n o w n Su p e r io r , ” a
Su p e r i o r w h o s e will t h e m a st er ’s w h o l e s t r u ggle u p t h e d e gr e e s h a d
t r a in ed h im t o o b e y wit h o u t q u e s t io n . W h a t t h e m ast er s n e ve r
r e a lize d wa s t h a t t h is m ys t e r io u s p e r s o n a ge , a s we s h a ll e x a m i n e in
m o r e d e t a il la t er , wa s i n fa ct n o n e o t h e r t h a n t h e Bl a c k P o p e .
A c e n t u r y a ft e r T r e n t , a d e s c e n d a n t o f P a u l I I I , R a n u c c i o F a r -
n e s e , c o m m i s s i o n e d t h e gr e a t Ve n e t i a n p a i n t e r S e b a s t i a n o
R i cci t o c o m m e m o r a t e t h e gen es is o f t h is d e fin it ive Co u n c i l .
S e b a s t i a n o p r o d u c e d h is fa m o u s “P a u l III a n d t h e c a r d i n a l s e n
r o u t e t o T r e n t . ” T h e w o r k i s b r e a t h t a k i n g l y c a n d i d . I n t h e a ir ,
a b o v e t h e p o p e ’s h e a d , h o v e r s a d e it y, d i r e c t i n g t h e e n t o u r a g e
o n w a r d . T h e d e i t y i s n o t J esu s o r M a r y o r Ya h w e h , G o d o f t h e
Bi b l e . I t i s M e r c u r y o f t h e S i b y l l i n e a n d Vi r g i l i a n g o s p e l s – t h e
h o l y s cr ip t u r e o f Ca e s a r e a n R o m e .
M e r cu r y is t h e ce le b r a t e d god o f co m m e r ce . T h e m e t a l m ost
e s s e n t ia l t o c o m m e r c i a l flu id it y is n a m e d for h i m . M e t a l l i c m e r c u -
r y is k n o w n t o s cie n t is t s a s t h e e l e m e n t H g ( d e r i ve d fr o m t h e La t i n
hy drargy rum , “liq u id s i lve r ”) . I t is H g’s u n i q u e c h e m i c a l n a t u r e t h a t
p r o d u c e s r e fi n e d g o l d , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s u b s t a n c e i n w h i c h c o m -
m e r cia l va lu e is d e n o m i n a t e d . Liq u id a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , H g
d r a ws im p u r it ie s o u t o f go ld o r e a n d b i n d s t h e m i n t o a n a m a l g a m .
W h e n t h e a m a l g a m i s h e a t e d , t h e h e a t d r i ve s a w a y b o t h H g a n d
t h e i m p u r i t i e s . W h a t is left is p u r e g o l d s u i t a b le for fu r t h e r a m a l -
ga m a t io n in t o co in .
M e r cu r y’s t h e o l o g i c a l life b e g a n i n a n c i e n t Ba b yl o n , w h e r e h e
wa s k n o w n a s M a r d u k . T h e Bi b l e c a l l s h i m Mer od a ch , the
H e b r e w s c a l l e d h i m E n o c h , t h e E g yp t i a n s c a l l e d h i m T h o t h , t h e
Sca n d in a via n s wor sh ip ed h i m a s O d i n , t h e Te u t o n s a s W o t a n , a n d
t h e O r i e n t a l s a s B u d d h a . L i v y sa ys h e w a s i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e
R o m a n s in 4 9 5 BC a s a La t i n a t e ve r s i o n o f t h e G r e e k go d H e r m e s . 5
By w h a t e v e r n a m e , in w h a t e v e r cu lt u r e , M e r c u r y is c o n s i d e r e d
t h e go d o f t h e U n i v e r s a l M i n d , o f W r i t i n g , N u m b e r , a n d T h o u g h t .
J u st a s M e r c u r y t h e m e t a l d r a ws o u t i m p u r i t i e s a n d b i n d s t h e m
i n t o a m a s s t h a t is b u r n e d a n d d i s c a r d e d , M e r c u r y t h e d e i t y u s e s
h is i n t e l l e c t u a l b r i l l i a n c e t o p la y P i e d P i p e r t o i m p u r e h u m a n i t y .
59
H e a t t r a ct s fo llo w e r s a n d le a d s t h e i r s ou ls t o H a d e s , for w h i c h t h e
G r e e k s g a v e h i m t h e t i t l e Psy chopom pas ( fr o m psy cho- “s o u l ” a n d
pom pous, “d i r e c t o r ”) . Be c a u s e H a d e s is n o t t h e m o s t d e s i r a b l e o f
d e s t i n a t i o n s , t h e P s y c h o p o m p h a d t o c o n s t r u c t e l e g a n t m is s io n a r y
a d a p t a t i o n s . H e h a d t o c h a r m s o u ls , deceive t h e m i n t o f o l l o w i n g
h i m a n y w a y h e c o u l d – w h e t h e r b y w o r d s , s igh t s , o r s o u n d s . Li k e
H g , h is m e t a l l i c fo r m , M e r c u r y c o u l d c h a n g e h i s s h a p e i n s t a n t a -
n e o u s ly. D i d y o u s e e t h e v i l l a i n i n t h e m o v i e Term inator I I ? W i t h
h is e ve r - ch a n gi n g vo ice s , p h ys io gn o m ie s , a n d id e n t it ie s , h e is
s t a t e - o f- t h e - a r t P s y c h o p o m p . I n m a n y c u l t u r e s , M e r c u r y’s i n g e n -
io u s d e c e p t i o n s e a r n e d h i m t h e t i t l e o f “ T h e T r i c k s t e r . ” H e w a s
p a t r o n d e it y o f d e ce i ve r s . A n d o f t h i e ve s – e v e n a s a b a b y, M e r cu r y
c o u l d n ’t r esist s t e a lin g Ap o l l o ’s c a t t l e . . . .
W a s S e b a s t i a n o R i c c i t e lli n g u s t h a t M e r c u r y wa s t h e d o m i n a t -
in g s p ir it o f t h e C o u n c i l o f Tr e n t ? Ce r t a i n l y t h e C o u n c i l r e q u ir e d ,
a n d s t i ll r e q u i r e s , R o m a n C a t h o l i c s t o h o n o r m a n y t r a d i t i o n s
w h i c h t h e Bi b l e e i t h e r c o n d e m n s o r d o e s n o t a u t h o r i z e . Ye t t h e
C o u n c i l a ls o r e q u ir e d , a n d s t ill r e q u ir e s , t h a t t h e Bi b le b e h o n o r e d
a s d i v i n e l y in s p ir e d . H o n o r i n g t h e Bi b l e b y a d v o c a t i n g u n b i b l i c a l
n o r m s ? T h i s ca lls for a s k ill w o r t h y o f t h e P s yc h o p o m p , a s k ill t h a t
m a k e s o n e b e l i e v e t h a t b l a c k i s w h i t e . As w e ’v e s e e n , t h i s i s t h e
J e s u it s k ill – s e c u r i n g o b e d i e n c e o f t h e s u b je ct ’s u n d e r s t a n d i n g . I f
i n d e e d t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s p e r fo r m s t h e fu n c t i o n o f M e r c u r y, it is
p a r t icip a t in g in a n a t u r a l p r oces s k n o w n t o p a ga n a n d b ib lica l
s cr ip t u r e s a l i k e , a p r o ce s s b y w h i c h i m p u r e h u m a n i t y is a t t r a c t e d
t o o b l i v i o n , l e a v i n g b e h i n d o n l y t h e p u r e . T h e t h e o l o g i c a l i m p li -
c a t i o n s o f t h is p r o ce s s we s h a ll d iscu ss t o w a r d t h e e n d o f t h is b o o k .
W i t h t h e I n q u isit ion a n d t h e Co u n c i l o f Tr e n t t o p a ve t h eir
wa y, t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s q u i ck ly b e c a m e w h a t Lo yo l a h a d d r e a m e d
it w o u ld b e c o m e : t h e r e s u r r e ct e d Kn i g h t s Te m p la r . I n t h e n e x t
c h a p t e r , w e s h a ll e x a m i n e t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e i r m e t e o r i c r ise
a s d e ve lo p e r s o f t h e m o d e r n wo r ld .
60
I G N AT I U S I N H E AVE N
Pad r e Pozzo’s sp ect a cu la r ceilin g a t t h e Ch u r c h of St . Ign a t iu s
in R o m e . N o t e h o w t h e ligh t em a n a t es fr om Ign a t iu s r a t h er
t h a n J esus Ch r is t , wh o st ill bear s H is cr oss.
Chapter 9
SECURING
CONFIDENCE
S
T R E N G T H E N E D B Y Tr e n t ’s u n q u a l i fi e d e n d o r s e m e n t , t h e
J esu it s q u i c k ly b e c a m e t h e Ch u r c h ’s m o s t p o p u la r co n fe s s o r s .
I g n a t i u s d i r e c t e d t h a t “a J e s u it s h o u l d n o t a l l o w a n y o n e t o
l e a ve t h e c o n fe s s i o n a l e n t i r e l y w i t h o u t c o m fo r t . ” I f a co n fe s s a n t ’s
o p i n i o n o n a n y m a t t e r c o u l d b e fo u n d i n t h e le a s t b i t d e fe n s i b l e ,
I gn a t iu s s a id , “h e s h o u l d b e p e r m i t t e d t o a d h e r e t o it , e v e n w h e n
t h e co n t r a r y o p i n i o n c a n b e sa id t o b e m o r e co r r e ct . ”
P e o p l e r e lis h e d co n fe s s i n g t o J e s u it s . “Al w a y s go t o t h e J esu it s
for c o n f e s s i o n , ” i t w a s s a id i n G e r m a n y , “fo r t h e y p u t c u s h i o n s
u n d e r yo u r k n e e s a n d u n d e r yo u r e lb o w s , t o o . ”
M e r c h a n t s , a r i s t o cr a t s , c o u r t i e r s , a n d c r o w n e d h e a d s in s is t e d
t h a t J e s u it c o n fe s s i o n a l d i r e c t i o n w a s t h e b e s t i n a ll Ch r i s t e n d o m .
T h e y c o n s i d e r e d t h e J e s u it s t o b e t h e gr e a t e s t c o n v e r t e r s o f h a r d -
e n e d s i n n e r s , t h e s u r e s t m o r a l g u i d e s t h r o u g h life’s b e w i l d e r i n g
c o m p l e x i t i e s . I n d e e d , for t w o ce n t u r i e s , a ll t h e F r e n c h k i n gs , fr o m
H e n r y III t o Lo u i s XV, w o u l d c o n fe s s t o J e s u it s . A l l G e r m a n
63
e m p e r o r s a ft e r t h e e a r ly s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y w o u l d c o n fe s s t o
J e s u it s , t o o . J e s u it s w o u l d t a k e t h e c o n fe s s i o n s o f a ll D u k e s o f
Ba va r i a a ft er 15 7 9 , m o s t r u le r s o f P o l a n d a n d P o r t u g a l , t h e S p a n -
ish k in gs in t h e e i g h t e e n t h ce n t u r y, a n d J a m e s I I o f E n g l a n d .
T h e s a c r a m e n t o f c o n fe s s i o n k e p t J e s u it i n fo r m a t i o n c h a n n e l s
l o a d e d w i t h v i t a l s t a t e s e c r e t s . I t a ls o fu r n i s h e d t h e S o c i e t y a n
id e a l v e h i c l e for i n flu e n ci n g p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n . O n e o f t h e m o s t d r a -
m a t i c i n s t a n c e s i s f o u n d i n t h e fa m o u s m e m o i r o f F r a n ç o i s d e l a
C h a i z e , J e s u it c o n fe s s o r t o t h e p a i n fu l l y d i s e a s e d K i n g o f F r a n c e
fr o m 16 7 5 u n t i l 17 0 9 . “M a n y a t im e s in ce , ” w r o t e La Ch a i z e ,
w h e n I h a ve h a d h i m [Lou is XI V] a t con fes s ion , I h a ve s h ook

h ell a b ou t h is ears, an d m ad e h im sigh , fear, an d t r em b le, befor e
I wo u ld give h im a b s o lu t io n . By t h is I saw t h a t h e h a d st ill a n
1
in clin a t io n t o m e, a n d was willin g t o b e u n d er m y go ve r n m e n t ;

so I set t h e b a sen ess of t h e a ct io n b efor e h im b y t e llin g t h e
wh ole story, an d h o w wicked it was, an d t h a t it cou ld n o t be for-
give n t ill h e h a d d o n e som e good a ct io n t o b a la n ce t h a t , an d
exp ia t e t h e cr im e. W h e r e u p o n h e a t last asked m e wh a t h e m ust
d o. I t old h im t h a t h e m u st r oot ou t all h e r e t ics fr om h is k in g-
d om .
Lo u i s o b e y e d h i s c o n fe s s o r b y r e v o k i n g t h e E d i c t o f N a n t e s
( O c t o b e r 16 8 5 ) , w h i c h i m m e d i a t e l y r e s u lt e d in :
t h e d em olit ion of all t h e r em a in in g Pr ot est a n t t em p les t h r ou gh -

ou t F r a n ce, a n d t h e e n t ir e p r o h ib it io n of e ve n p r iva t e wor sh ip
u n d er p en a lt y of con fis ca t ion of b od y an d p r op er t y; t h e b a n ish -
m e n t of a ll P r o t e s t a n t p ast or s fr om Fr a n ce wit h in fift een d ays;
t h e clo s in g of all P r ot es t a n t s ch o o ls ; t h e p r o h ib it io n of p a r en t s
t o in st r u ct t h eir ch ild r e n in t h e P r ot est a n t fa it h ; t h e in ju n ct io n
u p o n t h e m , u n d er a p en a lt y of five h u n d r ed livr es in e a ch ca se,
t o h a ve t h eir ch ild r en bap t ized b y t h e p ar ish pr iest, an d b r ou gh t
u p in t h e R o m a n Ca t h o lic r eligion ; t h e con fisca t ion of t h e p r op -
er ty an d good s of all P r ot est a n t r efu gees wh o failed t o r et u r n t o
Fr a n ce wit h in four m o n t h s ; t h e p en a lt y of t h e ga lleys for life t o
all m e n , a n d of im p r ison m en t for life t o all wo m e n , d e t e ct e d in
t h e a ct of a t t em p t in g t o escap e from Fr a n ce. 2
64
CH AP T E R Q SE CU R I N G CO N F I D E N CE
I t wa s i n e vi t a b l e t h a t t h e C o u n c i l o f T r e n t w o u l d e s t a b lis h t h e
J e s u it s a s t h e s c h o o l m a s t e r s o f E u r o p e . W i t h m o n e y fr o m r o ya l t y
a n d c o m m e r c e ( a n d n o t s o m u c h a s a p f e n n i g fr o m t h e C h u r c h ) ,
t h e S o c i e t y b u i lt a n e x t e n s i v e s ys t e m o f s c h o o l s a n d c o l l e g e s . N o
t u i t i o n wa s c h a r g e d , b u t e a c h p r o s p e c t i ve s t u d e n t wa s t h o r o u g h l y
e x a m i n e d t o see if h e h a d a p t it u d e s t h e So c i e t y co u ld u se. W i t h
t h e fo u n d i n g o f t h e first J es u it s c h o o l a t Co i m b r a , P o r t u ga l, b y t h e
E m p e r o r ’s yo u n ge s t sist er Ca t h e r i n a ( I ñ igo ’s r o m a n t i c in t e r e s t w h o
h a d s i n c e m a r r ie d t h e Ki n g o f P o r t u g a l ) , t h e p r i n c i p a l J e s u it o c c u -
p a t i o n b e c a m e t e a c h i n g . B y 15 5 6 , t h r e e - fo u r t h s o f t h e S o c i e t y ’s
m e m b e r s h i p w e r e d e d i c a t e d i n 4 6 J e s u it c o l l e g e s t o “l e a r n i n g
a ga in s t le a r n in g,” t o in d o ct r in a t in g m in d s w i t h t h e le a r n in g o f
illu m in a t e d h u m a n is m a s op p osed t o t h e lea r n in g of Scr ip t u r e.
T h i s n e t w o r k w o u l d e x p a n d b y 17 4 9 t o 6 6 9 c o lle ge s , 17 6 s e m in a r -
ies , 6 1 h o u s e s o f s t u d y, a n d 2 4 u n i ve r s i t i e s p a r t ly o r w h o l l y u n d e r
J esu it d i r e c t i o n .
M a n y P r o t e s t a n t fa m i l i e s s e n t t h e i r s o n s t o J e s u it s c h o o l s ,
d e s p i t e M a r t i n Lu t h e r ’s e a r ly w a r n i n g in An Appeal t o the Ruling
Class ( 15 2 0 ) t h a t “u n le s s t h e y d i l i g e n t l y t r a i n a n d im p r e s s S c r i p -
t u r e u p o n yo u n g s t u d e n t s , s c h o o l s w i l l p r o v e t o b e w i d e n i n g ga t e s
o f h e l l . ” T h e J e s u it c u r r i c u l u m , o r ratio studiorum ( “m e t h o d o f
s t u d y ”) , g a v e S c r i p t u r e s i g n i fi c a n t i n a t t e n t i o n . P a r t I V, S e c t i o n
3 5 1 o f L o yo l a ’s C o n s t i t u t i o n s p r e s c r i b e s co u r s e s i n “t h e h u m a n e
le t t e r s o f d iffe r e n t la n gu a ge s , lo gi c, n a t u r a l a n d m o r a l p h i lo s o p h y,
m e t a p h ys i cs , s ch o la s t ic a n d p o s i t i ve t h e o lo gy, ” w i t h “Sa c r e d Sc r i p -
t u r e ” b r i n g i n g u p t h e r e a r . H o w r i go r o u s ly a n y o n e o f t h e s e s u b -
j e c t s w a s t o b e s t u d i e d d e p e n d e d u p o n “c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t i m e s ,
p l a c e s , p e r s o n s , a n d o t h e r s u c h fa c t o r s , a c c o r d i n g t o w h a t s e e m s
e x p e d i e n t i n o u r Lo r d t o h i m w h o h o l d s t h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r g e . ”
S e c t i o n 3 6 6 p u t s S c r i p t u r e a t t h e m e r c y o f t h e s e fa c t o r s : “ T h e
s c h o la s t i c s s h o u l d a cq u i r e a g o o d f o u n d a t i o n i n L a t i n b e fo r e t h e y
a t t e n d l e c t u r e s o n t h e a r t s , a n d i n t h e a r t s b e fo r e t h e y p a s s o n t o
s c h o l a s t i c t h e o l o g y ; a n d i n i t b e fo r e t h e y s t u d y p o s i t i v e t h e o l o g y.
S c r i p t u r e m a y b e s t u d i e d e i t h e r c o n c o m i t a n t l y o r la t e r o n . ” I f
S c r i p t u r e s h o u l d b e s t u d i e d a t a ll, t h e c o m m e n t a r y a n d c r i t i c a l
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f P r o t e s t a n t s ch o la s t ics w e r e t o b e ign o r e d : “I n t h e
65
ca s e o f C h r i s t i a n a u t h o r s , e v e n t h o u g h a w o r k m a y b e g o o d i t
s h o u ld n o t b e le ct u r e d o n w h e n t h e a u t h o r i s b a d , lest a t t a c h m e n t
t o h i m b e a cq u ir e d . ”
“ T h e c u r r i c u l u m o f t h e J es u it c o l l e g e s c a m e t o b e a d o p t e d t o a
gr e a t e x t e n t a s t h e b a s is o f t h e c u r r i c u l a i n t h e E u r o p e a n c o l l e g e s
ge n e r a lly, ” w r o t e Dr . J a m e s J . W a l s h , D e a n o f F o r d h a m U n i v e r s i t y
M e d i c a l S c h o o l . M o r e o ve r , a c c o r d i n g t o Dr . W a l s h ,
3
T h e F ou n d in g Fa t h er s of ou r Am e r i c a n R e p u b lic, t h a t is t o say
t h e gr ou p s of m e n wh o d r ew u p a n d sign ed t h e D e cla r a t io n of
I n d e p e n d e n ce , w h o wer e t h e lea d er s in t h e Am e r i c a n R e vo lu -
t io n , an d wh o for m u la t ed t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d
St a t e s ... we r e , t h e m a jor it y of t h e m , e d u ca t e d in t h e co lo n ia l
colleges or in co r r e s p o n d in g co lle ge s a b r oa d ... w h i c h fol-
lowed ... alm ost exa ct ly t h e J esuit Ratio Studiorum . T h e fa ct h as
b e e n m issed t o a gr ea t e xt e n t in ou r h ist or ies of Am e r i c a n ed u -
ca t io n ....
E m b e d d e d i n t h e ratio studiorum w e r e t h e e l e m e n t s o f e n t e r -
t a i n m e n t , o f d r a m a t i c p r o d u c t i o n – c o m p o s i t i o n , r h e t o r i c, a n d e lo -
q u e n c e . T h e s e co u r s e s i n t e r l i n k e d w i t h t h e S p i r i t u a l E xe r c i s e s t o
i n t e n s i fy t h e e x p e r i e n t i a l i t y o f C a t h o l i c d o c t r i n e o v e r S c r i p t u r e
a n d P r o t e s t a n t i s m . T h e y r e s u l t e d i n a g e n r e o f s p e c t a c u l a r p la ys
t h a t w o n d i s t i n c t i o n a s “J esu it t h e a t r e . ”
T h e first J esu it t h e a t r e wa s p e r fo r m e d i n Vi e n n a i n 15 5 5 , n e a r -
ly for t y yea r s b e fo r e t h e e m e r g e n c e o f Sh a k e s p e a r e . I t wa s in s t a n t ly
p o p u la r a n d q u i c k ly s p r e a d t o o t h e r p a r t s o f E u r o p e . B e t w e e n 15 9 7
a n d 17 7 3 m o r e t h a n five h u n d r e d J e s u it t h e a t r i ca ls w e r e s t a ge d i n
t h e l o w e r R h i n e r e gi o n s a l o n e . J a co b Bi d e r m a n n ’s p la y Cenodoxus
( “N e w f a n g l e d Be l i e f s ”) , a p o i n t - b y - p o i n t r e b u t t a l o f Lu t h e r ’s
t e a c h i n g s , p r o ve d t h e p o w e r o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t t o a c h i e v e p o l i t i c a l
r e fo r m . “ S u c h a w h o l e s o m e i m p r e s s i o n w a s m a d e , ” w r o t e F a t h e r
B i d e r m a n n r e c a l l i n g t h e 16 0 9 o p e n i n g o f Cenodoxus i n M u n i c h ,
“t h a t a fu ll f o u r t e e n p e r s o n s o f t h e h i g h e s t r a n k o f t h e B a v a r i a n
co u r t r e t ir e d i n t o s o lit u d e d u r in g t h e d a ys t h a t fo llo w e d , t o p e r fo r m
t h e Sp i r i t u a l E xe r cis e s a n d t o r e fo r m t h e i r m a n n e r o f l i vi n g . Tr u ly
a h u n d r e d ser m on s wo u ld n o t h a ve d o n e so m u ch go o d .” 4
66
CH AP T E R 9 SE CU R I N G CO N F I D E N CE
An e x e m p l a r y J e s u it d r a m a , p e r fo r m e d i n 16 2 5 a t t h e C o l l e g e
o f S t . O m e r i n h o n o r o f B e l g i a n r o ya lt y, a l l e g o r i ze d t h e g l o r i o u s
e n d t o civil wa r in Be lgiu m b r o u gh t b y t h e a d ve n t o f P r in ces s
I s a b e lla a n d h e r h u s b a n d , Al b e r t . T h e p la y, a s r e v i e w e d b y a c o n -
t e m p o r a r y officia l,
r ep r esen t ed a cou n t r y, lo n g h e a vily op p r essed u n d er t h e Ir on

Ag e , s u p p lica t in g t h e h e lp o f J u p iter , wh o , after h a vin g su m -
m o n e d a co u n cil of t h e god s, sen t d o wn Sa t u r n , la t ely m a r r ied
t o As t r a e a . Th e s e visit or s wer e r e ce ive d wit h m u ch p o m p b y
t welve zodiacs or p r in ces sen t by Mer cu r y. Th e y t h en d isp a t ch ed
fou r m ost p o t e n t h e r o e s , H e r cu le s , J a son , Th e s e u s a n d Per seu s
fr om t h e Elysia n Field s, wit h co m m a n d s t o co n q u e r Ir on Ag e ,
War , Error, an d Discor d . T h e h er oes exp elled t h ose ter r ible m on -
sters fr om t h e co u n t r y a n d su b st it u t ed in t h eir st ea d G o l d e n
Ag e , P e a ce , Tr u t h , a n d Co n c o r d . T h e P r in cess wit h t h e wh o le
assem bly wer e h igh ly d eligh r ed . 5
T h e fa c u l t y o f M u n i c h C o l l e g e p r a is e d t h e w a y J e s u it t h e a t r e
ca p t iva t e d Protestan ts, es p ecia lly t h e p a r en t s of s ch o o l- a ge d
yo u n gs t e r s : “T h e r e is n o b e t t e r m e a n s o f m a k i n g fr ie n d s o u t o f t h e
h e r e t i c s a n d t h e e n e m i e s o f t h e C h u r c h , a n d fillin g u p t h e e n r o l l -
m e n t o f t h e s c h o o l t h a n g o o d h i g h - s p i r i t e d p l a ya c t i n g . ” M o l i e r e ’s
J e s u it t h e a t r i c a l s i n P a r is w e r e s o p o p u l a r t h a t e v e n t h e d r e s s
r e h e a r s a ls we r e s old o u t . M o za r t , a t t h e a ge o f e l e v e n , wa s c o m m i s -
s i o n e d t o w r i t e m u s i c fo r a p l a y a t t h e J e s u it c o l l e g e in S a l zb u r g ,
w h e r e h i s fa t h e r w a s m u s i c a l d i r e c t o r t o t h e Ar c h b i s h o p . E v e n
fr o m t h e W e s t I n d i e s a J e s u it m i s s i o n a r y r e p o r t e d t h a t “n o t h i n g
h a s m a d e a m o r e fo r ce fu l im p r e s s io n o n t h e I n d ia n s t h a n o u r p la y.”
I n E n g l a n d , J e s u it t h e a t r e w a s n o t k n o w n a s s u c h b e c a u s e o f
Q u e e n E liza b e t h ’s s t a t u t e m a k i n g i t a c a p i t a l c r i m e t o b e , o r e v e n
t o a ssist , a J e s u it w i t h i n h e r o r b it . Bu t if t h e p u r p o s e o f J e s u it t h e -
a t r e w a s t o c a p t u r e t h a t s h a r e o f m a n ’s s p i r i t u a l a t t e n t i o n w h i c h
m i g h t o t h e r w i s e h a v e b e e n d i r e c t e d t o w a r d t h e Bi b l e , t h e n E n g -
la n d c e r t a i n l y p r o d u c e d t h e gr e a t e s t J e s u it p l a yw r i g h t o f t h e m a ll.
Sh a k e s p e a r e o c c u p i e s u s w i t h t h e h u m a n p r o ce s s in a wa y t h a t s u b -
t ly m a r gin a lize s t h e Bi b l e – e x a c t l y p u r s u a n t t o t h e J es u it m is s io n .
67
Sh a k e s p e a r ia n ch a r a ct er s d o p r e a ch , a n d t h ey p r e a ch a r eligion ,
b u t it is n o t t h e G o s p e l o f J esu s Ch r i s t . I t is t h e g n o s t i c i l l u m i n a -
t i o n o f M e d i c i l e a r n i n g t h a t S h a k e s p e a r e p r e a c h e s , t h e s t u ff o f
J es u it s c h o o ls . N o t s u r p r is in gly, t h e s e cr e t t r a d i t i o n o f T e m p l a r i s m
c la i m s S h a k e s p e a r e , a t le a s t t h e w r i t e r o f h is p la ys , t o h a v e b e e n a
R o s i c r u c i a n s t e e p e d i n M e d i c i le a r n in g:
T h e p h ilosop h ic ideals p r om u lgat ed t h r ou gh ou t Sh a kesp ea r -

ian p lays d ist in ct ly d em on st r a t e t h eir a u t h or t o h a ve b e e n t h or -
ou gh ly fa m ilia r w i t h ce r t a in d o ct r in e s a n d t e n e t s p e cu lia r t o
Rosicr u cia n ism ; in fact , t h e p r ofu n d ity of t h e Sh a kesp ea r ia n pr o-
d u ct io n s st am p s t h e ir cr ea t or a s o n e of t h e illum inati of t h e
a ge s ....
W h o b u t a P la t o n is t , a Qa b b a lis t , or a P yt h a go r e a n co u ld
h a ve wr it t e n The Tem pest, Macbeth, Ham let, or The Tragedy of
Cy m belin e? W h o bu t on e d eep ly ver sed in Pa r a celsia n lor e cou ld
h a ve co n ce ive d A Midsum m er Night’s Dream ?
Ye t , a s G a r r y W i l l s in h i s b o o k W itches & Jesuits p o i n t s o u t ,

Macbeth is a n e l a b o r a t e c o n d e m n a t i o n o f t h e J e s u it s a s s a t a n i s t s ,
m u r d e r e r s , w i t c h e s . Macbeth is o n e o f m a n y o f its p e r io d ’s “p o w d e r
p la ys , ” a g e n r e i n w h i c h c e r t a i n b u zz w o r d s , w e l l u n d e r s t o o d b y
co n t e m p o r a r ie s , m e m o r ia lize t h e gu ilt a n d e x e c u t i o n o f e igh t
J e s u it s fo r h a v i n g s c h e m e d t h e G u n p o w d e r P l o t o f N o v e m b e r 5 ,
16 0 5 . T h e P l o t a i m e d t o b l o w u p t h e e n t i r e g o v e r n m e n t o f G r e a t
Br i t a i n , i n c l u d i n g t h e r o ya l fa m ily, in a s i n gle c a t a s t r o p h i c e x p l o -
s io n u n d e r t h e H o u s e s o f P a r li a m e n t .
H o w c o u l d a p la y d e f a m i n g J e s u it s b e o f s e r vi c e t o t h e J e s u it
a ge n d a ? As w e s h a ll s e e , wa r fa r e i n d e fe n s e o f t h e p a p a c y r e q u ir e s
e x t r a v a g a n t m e a s u r e s . I n fa c t , b o t h t h e G u n p o w d e r P l o t , w h i c h
fa ile d , a n d t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f its d e t e c t i o n , w h i c h live s o n in Mac-
beth, s e r ve d R o m e a b u n d a n t ly. Ki n g J a m e s I , w h o d e c l a r e d h i m s e l f
t h e P lo t ’s d i v i n e l y - i l l u m i n a t e d d i s c o ve r e r , b l a m e d t h e P l o t o n
“J esu it s a n d p a p is t s .” Bu t a t t h e s a m e t i m e , J a m e s e x o n e r a t e d “less
fa n a t i c a l C a t h o l i c s . ” Ac c o r d i n g t o W i l l s , “t h e P l o t g a v e [J am es]
6
h is b e s t o p p o r t u n i t y t o s e p a r a t e lo ya l a n d m o d e r a t e Ca t h o l i c s fr o m
t h e m a d e xt r e m is t s o f t h e P lo t . ” I n s h o r t , t h e P lo t s e cu r e d E n g l a n d
68
C H AP T E R 9 S E CU R I N G C O N F I D E N C E
for “l o ya l a n d m o d e r a t e ” R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m . I n t h e r e a s o n i n g o f
a Su p e r io r Ge n e r a l , p a r t icu la r ly t h e G e n e r a l of t h e G u n p o w d e r
P l o t a n d S h a k e s p e a r i a n t h e a t r e , C l a u d i o Ac q u a v i v a , t h e s a cr ifice
o f e i g h t J e s u it s w a s a s m a l l t a c t i c a l p r i c e t o p a y fo r m o v i n g t h e
K i n g o f E n g l a n d t o e xp r e s s c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e p o p e ’s Br i t i s h s u b -
je ct s , e s t im a t e d a t h a l f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e r e a lm .
C E RTAI N LY t h e m o s t e la b o r a t e s in gle J esu it t h e a t r i c a l e v e n t wa s

p r o d u c e d b y G r e g o r y XV, t h e fir s t J e s u it p u p i l t o b e e l e c t e d
P o p e . T h i s w a s t h e c a n o n i z a t i o n o f I gn a t iu s d e Lo yo l a , t h e c l i m a x
o f G r e g o r y’s b r i e f p o n t i f i c a t e ( h e r e i g n e d o n l y t h r e e ye a r s ) . C a n -
o n i za t i o n is a u t h o r ize d n o w h e r e in t h e Bi b le . R a t h e r , it is a p r o ce s s
a d a p t e d fr o m t h e p a g a n t r a d i t i o n o f “a p o t h e o s i s , ” w h e r e b y t h e
p r ie s t ly c o l l e g e d e cla r e d a p a r t icu la r ly e ffe ct ive m o r t a l t o b e a go d .
I n R o m a n Ca t h o li c i s m , t h e Sa cr e d Co n g r e g a t i o n o f Rit e s co n -
d u ct s a l e n g t h y i n q u i s i t i o n i n t o t h e wo r k s o f a d e ce a s e d c a n d i d a t e .
T h e i n q u i s i t i o n c a n t a k e d o ze n s , e v e n h u n d r e d s o f ye a r s . T h e c a n -
d id a t e ’s w o r k s a r e d e f e n d e d b e fo r e a t r i b u n a l o f t h r e e j u d g e s
a g a i n s t a “d e vi l ’s a d v o c a t e . ” A fi n a l j u d g m e n t is d e c l a r e d b y t h e
P o p e , w h o o r d e r s t h e C h u r c h t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e c a n d i d a t e ’s s o u l
i s i n H e a v e n , a n d t o v e n e r a t e t h e p e r s o n w i t h t h e t it le o f “S a i n t . ”
( T h e Bi b le t e a c h e s t h a t a n y o n e w h o h e a r s a n d d o e s t h e c o m m a n d -
m e n t s o f J esu s is a s a in t . W i t h o u t a n y h i e r a r c h i c a l r e d t a p e , h e o r
s h e a vo i d s j u d g m e n t a n d go e s t o h e a v e n i m m e d i a t e l y u p o n p h ys i-
ca l d e a t h . )
Lo yo l a ’s c a n o n i z a t i o n w a s c e l e b r a t e d o n M a r c h 12 , 16 2 2 i n a
c e r e m o n y t h a t w a s “a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d d i s p la y o f e c c l e s i a s t i c a l
p o m p , p a g e a n t r y, a n d e x t r a v a g a n c e . ” O n e e y e w i t n e s s d e s c r i b e d
7
t h e e v e n t a s “a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e r e b o r n s p ir it o f t h e C a t h o l i c
C h u r c h , o f t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e Bl e s s e d Vi r g i n o v e r L u t h e r a n d
Ca l vi n . ” 8
R I D I N G t h e cr e s t o f h u m a n i s t e x u b e r a n c e f o l l o w i n g Lo yo l a ’s
c a n o n i z a t i o n , J e s u it p r i e s t At h e n a s i u s Ki r c h e r ( 16 0 2 - 16 8 0 )
c o n t r i b u t e d p o w e r fu l l y t o J e s u it t h e a t r e a s s e n s o r y e x p e r i e n c e .
W i t h h is m e ga p h o n e , w h i c h e n a b le d t h e vo ice o f o n e t o r ea ch
69
t h o u s a n d s , Ki r c h e r i n v e n t e d b r o a d c a s t i n g . H e a ls o fa t h e r e d m o d -
e r n c a m e r a t h e o r y w i t h h is p e r fe c t i o n o f t h e lanterna m agica. T h e
m a gi c l a n t e r n p r o j e ct e d s h a r p im a ge s t h r o u g h a le n s u p o n a s cr e e n ,
g i v i n g a u d i e n c e s t h e i llu s i o n o f b u r n i n g cit ie s a n d c o n fl a g r a t i o n s .
Ki r c h e r ’s w o r k i n f l u e n c e d t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e p h e n a k i s t o s c o p e
( 18 3 2 ) , t h e z o e t r o p e ( 18 6 0 ) , t h e k i n e m a t o s c o p e ( 18 6 1) , t h e
k i n e o g r a p h ( 18 6 8 ) , t h e p r a x i n o s c o p e ( 18 7 7 ) , a n d fin a lly, T h o m a s
A l v a E d is o n ’s k i n e t o g r a p h for fi l m i n g a c t i o n t o b e p r o j e c t e d o n t o
a s c r e e n t h r o u g h h i s k i n e t o s c o p e ( 18 9 4 ) . E d i s o n h a d a p e t n a m e
for t h e t a r - p a p e r e d s t u d i o i n W e s t O r a n g e , N e w J er sey, w h e r e a ll
h is p r o t o t y p i c a l film s w e r e m a d e . H e c a l l e d i t “B l a c k M a r i a , ” a
t e r m t h a t a p t ly d e s cr ib e d t h e im a ge t o w h o m I ñ i go d e Lo yo l a d e d -
ica t e d h is life in 15 2 2 – t h e Bl a c k M a d o n n a o f M o n t s e r r a t .
T h e Am e r i c a n c i n e m a ’s e a r lie s t s u b j e c t m a t t e r t o c a p t u r e t h e
p o p u la r i m a g i n a t i o n – t h e “c o w b o y ” – wa s a J es u it c o n t r i b u t i o n a s
w e l l . E u s e b i o K i n o , w h o s e s t a t u e i s o n e o f t w o r e p r e s e n t i n g Ar i -
zo n a i n t h e U . S . C a p i t o l b u i l d i n g , w a s a J e s u it p r o fe s s o r fr o m
I n go ls t a d t Co l l e g e i n Ba va r ia . B e t w e e n 16 8 7 a n d 17 11 Ki n o in t r o -
d u c e d c a t t l e a n d t h e i r m a n a g e m e n t t o s o u t h e r n Ar i z o n a . F o r t h is
h e i s gr a t e fu lly r e m e m b e r e d a s “F a t h e r o f t h e C a t t l e Bu s i n e s s . ”
P o n d e r i n g t h e w o r k s o f Ki r c h e r a n d K i n o , w e c o m e t o a r a t h e r
a s t o n i s h i n g a w a r e n e s s : Ki n o ’s c o w b o y s , a s p r o j e c t e d t h r o u g h
Ki r c h e r ’s m a g i c l a n t e r n , i n d o c t r i n a t e d Am e r i c a ’s e a r l i e s t m o v i e
a u d ien ces wit h t h e u n d e r l y i n g m e s s a ge o f J e s u it t h e a t r e a n d
R o m a n Ca t h o l i c t h e o lo gy – t h a t k n o w i n g a n d o b e yin g Scr ip t u r e
is n o t n e ce s s a r y in c o m p r e h e n d i n g t h e wa ys o f go o d a n d e vi l , o r in
d o i n g ju s t ice u n d e r n a t u r a l law.
U s i n g c i n e m a a n d r a d io t o u n i t e C a t h o l i c la yp e r s o n s w i t h t h e
R o m a n h ie r a r ch y wa s a m a i n p u r p o s e o f “Ca t h o l i c Ac t i o n . ”
C a t h o l i c A c t i o n w a s i n a u g u r a t e d i n 19 2 2 b y P iu s X I , w h o s e t w o
co n fe s s o r s , F a t h e r s Alis s ia r d i a n d Ce l e b r a n o , we r e J esu it s. T h e first
p o p e t o in s t a ll a r a d i o s t a t i o n a t t h e Va t i c a n ( 19 3 1) a n d t o e s t a b -
lis h n a t i o n a l film r e v i e w offices ( 19 2 2 ) , P iu s XI o r d e r e d Ca t h o l i c s
i n t o p o lit ics . I n t h e le t t e r Peculari quadam ( “Co n t a i n i n g t h e flo ck ”)
h e w a r n e d t h a t “t h e m e n o f C a t h o l i c A c t i o n w o u l d fa il i n t h e i r
d u t y if, a s o p p o r t u n i t i e s a llo w it , t h e y d id n o t t r y t o d i r e ct t h e p o l-
70
it ics o f t h e ir p r o vi n c e a n d o f t h e ir co u n t r y. ”
T h e m e n o f C a t h o l i c A c t i o n d id t r y. T h e i r fir st m a j o r e ffo r t
w a s t o e m p l o y B l a c k P o p e Vl a d i m i r L e d o c h o w s k i ’s s t r a t e gy o f
b r in gin g t h e Ca t h o li c n a t ion s of cen t r a l an d east er n Eu r op e
t o g e t h e r i n t o a p a n - G e r m a n f e d e r a t i o n . T o h e a d t h e fe d e r a t i o n ,
L e d o c h o w s k i r e q u ir e d a c h a r i s m a t i c le a d e r c h a r g e d w i t h s u b d u i n g
t h e c o m m u n i s t i c S o v i e t U n i o n o n t h e e a s t , P r o t e s t a n t P r u s s ia ,
P r o t e s t a n t G r e a t Br i t a i n , a n d r e p u b l i c a n F r a n c e o n t h e w e s t . 9
L e d o c h o w s k i c h o s e t h e C a t h o l i c m ilit a r is t A d o l f H it le r , w h o t o ld
Bi s h o p Be r n i n d o f O s n a b r u c h i n 19 3 6 t h a t
t h er e was n o fu n d a m e n t a l d iffer en ce b e t we e n N a t io n a l So cia l-

ism a n d t h e Ca t h o l i c Ch u r c h . H a d n o t t h e ch u r ch , h e a r gu ed ,
looked on J ews as par asites an d sh u t t h e m in gh et t os? ’I am on ly
d o in g,’ h e b oa s t ed , ’wh a t t h e ch u r ch h a s d o n e for fift een h u n -
d r ed yea r s, on ly m or e effect ively.’ Be in g a Ca t h o l i c h im self, h e
told Ber n in g, h e ’ad m ir ed an d wa n t ed t o p r om ot e Ch r is t ia n it y.’ 10
To p r o m o t e Ch r i s t i a n i t y a s t a u gh t h i m b y R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m ,
H i t l e r a p p o i n t e d L e n i R i e f e n s t a h l t o c r e a t e t h e g r e a t e s t fa s cis t
film s e ve r p r o d u c e d . H e r d e i fi ca t i o n o f H i t l e r a n d r o m a n t i c i z a t i o n
o f a u t o c r a c y in s p e c t a c l e s li k e Trium ph of the W ill a r e , in t h e m -
s e lve s , t h e h is t o r y o f G e r m a n c i n e m a i n t h e t h ir t ie s a n d e a r ly for -
t ie s . I n p r in t , Le d o c h o w s k i ’s p a n - G e r m a n m a n i fe s t o t o o k t h e fo r m
o f H i t l e r ’s a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l M e in Kam pf ( “M y S t r u g g l e ”) , g h o s t -
w r i t t e n b y t h e J e s u it F a t h e r S t a e m p f l e 11
a n d p la ce d b esid e t h e
Bi b le o n t h e a lt a r s o f G e r m a n c h u r c h e s . 12
Af t e r W o r l d W a r I I , d u r i n g S e p t e m b e r 19 5 7 , P o p e J o h n XXI I I
g a v e J e s u it t h e a t r e e v e n b r o a d e r h o r i z o n s w i t h h is e n c y c l i c a l
Miranda prorsus ( “Lo o k i n g a h e a d ”) , s a yin g,
M e n m u st b e b r o u gh t in t o closer co m m u n i o n wit h o n e
a n ot h er . T h e y m u st b e co m e socia lly m in d e d . Th e s e t e ch n ica l
arts ( cin e m a , sou n d b r o a d ca s t in g, a n d t e le vis io n ) ca n a ch ie ve
t h is a im far m ore easily than the printed w ord. [It alics m in e] T h e
Ca t h o lic Ch u r ch is keen ly desir ous t h a t t h ese m ea n s b e con ver t -
ed t o t h e sp r ea d in g an d a d va n ce m e n t of e ve r yt h in g t h a t ca n b e
71
t r u ly ca lle d go o d . E m b r a cin g, a s sh e d oes , t h e wh o le of h u m a n

societ y wit h in t h e or b it of h er d ivin ely a p p oin t ed m ission , sh e is
d ir e ct ly co n ce r n e d wit h t h e fost er in g o f civiliza t io n a m o n g all
p eop les.
To C a t h o l i c fi l m p r o d u c e r s a n d d i r e c t o r s , Miranda prorsus
d e li ve r e d
a p a t er n a l in ju n ct ion n o t t o a llow film s t o be m ad e wh ich are at

va r ia n ce wit h t h e fa it h a n d Ch r is t ia n m or a l st a n d a r d s. Sh o u ld
t h is h a p p e n – w h i c h G o d for b id – t h e n it is for t h e Bish op s t o
r eb u ke t h e m an d , if n ecessar y, t o im p ose u p on t h e m ap p r op r iat e
sa n ct ion s.
J o h n XXI I I u r ge d t h a t P iu s XI ’s n a t i o n a l film r e vi e w i n g offices
b e en t r u st ed t o m e n w h o are e xp e r ie n ce d in cin e m a , sou n d

b r oa d ca st in g, an d t elevis ion , u n d er t h e gu id a n ce of a pr iest spe-
cia lly ch o s e n b y t h e Bish op s.... At t h e sam e t im e We urge t h a t
t h e fait h fu l, a n d p a r t icu la r ly t h ose w h o are m ilit a n t in t h e ca u se
of Ca t h o l i c Ac t i o n [J esuits a n d t h eir p r ot égés], b e su it a b ly
in st r u ct ed , so t h a t t h ey m ay a p p r e cia t e t h e n e e d for givin g t o
t h ese offices t h eir willin g, u n it ed , an d effect ive support.
I n 1 9 6 4 , P o p e P a u l VI a m p l i fi e d Miranda prorsus w i t h t h e
d e c r e e Inter m irifica ( “ A m o n g t h e W o n d e r s ” ) , s a yi n g “i t is t h e
Ch u r c h ’s b i r t h r i gh t t o u se a n d o w n . . . t h e p r ess, t h e c i n e m a , r a d io ,
t e l e vi s i o n a n d o t h e r s o f a lik e n a t u r e . ” P a u l ci t e d
a sp ecia l r esp on sib ilit y for t h e p r op er use of t h e m ea n s of socia l

co m m u n ica t io n [wh ich ] r ests on jou r n a lis t s , wr it er s, a ct or s,
d esign er s, p r od u cer s, e xh ib it o r s , d ist r ib u t or s, op er a t or s, seller s,
cr it ics – all t h ose, in a wor d , wh o are in volved in t h e m a kin g an d
t r a n sm ission of co m m u n ica t io n s in a n y wa y w h a t e ve r . . . . Th e y
h a ve p ower t o d ir ect m a n kin d a lon g a good p a t h or a n evil p a t h
b y t h e in fo r m a t io n t h ey im p a r t a n d t h e pr essu r e t h ey e xe r t . I t
will b e for t h e m t o r egu la t e t h e e co n o m ic, p o lit ica l, an d ar t ist ic
valu es in a way t h a t will n ot con flict wit h t h e co m m o n go o d ....
72
T h e q u a l i t y o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t ’s c o n t e n t w a s d e c r e e d i n a s e c-
t i o n o f Inter m irifica e n c o u r a g i n g ”t h e c h r o n i c l i n g , t h e d e s c r i p t i o n
o r t h e r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f m o r a l e vil [ wh ich ] ca n , w i t h t h e h e lp o f
t h e m e a n s o f s o c i a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d w i t h s u i t a b le d r a m a t i za -
t i o n , le a d t o a d e e p e r k n o w l e d g e a n d a n a lys is o f m a n a n d t o a m a n -
i fe s t a t i o n o f t h e t r u e a n d t h e g o o d i n a ll t h e i r s p le n d o r . ” E m b o l d -
e n e d b y t h i s p a p a l d e c r e e , s o c i a l c o m m u n i c a t o r s s i n c e 19 6 5 h a v e
p u s h e d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l g u a r a n t e e s o f “fr e e s p e e c h ” t o t h e l i m i t
b y ch r o n iclin g, d es cr ib in g, a n d r e p r e s e n t in g m o r a l e vil w i t h s u ch
p r o gr e s s i ve ly v i v i d , r e p u l s i ve , p r u r i e n t , ye t o ft e n a p p e a l i n g d e t a i l
t h a t e n t e r t a i n m e n t h a s b e c o m e , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f m a n y, a ve r i t a -
b l e technological “how to” o f m o r a l e v i l . I t c l e a r l y d o e s n o t le a d
a u d i e n c e s t o a d e e p e r a p p r e c i a t i o n o f H o l y S c r i p t u r e . T h i s fa c t
id e n t ifie s e n t e r t a i n m e n t t o d a y a s a s u cce s s fu l J es u it t h e a t r i c a l m is -
s io n .
D URING it s fo u r c e n t u r i e s o f e x i s t e n c e , t h e J e s u it e d u c a t -
ion a l/ t h ea t r ica l en t er p r ise h a s p r o d u ce d a p r ou d , p ois ed , a n d
im a gin a t ive gr a d u a t e. H e or sh e is e n li gh t e n e d b y t h e M e d i c i
Lib r a r y’s h u m a n i t i e s , fa c i le i n w o r l d l y m a t t e r s , m o v e d b y t h e a t r i -
ca li t y, a n d i n d i ffe r e n t t o w a r d H o l y S c r i p t u r e . P r o d u c i n g J e s u i t i c
gr a d u a t e s h a s b e c o m e t h e a i m o f m o d e r n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n , d e s p it e
t h e h e a vy p r ice o f ign o r in g Scr ip t u r e ( w h i c h , a s Lu t h e r wa r n e d
an d t h e Co l u m b i n e m u r d er s at t est , h as in d eed t u r n ed t h e p u b lic
s ch o o ls i n t o “w i d e n i n g ga t e s o f h e l l ”) . J es u it t h e a t r e a n d t h e Sp ir i-
t u a l E xe r c i s e s , w h o s e o r i g i n a l p u r p o s e w a s t o b r i n g h u m a n u n d e r -
s t a n d in g in t o p a p a l s u b s e r vie n ce t h r o u gh esot er ic e m o t io n a l
e x p e r i e n c e s , h a v e e v o l v e d i n t o t h e fu ll p a n o p l y o f c o n t e m p o r a r y
s o cia l c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
T h e gr e a t o b j e c t i v e o f o b s c u r i n g Sc r i p t u r e h a s o p e r a t e d t o d is -
co u r a ge t h e fo r m a l s t u d y o f t h e b a s ics o f w h i c h t h e Bi b le is t h e co r -
n e r s t o n e – lit e r a t u r e , s c i e n c e , a n d h is t or y. R e s e a r c h b y t h e N a t i o n -
a l As s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o l a r s ( N A S ) o f U . S . N e w s & W o r l d R e p o r t ’s
a n n u a l lis t in g o f “Am e r i c a ’s Be s t Co l l e g e s ” ( i n c l u d i n g b o t h p r i va t e
a n d p u b l i c ) d is clo s e d s t a r t lin g figu r e s . 15
I n 19 14 , n e a r ly a ll o f t h e s e
i n s t i t u t i o n s h a d r e q u ir e d co u r s e s i n E n g l i s h c o m p o s i t i o n ; b y 19 6 4
73
t h e figu r e w a s 8 6 % ; i n 1 9 9 6 , 3 6 % . I n 1 9 1 4 , 8 2 % o f t h e b e s t c o l -
le ge s a n d u n i ve r s i t i e s h a d t r a d i t i o n a l m a t h e m a t i c s r e q u i r e m e n t s ;
b y 19 6 4 o n ly 3 6 % d id ; b y 19 9 6 , 1 2 % . I n 1 9 1 4 , 19 3 9 a n d 19 6 4 ,
m o r e t h a n 7 0 % o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u i r e d a t le a s t o n e c o u r s e i n
t h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s ; t h a t figu r e fe ll t o 3 4 % i n 1 9 9 6 . Li t e r a t u r e
cou r s es we r e r e q u ir e d a t 7 5 % o f t h e in s t it u t io n s in 1 9 1 4 , a n d a t
5 0 % i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 6 4 . T o d a y, n o t o n e o f t h e “b e s t ” i n s t i t u t i o n s
h a s a li t e r a t u r e r e q u i r e m e n t . M o s t c o l l e g e s t o d a y a r e t u r n i n g o u t
g r a d u a t e s w h o h a v e s t u d i e d l i t t l e o r n o h is t o r y. I n 1 9 1 4 , 9 0 % o f
Am e r i c a ' s e l i t e c o l l e g e s r e q u i r e d h i s t o r y; i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 6 4 m o r e
t h a n 5 0 % d i d ; b y 1 9 9 6 o n l y o n e o f t h e 5 0 b e s t s c h o o l s o ffe r e d a
r e q u ir e d h is t o r y co u r s e . T h e d a y i s a p p r o a c h i n g , p e r h a p s , w h e n t h e
o n ly h is t o r ia n s will b e a m a t e u r s w h o s t u d y h is t o r y a s s e lf- h e lp , w h o
e xa m in e t h e p a st in or d er t o m a k e sen se of t h e p r esen t a n d n o t b e
c a u g h t u n p r e p a r e d b y t h e fu t u r e .
Am e r i c a ' s u n d e r s t a n d i n g h a s b e e n s ys t e m a t i c a l l y b e n t t o t h e
w i l l o f t h e C h u r c h M i l i t a n t , w h i l e t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l m e a n s for s e n s -
in g t h e ca p t u r e h a ve b e e n d is co n n e ct e d . M o s t o f t h e c o n t e n t o f
m o d e r n m e d ia , w h e t h e r t e le vi s i o n , r a d io , p r in t , film , s t a ge , o r w e b ,
is s t a t e - o f- t h e - a r t J e s u it ratio studiorum . T h e J e s u it c o l l e g e is n o
l o n g e r ju s t a c h a r t e r e d i n s t i t u t i o n ; it h a s b e c o m e o u r e n t i r e s o ci a l
e n vi r o n m e n t - t h e m o vie s , t h e m a ll, t h e s ch o o l, t h e h o m e , t h e
m in d . H u m a n e xp e r ie n ce h a s b e c o m e a Sp ir it u a l E xe r cis e m a n -
a g e d b y c h a r i s m a t i c s p ir it u a l d i r e ct o r s w h o k n o w h o w t o m a n i p u -
la t e a d e m o c r a c y' s e m o t i o n s . Lo g i c , p e r s p e c t i ve , n a t i o n a l m e m o r y,
a n d s e l f- d i s c i p l i n e a r e p u r g e d t o t h e p o i n t t h a t “u n b r i d l e d e m o -
t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s , ” a s e c o n o m i s t T h o m a s S o w e l l p u t it , “a r e a ll w e
h a v e left .”
D e s p i t e it s a s c e n d a n c y o v e r A m e r i c a n life , fe w Am e r i c a n s
u n d e r s t a n d t h e t e r m “J e s u it .” I n o u r n e x t c h a p t e r , w e s h a ll e x a m -
i n e h o w t h i s t e r m i s d e fi n e d i n o u r b a s i c r e fe r e n c e w o r k s . T h e s e
d e fi n i t i o n s w i ll h e l p u s t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e k i n d o f c h a r a c t e r
p r o d u c e d b y I gn a t i a n p s yc h o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e .
74
Chapter 10
DEFINITIONS
T
H E T E R M “J e s u it ” w a s fir st u s e d t o d e s c r i b e a m e m b e r o f t h e
S o c i e t y o f J esu s i n 1 5 5 9 . I t d id n o t o r i g i n a t e fr o m w i t h i n
t h e So c i e t y, b u t fr o m o u t s id e r s . W h e t h e r i n t e n d e d d e r is ive -
ly o r r e s p e ct fu lly, “J es u it ” d o e s a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n in s p ir e d .
W e fi n d i n t h e Bi b l e ( N u m b e r s 2 6 : 4 4 ) t h e m e n t i o n o f “J e-
s u i t e s . ” T h e s e J e s u it e s w e r e t h e p r o g e n y o f J e s u i, w h o s e n a m e i n
H e b r e w , Yishviy , m e a n s “l e v e l . ” T h e J e s u it s c e r t a i n l y l e v e l l e d t h e
Pr otestan t m en a ce.
J e s u i w a s a g r e a t - g r a n d s o n o f Ab r a h a m . H i s fa t h e r w a s t h e
I s r a e lit e t r ib a l c h i e ft a n As h e r ( As h e r , “h a p p y ”) . At G e n e s i s 4 9 : 2 0 ,
As h e r ' s p o s t e r i t y i s d i v i n e l y p r o p h e s i e d t o “yi e l d r o ya l d a i n t i e s
(m a-adanim , ' d e l i g h t s ' ) . ” T h e i r u n i q u e l y p r i v i l e g e d a c c e s s t o t h e
m i n d s a n d w i lls o f k i n g s h a s c e r t a i n l y e n a b l e d t h e J e s u it s t o yi e ld
co p i o u s h a r ve s t s o f r o ya l d e ligh t s .
Bu t i n fu lfi lli n g t h e i r s c r i p t u r a l p r o p h e c y, t h e J e s u it s s e e m t o
h a v e a l i e n a t e d t h e m s e l v e s fr o m p e o p l e w h o u s e t h e E n g l i s h l a n -
77
R ULE R S O F E VI L
g u a g e . T h i s d o e s n o t d i s a p p o i n t S t . I g n a t i u s . “L e t u s h o p e , ” h e
o n c e w r o t e , “t h a t t h e S o c i e t y m a y n e v e r b e left u n t r o u b l e d b y t h e
h o s t ilit y o f t h e w o r ld for ve r y l o n g . ”
Am e r i c a ' s fir s t i n d i g e n o u s d i c t i o n a r y w a s c o m p i l e d b y N o a h
W e b s t e r a n d p u b li s h e d in 18 2 8 . H i s Am erican Dictionary of the Eng-
lish Language r e fle ct s t h e p l a c e h e l d b y J e s u it s in t h e o p i n i o n o f a
p u b l i c w h o s e s e n i o r c i t i ze n s h a d b r o u g h t fo r t h t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f
I n d e p e n d e n c e a n d t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n ( W e b s t e r h i m s e l f w a s fo r t y-
o n e w h e n t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n wa s r a t ifie d ) :
J e s u i t. O n e of t h e societ y of J esus, so ca lled , fou n d ed by Ign atiu s

Loyola ; a societ y r em ar kable for t h eir cu n n in g in p r op agat -
in g t h eir p r in cip les.
J e s u i te d . Co n fo r m in g t o t h e p r in cip les of t h e J esuits.
J e s u i te s s . A fem ale J esuit in p r in cip le.
J e s u i ti c , je s u i t i c a l . Per t a in in g t o t h e J esuits or t h eir p r in cip les
an d arts. 2 . Design in g; cu n n in g; d eceit fu l; p r eva r ica t in g.
J e s u i ti c a lly. Cr aftily.
J e s u i ti s m . T h e arts, p r in cip les an d p r a ct ices of t h e J esuits. 2 .
Cu n n in g; d eceit ; h yp ocr isy; p r eva r ica t ion ; d ecep t ive p r ac-
tices to effect a p u r p ose.
O n e h u n d r e d s e v e n t y - e i g h t ye a r s la t e r , W e b s t e r ' s Third New

International Dictionary ( 1 9 8 6 ) i n fo r m s u s t h a t t h e l a n g u a g e h a s
n ot r epen ted:
J e s u i t: 1: a m em b er of a r eligiou s societ y for m en fou n d ed by St .

Ign at iu s Lo yo la in 15 3 4 . 2 : on e give n t o in t r igu e or e q u ivo -
ca t ion : a crafty per son : C AS U I S T
J e s u i te d : jesu it ic
J e s u i ti c o r je s u i t i c a l : 1: of or r ela t in g to t h e J esuits, J esuitism , or
J esu itr y. 2 : h a vi n g q u a lit ies t h o u gh t t o r esem b le t h o s e of a
J esuit - usu. used d isp ar agin gly
J e s u i t i z e : t o a ct or t e a ch in t h e a ct u a l or a scr ib ed m a n n e r of a
J esu it: t o in d o ct r in a t e wit h a ct u a l or a scr ib ed J esu it p r in ci-
ples
J e s u i t r y : p r in cip le s or p r a ct ice s a scr ib ed t o t h e J esu it s, a s t h e
p r a ct ice of m en t a l r eser va t ion , casuistry, an d e q u ivo ca t io n
78
C H AP T E R 1O DE F I N I TI ON S
W e b s t e r ' s o n l i n e d i ct i o n a r y, W W W ebster ( 1 9 9 9 ) , is p a r t icu la r -

l y r e v e a l i n g . H e r e w e r e a d t h a t “J e s u i t ” m e a n s “a m e m b e r o f t h e
R o m a n C a t h o l i c S o c i e t y o f J esu s fo u n d e d b y S a i n t I gn a t iu s Lo yo l a
in 15 3 4 a n d d e vo t e d t o m ission a r y a n d e d u ca t io n a l wo r k ,” a n d
t h a t a J e s u it is “o n e g i v e n t o i n t r i gu e o r e q u i v o c a t i o n . ” W W W eb-
ster d e fi n e s “t o i n t r i g u e ” a s m e a n i n g “t o c h e a t , t r i c k , p l o t , a n d
s c h e m e , ” a n d “t o e q u i v o c a t e ” a s “t o u se e q u i v o c a l l a n g u a g e e s p e -
cia lly w i t h i n t e n t t o d e c e i v e ; t o a vo i d c o m m i t t i n g o n e s e l f i n w h a t
o n e s a ys .” “E q u i v o c a l ” l a n g u a g e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s a m e s o u r c e , i s
l a n g u a g e “s u b j e c t t o t w o o r m o r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d u s u a lly u s e d
t o m i s l e a d o r c o n fu s e ; o f u n c e r t a i n n a t u r e o r d i s p o s i t i o n t o w a r d a
p e r s o n o r t h i n g ; o f d o u b t fu l a d v a n t a g e , g e n u i n e n e s s , o r m o r a l r e c-
t it u d e . ”
T h e J e s u it d i s c i p l i n e h a s e l e v a t e d m e n t a l r e s e r va t i o n , ca s u is t -
ry, a n d e q u i v o c a t i o n t o h i g h a r t s - yo u w i l l n o t fin d a m o r e h i la r i -
o u s d e fe n s e o f t h e s e a r t s t h a n Bl a i s e P a s ca l' s c l a s s i c “P a s t o r a l
L e t t e r s ” ( 16 5 7 ) , fr e e ly a va i l a b l e o n t h e i n t e r n e t . P u r p o r t e d l y wr it -
t e n t o a fr ie n d , t h e “Le t t e r s ” r e p o r t c o n v e r s a t i o n s P a s ca l is h a v i n g
w i t h a J esu it ca s u is t . T h e J esu it d e fe n d s h i s a r t s t h u s ly:
M e n h a ve a r r ived a t s u ch a p i t ch o f co r r u p t io n n o wa d a ys
t h a t , u n a b le t o m a ke t h e m co m e t o us, we m u st e'en go t o t h em ,
ot h er wis e t h ey wou ld ca st u s off a lt o ge t h e r ; a n d , wh a t is wor se,
t h ey wo u ld b e co m e p er fect ca st a wa ys. I t is t o r et a in s u ch ch a r -
act er s a s t h ese t h a t ou r casu ists h a ve t a k e n u n d er co n s id e r a t io n
t h e vices t o wh ich p eop le of var iou s con d it ion s are m ost a d d ict -
ed, wit h t h e vie w of la yin g d o wn m a xim s wh ich , wh ile t h ey ca n -
n o t b e said t o vio la t e t h e t r u t h , ar e so ge n t le t h a t h e m u st b e a
ver y im p r a ct ica b le su bject in d eed wh o is n ot p leased wit h t h e m .
T h e gr a n d p r o je ct of ou r So cie t y, for t h e good of r e ligio n , is
n e ve r t o r ep u lse an y o n e , let h im b e wh a t h e m ay, an d so a vo id
d r ivin g p eop le t o despair.
J e s u it m o r a l t h e o l o g y h a r d l y n e e d s a s a t ir is t . I t s h u m o r is self-
c o n t a i n e d . Co n s i d e r H e r m a n n Bu s e n b a u m , o n e o f t h e So cie t y' s
m o s t v e n e r a t e d m o r a l t h e o l o g i a n s . B u s e n b a u m li t e r a lly w r o t e t h e
b o o k o n s e lf- s e r vin g lo gi c. H i s c e l e b r a t e d Medulla theologiae m oralis
79
( “ T h e M a r r o w o f M o r a l T h e o l o g y , ” 16 4 5 ) e n j o ye d m o r e t h a n t w o
h u n d r e d p r i n t i n gs a n d wa s r e q u ir e d e t h i c s r e a d i n g in a ll t h e J es u it
co lle ge s . A m a n of st ou t a p p et it es , Bu s e n b a u m co n s t r u ct e d a n
e q u i v o c a t i o n t o r e li e ve h i m s e lf o f t h e o b l i g a t i o n t o e a t fish o n Fr i-
d a ys : “ O n F r id a ys e ve r y go o d C a t h o l i c m u s t e a t o n ly cr e a t u r e s t h a t
live in t h e wa t e r , w h i c h ju st ifies o r d e r i n g a n i c e r o a s t d u c k ! ”
Bu s e n b a u m d e m o n s t r a t e d h o w m e n t a l r e s e r va t io n co u ld e n -
a b le a c r i m i n a l t o e s ca p e a ch a r ge o f b r e a k i n g a n d e n t e r i n g:
“Did you for ce t h e win d ow t o ga in felon iou s en t r y in t o t h ese

p r em ises?” asks t h e ju d ge. “Ce r t a in ly n o t !” r ep lies t h e a ccu sed ,
q u a lifyin g h is d e n ia l wit h t h e m e n t a l r e s e r va t io n “I entered
through the sky light.”
F a t h e r Gu r y, w h o t a u gh t m o r a l t h e o l o g y a t t h e R o m a n Co l l e g e
fr o m h is b o o k Casus Conscientire ( 1 8 7 5 ) , a p p r o v e d o f t h e w a y a n
a d u lt e r o u s wife , h a v i n g ju s t r e c e i v e d a b s o l u t i o n for h e r s in fr o m a
p r ie s t , u sed m e n t a l r e s e r va t i o n t o m is le a d h e r h u s b a n d :
To t h e en t r ea t ies of h er h u sb a n d , sh e a b solu t ely d e n ie d t h e

fa u lt : “I h a ve n o t co m m it t e d it ,” sh e said ; m e a n in g “a d u lt er y
su ch as I am ob liged t o r evea l;” in ot h er wor d s, “I h a ve n ot com -
m it t ed an ad u lt er y.” Sh e cou ld d en y h er sin as a cu lp r it m ay say
t o a ju d ge wh o d oes n o t q u e s t io n h i m legit im a t ely: “I h a ve n o t
com m it t ed an y cr im e,” a d d in g m en t a lly, “in su ch a m a n n er t h a t
I sh ou ld r e ve a l it .” T h i s is t h e o p i n i o n of St . Ligu or i, a n d of
m an y ot h er s.
T h e “S t . L i g u o r i ” t o w h o m G u r y r e fe r s i s Al p h o n s e Li g u o r i ,
d e c l a r e d P a t r o n S a i n t o f Co n f e s s o r s a n d M o r a l i s t s b y P o p e P iu s
XI I . S t . Li g u o r i w a s n o t a J e s u it h i m s e lf, b u t h e w a s d e v o t e d t o
t h e m . H e fa cilit a t e d a d u lt e r y b y m e a n s o f a n e q u i vo c a t i o n : “ A n
a d u lt e r e s s q u e s t i o n e d b y h e r h u s b a n d , m a y d e n y h e r g u i l t b y
d e c l a r i n g t h a t s h e h a s n o t c o m m i t t e d ' a d u lt e r y, ' m e a n i n g ' i d o l a -
tr y,' for w h i c h t h e t e r m ' a d u lt e r y' is o ft e n e m p l o ye d in t h e O l d Te s -
t a m en t .”
Ca s u i s t r y is t h e p r o ce s s o f a p p l yi n g m o r a l p r i n c i p l e s fa ls e ly in
d e c i d i n g t h e r i g h t s o r w r o n g s o f a ca s e - t h e w o r d “c a s u i s t r y”
80
c o m e s fr o m “ca s e s . ” W W W ebster e q u a t e s ca s u is t r y w i t h r a t i o n a l i -
za t i o n , “t o ca u s e s o m e t h i n g t o s e e m r e a s o n a b le ; t o p r o v i d e p la u s i-
b le b u t u n t r u e r e a s o n s fo r c o n d u c t . ” ( I n e a r ly 1 9 9 9 , P r e s i d e n t
Cl i n t o n ' s b io gr a p h e r , D a v i d M a r a n i s s , c o u l d b e s e e n r e m a r k i n g o n
t a l k s h o w s t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t o w e d h is fo r m i d a b le s kills a s a cr im i-
n a l d e fe n d a n t t o “h is t r a i n i n g i n ca s u is t r y a t G e o r g e t o w n U n i v e r -
s it y.”) T h e gr e a t J e s u it ca s u is t A n t o n i o E s c o b a r p a r d o n e d e v i l d o -
in g a s lo n g a s it wa s c o m m i t t e d in p u r s u it o f a loft y go a l. “P u r it y o f
i n t e n t i o n , ” h e d e c l a r e d i n 1 6 2 7 , “m a y ju s t ify a c t i o n s w h i c h a r e
c o n t r a r y t o t h e m o r a l c o d e a n d t o h u m a n la ws .” H e r m a n n Bu s e n -
b a u m r a t i fi e d E s c o b a r w i t h h i s o w n fa m o u s m a x i m “ C u m finis est
licitus, etiam m edia sunt licita,” “I f t h e e n d is l e g a l , t h e m e a n s a r e
le ga l.” E s co b a r a n d Bu s e n b a u m b o i l d o w n t o t h e e s s e n t ia l d o c t r i n e
o f t e r r o r is m : “T h e e n d ju st ifies t h e m e a n s . ”
Ca s u i s t r y s o l v e d t h e p r o b l e m o f u su r y. A l t h o u g h t h e v o i c e o f
J esu s c o m m a n d e d “l e n d , h o p i n g fo r n o t h i n g a g a i n ; a n d yo u r
r e w a r d w i l l b e g r e a t ” ( L u k e 6 : 3 5 ) , J e s u it l e n d e r s o ft e n c h a r g e d
e xo r b i t a n t in t e r e s t . F a t h e r G u r y e x p l a i n e d t h e p r in cip le :
If len d in g on e h u n d r ed fran cs you are losin g t en fr an cs by it,

you len d r ea lly o n e h u n d r e d an d t e n fr a n cs. T h e n you sh a ll
r eceive on e h u n d r ed a n d t en fr an cs.
I n d e e d , ca s u is t r y h a s set t h e m o r a l t o n e o f w o r ld e c o n o m i c s . I n
h is Universae theologiae m oralis ( “Ca t h o l i c Moral T h e o l o g y”,
1 6 5 2 - 6 6 ) , A n t o n i o E s c o b a r r e n d e r e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t “ T h e gi v-
in g o f s h o r t w e i g h t is n o t t o b e r e c k o n e d a s a s in w h e n t h e o fficia l
p r ice for c e r t a i n go o d s is s o lo w t h a t t h e m e r c h a n t w o u l d b e r u in e d
t h e r e b y. ” By t h is r e a s o n i n g , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l n e t w o r k o f c e n t r a l
b a n k s ( b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e Kn i g h t s Te m p la r s a n d s u s t a in e d b y t h e
S o c i e t y o f J esu s) h a s b e e n a b s o l ve d o f m a n i p u l a t i n g m o n e t a r y va l -
u es if d o i n g s o h e lp s in d ivid u a l s o ve r e ign n a t io n - s t a t e s m a n a ge
t h e ir s u b ject s . Su b je ct s are cyclica lly r eq u ir ed t o p a r t w i t h t r u e
va l u e - t h a t is, h a r d - e a r n e d go ld a n d s ilve r c o i n a g e - in e x c h a n g e
fo r i n t a n g i b l e c r e d i t d e n o m i n a t e d i n p a p e r n o t e s w h o s e o fficia l
p r o m i s e s t o r e p a y i n p r e c i o u s c o i n a g e . . . a r e c yc l i c a l l y b r o k e n . As
t h e m o s t p o we r fu l o ffice i n R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m , t h e b l a c k p a p a c y
81
m i g h t h a v e p r o m o t e d s t a b le n a t i o n a l e c o n o m i e s b y m e a n s o f t h e
d i v i n e l y fa ir m o n e t a r y s ys t e m c o m m a n d e d i n t h e Bi b l e a t L e v i t i -
cu s 19 -
Ye sh a ll d o n o u n r igh t eou s n es s in m ea su r e. J ust b a la n ce s ,

ju st we igh t s , sh a ll ye h a ve : I a m t h e Lor d you r G o d , w h i c h
b r ou gh t you ou t of t h e lan d of Egyp t.
I n s t e a d , it h a s p r o m o t e d E s co b a r 's ca su ist r y, w h i c h d ir e ct s m e r -
c h a n t s t o s u r vi ve o fficia l va l u e m a n i p u l a t i o n s b y c h e a t i n g o n e a n -
o t h e r . T h e r e a r e s i g n i fi c a n t s o c i o l o g i c a l c o n s e q u e n c e s . W h e n
g i v i n g s h o r t w e i g h t b e c o m e s p o licy, a m o r a l p a r a d i g m is s e t . T h a t
p a r a d i g m g o v e r n s m o r e t h a n ju s t c o m m e r c i a l t r a n s a c t i o n s . I t af-
fe ct s h u m a n r e l a t i o n s h i p s , a s w e l l . P a r t n e r s i n fr i e n d s h i p s , m a r -
r ia ge s , a n d fa m i l i e s b e g i n g i v i n g s h o r t w e i g h t - g i v i n g les s t h a n
r e p r e s e n t e d . T h i s r e s u lt s i n o n e - s i d e d , fr u s t r a t i n g , d y s f u n c t i o n a l
e m o t i o n a l t r a n s a ct io n s , a n d u lt i m a t e ly a n a b e r r a n t s o cie t y. T h e u l-
t i m a t e b e n e ficia r y of a b e r r a n t s o c i e t i e s , of co u r s e , is Pontifex Max-
im us, w h o s e p r o fe s s io n is t h e ir r e gu la t i o n .
I f we d e p e n d s o le ly o n d ict io n a r y d e fin it io n s , we le a r n t h a t
J e s u it s a r e c h u r c h m e n a n d t e a c h e r s o f a d o u b t fu l m o r a l r e c t i t u d e
w h o a r e l i k e l y t o c h e a t , t r i ck , p l o t , s c h e m e , d e c e i v e , a n d c o n fu s e
u s w h i l e a v o i d i n g t o c o m m i t t h e m s e l v e s ve r b a lly. W h e n w e s t u d y
t h e ir p u b lis h e d m or a lis t s , we sen se a r a t h er vib r a n t p r e s e n ce of
T h e T r i c k s t e r . B u t i n t h e S o c i e t y ' s d e fe n s e , i t m u s t b e s a id t h e s e
a r e legitim ate c h a r a c t e r t r a it s fo r a m i l i t i a e m p o w e r e d b y a d e cla r a -
t i o n o f wa r , a n d w e m u s t r e m e m b e r t h a t P a u l I ll' s b u l l o r d a i n i n g
t h e S o c i e t y of J esu s, Regim ini m ilitantis ecclesiae, is ju s t s u c h a d e c-
la r a t i o n . H u m a n life in a d e c l a r e d w a r b e c o m e s s u b je ct t o t h e first
gr e a t r u le o f wa r , belli legum dorm it, “i n wa r t h e la w s le e p s .” W h e n
t h e la w s le e p s , t h e u n a r m e d p r iest 's o n l y w e a p o n s a r e t h e in t r igu e ,
d e c e i t , e q u i v o c a t i o n , ca su ist r y, a n d m e n t a l r e s e r va t i o n w i t h w h i c h
t h e J e s u it s h a v e m a d e t h e m s e l v e s s o n o t o r i o u s a n d s o o ft e n
d e s p is e d .
I n fo r t h c o m i n g c h a p t e r s , w e s h a ll b e e x a m i n i n g h o w t h e S o c i -
e t y o f J esu s m a d e w a r a g a i n s t G r e a t Br i t a i n a n d t h e Br i t i s h
c o l o n i e s d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y, a n d
82
t h e n a g a i n s t t h e s o v e r e i g n A m e r i c a n S t a t e s a c e n t u r y la t e r . I n
e a c h i n s t a n ce , t h e wa r fa r e wa s o f t h e h i g h e s t s o p h i s t i c a t i o n . I t wa s
s o s u b t l y c o n c e i v e d a n d s o m a s t e r fu l l y e x e c u t e d , t h a t n e i t h e r o f
t h e m a jo r c o m b a t a n t s c o u l d d i s c e r n t h e p r e s e n c e o f J e s u it s i n t h e
e q u a t i o n . T h e a m a z i n g t e c h n o l o g y o f J e s u it w a r fa r e - t h a t i s t h e
s u b je ct o f o u r n e x t ch a p t e r .
83
Chapter 11
THE THIRTEEN
ARTICLES CONCERNING
MILITARY ART
B
E F O R E T H E Am e r i c a n R e vo l u t i o n , R o m a n Ca t h o l i c s wer e
b a r r e d fr o m v o t i n g o r h o l d i n g p u b l i c o ffice t h r o u g h o u t t h e
Br i t i s h c o l o n i e s . T h e y w e r e a p e r s e c u t e d m i n o r i t y e ve r y-
w h e r e b u t i n t h e p r o p r ie t a r y d o m a i n o f W i l l i a m P e n n ( P e n n s yl va -
n ia a n d D e la w a r e ) . S o m e o f t h eir m ost e n e r ge t ic p er secu t or s, in
fa ct , we r e t h e ve r y H u g u e n o t s w h o m t h e Ca t h o l i c s h a d ch a s e d o u t
o f F r a n c e i n t h e w a k e o f Lo u i s X I V' s r e v o c a t i o n o f t h e E d i c t o f
Nan tes.
T h e b a s is o f R o m a n C a t h o l i c p e r s e c u t i o n w a s p o l i t i c a l .
C a t h o l i c s o w e d a l l e g i a n c e t o Pontifex Maxim us, t h e Bis h o p of
R o m e . T h e Bi s h o p o f R o m e wa s a fo r e ign r u le r w h o , a s a m a t t e r o f
p u b l i c p o licy, r e ga r d e d t h e Br i t i s h k i n g a n d h is P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h
a s h e r e t i c s t o b e d e s t r o ye d . F r o m t h e A m e r i c a n c o l o n i s t s ' s t a n d -
p o i n t , t o a llo w Ca t h o l i c s t o v o t e o r h o l d office wa s t a n t a m o u n t t o
s u r r e n d e r i n g t h e i r c o l o n i e s t o a fo r e i g n c o n q u e r o r . A c r u c i a l p a r t
o f m a i n t a i n i n g p e r s o n a l lib e r t y i n P r o t e s t a n t c o l o n i a l Am e r i c a wa s
85
RULE RS OF E VI L
k e e p i n g R o m a n C a t h o l i c s o u t o f g o v e r n m e n t . Bu t t h e n c a m e t h e
R e v o l u t i o n . T h e c o l o n i a l ci t i ze n r y fo u g h t for a n d w o n t h e i r in d e -
p e n d e n c e fr o m G r e a t Br i t a i n . T h e y e s t a b l i s h e d a C o n s t i t u t i o n
t h a t a m o u n t e d t o . . . surrendering their country t o a foreign conqueror.
C o n s i d e r t h e l e g a l i t i e s . Be fo r e t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n w a s r a t i fi e d ,
A m e r i c a n C a t h o l i c s h a d fe w c i v i l r i g h t s ; a ft e r r a t i f i c a t i o n , t h e y
h a d t h e m a ll. Ar t i c l e VI , s e c t i o n 3 p r o vi d e s t h a t “n o r e ligio u s t e s t
s h a ll e ve r b e r e q u ir e d a s a q u a li fi ca t i o n t o a n y office o r p u b li c t r u st
u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s , ” w h i l e t h e Fir st Am e n d -
m e n t d e n i e s Co n g r e s s t h e p o w e r “t o m a k e a n y la w r e s p e c t i n g a n
e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f r e li gi o n , o r p r o h i b i t i n g t h e fr ee e xe r ci s e t h e r e o f. ”
W i t h Ar t i c l e I V S e c t i o n 3 a n d t h e Fir st Am e n d m e n t , t h e Co n s t i -
t u t i o n w e l c o m e d a g e n t s o f Pontifex Maxim us, t h e w o r ld ' s c h i e f
e n e m y of P r ot est a n t ism , in t o t h e r an ks of go ve r n m e n t .
O f t h e 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 e n u m e r a t e d i n h a b i t a n t s i n 1 7 8 7 Am e r i c a ,
t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c p o p u l a t i o n co n s i s t e d o f n o m o r e t h a n 16 , 0 0 0
i n M a r y l a n d , 7 , 0 0 0 i n P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1, 5 0 0 i n N e w Yo r k , a n d 2 0 0
in Vi r g i n i a . O n c e t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n wa s in p la ce , a s t e a d y in flu x o f
1
European im m igr a n t s t r a n s fo r m e d Rom an Ca t h o li ci s m fr o m

Am e r i c a ' s s m a lle s t t o la r ge s t r e ligio u s d e n o m i n a t i o n . By 18 5 0 , t h e
h igh e r p ower s a t R o m e co u ld vie w t h e U n i t e d St a t e s a s a via b le
t r ib u t a r y, if n o t a n o t h e r p a p a l s t a t e .
T h i s a w e s o m e r e s u lt d id n o t ju s t h a p p e n . I s u b m i t t h a t it wa s
b r illia n t ly d e s ign e d a n d c o m m a n d e d b y a m a n I a m p lea s ed t o
h o n o r a s t h e A m e r i c a n r e p u b l i c ' s le a s t k n o w n f o u n d i n g fa t h e r ,
Lo r e n z o R i c c i ( p r o n o u n c e d “R i c h e y . ”) R i c c i w a s a T u s c a n a r is t o -
c r a t b y b i r t h , a s t o i c a l p h i l o s o p h e r b y r e p u t a t i o n , a n d a J e s u it
fa t h e r b y p r o fe s s i o n . H e w a s S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l o f t h e S o c i e t y o f
J esu s d u r in g t h e fo r m a t i ve yea r s o f t h e Am e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n , fr o m
1 7 5 8 u n t i l 1 7 7 5 . H e a ls o m a y b e c r e d i t e d w i t h h a v i n g w r i t t e n t h e
m o s t ce le b r a t e d t r e a t is e o n wa r e ve r p u b li s h e d , a w o r k e n t i t l e d The
Thirteen Articles Concerning Military Art.
T h e r e p u t e d a u t h o r of t h is wo r k is a q u a s i- h is t o r ica l Ch i n e s e
ge n e r a l b e l i e v e d t o h a v e l i ve d i n t h e s i x t h ce n t u r y BC n a m e d S u n -
t zu . Su n - t zu wa s u n k n o w n t o w e s t e r n la n gu a ge s u n t i l J o s e p h - M a r ie
A m i o t , a s t r o n o m e r t o t h e E m p e r o r o f C h i n a , b r o u g h t fo r t h a
86
C H AP T E R 11 T H E T H I R T E E N AR T I CL E S C O N C E R N I N G M I LI T AR Y A R T
F r e n c h e d i t i o n o f t h e Thirteen Articles in 1 7 7 2 . A m i o t wa s a J es u it
p r ie s t u n d e r o b e d i e n c e t o G e n e r a l R i c c i . I b a s e m y i n fe r e n c e t h a t
R i c c i i s t h e a u t h o r o f Am i o t ' s S u n - t z u o n a r e m a r k fr o m t o d a y' s
p r e m i e r J es u it s p o k e s m a n , M a l a c h i M a r t i n , r e t ir e d p r ofes s or a t t h e
P o n t ifica l I n s t it u t e in R o m e , t o t h e e ffe ct t h a t a b o o k w r i t t e n b y a
J e s u it , d u e t o t h e o b e d i e n c e fa ct o r , c a n b e p r e s u m e d “i n e s s e n c e ”
t o b e t h e w o r k o f h i s S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l . Am i o t ' s S u n - t z u , t h e n ,
2
c a n b e p r e s u m e d t o h a v e b e e n “w r i t t e n ” b y Lo r e n zo R i c c i .
T h e b l a c k p o p e ' s d e c i s i o n t o p u b l i s h S u n - t z u p r io r t o t h e o u t -
break of t h e R e vo lu t io n h e had en gin eer ed d em on st r a t es, I
b e l i e ve , h is c o n fi d e n c e t h a t d i vi n e a u t h o r i t y h a d a lr e a d y d e li ve r e d
vict o r y t o h im . R i cci k n e w t h a t cir cu m s t a n ce s h a d r e a ch e d t h e
p o i n t a t w h i c h t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g w h i c h h i s e n e m y, t h e fo r c e s o f
P r o t e s t a n t i s m o n b o t h s id e s o f t h e At l a n t i c , c o u l d d o t o a lt e r t h e
o u t c o m e . H e wa s li k e a ch e s s m a s t e r w h o s ees t h e i n e v i t a b i l i t y o f
c h e c k m a t e fo u r m o v e s a h e a d a n d r e ve a ls h is w i n n i n g m e t h o d o u t
o f c o u r t e s y t o t h e i m m i n e n t lo s e r . H i s m e t h o d w a s s o s u b l i m e l y
S u n - t z u a n t h a t h is o p p o n e n t s n e v e r e v e n p e r c e i v e d h is a r m y t o b e
a n o p p o n e n t - ju s t a s P r o t e s t a n t s t o d a y a r e u n a w a r e t h a t e xt i r p a t -
in g t h e ir c r e d o is s t ill t h e u n r e l e n t i n g J es u it m is s io n .
The Thirteen Articles wer e i g n o r e d b y Am e r i c a n s u n t i l t h e
n i n e t e e n - s e ve n t i e s , w h e n o u r co r p o r a t e e x e c u t i ve s d i s co ve r e d t h a t
t h e i r o r i e n t a l c o u n t e r p a r t s w e r e d o i n g b u s in e s s a c c o r d i n g t o S u n -
t zu a n s t r a t e gie s . As U . S . c o r p o r a t i o n s i n c r e a s e d t h e i r p r e s e n c e i n
t h e P a c i fi c R i m , S u n - t z u b e c a m e a m a j o r s u r vi va l t o o l . S i n c e t h e
m i d d l e e i g h t i e s , m o r e t h a n fift y e d i t i o n s o f t h e Articles h a v e b e e n
p u b l i s h e d in t h i s c o u n t r y, m o s t l y u n d e r t h e “A r t o f W ar” t i t l e .
Th e s e e d it io n s r ep r esen t Su n - t zu we ll e n o u gh , b u t n o n e o f t h e m
a r e d e r i v e d fr o m t h e 1 7 7 2 A m i o t t r a n s l a t i o n i n t o F r e n c h ( w h i c h
it s e lf wa s b a s e d o n a T a r t a r - M a n c h u r i a n v e r s i o n o f t h e o ld e r C h i -
n e s e m a n u s c r i p t s ) . Am i o t ' s S u n - t z u a p p e a r s n e v e r t o h a v e b e e n
p u b l i s h e d i n E n g l i s h , a l t h o u g h a 1 9 9 6 c o m m i s s i o n b y La Be l l e
Église produced a very fine m anuscript English translation by Her-

m i n e F . G a r c i a . T h a t m a n u s cr i p t is t h e s o u r ce o f m y c i t a t i o n s h e r e .
O n l y t h e A m i o t e d i t i o n r e fle ct s i n vi r t u a l l y t h e J e s u it G e n e r -
a l's o w n w o r d s h o w h e fo r m e d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a b y
87
d i v i d i n g t h e Br i t i s h E m p i r e a g a i n s t it self, w h i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e
d i v i d i n g t h e r es t o f E u r o p e a ga in s t Br i t a i n , a ga in s t e v e n t h e G e n -
er a l's o w n a r m y! T h e A m i o t i s a ll t h e m o r e r e m a r k a b le for a p p e a r -
in g in t h e ve r y m id s t o f t h e u n fo ld i n g o f t h is e xt r a o r d in a r y p r o ce s s .
A M I O T b e gin s The Thirteen Articles b y n o t i n g h o w o d d it is t h a t

t h e b e n ign Ch i n e s e m o r a lit y s h o u ld s p a wn a wa r r ior of Su n -
tzu 's m a gn i t u d e :
If we are t o ju d ge t h e Ch in e s e by t h eir m or als ... an d in gen -

er al b y e ve r yt h in g o n e ca n cu r r en t ly ob ser ve of t h em , we wou ld
in st a n t ly co n clu d e t h a t t h is m u st b e t h e m ost p acifist N a t i o n in
t h e wor ld , far fr om h a vin g t h e b r illia n t q u a lit ies n ecessa r y for
War r ior s. Yet , surprisin gly, t h is ver y N a t io n , wh ich h as subsisted
for n ea r ly fou r t h o u s a n d year s in a p p r o xim a t e ly t h e sam e st at e
we see it in tod ay, h a s a lwa ys, or a lm ost a lwa ys, t r iu m p h ed over
its en em ies; an d wh e n it h a d t h e m isfor tu n e of b ein g con q u er ed ,
it ga ve its laws to t h e con qu er or s t h em selves.
W e k n o w t h i s , A m i o t s a ys , fr o m t h e A n n a l s , w h i c h c o n t a i n
“a d m ir a b le a c c o u n t s o f p r o d igio u s b r a ve r y,” a n d list s o f a c t i o n s a n d
m ilit a r y c o n d u c t o f va r io u s fo u n d e r s o f d yn a s t ie s . H e e xc l a i m s
W h a t H e r o e s ! W h a t P o lit icia n s ! W h a t Wa r r ior s ! N o

Ale xa n d e r o r Ca e s a r cou ld surpass t h e m . W h y s h o u ld n 't t h ese
gr ea t m e n , t h ese p ower fu l gen iu ses, wh o m a d e su ch fin e p o lit i-
ca l an d civil La ws , h a ve m a d e m ilit a r y la ws w h i c h wer e ju st a s
fine?
T h e r e fe r e n c e t o C a e s a r i s s i g n i fi c a n t . D e c l a r i n g C h i n a ' s d y-
n a s t i c h e r o e s t o b e Ca e s a r ' s e q u a ls , A m i o t e q u a t e s Lo r e n z o R i c c i ,
t h e r e i g n i n g b e a r e r o f C a e s a r e a n a u t h o r i t y, w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t o r i-
e n t a l W a r r i o r s . W e r e t h e o r i e n t a l m i l i t a r y la w s “ju s t a s fi n e ” a s
Ca e s a r ' s ? “I t i s n o t u p t o m e t o j u d g e t h i s , ” A m i o t a n s w e r s . “O u r
W a r r io r s m u s t p r o n o u n c e t h e m s e l ve s in t h is r e ga r d .”
I f t h e t e r m “ O u r W a r r i o r s ” m e a n s “o u r J e s u it b r e t h r e n , ” a s I
b e l i e v e i t d o e s , t h e n w e h a v e b e fo r e u s R i c c i ' s c l a n d e s t i n e o r d e r
t h a t t h e b o o k b e r e c e i ve d b y t h e s ca t t e r e d m e m b e r s o f t h e S o c i e t y
a s t h e la t e s t s t a t e m e n t o f t h e Ge n e r a l ' s m ilit a r y La w. ( Cl a n d e s t i n e
ge n e r a ls o r d e r c l a n d e s t i n e l y. ) A m i o t a d m it s t h a t t r a n s la t i n g a wa r
m a n u a l w a s “c o n t r a r y t o m y t a s t e , & s o fa r fr o m t h e o b j e c t o f m y
p r o fe s s io n .” H e sa ys t h a t h e o n ly u n d e r t o o k t h e w o r k i n h o p e s t h a t
t h e r e a d e r m i g h t h a v e “s o m e p le a s u r e c o n v e r s i n g w i t h t h e s e for -
e i g n H e r o e s a n d r e c e i v i n g s o m e o f t h e i r i n s t r u ct i o n s a n d [fin d in g]
s o m e t h i n g u s e fu l. ” W h a t c a n n o t b e d e n i e d i s t h a t R o m e w a s
s e r ve d b y c r i t i c a l e ve n t s i n Am e r i c a a n d E n g l a n d d u r in g t h e ye a r s
o f R i cci ' s r e i gn in w a ys t h a t flow q u i t e d i s ce r n a b ly fr o m t h e s t r a t e -
gie s , la w s , a n d m a x i m s s e t fo r t h in t h e Thirteen Articles. I b e l i e v e
t h a t a n y o n e r e a d i n g Am i o t ' s S u n - t z u i n 1 7 7 2 , k n o w i n g t h a t it s
t r a n s l a t o r w a s a J e s u it , k n o w i n g t h e J e s u it m i s s i o n , a n d k n o w i n g
t h e n a t u r e o f J e s u it ic o b e d i e n c e , c o u l d o b s e r ve w o r l d e v e n t s w i t h
t h is k n o w l e d g e , a n d p r e d i c t t h a t t h e d i s p u t e b e t w e e n t h e Am e r i -
c a n c o l o n i s t s a n d t h e Br i t i s h E m p i r e w o u l d e n d - a s i t a c t u a l l y
d id - in R o m a n d o m i n a n c e o ve r a n e w, i n d e p e n d e n t r e p u b lic.
Be fo r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e w o r k s o f S u n - t z u , A m i o t r e c o u n t s a n
i m p o r t a n t l e g e n d d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e s e ve r it y o f S u n - t z u a n a u t h o r -
ity. I t is a s e ve r it y t h a t e m p o w e r s t h e G e n e r a l t o o ve r r u le e v e n h is
S o v e r e i g n in o r d e r t o s e cu r e t h e a r m y's p e r fe ct o b e d i e n c e . H e a r i n g
t h a t t h e Ki n g o f O o w a s p r e p a r i n g fo r w a r a n d n o t w i s h i n g t o
r e m a i n id le , Su n - t zu offer ed h is s e r vice s t o t h e Ki n g . T h e Ki n g h a d
r e a d Su n - t zu ' s b o o k a n d lik e d it , b u t d o u b t e d its p r a ct ica b ilit y.
“P r in ce ,” r ep lied Su n - t zu , “I said n o t h in g in m y W r it in gs
t h a t I h a d n o t a lr ea d y p r a ct ice d in t h e arm y. W h a t I h a ve n o t
yet said , bu t of wh ich I p r esu m e to assure You r Ma jest y tod ay, is
t h a t I a m ca p a b le of t r a n s m it t in g t h ese p r a ct ices t o a n yo n e
wh o m s o e ve r & t r a in in g t h e m in m ilit a r y exer cises wh e n I a m
au th or ized to d o so.”
“I u n d er st a n d ,” r ep lied t h e Kin g. “You wish t o say t h a t you
will easily t ea ch you r m a xim s t o in t elligen t m en wh o are alr eady
b o t h p r u d en t an d va lor ou s; t h a t you will h a ve n o d ifficu lt y giv-
in g t r a in in g in m ilit a r y exer cis es t o m e n a ccu s t o m e d t o h a r d
wor k wh o are d o cile & full of good will. Bu t t h e m ajor it y is n o t
of t h a t n at u r e.”
“It m a t t er s n o t ,” r ep lied Su n -t zu . “I said any one w hom soever
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an d I e xclu d e n o o n e fr om m y offer, in clu d in g t h e m ost m u t i-

n ou s, t h e m ost cowa r d ly an d t h e wea kest of m en .”
“To h ea r you sp ea k,” said t h e Kin g, “you wou ld e ve n in spir e
wo m e n t o h a ve t h e feelin gs of Wa r r ior s; you wo u ld t r a in t h e m
to bear arm s.”
“Yes, P r in ce,” r ep lied Su n -t zu in a firm vo ice , “an d I beg Your
Majesty to be assured of it.”
T h e Kin g, wh o in t h e cir cu m st a n ces in wh ich h e fou n d h im -
self was n o lon ger en t er t a in ed b y t h e cu st om a r y a m u sem en t s of
Co u r t , t ook a d va n t a ge of t h is o p p o r t u n it y t o fin d a n e w sor t of
a m u s e m e n t . H e said , “Br in g m e o n e h u n d r e d e igh t y of m y
wive s .” H e wa s o b e ye d , & t h e P r in cesses a p p e a r e d . Am o n g
t h em wer e t wo in p ar t icu lar wh o m t h e Kin g loved t en d er ly; t h ey
wer e p la ce d a h ea d of t h e o t h e r s . “W e will see,” said t h e Kin g,
sm ilin g. “W e will see, Su n -t zu , if you will be true t o you r wor d . I
m a ke you Ge n e r a l o f t h ese n e w t r oop s. Al l t h r o u gh o u t m y
p a la ce you n e e d o n ly ch o o s e t h e p la ce w h i c h seem s t h e m ost
com for t a b le t o give t h e m m ilit ar y t r a in in g. W h e n t h ey are suffi-
cien t ly in st r u ct ed you will let m e kn ow, & I will co m e m yself t o
r en d er ju st ice t o t h em & t o you r t a len t .”
T h e Ge n e r a l sen sed t h e r id icu le of t h e r ole h e was asked t o
play. Bu t h e d id n o t b a ck d o wn , a n d in st ead ap p ear ed q u it e sat-
isfied b y t h e h o n o r b e s t o we d on h i m b y t h e Kin g, n o t o n ly b y
a llowin g h im t o see h is wives bu t also b y p u t t in g t h em u n d er h is
d ir ect ion . “I will d o we ll wit h t h e m , Sir e,” h e said in a n assured
t o n e , “a n d I h o p e t h a t soon You r Ma jest y will h a ve ca u se t o b e
satisfied wit h m y ser vices. At t h e ver y least, You r Majest y will b e
co n vin ce d t h a t Su n -t zu is n o t a m a n wh o takes risks.”
O n c e t h e Kin g h a d r et ir ed t o h is a p a r t m e n t s , t h e Wa r r io r
t h ou gh t on ly of execu t in g h is com m ission . H e asked for wea p on s
& all t h e m ilit a r y e q u ip m e n t n e e d e d for h is n e wly cr e a t e d sol-
d ier s. W h i l e wa it in g for e ve r yt h in g t o b e ready, h e led h is t r oop
in t o o n e of t h e cou r t ya r d s of t h e p a la ce wh ich seem ed t h e best
su it ed for h is wor k. S o o n t h e it em s h e h a d r eq u est ed wer e
b r ou gh t t o h im . Su n -t zu t h e n sp oke t o t h e Pr in cesses. “H er e you
ar e,” h e said , “u n d er m y d ir e ct io n a n d m y or d er s. You m u st lis-
t en t o m e a t t e n t ive ly a n d ob ey m e in wh a t e ve r I co m m a n d you
t o d o . T h a t is t h e first & m ost essen t ia l m ilit a r y law: m a ke sure
you d on 't br eak it. By t om or r ow I wa n t you t o p er for m exer cises
90
before t h e Kin g, & I in t en d for t h em to be d on e p er fectly.”

Aft e r t h ose wor d s h e str ap p ed on t h eir swor d s, p u t spears in
t h eir h a n d s , d ivid e d t h e m in t o t wo gr ou p s, a n d p u t o n e of t h e
fa vor it e Pr in cesses a t t h e h ea d of e a ch . O n c e t h a t a r r a n gem en t
was m ad e, h e b ega n h is in st r u ct ion s in t h ese ter m s: “Ca n you t ell
t h e d iffer en ce b e t we e n you r ch e s t a n d you r b a ck , & you r r igh t
h a n d fr om you r left h a n d ? An s w e r m e .” At first t h e on ly
r esp on se h e r e ce ive d wa s som e bu r sts of la u gh t er . Bu t h e
r e m a in e d s ilen t a n d ver y ser iou s. “Yes, of cou r se,” t h e La d ies
t h e n r ep lied in on e vo ice . “If t h a t is so,” r esu m ed Su n -t zu , “t h e n
list en car efu lly t o wh a t I am goin g t o say. W h e n t h e d r u m strikes
on ly on e b ea t , you will r em a in as you are n ow, on ly p a yin g a t t en -
t io n t o wh a t is b efor e you r ch e s t . W h e n t h e d r u m st r ikes t wo
beat s, you m ust tu r n so t h a t your ch est is in t h e p la ce wh er e you r
r igh t h a n d was befor e. If in stead of t wo beats you h ea r t h r ee, you
m ust tu r n so t h a t you r ch est is p r ecisely wh er e your left h a n d was
b efor e. Bu t wh e n t h e d r u m st r ikes fou r b ea t s, you m u st t u r n so
t h a t you r ch e s t is wh e r e you r b a ck wa s, & you r b a ck will b e
wh er e you r ch est was.
“W h a t I ju st said m ay n o t b e clea r e n o u gh ; let m e e xp la in .
A sin gle d r u m b ea t m ea n s t h a t you m u st n o t ch a n ge you r p osi-
t io n & you m u st b e on gu a r d . Two b ea t s m ea n s you m u st t u r n
r igh t . T h r e e b ea t s m ea n s you m u st t u r n left . An d fou r b ea t s
m ean s you m a ke a h a lf tu r n . I will exp la in e ve n m or e.
“Th is is t h e or d er I sh a ll follow. Fir st I will st r ike o n e b ea t :
a t t h a t sign a l you will b e r ead y t o r e ce ive m y or d er s. A few
m om en t s later I will str ike t wo beat s: t h e n , all t oget h er , you will
t u r n t o t h e r igh t wit h gr avit y, after wh ich I will n o t st r ike t h r ee
beats bu t four, & you will m a ke a h a lf-t u r n . I will t h e n h a ve you
r et u r n to you r first p osit ion an d , as befor e, I will str ike on e b ea t .
At t h e first sign al, b e ready. T h e n I will st r ike, n o t t wo beats bu t
t h r ee, & you will t u r n left ; a t fou r b ea t s yo u will co m p le t e t h e
h a lf- t u r n . H a ve you we ll u n d er s t ood wh a t I a m sa yin g? I f you
h a ve an y d ifficu lt ies, you h a ve b u t t o sp eak t o m e of t h e m an d I
sh a ll a t t e m p t t o e xp la in t h e m a t t er .” “W e h a ve u n d e r s t o o d ,”
r ep lied t h e La d ies. “If t h a t is so,” r es p on d ed Su n - t zu , “I will
b egin . Do n o t for get t h a t t h e sou n d of t h e d r u m t akes t h e p la ce
of t h e Gen er a l's vo ice , b u t h e is t h e on e wh o is givin g you t h ese
orders.”
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Aft e r r e p e a t in g h is in s t r u ct ion s t h r ee t im es, Su n - t zu a ga in

a lign ed h is sm a ll arm y, after wh ich h e h a d t h e d r u m st r ike on e
b ea t . At t h a t sou n d , all t h e Lad ies b ega n t o la u gh . At t wo d r u m
beat s, t h ey lau gh ed e ve n lou d er . Ever serious, t h e Ge n e r a l spoke
to t h em th u s: “It is possible t h a t I did n o t exp la in clear ly en ou gh
t h e in s t r u ct ion s I ga ve yo u . If t h a t is so, it is m y fa u lt . I will
a t t e m p t t o r em ed y it b y s p e a kin g t o you in a wa y t h a t is m or e
a ccessib le t o you ( & a t o n ce h e r ep ea t ed t h e lesson t h r ee t im es
in ot h er t er m s), an d t h e n we will see,” h e added , “if you obey m e
an y bet t er .” H e h a d t h e d r u m strike on e b ea t , an d t h en t wo. See-
in g h im lo o k so ser iou s, a n d give n t h e st r a n ge s it u a t io n t h ey
fou n d t h e m s e lve s in , t h e La d ies for got t o ob ey h im . Aft e r
a t t em p t in g in va in t o stop t h e la u gh t er t h a t was ch o k in g t h em ,
t h ey fin ally let it burst for t h loudly.
Su n -t zu was in n o way d iscon cer t ed , bu t in t h e sam e t on e h e
h a d u sed w h e n s p e a kin g t o t h e m b efor e, h e said : “If I h a d n o t
exp la in ed m yself clear ly, or if you h ad n ot assured m e, in u n ison ,
t h a t you u n d er st ood wh a t I said , you wou ld in n o way b e gu ilty.
Bu t I sp oke t o you clear ly, a s you a d m it t ed you r selves. W h y d id
you n o t ob ey? You d eser ve p u n is h m e n t , a n d m ilit a r y p u n is h -
m e n t . Am o n g t h e M a k e r s o f Wa r , wh o e ve r d oes n o t ob ey t h e
or d er s of h is Ge n e r a l d eser ves d e a t h . Th e r e fo r e you will d ie.”
Aft e r t h a t sh or t p r e a m b le , Su n - t zu or d er ed t h e wo m e n wh o
for m ed t h e t wo lin es t o kill t h e t wo wh o wer e lea d in g t h em . J ust
t h e n , on e of t h e m e n wh ose job it was t o guard t h e wo m e n , see-
in g t h a t t h e Wa r r io r was n o t jo k in g, r an t o wa r n t h e Kin g of
wh a t was h a p p e n in g. T h e Kin g sen t s om eon e t o Su n -t zu t o for-
bid h im fr om goin g an y far th er , & in p ar t icu lar fr om m ist r ea t in g
t h e t wo wo m e n h e loved t h e best & wit h ou t wh o m h e cou ld n ot
live.
T h e Ge n e r a l lis t en ed wit h r es p ect t o t h e wor d s t h a t wer e
sp oken on b eh a lf of t h e Kin g, bu t h e refused t o bow t o h is wish -
es. “G o t ell t h e Kin g,” h e r ep lied , “t h a t Su n -t zu b elieves h im t o
be t oo r eason able & t oo just t o t h in k h e m igh t h a ve ch a n ged h is
m in d so soon , & t h a t h e t r u ly wish es t o b e o b e ye d in wh a t you
h a ve ju st t old m e on h is beh alf. T h e P r in ce is t h e la wm a ker ; h e
wou ld n ot give orders wh ich wou ld sully t h e d ign it y h e vest ed in
m e. H e asked m e t o t r a in o n e h u n d r ed a n d e igh t y of h is W i ve s
as soldier s, h e m a d e m e t h eir Ge n e r a l. T h e rest is u p t o m e. Th e y
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d isob eyed m e, t h ey will d ie.” So sa yin g, h e p u lled ou t h is swor d

an d wit h t h e sam e ca lm n ess h e h a d d isp layed u n t il t h e n , h e cu t
off t h e h ea d s of t h e t wo wh o wer e lea d in g t h e ot h er s. H e im m e-
d ia t ely p u t t wo ot h er s in t h eir p la ce, an d h a d t h e d r u m strike t h e
va r iou s b ea t s h e h a d e xp la in e d t o h is t r oop s. An d it was a s if
t h ose wo m e n h a d b e e n p r ofession a l sold ier s all t h eir lives; t h ey
m ad e t h eir turn s silen t ly an d im p eccably.
Su n -t zu sp oke th u s t o t h e En voy: “G o t ell t h e Kin g,” h e said,
“t h a t h is wives k n o w h o w t o d r ill. N o w I ca n lea d t h e m t o war,
m a ke t h e m affr on t all sor ts of p er ils, & e ve n m a ke t h e m pass
t h r ou gh wat er & fire.”
W h e n t h e Kin g lea r n ed wh a t h a d h a p p e n e d , h e was p e n e -
t r a t ed b y t h e d eep est sor r ow. W i t h a gr ea t sigh h e said , “Th u s
h a ve I lost wh a t was d ea r est t o m e in t h is w o r ld . . . . H a ve t h a t
For eign er r et u r n t o h is cou n t r y. I d o n o t wa n t h im , n or h is serv-
i c e s — W h a t h a ve you d on e, b a r b a r ia n ?... H o w ca n I go o n liv-
in g?” ... an d so on .
As u n co n s o la b le a s t h e Kin g wa s, t im e a n d t h e cir cu m -
stan ces soon m ad e h im for get h is loss. H is en em ies wer e ready t o
d escen d u p on h im . H e asked Su n -t zu t o r et u r n , m ad e h im Ge n -
er al of h is ar m ies, & wit h h is h elp h e d est r oyed t h e Ch o u Kin g-
d o m . Th o s e o f h is n e igh b o r s w h o h a d for m er ly b e e n t h e m ost
wor r isom e wer e n o w p en et r a t ed b y fear a t t h e m er e m e n t io n of
t h e glor iou s acts of Su n -t zu , an d t h ou gh t on ly of livin g p eacefu l-
ly u n d er t h e p r o t e ct io n of a P r in ce wh o h a d su ch a m a n a t h is
ser vice.
T h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n co n fir m s t h a t P a u l I ll's wa r d e c l a r a t i o n Regi-

m ini m ilitantis ecclesiae is a b o u t p r o t e c t i n g t h e life o f t h e n a t i o n ,
w h i c h i s t h e R o m a n C h u r c h . P r o t e c t i n g t h e C h u r c h m a y r e q u ir e
t h e S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l t o s a cr i fi ce h i s s o ld i e r s , h i s c i t i z e n s , a n d i f
n e e d b e , h i s s o v e r e i g n , t h e p o p e . I n a v e r y r e a l s e n s e , t h e gr e a t
G e n e r a l is so in s cr u t a b ly a lo n e , so o m n i p o t e n t , t h a t h e is a t wa r
w i t h . . . every one. S a c r i fi c i n g h is o w n ( ju s t a s S a t u r n , t h e gr a n d fa -
t h e r - go d o f R o m e d e vo u r e d h is o w n c h i l d r e n ) i n o r d e r t o d e fe a t a n
e n e m y s h o r t o f c o m i n g t o b l o w s , t h is is a gr e a t Ge n e r a l ' s le gi t i m a t e
o b li g a t i o n . Su n - t zu wr it e s :
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W i t h o u t givin g b a t t le , wit h o u t s p illin g a d r op of [t h e

en em y's] b lo o d , wit h o u t e ve n d r a win g a swor d , t h e cle ve r Ge n -
er al su cceed s in ca p t u r in g cit ie s . W i t h o u t s e t t in g fo o t in a for -
eign Kin gd o m , h e fin d s t h e m ea n s t o co n q u e r t h e m . H e act s in
su ch a way t h a t t h ose wh o are in fer ior t o h im ca n n ever guess h is
in t e n t io n s . H e h a s t h e m ch a n ge lo ca t io n , e ve n t a kin g t h e m t o
r at h er d ifficu lt p la ces wh er e t h ey m u st wor k a n d suffer. W h e n a
cle ve r Ge n e r a l goes in t o a ct io n , t h e en em y is alr ead y d efea t ed .
W h e n h e figh t s, h e a lon e m ust d o m or e t h a n h is en t ir e arm y, n ot
t h r o u gh t h e s t r e n gt h of h is ar m b u t t h r o u gh h is p r u d e n ce , h is
m a n n er of com m a n d in g, & a b ove all h is ruses.
Lo r e n zo R icci' s m o s t c o m p e l l i n g r u se wa s d is e s t a b lis h in g t h e
So ci e t y of J esu s, a ca m p a i gn t h a t m i m i c k e d t h e co lla p s e of t h e
Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r fo u r ce n t u r ie s ea r lier . W i t h a s t o n i s h i n g p r e cis io n ,
t h e Dis es t a b lis h m en t r a n co n cu r r e n t ly wit h t h e es ca la t ion of h os-
t ilit ie s b e t w e e n t h e Am e r i c a n c o l o n i e s a n d t h e Br it is h C r o w n .
I t w a s a n a m a zi n g j u g g l e t h a t s p a n n e d s e v e n t e e n ye a r s . I t s a w
R i cci ' s s e cr e t lia is o n s in a n d a r o u n d t h e Br it is h P a r l i a m e n t b u y le g-
i s la t i o n t h a t i n fla m e d h is s e cr e t lia s o n s i n a n d a r o u n d t h e Am e r i -
c a n c o l o n i a l g o v e r n m e n t s t o fo r m u l a t e a c u l t u r e o f r e b e l l i o n . I t
s a w h i s o w n v i s i b l e a r m y, m u t e a n d d e fe n s e l e s s , s ys t e m a t i c a l l y
a s s a u lt e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n p o w e r s a n d e v e n t u a l l y s u p p r e s s e d “fo r
a ll e t e r n i t y” b y a 1 7 7 3 p a p a l b r ief. O n c e t h e s t a ge w a s s e t a n d t h e
a c t i o n s cr ip t e d , it s a w t h e G e n e r a l s lip i n t o d e e p e r c o v e r t o le t t h e
P r o t e s t a n t p o w e r s e x h a u s t t h e m s e l v e s i n wa r s t h a t w i t h i n a s in gle
g e n e r a t i o n r e s u lt e d in a glo r io u s R o m a n p r e s e n ce w h e r e o n c e E n g-
la n d h a d r e ign e d .
Cl a n d e s t i n e m ilit a r y o p e r a t io n s in sp ir ed b y t h e in ge n u it y o f
Su n - t zu ar e vir t u a lly im p o s s ib le t o d o c u m e n t . I f s t r a t e gic n o t e s
w e r e t a k e n , i f w r i t t e n c o m m a n d s w e r e g i v e n , t h e y w e r e ca r e fu lly
d e s t r o ye d . S u c h t h a t s u r vive m a y h a v e b e e n s p a r ed i n o r d e r t o m is -
i n fo r m . T h e m o u t h s o f c o v e r t o p e r a t i v e s a r e k e p t s h u t o u t o f a
s im p le d es ir e t o s t a y a l i ve . S e n s a t i o n a l d is clo s u r e s , t o o , we c a n p r e -
s u m e t o b e m i s i n fo r m a t i o n a l . T o d e t e r m i n e t h a t Lo r e n zo R i c c i d id
i n fa c t m o u n t a n y c l a n d e s t i n e o p e r a t i o n a t a ll r e q u i r e s a c a r e fu l
e va lu a t io n o f cir cu m s t a n t ia l e vid e n ce . W a s t h er e a n o u t co m e t h a t
94
b e n e fi t t e d h i m a n d h is S o v e r e i g n ? D i d h e h a v e t h e a u t h o r it y, t h e
m o t i v e , t h e r e s o u r ce s , t h e a b ilit y, a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d o w h a t
c r e a t e d t h e o u t c o m e ? As t o o u t c o m e : E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g P r o t e s -
t a n t i s m d id in fa ct vi o l e n t l y d i vi d e , a n d t h e vi c t o r i o u s p a r t y m o r e -
o v e r i n v i t e d R o m a n C a t h o l i c r e l i g i o n i s t s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n it s
p o l i t i c a l g o v e r n m e n t . As t o a u t h o r i t y fo r w a g i n g w a r a g a i n s t
P r o t e s t a n t i s m , Regim ini m ilitantis ecclesiae a u t h o r i ze d t h e G e n e r a l
t o p r o s e c u t e e n e m i e s o f t h e R o m a n fa i t h . As t o m o t i v e : t h e J es u it
o a t h s p ir it u a lly o b l i g a t e d t h e e x t i r p a t i o n o f P r o t e s t a n t i s m i n b o t h
A m e r i c a a n d G r e a t Br i t a i n . As t o r e s o u r c e s , t h e b l a c k p a p a c y,
e v e n a s it s m a r t i a l s t r a t e gy b r o u g h t it s o w n o r g a n i za t i o n t o a p p a r -
e n t o b l i v i o n , h a d i n s t a n t c a l l o n t h e v a s t r e s e r ve o f R o m a n
C a t h o l i c w e a l t h - a s t h e o ld S p a n i s h p r o ve r b go e s , “D o n Dinero es
m uy Catolico.” R icci' s a b ilit y t o d ir e ct a n in t e r n a t io n a l co ve r t
o p e r a t i o n wa s s t a t e d a n d d e fin e d b y t h e m o m e n t o u s p u b l i c a t i o n o f
The Thirteen Articles in w h a t wa s t h e n t h e la n gu a ge o f i n t e r n a t i o n -
a l d i p l o m a c y . F i n a lly, a m a n c o m m a n d i n g u n l i m i t e d f i n a n c i a l
r e s o u r ce s a n d u n l i m i t e d o b e d i e n c e o f a n u n l i m i t e d s u p p ly o f w e l l -
t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l e n j o ys u n l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t y t o d o a n y t h i n g
p o s s ib le , a n d s o m e t h i n gs d e e m e d im p o s s ib le . T o d e n y t h a t Lo r e n -
zo R i c c i o r ch e s t r a t e d Am e r i c a n I n d e p e n d e n c e m a y b e t o ign or e
h is t a l e n t a n d d e m e a n h is office.
Le t u s m o v e n o w t o t h e n e x t c h a p t e r , a n d b e g i n o u r e x a m i n a -
t i o n o f h o w t h e G e n e r a l d id it .
95
LORENZO RI CCI A/ K/ A LAURENCE RICH EY.

(From a painting believed contem poraneous.)
Chapter 12
LORENZO RICCI’S W AR
L
O R E N Z O R I C C I ’S s t r a t e gy o f d i vi d i n g t h e Br it is h im p e r ia l sys-
t e m c a n b e d i s ce r n e d in e ve n t s o c c u r r i n g a s e a r ly a s 1 7 5 2 . I n
t h a t ye a r , C a t h o l i c i n t e r e s t s i n A m e r i c a w e r e r a t h e r p o o r l y
m a n a g e d b y t h e C o n g r e g a t i o n fo r t h e P r o p a g a n d a a t R o m e , d e -
p e n d i n g u p o n a t a n gle o f a m b a s s a d o r s ( o r n u n c i o s ) a n d i n t e r m e d i -
a r ie s i n M a d r i d , P a r is , L o n d o n , a n d Br u s s e ls . T h e J e s u it m i s s i o n
wa s t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e s e o ft e n a d ve r s a r ia l p a r t s i n t o a d yn a m i c a n d
i n d e p e n d e n t w h o l e g o v e r n e d d i r e c t l y fr o m t h e m i n d o f t h e b l a c k
p a p a cy.
I n 1 7 5 2 , t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s wa s b r i l l i a n t l y p o w e r fu l, a n d h a d
b e e n s o for n e a r ly a ce n t u r y. “M o s t s t a t e s m e n , ” a fin e J e s u it h i s t o -
r i a n h a s w r i t t e n , “r e c k o n e d t h a t t h e S o c i e t y w a s a m a jo r fo r ce i n
p o li t i cs , a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l G r e a t P o we r , a c t i n g p r im a r ily for it s o w n
i n t e t e s t s . ” L o r e n z o R i c c i h a d b e e n S p i r i t u a l F a t h e r o f t h i s gr e a t
1
p o w e r for n e a r ly a ye a r . Al t h o u g h t h a t t it le a s s u r e d h i m o f u n a n i -
m ou s e le ct io n a s Su p e r io r Ge n e r a l u p o n t h e d em ise of Ge n e r a l
97
Lu i gi Ce n t u r i o n i , i t p r e s e n t ly e n d o w e d h i m w i t h d i p l o m a t i c o ve r -
s i g h t e m b r a c i n g t h e w h o l e w o r l d . R i c c i ’s p a r t i c u l a r g e o g r a p h i c
in t e r e s t s i n c l u d e d F r a n c e a n d it s p o s s e s s io n s in N e w F r a n c e - t h e
w h o l e M is s is s ip p i va lle y, fr o m C a n a d a a n d t h e G r e a t La k e s d o w n
t o t h e G u l f o f M e x i c o ; a n d E n g l a n d a n d it s c o l o n i e s i n N e w E n g -
l a n d - a ll t h e l a n d s t o t h e s o u t h o f F r e n c h C a n a d a a n d n o r t h o f
S p a n i s h F lo r id a s t r e t ch i n g fr o m t h e At l a n t i c t o t h e P a cific co a s t s .
Bo t h e m p ir e s we r e t o a ce r t a i n e x t e n t J e s u it - d r ive n . G r e a t
Br i t a i n wa s r u n b y t h e C a t h o l i c - l o a t h i n g s ys t e m o f F r e e m a s o n r y,
wh o s e h igh e s t a d e p t s o b e ye d t h e r e ve r e d “u n k n o w n su p er ior .”
F r a n c e wa s r u n b y Lo u i s XV, w h o o b e y e d t h e s a m e s u p e r i o r
t h r o u g h h is J e s u it co n fe s s o r , P è r e d e Sa cy. D e Sa cy’s g o o d - n a t u r e d
m i n i s t r y r e d u c e d t h e Ki n g’s d i n n e r , o n a s t r ict fa st d a y, fr o m e i g h t
co u r s e s t o fi ve , a n d l i m i t e d h is w i n e c o n s u m p t i o n t o t h r e e gla s s es
p e r s it t in g.
Su n - t zu w r o t e ;
I d e m a n d t h e ar t of m a k in g e n e m ie s m o ve a s o n e wish es.
Th o s e wh o possess t h a t ad m ir able art kn ow h ow t o ar r an ge t h eir
m e n & t h e ar m y t h ey co m m a n d in s u ch a wa y t h a t t h ey m a ke
t h e en em y co m e t owa r d t h e m wh e n e ve r t h ey ju d ge it ap p r op r i-
a t e. T h e y k n o w h o w t o m a ke gen er ou s gifts w h e n a p p r op r ia t e,
e ve n t o t h ose t h ey wis h t o con q u er . T h e y give t o t h e e n e m y &
t h e en em y r eceives; t h ey a b a n d on t h in gs t o h im & h e com es t o
t a ke t h em . T h e y are r ead y for a n yt h in g, t h ey t a ke a d va n t a ge of
an y cir cu m s t a n ce . T h e y d o n o t fu lly t r u st t h ose w h o m t h ey
e m p lo y b u t ch o o s e ot h er s t o b e t h eir over seer s. T h e y d o n o t
co u n t o n t h eir o w n s t r e n gt h a lo n e b u t use o t h e r m ea n s w h i c h
t h ey b e lie ve ca n b e useful t o t h e m . T h e y co n s id e r t h e m e n
a ga in st w h o m t h e y m u st figh t t o b e st on es or p ieces of wo o d
wh ich t h ey h a ve b een asked t o r oll d o wn a slop e. You , t h er efor e,
wh o are co m m a n d in g a n ar m y m u st a ct in s u ch a wa y t h a t t h e
en em y is in you r h a n d s like a r ou n d st on e t h a t you h a ve cau sed
t o r oll d o wn a m o u n t a in a t h ou sa n d p a ces h igh . Th u s it will b e
r ecogn ized t h a t you h a ve p ower & a u t h or it y, a n d t h a t you are
truly wor t h y of t h e p osit ion you occu p y.
Lo r e n zo R i c c i t r a n s fo r m e d Br it is h a n d F r e n c h c o l o n i a l p e r s o n -
98
C H AP T E R 12 LO R E N ZO R I CCI ’S W A R
n e l i n t o r o u n d s t o n e s b y c r e a t i n g a cr isis b e t w e e n t h e ir c o n fli c t i n g
i m p e r i a l c l a i m s t o d o m i n i o n i n N o r t h Am e r i c a . I n 1 7 5 2 h is s p ir i-
t u a l fa t h e r h o o d d i r e c t e d F r e n c h s o ld ie r s a n d t h e i r I n d i a n a llie s t o
d e s t r o y t h e i m p o r t a n t Br it is h c o l o n i a l t r a d i n g c e n t e r o n t h e u p p e r
G r e a t M i a m i r ive r . T h e n f o l l o w e d t h e p l u n d e r i n g , c a p t u r e o r
k illin g – n o t m u r d e r in g, b u t p a p a lly- a b s o lve d e xt ir p a t in g – of
e ve r y E n glis h - s p e a k in g t r a d er in t h e u p p e r O h i o va lle y t h a t t h e
F r e n c h a n d I n d ia n s c o u ld l o c a t e . Al t h o u g h t h e s e la n d s we r e le ga l-
ly Br it is h , d a t i n g fr o m a gr a n t t o Vi r g i n i a b y Ki n g J a m e s I in 16 0 9 ,
t h e i m p o r t a n t Vi r g i n i a fa m i l i e s fa ile d t o e m p a t h i z e w i t h t h e m is -
fo r t u n e s o f e x p l o r e r - i n h a b i t a n t s i n s u c h r e m o t e a n d u n d e v e l o p e d
w i l d e r n e s s . Bu t w h e n , t o w a r d t h e e n d o f 1 7 5 2 , t h e Vi r g i n i a g o v -
e r n m e n t g r a n t e d a n a d d i t i o n a l 1, 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 a cr e s o f O h i o v a l l e y
l a n d , e m p a t h i e s b u r s t i n t o b l o o m . S u d d e n l y t h e Vi r g i n i a n s h a d
s o m e t h i n g t o lo s e , a n d i t w a s b e i n g lo s t t o a b a n d o f R o m a n
Ca t h o l i c s a n d t h e ir I n d i a n c o n ve r t s .
I n 1 7 5 3 , F r e n c h e n g i n e e r s c o n s t r u c t e d a c h a i n o f fo r t s c o n -
n e c t i n g L a k e E r ie w i t h t h e O h i o R i ve r . T h e g o v e r n o r o f Vi r g i n i a
d i s p a t c h e d a s m a ll m i l i t i a t o c o n f r o n t t h e s e C a t h o l i c t r e s p a s s e r s .
Le a d in g t h e m ilit ia wa s a r e ce n t in it ia t e in t o t h e F r ed er icks b u r g
M a s o n i c Lo d ge , t we n t y- o n e - ye a r - o ld M a jo r Ge o r g e W a s h i n g t o n .
W a s h i n g t o n w a r n e d t h e ga r r i s o n a t F o r t L e B o e u f t h a t i t w a s ille -
ga lly o c c u p y i n g Vi r g i n i a r e a l e s t a t e “s o n o t o r i o u s l y k n o w n t o b e
t h e p r o p e r t y o f t h e C r o w n o f G r e a t Br i t a i n . ” H e r e a d a l o u d t h e
go ve r n o r ’s d e m a n d t h a t t h e y d e p a r t . T h e F r e n c h i gn o r e d h i m a n d
h e r etur n ed h om e.
De s p it e t h e clea r in d ica t io n t h a t t h e F r e n ch in t e n d e d n o t t o
c o n c e d e t o t h e go ve r n o r ’s d e m a n d s , Vi r g i n i a e n c o u r a g e d t h e O h i o
C o m p a n y t o b u i ld a p a li s a d e d fo r t a t t h e fo r k w h e r e t h e Al l e g h e -
n y a n d M o n o n g a h e l a R i ve r s j o i n t o cr e a t e t h e O h i o R i v e r – w h e r e
P i t t s b u r gh n o w s t a n d s . T h e g o v e r n m e n t p l e d g e d Vi r g i n i a n t r o o p s
t o s u p p o r t t h e ve n t u r e .
Co n s t r u c t i o n b e g a n i n t h e s p r in g o f 1 7 5 4 . Al m o s t i m m e d i a t e -
ly, F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n s d e s c e n d e d u p o n t h e t i n y c r e w o f w o o d c u t -
t er s a n d ca r p e n t e r s a n d o v e r w h e l m e d t h e m . By t h e t i m e W a s h i n g -
t o n , n o w a Li e u t e n a n t C o l o n e l , co u ld r e a ch t h e s ce n e , h e wa s
99
fo r c e d b y C a t h o l i c fi r e - p o w e r t o fa ll b a c k t o F o r t N e c e s s i t y. H e r e
W a s h i n g t o n s u r r e n d e r e d o n J u ly 4 . I t w a s t h i s c l a s h b e t w e e n
Br i t i s h a n d F r e n c h a r m i e s t h a t p r e c i p i t a t e d w h a t w a s c a l l e d b y
co n t e m p o r a r y wr it er s “T h e M a r i t i m e W a r ,” o r “G r e a t W a r ,” o r
“G r e a t W a r for t h e E m p ir e , ” o r “S e v e n Yea r s ’ W a r , ” o r “F r e n c h a n d
I n d i a n W a r s . ” I t c o u l d m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e l y b e c a l l e d “L o r e n z o
R icci’s W a r . ”
A s t h ese r o u n d e d st on es b e ga n r ollin g, m or e s u ccu m b e d t o

R icci’s g e n t l e t o u c h . T h e c o l o n y m o s t a ffe ct e d b y t h e figh t in g
wa s m e e k P e n n s yl v a n i a , t h e c o l o n y o r igin a lly s e t t le d b y a d h e r e n t s
o f t h e r e n o w n e d Q u a k e r le a d e r , W i l l i a m P e n n . P e n n h a d b e e n
d e a d a w h o le ge n e r a t io n , a n d o wn e r s h ip of h is co lo n y h a d d e-
v o l v e d u p o n a Br i t i s h c o r p o r a t i o n w h i c h i n c l u d e d s o m e o f P e n n ’s
d e s c e n d a n t s a n d wa s k n o w n a u s t e r e l y a s “t h e P r o p r i e t o r s . ” T h e
P r o p r ie t o r s w a n t e d wa r s i n P e n n s y l v a n i a t o b e fo u g h t b y P e n n s yl -
va n i a n s . T h e Q u a k e r s , w h o c o n t r o l l e d t h e As s e m b l y, a b h o r r e d t h e
n o t i o n o f P e n s yl v a n i a n s b e a r i n g a r m s . W h e n t h e As s e m b l y v o t e d
t o r a is e a w a r c h e s t , t h e Q u a k e r s s t e p p e d d o w n a n d o u t o f p o w e r .
F ir s t , h o w e v e r , t h e y a p p o i n t e d t h e i r m o s t c e l e b r a t e d m e m b e r , Dr .
Be n j a m i n F r a n k li n , o fficia l p r in t e r o f P e n n s ylva n i a ’s p a p e r cu r r e n -
cy, t o sa il t o L o n d o n a n d r e p r e s e n t t h e m a ga in s t t h e P r o p r ie t o r s .
Dr . F r a n k li n , w h o h a p p e n e d t o b e G r a n d M a s t e r o f P e n n s yl va -
n i a F r e e m a s o n r y, a r r i ve d i n L o n d o n t o fin d t h a t K i n g G e o r g e I I ,
h a v i n g m a d e p e a c e w i t h F r a n c e a s r e c e n t l y a s 1 7 4 8 , fa v o r e d t h e
P r o p r i e t o r s . T h e k i n g’s a t t i t u d e w a s “L e t Am e r i c a n s fi gh t Am e r i -
ca n s . ” F r a n k l i n e x p l a i n e d t h a t Vir gin ia ’s u n d i s c i p l i n e d m i l i t i a m e n
a n d t h e p a ci fi s t s o f P e n n s y l v a n i a w e r e n o m a t c h fo r s e a s o n e d
F r e n c h r e gu la r s a n d s a va ge I n d i a n b r a ve s . F r a n c e wa s j e o p a r d i zi n g
Br i t i s h i m p e r i a l i n t e r e s t s . T h e k i n g a c q u i e s c e d t o F r a n k l i n ’s r e a -
s o n i n g a n d o r d e r e d G e n e r a l E d wa r d Br a d d o c k t o t a k e a s m a ll a r m y
t o c l e a r t h e fo r k s o f t h e O h i o o f t h e F r e n c h t r e s p a s s e r s . H e a ls o
s e n t Ad m i r a l E d w a r d Bo s c a w e n ’s fleet t o t h e G u l f o f S t . L a w r e n c e
t o p r e v e n t t h e a r r i va l o f m o r e F r e n c h r e i n f o r c e m e n t s i n C a n a d a .
A l l t h i s w a s i n p e r fe c t o b e d i e n c e t o L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s s t r a t e gy o f
e s t a b l i s h i n g a Br i t i s h m i l i t a r y p r e s e n c e i n Am e r i c a . T h e C r o w n
u l t i m a t e l y w o u l d r e q u i r e t h e Am e r i c a n s t o p a y fo r t h i s p r e s e n c e ,
10 0
w h i c h w o u l d e x p o s e t h e c o l o n i s t s t o t a x a t i o n fr o m a fa r , w h i c h
t h e y c o u l d r e a d ily b e f o m e n t e d t o r e s is t . T h e r e s i s t a n ce w o u l d b e
m e t w i t h h a r a ssm en t , w h i c h wo u ld in cit e r e b e llio n a n d , u lt im a t e -
ly, d i vi s i o n .
T h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l s i m i la r i t i e s b e t w e e n Q u a k e r s a n d L o y o l a n
g n o s t i c i s m s h o u l d n o t e s ca p e o u r n o t i c e . “Q u a k e r , ” t h e t e r m , wa s
first u s e d b y a n E n gli s h ju d ge i n 1 6 5 0 t o r id icu le h o w t h e le a d e r o f
t h a t d e n o m i n a t i o n , G e o r g e F o x , a d m o n i s h e d h i m t o “t r e m b l e a t
t h e W o r d o f t h e L o r d ! ” F o x s u m m o n e d a ll w h o s o u g h t s p i r i t u a l
t r u t h a n d p ea ce t o co m e ou t of t h e ch u r ch e s a n d seek a n in t im a t e,
“p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h Ch r i s t . ” J esu s o f t h e Q u a k e r s s p o k e
t h r o u g h i n n e r i l l u m i n a t i o n , a l i g h t a v a i l a b l e t o a ll, h a v i n g n o t h -
in g t o d o w i t h o u t w a r d fo r m s o f c e r e m o n y, r it u a l, o r c r e e d . T o t h e
Q u a k e r , e ve r y p e r s o n wa s a w a l k i n g c h u r c h ; e ve r y h e a r t wa s G o d ’s
a lt a r a n d s h r i n e . T h e r e wa s n o n e e d , t h e r e fo r e , t o a t t e n d “s t e e p le
h o u s e s , ” o r p a y t a xe s t o s u p p o r t a s t a t e c h u r c h cle r gy, o r d off a h a t
t o k i n g o r c o m m o n e r , o r fi gh t wa r s , o r d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n s e x o r
s o c i a l cla s s . S u c h d o c t r i n e , o f c o u r s e , w a s h i g h l y o ffe n s i ve t o t h e
C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d , a n d s o t h e Q u a k e r s we r e m e r cile s s ly p e r s e cu t -
ed a s t r e a s o n o u s cr i m i n a ls .
T h e y fo u n d a h a v e n a cr o s s t h e At l a n t i c i n t h e c o l o n y c o n v e -
n i e n t l y g r a n t e d b y Ki n g C h a r l e s I I t o W i l l i a m P e n n , o n e o f t h e
m o r e o u t s p o k e n E n g li s h Q u a k e r s . Ch a r l e s g r a n t e d t h e la n d t o s et -
t le a d e b t t h e C r o w n o w e d P e n n ’s d e c e a s e d fa t h e r , Ad m i r a l S i r
W i l l i a m P e n n . Kn o w l e d g e a b l e co n t e m p o r a r ie s p u b licly ch a r ge d
t h e y o u n g e r P e n n w i t h b e i n g “a J e s u it i n d i s gu i s e . ” Ac t u a l l y , a ll
C a t h o l i c c le r gy i n E n g l a n d w e r e t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t “i n d is gu is e ,”
t h a n k s t o a la w p r o h i b i t i n g R o m a n C a t h o l i c s fr o m w e a r i n g c le r i -
c a l ga r b . P r o m u l g a t e d w i t h t h e i n t e n t o f h a n d i c a p p i n g “P o p e r y, ”
t h e la w m i g h t a s w e l l h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n b y J e s u it s , a s it s e ffe ct
r e d u ce d t h e J esu it p r ofile t o n o t h i n g – t h e l e ve l p r e fe r r e d b y c o ve r t
m i l i t i a s . E i g h t e e n t h - c e n t u r y L o n d o n w a s t e e m i n g w i t h d is gu is e d
J es u it m is s io n e r s t r a i n e d a t p la ce s lik e S t . O m e r ’s in m o r a l t h e o l o -
gy ( ca s u is t r y, e q u i v o c a t i o n , m e n t a l r e s e r v a t i o n ) , a s w e l l a s e s p i-
o n a g e , c l o a k - a n d - d a g g e r d i p l o m a c y, g u e r r i l l a t a c t i c s , a n d t h e
m a n i p u l a t i o n o f p u b li c o p i n i o n .
10 1
W i l l i a m P e r m ’s h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n b e g a n a t C a r d i n a l W o l s e y’s
e n d o w m e n t for t h e fu r t h e r a n ce o f p a p a l s u p r e m a cy, Ch r i s t C h u r c h
C o l l e g e a t O x f o r d . Be fo r e c o m p l e t i n g O x f o r d , P e n n w a s s e n t b y
h i s fa t h e r t o t h e s m a l l U n i v e r s i t y o f S a u m e r , F r a n c e . P e n n le ft
S a u m e r a n a c c o m p l i s h e d p r o p a ga n d i s t less in t e r e s t e d i n a c h i e v i n g
s p e cific b i b l i c a l o b j e c t i v e s ( “ M u c h r e a d i n g i s a n o p p r e s s i o n o f t h e
m i n d , ” h e w o u l d l a t e r a d vi s e h i s c h i l d r e n ) t h a n i n e s t a b l i s h i n g
illu m in a t e d s o cia l ju s t ice t h r o u gh r e a s o n a n d n a t u r a l u n d e r s t a n d -
i n g . H i s m o s t i n fl u e n t i a l w o r k , t h e p a m p h l e t “ N o Cr o s s , N o
Cr o w n , ” p u b lish ed in 1 6 6 9 , a g i t a t e d fo r Q u a k e r s e p a r a t i s m .
C h a r l e s I I r e a d i ly a c c o m m o d a t e d P e n n ’s a g i t a t i o n s b y l a u n c h i n g
t h e G r e a t P e r s e cu t io n o f 16 8 2 , w h i c h cr e a t e d e n o r m o u s m igr a -
t i o n s o f d i e h a r d P r o t e s t a n t s a n d C a t h o l i c s a l i k e t o t h e Am e r i c a n
c o l o n i e s . I f P e n n w a s n o t t h e J e s u it h e w a s b e l i e v e d t o b e , h e wa s
a t le a s t a r a t h e r s u p e r io r J e s u it p r o d u c t , a n o t h e r in a l o n g t r a i n o f
P r i n c e s ( d e s i g n a t e d “P r o p r i e t o r ” i n P e n n ’s c a s e , d e fe r r i n g t o t h e
Q u a k e r s ’ d i s l i k e fo r t i t le s o f n o b i l i t y ) w e l l - t r a i n e d t o p o p u l a t e ,
a d m i n i s t e r a n d d e fe n d t h e i r l a n d - g r a n t s i n o b e d i e n c e t o t h e w i l l
o f t h e G r a n t o r . P e n n ’s e x a m p l e , a n d F r a n k lin ’s a ft er h i m , in s p ir e d
F r a n k lin ’s e s t e e m e d m a s o n i c b r o t h e r J e a n - F r a n ço i s Ar o u e t , b e t t e r
k n o w n a s Vo l t a i r e , a fo u n d e r o f t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t , t o m e m o r i a l -
ize Q u a k e r s a s t h e n o b le s t k i n d o f b o r n - a g a i n E u r o p e a n .
Ye t w e l l - i n fo r m e d E n g l i s h m e n s a w n e i t h e r Q u a k e r n o r r e ge n -
e r a t i o n in P e n n ’s cu r io u s ly c o m p r o m i s i n g fr ie n d s h ip w i t h J a m e s II,
w h o s u c c e e d e d C h a r l e s I I i n 1 6 8 5 . W h a t p o s s i b le l e a g u e c o u l d a
Q u a k e r h a v e w i t h a Ki n g ? W o r s e , a K i n g c o n v e r t e d t o R o m a n
Ca t h o l i c i s m b y J esu it s? Ce r t a i n l y n o t r u e Q u a k e r c o u l d h a v e wr it -
t e n P e n n ’s C h a r t e r for t h e C i t y o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , w h i c h a m o u n t e d
t o h is gift o f t h a t e s t a t e t o t h e C h u r c h o f E n g la n d . I n t h e Ch a r t e r ’s
P r e a m b l e , P e n n s t a t e d : “I h a v e , b y v i r t u e o f t h e k i n g ’s le t t e r s
p a t e n t , u n d e r t h e gr e a t s e a l o f E n g l a n d , e r e c t e d t h e sa id t o w n i n t o
a b o r o u g h , a n d d o , b y t h e s e p r e s e n t s , e r e c t t h e s a id t o w n a n d b o r -
o u g h i n t o a C i t y . ” T h e n a m e “c i t y, ” i n e v e r y c a s e , s i gn i fi e s t h e
2
l o c a t i o n o f a b is h o p ’s see, t h e s e a t o f h is a u t h o r i t y ( fr o m t h e La t i n
sedes), a n d t h e t e r r i t o r y u n d e r h i s s u p e r v i s i o n . N o p l a c e i n E n g -
3
la n d w a s c a l l e d a C i t y u n le s s g o v e r n e d b y a b i s h o p – a s in t h e S e e
10 2
o r C i t y o f Ca n t e r b u r y, S e e o r C i t y o f Yo r k , S e e o r C i t y o f L o n d o n ,
o f B a t h a n d W e l l s , o f Br is t o l, o f Sa lis b u r y, e t c . W i t h t h e P h i l a d e l -
p h i a ch a r t e r , P e n n e r e c t e d for t h e p e r s e c u t i n g C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d
a n e a r l y i n vi s i b l e m e c h a n i s m for r e c y c l i n g t h e ve r y v i c t i m s o f it s
p er secu t ion s. In deed, P e n n ’s la s t w i l l a n d testam en t, wh ich
b e c a m e e ffe c t i ve w i t h h is d e a t h i n E n g l a n d i n 1 7 1 8 a t t h e a ge o f
7 4 , t u r n e d a ll P e n n s y l v a n i a i n t o t h e s a m e m e c h a n i s m w i t h t h e s e
wo r d s : “ T h e g o v e r n m e n t o f m y p r o v i n c e o f P e n n s yl va n i a , a n d t e r -
r it or ies t h e r e u n t o b e l o n g i n g , a n d Al l P o we r s r e la t in g t h e r e t o , I
give a n d d e vis e t o t h e m o s t h o n o u r a b l e t h e Ea r l o f O x fo r d , a n d
Ea r l M o r t i m e r , a n d t h e ir h e ir s , u p o n t r u st , t o d is p o s e t h e r e o f t o t h e
Q u e e n [ An n e ] , o r t o a n y o t h e r p e r s o n , t o t h e b e s t a d v a n t a g e a n d
p r o fit t h e y c a n . ” W i t h a s t r o k e o f P e n n ’s q u i l l , t h e c h i l d r e n o f t h e
Q u a k e r s w h o h a d fo llo w e d h i m o u t o f t h e C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d we r e
li t e r a lly g i v e n b a c k . T o b e c o m e fr e e o f t h i s b o n d a g e , t h e Q u a k e r s
wer e ob liged t o a lign t h e m s e lve s wit h t h e Ch u r c h o f R o m e , a t
le a s t t h e b l a c k p a p a cy. T h i s a l l i a n c e w a s fa c i l i t a t e d b y B e n j a m i n
F r a n k l i n , w h o s e p o l i t i c a l ca r e e r wa s b u i lt o n d e fe n d i n g t h e Q u a k -
e r in t er est s a ga in s t t h e P r op r iet a r y h eir s , w h i c h we r e t h e C h u r c h
o f E n g l a n d . Ag a i n s t t h is c o m m o n e n e m y, F r a n k l i n a n d t h e Q u a k -
er s u n i t e d , k n o w i n g l y o r u n k n o w i n g l y , w i t h t h e d e s i g n s o f t h e
R o m a n Ch u r c h Milit a n t .
W H I LE t h e s e s t o n e s r o lle d u n s t o p p a b l y t o w a r d t h e i r o b j e c t i v e ,
J e s u it G e n e r a l Lu i g i C e n t u r i o n i d i e d . E a r ly i n M a y o f 1 7 5 8
t h e G e n e r a l C o n g r e g a t i o n a r r i ve d a t R o m e t o c h o o s e h is s u c c e s -
sor . O n t h e la s t d a y o f t h e m o n t h t h e C o n g r e g a t i o n u n a n i m o u s l y
e le ct e d Lo r e n zo R i c c i , t h e So ci e t y’s Sp ir it u a l F a t h e r a n d Se cr e t a r y,
a s its e i g h t e e n t h Bl a c k P o p e .
R i c c i , a p r o fe s s o r o f p h i l o s o p h y , t h e o l o g y , a n d t h e cla s s i cs a t
t h e R o m a n C o l l e g e , w a s k n o w n fo r h i s p a t i e n t , p l a c i d n a t u r e , h is
e ve n t em p er . H e in h e r it e d a n o r ga n iza t io n in r em a r ka b ly go o d
s h a p e . T h e L a t i n A m e r i c a n m i s s i o n s w e r e fl o u r i s h i n g . A m i s s i o n
h a d ju s t b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n P o l a n d . E v e r y w h e r e t h e s c h o o l s a n d
c o l l e g e s w e r e p r o s p e r i n g . I n t h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s , J e s u it s w e r e
c o u n t e d a m o n g t h e wo r ld ’s l e a d i n g a u t h o r i t i e s . T h e i r p r e s e n c e i n
10 3
e c o n o m i c a n d s e cu la r g o v e r n m e n t h a d n e v e r b e e n m o r e im p o s in g.
As t h e p a p a l n u n c i o t o Vi e n n a s t a t e d i n a le t t e r t o h is s u p e r io r a t
t h e Va t i c a n , “t h e J e s u it s h a v e t h e u p p e r h a n d o v e r e v e r y t h i n g ,
e ve n t h e m os t p r o m i n e n t m in ist er s o f St a t e , a n d d o m in e e r o ve r
t h e m if t h e y d o n o t ca r r y o u t t h e ir w i l l . ” 4
Bu t t h e So ci e t y’s le ge n d a r y p o w e r c o u ld h i n d e r C a t h o l i c a ct iv-
it y i n t h e P r o t e s t a n t m i s s i o n s . T o d e fe a t G r e a t Br i t a i n w i t h o u t a
b a t t le Lo r e n zo R i c c i r e q u ir e d t h e a b ilit ie s a n d r es ou r ces o f a n
i m p o r t a n t M a r y l a n d fa m ily, t h e Ca r r o l l s . T h e t h r e e Ca r r o l l s o n s ,
D a n i e l , J o h n a n d t h e i r fir st c o u s i n Ch a r l e s , a ll n o w i n t h e i r t w e n -
t i e s , h a d b e e n t r a i n e d i n J e s u it w a r fa r e a t S t . O m e r ’s . J o h n wa s
t e a c h i n g t h e r e . C h a r l e s w a s s t u d yi n g la w a t t h e J e s u it C o l l e g e
Lo u i s - l e - G r a n d in P a r is , a b o u t t o u n d e r t a k e fu r t h e r s t u d ie s a t Lo n -
d o n ’s I n n e r T e m p l e . D a n i e l – o f D a n i e l ’s a c t i v i t i e s b e t w e e n 17 5 3
a n d 17 8 1, ve r y lit t le is k n o w n . W h a t is w e l l - k n o w n is t h a t t h e
Ca r r o l l la d s w e r e a m o n g t h e w e a l t h i e s t Am e r i c a n s a l i v e . T h e
m o t h e r of D a n ie l a n d J oh n , Elea n or Da r n a ll, cla im e d d ir ect
d e s c e n t fr o m t h e Ca l v e r t s , t h e o w n i n g fa m ily o f o r igin a l M a r yl a n d .
Sh e h a d c o m e in t o p ossession o f m u c h o f t h e la n d t h a t D a n ie l
w o u l d t r a n s fe r t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . Ch a r l e s Ca r r o l l s t o o d
t o i n h e r i t Am e r i c a ’s la r ge s t p r i v a t e e s t a t e ; la t e r , J o h n A d a m s
w o u l d la b e l h i m Am e r i c a ’s r ich e s t cit ize n .
Lo r e n zo R i c c i c o u l d n o t w i n h is W a r w i t h o u t t h e o ve r t p a r t ic-
i p a t i o n o f t h e Ca r r o l l s . Bu t N e w E n g l a n d w a s v i r u l e n t l y P r o t e s -
t a n t . W h a t P r o t e s t a n t lea d er w o u ld s t o o p t o co o p e r a t e w i t h
d e v o u t R o m a n C a t h o l i c s s c h o o l e d i n t r i ck e r y b y t h e a ll- p o w e r fu l
J esu it s? W o u l d u n i t i n g w i t h J esu it s n o t b e l a yi n g Am e r i c a ’s fu t u r e
a t t h e fe e t o f t h e Bi s h o p o f R o m e ? I n t h is co n s e n s u s R i c c i wa s a b le
t o d iscer n a va lu a b le n e ga t ive w e a p o n . I f t h e st on es of e n vy a n d
h a t r ed wer e give n a ge n t le n u d ge , t h eir o w n we igh t a n d m o m e n -
t u m c o u l d s p e c t a c u l a r l y b la s t t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s t o s m i t h e r e e n s .
W i t h t h e S o c i e t y o u t o f t h e wa y, R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m w o u l d h a n g
i n t h e w i n d , d e fe n s e le s s . To a P r o t e s t a n t ’s p e r c e p t i o n , t h e C h u r c h
w o u l d n o l o n g e r b e a fo r ce fu l c o n t e n d e r fo r p o l i t i c a l p o w e r . S u n -
t zu a d vis e d a r u se k n o w n in t h e l i n g o o f m o d e r n c o v e r t p r o fe s s io n -
als a s “b l o w n c o v e r a s c o ve r : ”
10 4
Th e r e will b e tim es wh e n you will lower yourself, an d ot h er s

wh e n you p r et en d t o b e afr aid . So m e t im e s you will feign wea k-
n ess so t h a t you r e n e m ie s , o p e n in g t h e d oor t o p r es u m p t ion &
p r id e, co m e t o a t t a ck yo u u n wis e ly.... G i v e ou t false in for m a -
t io n a b ou t t h e st at e [you] are in ... [ Th e e n e m y] , b e lie vin g [it]
t o be tr u e, will act in con seq u en ce t owar d h is Gen er a ls & all t h e
Officer s p r esen t ly at h is s e r vice ....
Ye s , s u d d e n m is fo r t u n e w o u l d b les s t h e So c i e t y. W e a k n e s s a n d
p e r s e c u t i o n w o u l d b e t r a n s fo r m e d i n t o m a gn i fi ce n t n e w ca p i t a l for
b u i l d i n g s ym p a t h e t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h o t h e r w e a k a n d p e r s e cu t -
e d p e o p l e , s u c h a s t h e Br i t i s h c o l o n i s t s w e r e d e s t i n e d s o o n t o
b e c o m e . W i t h o u t d e t a i l i n g h is s t r a t e gy ( for Su n - t zu sa ys “Yo u w i ll
a c t i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t h o s e w h o a r e i n fe r i o r t o y o u c a n n e v e r
gu es s yo u r i n t e n t i o n s . . . . ”) , Lo r e n zo R i c c i a ffir m e d t o t h e G e n e r a l
Co n g r e g a t i o n t h a t s t o r m clo u d s wer e ga t h e r in g o n t h e h o r izo n .
T h e Co n g r e g a t i o n s u m m a r ily g a ve it s u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n o b e d i e n c e
t o t h e “h i d d e n d e s i gn ” o f t h e i r n e w Su p e r i o r G e n e r a l – w h o o c c u -
p i e d , a ft e r a l l , t h e p l a c e o f J e s u s . I t is s u e d a c a l l fo r esprit t o t h e
b r o t h e r h o o d a t la r ge:
If, Go d p er m it t in g it becau se of h is h id d en design s wh ich we

cou ld d o n o t h in g else b u t a d or e, we are t o b e co m e t h e b u t t of
ad ver sity, t h e Lor d will n o t a b a n d on t h ose wh o r em a in a t t a ch ed
an d u n it ed to h im ; an d as lon g as t h e Societ y is able to go to h im
wit h a n o p e n sou l a n d a sin cer e h e a r t , n o o t h e r sou r ce of
st r en gt h will be n ecessar y for it . 5
T h e P r im e M in is t e r o f P or t u ga l, Se b a s t ia n t h e Ma r q u is d e
P o m b a l, h a d b e e n co n d u ct in g wh a t t h e N e w Ca t h o l i c E n cyclo p e -
d ia c a l l s “a l o n g c a m p a i g n o f c a l u m n i e s , fa ls e r u m o r s , d i s t o r t e d
m a n i p u l a t i o n o f i n c i d e n t s , a ll i n t e n t o n u n d e r m i n i n g t h e J e s u it s ’
r e p u t a t i o n b y a s cr ib in g t o t h e m n e fa r io u s d o c t r i n e s , p u r p o s e s , a n d
p r a c t i c e s . ” A m o n g P o m b a l ’s a l l e g a t i o n s w e r e t h a t t h e J e s u it s h a d
i n c i t e d r e vo lt s i n P a r a gu a y ( a P o r t u gu e s e c o l o n y ) , h a d t r a d e d ille -
ga lly, h a d e v e n c o n s p i r e d t o m u r d e r t h e Ki n g . P o m b a l s u p p o r t e d
h is c l a i m w i t h n u m e r o u s a n t i- J e s u it t r a ct s a n d i n fl a m m a t o r y p a s -
10 5
t o r a l l e t t e r s , w h i c h h e s u b m i t t e d t o P a r l i a m e n t . I n t h e S o c i e t y ’s
d e fe n s e , a gr o u p o f b is h o p s s h o w e r e d P o p e C l e m e n t XI I I w i t h le t -
t e r s c o m m e n d i n g t h e J e s u it s fo r t h e i r i n v a l u a b l e w o r k . C l e m e n t ,
k n o w n b y J e s u it h i s t o r i a n s a s “a J e s u it e d p o p e , ” h a s t e n e d t o s e n d
6
c o p i e s o f t h e s e e n d o r s e m e n t s t o L o r e n z o R i c c i fo r p u b l i c a t i o n
u n d e r t h e t i t l e “ C a t h o l i c E c c l e s i a s t i c a l J u d g m e n t fo r t h e P r e s e n t
St a t u s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J es u s .” P u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e e n d o r s e m e n t s
w o u l d s h o w t h e w o r l d t h a t t h e S o c i e t y e n j o ye d t h e s o lid s u p p o r t
o f t h e R o m a n h i e r a r c h y. S i g n i fi c a n t l y, Ricci declined t o publish
them .
O n J a n u a r y 19 , 1 7 5 9 , t h e M a r q u i s d e P o m b a l p r o c u r e d a r o ya l
d ecr ee exp ellin g t h e J e s u it s fr o m P or t u ga l and it s o ve r s e a s
c o l o n i e s . M o r e t h a n a t h o u s a n d J e s u it fa t h e r s w e r e c r a m m e d i n t o
s h ip s a n d d u m p e d o n t h e s h o r e s o f t h e P a p a l S t a t e s ( t h e n a n a r e a
i n c e n t r a l I t a ly o n ly s ligh t ly m o r e s p a cio u s t h a n S w i t ze r l a n d ) . T w o
h u n d r e d - fift y fa t h e r s we r e ca s t i n t o d u n g e o n s , m a n y p e r is h in g fr o m
m a l t r e a t m e n t . T h e P o r t u gu e s e C r o w n seized a ll t h e So ci e t y’s h o u s -
es, c h u r c h e s , a n d c o lle ge s , a s w e l l .
S T O N E S w e r e t h e n n u d g e d i n F r a n c e . T h e S u p e r i o r o f a J e s u it
m i s s i o n i n t h e C a r i b b e a n , P è r e L a Va l e t t e , h a d o b t a i n e d c o m -
m e r c i a l c r e d i t t o fi n a n c e h is m i s s i o n i n M a r t i n i q u e . W h e n i t h a p -
p e n e d t h a t h e c o u l d n o l o n g e r p a y h i s d e b t , a t r a d i n g fir m i n
M a r s e ille s a lle ge d d a m a ge s a ga in s t h i m o f m o r e t h a n t w o m illio n
fr a n c s . L a Va l e t t e a s k e d L o r e n z o R i c c i fo r h e l p . Ricci turned him
dow n. T h e fir m s u e d t h e S o c i e t y in a F r e n c h c o u r t a n d w o n . R i c c i
t h e n a p p e a l e d t h e ca s e t o t h e P a r l e m e n t i n P a r is , w h i c h w a s m o r e
o f a s u p r e m e c o u r t t h a n a le gi s la t i ve b o d y. H is la wye r s a r gu e d t h a t
t h e S o c i e t y c o u l d n o t b e h e l d lia b le for p e r s o n a l d e b t s o f it s m e m -
b e r s d u e t o a p r o h i b i t i o n la id d o w n b y S t . I gn a t i u s h i m s e l f i n t h e
Constitutions a ga in s t a n y m e m b e r ’s d o i n g b u s in e s s a s a p r i n c i p a l or
p a r t n e r . Al t h o u g h t h is c l a i m wa s e a s ily d is m is s ib le a s a flim sy le ga l
fi c t i o n , t h e c o u r t d e m a n d e d e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t it . T h i s r e q u ir e d
Lo r e n zo R i c c i t o p r o d u c e t h e Constitutions, w h i c h h a d n e v e r b e fo r e
b e e n p u b licly r e ve a le d . W h e n t h e vo lu m e s we r e b r o u gh t t o co u r t
a n d e x a m i n e d , t h e g o v e r n m e n t a t t o r n e ys h a d a field d ay. A la wye r
10 6
C H AP T E R 12 LO R E N ZO R I CCI ’S W AR
fr o m Br i t t a n y n a m e d L a C h a t o l a i s c h a r g e d t h a t t h e Constitutions
wa s a h a n d b o o k o f “e v e r y k n o w n fo r m o f h e r e s y, id o la t r y, a n d
s u p e r s t it io n , [ wh ich ] p r o vi d e s t u t e la ge in s u icid e , le gicid e , b la s p h e -
m y, a n d e v e r y k i n d o f im p u r it y, u su r y, s o r ce r y, m u r d e r , cr u e lt y,
h a t r e d , ve n d e t t a , in s u r r e ct io n , a n d t r e a s o n . ” 7
As t h e L a Va l e t t e ca s e u n fo l d e d , d u r i n g 1 7 5 9 a n d 1 7 6 0 B e n -
j a m i n F r a n k lin ’s b e l o v e d Vo l t a i r e s la m m e d t h e J esu it s in t w o sa t ir -
ica l p l a ys m oun ted on the P a r isia n s t a ge . Ed u ca t ed in the
h u m a n i t i e s a n d t h e a t r i c a l a r t s b y J e s u it s a t t h e C o l l è g e Lo u i s - l e -
G r a n d , Vo l t a i r e s e r ve d t h e S o c i e t y a n d t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h w i t h
d is t in ct io n b y b e c o m i n g t h eir ch ie f cr it ic a n d d eb u n ker , m u c h in
t h e w a y W i l l R o ge r s s e r ve d F r a n k li n R o o s e ve lt ’s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b y
l a m p o o n i n g N e w D e a l p o l i t i c i a n s , o r i n t h e w a y Ke y s t o n e C o p s
t i c k l e d a n Am e r i c a b e i n g t r a n s fo r m e d i n t o a p o l i c e s t a t e . Au d i -
e n c e s a t Candide h o w l e d a t J e s u it b u ffo o n s s t r u t t i n g a b o u t self-
im p o r t a n t ly d r illin g t h e ir P a r a gu a ya n I n d ia n troops. In The
Account of the Sickness, Confession, Death and Apparition of the
Jesuit Berthier, t h e e d i t o r o f a J e s u it li t e r a r y r e v i e w w h o d ie s o f
s h e e r b o r e d o m c h a l l e n g e s t h e n o t i o n t h a t t h e S o c i e t y i s e v e n wo r -
t h y o f e x i s t e n c e . W i t h h is p r e d e ce s s o r Bla is e P a s ca l ( w h o s e Provin-
cial Letters h a d a le r t e d e a r lie r g e n e r a t i o n s t o t h e e g o m a n i a o f h i g h
J e s u i t r y) , Vo l t a i r e p r o v i d e d a s p ir it o f r i d i c u l e w h i c h g a v e J e s u it -
b a s h i n g t h e fe e l o f g o o d s p or t .
Lo r e n zo R icci’s h a n d l i n g o f t h e La Va l e t t e ca s e r e s u lt e d in a r es-
o l u t i o n , p a s s e d b y P a r l e m e n t o n Au g u s t 6 , 1 7 6 2 , c o n d e m n i n g t h e
J esu it s a s “e n d a n g e r i n g t h e Ch r i s t i a n fa it h , d is t u r b in g t h e p e a c e o f
t h e C h u r c h , a n d in g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g u p fa r less t h a n t h e y d e s t r o y.”
T h e r e s o lu t i o n c o n t i n u e d :
T h e So cie t y of J esus by its ver y n at u r e is in ad m issible in an y

p r op er ly or d er ed St a t e a s con t r a r y t o n a t u r a l law, a t t a ck in g all
t em p or a l a n d sp ir it u a l a u t h or it y, an d t e n d in g t o in t r od u ce in t o
Ch u r c h an d St a t e , u n d er t h e sp eciou s ve il of a r eligiou s I n st i-
t u t e, n o t a n Or d er tr u ly aspir in g towar d s eva n gelica l p er fect ion ,
bu t r a t h er a p o lit ica l o r ga n iza t io n wh os e essen ce con sist s in a
con t in u a l act ivit y, by all sorts of ways, d ir ect an d in d ir ect , secr et
an d p u b lic, t o ga in absolu t e in d ep en d en ce an d t h e n t h e usurpa-
10 7
t io n of all a u t h o r it y.... T h e y ou t r a ge t h e laws of n a t u r e a n d a s

en em ies of t h e laws of Fr an ce sh ou ld be ir r evoca b ly exp elled .
Lo u i s X V b e i n g a n a b s o l u t e m o n a r c h , p a r l i a m e n t a r y r e s o lu -
t i o n s w e r e w o r t h l e s s w i t h o u t h i s s i g n a t u r e . Lo u i s b e i n g o b e d i e n t
t o h is J esu it s, it wa s h i g h l y u n li k e ly t h a t h e w o u l d e ve r s ign a r es o-
l u t i o n c o n d e m n i n g t h e J e s u it s . Yet sign it h e did. A n d w h y h e d id
h a s r e m a i n e d a p o i n t o f d e b a t e . S o m e sa y h is m is t r e s s , M a d a m e d e
P o m p a d o u r , c r a ve d v e n g e a n c e a ga in s t c o u r t J esu it s for i m p l a c a b l y
d e n y i n g h e r a m a s s . O t h e r s sa y t h e k i n g n e e d e d P a r l e m e n t ’s fa vo r
t o b a i l h i m o u t o f d e b t . I s u b m i t t h a t Lo u i s s i gn e d b e c a u s e Lo r e n -
zo R i c c i w a n t e d h i m t o .
W h e n t h e r e s o l u t i o n b e c a m e la w, R i c c i r e l e a s e d t h e F r e n c h
J e s u it s fr o m t h e i r v o w s . T h e S o c i e t y a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n c e a s e d t o
e xis t o n F r e n c h s o il. Lo u is c o n s e n t e d t o a llo w t h e J esu it s t o r e m a i n
i n F r a n c e , b u t a s “r e g u l a r c l e r g y. ” O t h e r s w e n t i n t o e x i l e . ( P è r e
L a Va l e t t e , w h o s e fi n a n c i a l p r o b l e m s h a d b r o u g h t o n t h e d e b a c l e ,
wa s e x i l e d b y R i c c i t o li ve t h e r es t o f h is life a s a p r i va t e c i t i ze n in
E n g la n d . W h e n t h e w a r t h a t h a d b e g u n i n t h e O h i o va l l e y r e a c h e d
M a r t i n i q u e , t h e E n g l i s h o c c u p i e d t h a t t i n y is la n d a n d t o o k o v e r
t h e J e s u it p l a n t a t i o n s , s e l l i n g t h e m , s la ve s a n d a ll, fo r m o r e t h a n
e n o u g h m o n e y t o h a v e p a id off La Va le t t e ’s d e b t s .)
I n t h e m i d s t o f t h e i r d e c o m p o s i n g glo r y, t h e J e s u it s r e c e i v e d
fr o m C l e m e n t XI I I a n a w e s o m e gift d e s ign e d t o m a k e w e l c o m e t h e
m o s t h u m i l i a t i n g o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h i s wa s t h e m a ss a n d office o f
t h e S a c r e d H e a r t , w i t h it s i c o n o f a r e a l i s t i c a l l y b l o o d y h e a r t
p l u c k e d fr o m Ch r i s t ’s r i b c a g e a n d i g n i t e d b y a n e t e r n a l fl a m e .
Ba s e d o n v i s i o n s r e s u l t i n g fr o m t h e S p i r i t u a l E x e r c i s e s m a d e b y
St e . M a r ga r e t - M a r i e Al a c o q u e ( 1 6 4 7 - 9 0 ) a s p r o m o t e d b y h e r
J e s u it s p ir it u a l d ir e ct o r , C l a u d e d e la C o l o m b i è r e , S a c r e d H e a r t is
a g n o s t i c J e s u it p r o d u c t i o n c e n t e r i n g o n t h e S a v i o u r ’s p e r fe c t
h u m a n i t y . “By d e v o t i o n t o m y H e a r t , ” J esu s s u p p o s e d l y r e v e a l e d
t o Al a c o q u e , “t e p id s ou ls s h a ll gr o w fe r ve n t , a n d fe r ve n t s ou ls s h a ll
q u ick ly m o u n t t o h i g h p e r fe ct io n .” Sa cr e d H e a r t s u m m o n s t r u e
b e li e ve r s t o p a y a d e b t o f “r e p a r a t i o n ” for t h e wo r ld ’s s in s . T h e d e b t
is p a ya b l e o n l y b y p r a ye r s , p e n a n c e s , m a s s e s , a n d ( s ign ifica n t ly for
10 8
C H AP T E R 12 LO R E N ZO R I CCI ’S W AR
t h is e p o c h i n t h e S o c i e t y’s h i s t o r y) s o ci a l a c t i o n . J o h n Ca r r o l l , s o
in d is p e n s a b le for t h e o u t w o r k i n g o f t h e Am e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n , wa s
p r o fo u n d ly d e v o t e d t o Sa c r e d H e a r t .
L o u i s x v w a s t h e e ffe c t i ve h e a d o f t h e “F a m i l y C o m p a c t , ” a n
a gr e e m e n t b e t w e e n r e ign in g Bo u r b o n m o n a r ch s t o p r es en t a
u n i t e d fr o n t b e fo r e t h e r es t o f t h e w o r l d “o n i m p o r t a n t m e a s u r e s .”
O n c e h e h a d d i s s o l v e d t h e J e s u it s i n F r a n c e , h e a d v i s e d o t h e r
Bo u r b o n s t o d o li k e w i s e , a l t h o u g h h e c o u l d n o t n a m e a n y t h i n g t o
b e g a i n e d p o li t i ca lly, e c o n o m i c a l l y, o r fi n a n c i a l l y b y t h e S o c i e t y’s
d i s s o l u t i o n . T h e issu e “s t i ll r e m a i n s p u zzl i n g a n d p r o b l e m a t i c ”
( P r o fe s s o r M a r t i n s a ys ) u n le s s c o n s i d e r e d ( I s u b m i t ) i n l i g h t o f
8
S u n - t zu a n r u se.
At a n y r a t e , t h e B o u r b o n Ch a r l e s III o f S p a i n fo l l o w e d Lo u is ’
a d vis o r y. Ch a r l e s c o n v e n e d a s p e cia l c o m m i s s i o n t o p r e p a r e a m a s -
t er p l a n for o u s t i n g t h e J esu it s. N o o n e c o u l d p r o d u ce a n y h a r d e vi -
d e n c e a ga in s t t h e So ci e t y. Bu t t h e r e w e r e p l e n t y o f r u m o r s . A m o b
t h a t h a d r i s e n u p t o p r o t e s t a la w C h a r l e s h a d p a s s e d fo r b i d d i n g
t h e w e a r i n g o f w i d e s o m b r e r o s wa s s a id t o h a v e b e e n f o m e n t e d b y
J es u it s . A r u m o r s we p t a cr o s s S p a i n t h a t t h e J esu it s w e r e n u r s in g a
p l o t t o a s s a s s in a t e Ch a r l e s . T h e J es u it s s u p p o s e d ly h a d p r o o f t h a t
t h e k i n g wa s t e c h n i c a l l y a b a s t a r d a n d s h o u ld b e d e p o s e d . N o n e o f
t h e s e r u m o r s w e r e e v e r s u b s t a n t i a t e d . M o r e o v e r , General Ricci
ordered the Jesuits t o d o nothing t o dispel them . T h e r e s u lt w a s t h a t
fo r t y- s i x o f t h e s i xt y S p a n i s h b i s h o p s d e c i d e d t h a t S p a i n s h o u l d
fo llo w t h e M a r q u i s d e P o m b a l a n d o u s t t h e So cie t y.
A n d s o t h e c o m m i s s i o n d r a ft e d a n e x p u l s i o n o r d e r , w h i c h
Ch a r l e s s ign e d o n F eb r u a r y 2 7 , 17 6 7 . T h e or d er wa s e xe c u t e d b y
a m b u s h , r e m i n i s c e n t o f P h i li p I V’s m o v e a ga in s t t h e Kn i g h t s T e m -
p la r i n 1 3 1 2 . Ch a r l e s s e n t o u t s e a le d e n ve l o p e s m a r k e d “N o t t o b e
o p e n e d b e fo r e s u n r is e o f Ap r i l 2 o n p a i n o f d e a t h ” t o a ll p r o v i n -
c i a l v i c e r o y s a n d m i l i t a r y c o m m a n d e r s . W h e n s u n r is e c a m e a n d
t h e r e c i p i e n t s o p e n e d t h e i r e n v e l o p e s , t h e y d i s c o ve r e d t w o le t t e r s
in s id e . T h e first o r d e r e d t h e m t o p la ce t r o o p s a r o u n d t h e J es u it r es-
i d e n c e s a n d c o l l e g e s d u r i n g t h e n i g h t o f Ap r i l 2 , t o a r r e s t a ll
J e s u it s , a n d t o a r r a n ge fo r t h e m t o b e p l a c e d a b o a r d w a i t i n g s h ip s
10 9
a t c e r t a i n d o c k s . “I f a s i n gle J e s u it , ” c o n c l u d e d t h e k i n g , “e v e n
t h o u g h s ick o r d y i n g , i s s t ill t o b e fo u n d i n t h e a r e a u n d e r yo u r
c o m m a n d a ft er t h e e m b a r c a t i o n , p r e p a r e yo u r s e lf t o fa ce s u m m a r y
e xe cu t io n .”
T h e s e c o n d le t t e r wa s a c o p y o f Ki n g Ch a r l e s ’ o r i gi n a l o r d e r o f
e x p u l s i o n , w h i c h b e g a n “B e i n g s w a ye d b y ju s t a n d l e g i t i m a t e r e a -
son s w h i c h s h a ll r e m a i n s e a le d w i t h i n m y r o ya l b r e a s t fo r e ve r ,” a n d
w e n t o n t o sa y t h a t “a l l m e m b e r s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J es u s a r e t o
l e a ve m y k i n g d o m s [ Ca s t i l l e , Ar a g o n , N a v a r r e , a n d t h e o t h e r for -
m e r l y i n d e p e n d e n t k i n g d o m s t h a t m a d e u p S p a i n ] a n d a ll t h e i r
go o d s a r e d e cla r e d fo r fe it . . . b y vi r t u e o f t h e h i g h e s t p o we r , w h i c h
t h e Lo r d G o d Al m i g h t y h a s c o n f i d e d i n t o m y h a n d s . ” T h e k i n g
m a d e su r e t o d is co u r a ge a n y i n ve s t i g a t i o n i n t o ca u s e s : “I t is n o t for
s u b ject s t o q u e s t io n t h e w i s d o m o r t o seek t o in t e r p r e t t h e d e ci-
s io n s o f t h e ir s o ve r e i gn . ”
O n l y d a ys b e fo r e Ap r i l 2 , t h e S p a n i s h a m b a s s a d o r t o t h e H o l y
S e e p r e s e n t e d a d o c u m e n t fr o m Ch a r l e s t o P o p e C l e m e n t XI I I t h a t
e xp l a i n e d ,
You r H olin ess kn ows as well as a n yon e else t h a t a sover eign ’s

first d u t y is t o en su r e t h e p ea ce of h is d o m in io n s an d t h e t r a n -
q u illit y of h is su bject s. In t h e fu lfillm en t of th is sover eign task, I
h a ve fou n d it n ecessa r y t o e xp e l a ll t h e J esu its r esid in g in m y
kin gd o m s a n d t o co m m it t h e m d ir e ct ly t o You r H olin es s ’ wise
st ewa r d sh ip in t h e St a t e s of t h e Ch u r c h . . . . I b eg You r H olin ess
t o con s id er t h a t m y d e cis io n is u n a lt e r a b le a n d h as b e e n m a d e
a s t h e r esu lt of m a t u r e r e fle ct io n a n d all d u e co n s id e r a t io n for
t h e co n s e q u e n ce s ....
Cl e m e n t , t h e lik e lih o o d o f wh o s e su b m ission t o t h e will o f

Lo r e n zo R i c c i s h o u ld n o t b e u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , r e s p o n d e d in a m e l o -
d r a m a t i c v e i n , a s t h o u g h p l a y i n g fo r a n a u d i e n c e : “ O f a ll t h e
s h o ck s I h a v e h a d t o e n d u r e in t h e n i n e u n h a p p y ye a r s o f m y p o n -
t i fi c a t e , t h i s o n e , o f w h i c h Yo u r M a j e s t y h a s i n fo r m e d m e , i s t h e
w o r s t . ” T h e p o p e h a d li t t le m o r e t o say, e x c e p t t h a t t h e k i n g m a y
h a v e p la ce d h i m s e lf i n d a n ge r o f e t e r n a l d a m n a t i o n .
T h e o r d e r wa s e x e c u t e d d u r i n g t h e n i g h t o f Ap r i l s e c o n d a n d
110
t h i r d . S o m e s ix t h o u s a n d J e s u it s w e r e r o u n d e d u p t h r o u g h o u t
Sp a in . T h e y wer e cr a m m e d in t o t h e lo we r d e cks o f t w e n t y- t w o
w a t s h i p s . I n M a y 1 7 6 7 t h e gr u e s o m e fle e t a p p e a r e d off C i v i t a v e c -
c h i a , t h e p o r t o f t h e P a p a l S t a t e s , a n d – a m a zin gly, w as fired upon
b y shore artillery ! T h e s h ip s w e r e d e n i e d p e r m i s s i o n t o l a n d t h e i r
h u m a n c a r g o by order of the pope him self, pursuant to a conference
w ith Lorenzo Ricci! H is t o r ia n s ar e a t a loss t o e x p l a i n w h y C l e m e n t ,
s o d e v o t e d t o t h e J e s u it s , w o u l d i m p o s e s u c h c r u e l t y u p o n h is
b e l o ve d s in t h e ir h o u r o f n e e d . T h e m o s t p la u s ib le a n s we r , I w o u l d
s u gge s t , i s t h a t h is u n d e r s t a n d i n g w a s o b e d i e n t t o t h e i n s c r u t a b le
c o m m a n d o f h is G e n e r a l , w h o s e e x c e e d i n g l y p r i v a t e o b j e c t i v e ,
a ft e r a ll, w a s t o d is q u a lify t h e S o c i e t y o f J es u s a n d t h e R o m a n
C a t h o l i c C h u r c h a s vi a b l e e n e m i e s o f P r o t e s t a n t is m , a t le a s t in t h e
N o r t h Am e r i c a n c o l o n i e s . N o lo n ge r e n e m i e s , t h e y c o u l d d e v e l o p
p e r s o n a l a llia n ce s . T h e su ffer in g p r ie s t s , t h e gu n s o f Ci v i t a v e c c h i a ,
we r e a ll e x p l a i n e d in Am i o t ’s Su n - t zu :
You r arm y, a ccu s t o m e d t o n o t k n o w i n g you r p la n s , will h e

eq u a lly u n awar e of t h e p er il wh ich t h r ea t en s it. A good Ge n e r a l
t akes a d va n t a ge of e ve r yt h in g. Bu t h e ca n on ly d o t h a t b eca u se
h e h a s op er a t ed in t h e gr ea t est secr ecy, b eca u se h e kn o ws h ow
t o r em a in co o l- h e a d e d & b eca u se h e gover n s wit h u p r igh t n ess.
At t h e sam e t im e , h o we ve r , h is m e n are co n s t a n t ly m isled b y
wh a t t h ey see & h ear . H e m a n a ges for h is t r oop s n ever t o k n o w
wh a t t h e y m u st d o n or wh a t or d er s t h ey m u st r e c e i ve . . . . I f h is
own p eop le are u n awar e of h is p lan s, h o w ca n t h e en em y d iscov-
er t h em ?
O v e r t h e n e x t fe w m o n t h s , t h o u s a n d s m o r e J e s u it s w e r e
e x p e l l e d fr o m t h e r e m a i n i n g B o u r b o n s t a t e s o f N a p l e s , P a r m a ,
M a l t a , a n d S p a n i s h Am e r i c a . J esu it s i n F r e n c h Am e r i c a ( Q u e b e c )
a n d N e w E n g l a n d w e r e left u n d i s t u r b e d , a s w e r e t h o s e i n Au s t r i a .
I n O c t o b e r 1 7 6 8 t h e Au s t r i a n E m p r e s s M a r i a - T h e r e s a , a H a b s -
b u r g, w r o t e h e r J e s u it co n fe s s o r , F a t h e r Ko ffle r : “ M y d e a r fa t h e t ,
t h e r e is n o ca u s e for c o n c e r n ; a s l o n g a s I a m a li ve yo u h a v e n o t h -
in g t o fea r .” Bu t M a r i a - T h e r e s a h o p e d t o m a r r y h e r t w o d a u gh t e r s
t o Bo u r b o n p r in ces, Ca r o li n e t o t h e son of t h e Sp a n is h kin g,
111
M a r i e - An t o i n e t t e t o t h e s o n o f Lo u i s XV. B o u r b o n a m b a s s a d o r s
a d vi s e d h e r t h a t u n le s s s h e e x p e l l e d t h e J es u it s , s h e w o u l d h a v e t o
l o o k e ls e w h e r e for s o n s - in - la w. T h e E m p r e s s r e n e g e d o n h e r p r o m -
ise t o F a t h e r Ko ffle r , e x p e l l e d t h e J e s u it s , a n d t h e gir ls g o t t h e i r
m e n . ( M a r i e - An t o i n e t t e ’s m a r r ia ge w o u l d e n d w i t h t h e e x e c u t i o n
o f h e r h u s b a n d , L o u i s X V I , i n J a n u a r y 1 7 9 3 . N i n e m o n t h s la t e r ,
s h e w o u l d d i e t h e s a m e wa y, d e c a p i t a t e d b y t h e g u i l l o t i n e . T h i s
d e vice bear s t h e n a m e o f t h e F r e n ch R e vo lu t io n is t w h o in 17 9 2
fir st s u gge s t e d it s u s e in a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e d e a t h p e n a lt y, Dr . J osef
G u i l l o t i n . Dr . G u i l l o t i n wa s a d is e s t a b lis h e d J e s u it .)
I n J a n u a r y 1 7 6 9 t h e a m b a s s a d o r s fr o m F r a n c e , S p a i n , a n d P o r -
t u ga l vis it e d C l e m e n t XI I I t o d e m a n d “t h e c o m p l e t e a n d u t t e r su p -
p r e s s i o n o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s .” C l e m e n t c a l l e d fo r a s p e c i a l
c o n s i s t o r y o f t h e C o l l e g e o f Ca r d i n a l s t o d e l i b e r a t e t h e q u e s t i o n .
Bu t w h e n t h e ca r d i n a ls c o n v e n e d F e b r u a r y 3 , i t wa s n o t t o d is cu s s
B o u r b o n u l t i m a t u m s , b u t t o c h o o s e C l e m e n t ’s s u cce s s o r . F o r t h e
7 6 - y e a r - o l d p o p e h a d d i e d t h e n i g h t b e fo r e “o f a n a p o p l e c t i c
a t t a c k , ” s a id t h e o ffi c i a l r e c o r d , a h e a r t a t t a c k a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e
p r essu r es a p p lie d b y t h e Bo u r b o n d i p lo m a t s .
For n ea r ly t h r e e m o n t h s , o n e q u e s t io n ch a r ge d t h e t u r b u le n t
c o n c l a v e : S h o u l d t h e n e x t p o p e b e fo r o r a ga i n s t t h e J es u it s ? T h e
ca r d in a ls ’ c h o i c e o f Lo r e n zo G a n g a n e l l i wa s a t r i u m p h for Lo r e n zo
R i cci . Al t h o u g h G a n g a n e l l i wa s a F r a n cis ca n , h e h a d co lle a gu e d
w i t h J esu it s a s a s p e cia l c o n s u l t a n t t o t h e I n q u i s i t i o n . H i s ce le b r a t -
e d b o o k Diatriba theologica ( 1 7 4 3 ) h a d b e e n d e d i c a t e d t o I g n a t i u s
Lo yo l a . M o r e o ve r , G a n g a n e l l i lit e r a lly o w e d h is p a p a c y t o Lo r e n zo
R i c c i , a s it wa s R i c c i w h o h a d s p o n s o r e d h i s n o m i n a t i o n for ca r d i-
n a l i n 1 7 5 9 . Al m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y a ft er r e c e i v i n g t h e r ed h a t G a n -
9
g a n e l l i h a d s h o w n e v i d e n c e o f c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h G e n e r a l R i c c i ’s
s t r a t e gy o f g r a d u a l l y d i s e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s . Oxford
Book of Popes i n d i c a t e s a s u d d e n a n d u n e x p l a i n a b l e h a b i t c h a n g e :
“H i t h e r t o r e ga r d e d a s a fr i e n d o f t h e J e s u it s , C a r d i n a l G a n g a n e l l i
n o w d i s t a n c e d h i m s e l f fr o m t h e m . ” A n d n o w, a d e c a d e la t e r , c a l l -
in g h i m s e lf C l e m e n t XI V, G a n g a n e l l i p r e s e n t e d w h a t t h e C a t h o l i c
E n c y c l o p e d i a c a l l s “in appearance a h o s t i l e a t t i t u d e ” t o w a r d t h e
J e s u it s , a n apparent h o s t i li t y, a t h e a t r i c a l h o s t i l i t y t h a t m a s k e d a n
112
i n v o l v e d lo ya lt y t o w a r d t h e So ci e t y. C l e m e n t X I V w o u l d d o w h a t -
e ve r w a s n e ce s s a r y t o h e l p t h e S o c i e t y w i n v i c t o r y w i t h o u t d o i n g
b a t t le , e v e n if it m e a n t o b li t e r a t i n g t h e So ci e t y.
T h e Bo u r b o n s n e e d e d a p p e a s i n g . H a s t i ly, C l e m e n t p r o m i s e d
C h a r l e s III o f S p a i n f o r t h c o m i n g d o c u m e n t s n e c e s s a r y t o “p r o -
c l a i m t o a ll t h e w o r l d t h e w i s d o m o f Yo u r M a j e s t y’s d e c i s i o n t o
e x p e l t h e J e s u it s a s u n r u l y a n d r e b e l l i o u s s u b j e c t s . ” H e a s s u r e d
Lo u is XV o f F r a n c e a ls o o f a “p l a n for t h e c o m p l e t e s u p p r e s s io n o f
t h i s s o c i e t y. ” O n M a u n d y T h u r s d a y 1 7 7 0 , C l e m e n t o m i t t e d t h e
a n n u a l r e a d i n g o f I n coena Dom ini ( “ O n t h e Lo r d ’s s u p p e r ”) . T h e
o m i s s i o n w a s a n a s t o n i s h i n g s t a t e m e n t . T h i s c e l e b r a t e d b u l l , fir st
p r o cla i m e d i n 15 6 8 b y P o p e P iu s V, a r r o ga n t ly r e m i n d e d k in gs t h a t
t h e y w e r e b u t va s s a ls o f t h e p a p a c y. S u d d e n l y d i s c o n t i n u i n g t h i s
a s s e r t i o n fl a t t e r e d t h e r o ya l s e l f - i m p o r t a n c e , i n v i t i n g c r o w n e d
h e a d s t o st a y o n t h e a n t i- J e s u it , a n t i - Ch u r c h t r a ck s o n e ce s s a r y for
t h e fu l fi l l m e n t o f L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s s e c r e t d e s i g n s i n E n g l a n d a n d
Am e r i c a . I t su r ely e v i d e n c e s Cl e m e n t ’s i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e s t r a t e -
gy o f fe ign e d w e a k n e s s in o r d e r t o c o n c e a l w h a t Su n - t zu ca lle d “a n
o r d e r t h a t n o t h i n g c a n i n t e r r u p t . ” T h e n o n - r e a d i n g o f I n coena
Dom ini r a n g t h e d e a t h k n e l l o f t h e s t r o n g - a r m e d w h i t e p a p a c y a s
m a n i fe s t b y R i c c i ’s p o l i t i c a l t h e o r i s t , “J u s t in iu s F e b r o n i u s , ” i n h is
1 7 6 3 m a s t e r p i e ce On the State of the Church & the Legitim ate Pow er
of the Rom an Pontiff – a b o u t w h i c h m o r e p r e s e n t ly.
F o r m o r e t h a n e i g h t y ye a r s , t h e p a p a c y h a d s u p p o r t e d R o m e -
b a s e d m e m b e r s o f t h e S t u a r t m o n a r c h s e x i l e d fr o m E n g l a n d for
b e i n g R o m a n Ca t h o l i c s . N o t o n l y d id C l e m e n t X I V d i m i n i s h t h is
t r a d it ion t o a lm os t n o t h i n g, in 17 7 2 h e b e ga n e xt e n d i n g a h igh ly
vis ib le a n d m o s t co r d i a l h o s p i t a li t y t o t h e P r o t e s t a n t Ki n g G e o r g e
III a n d h i s fa m ily. T h i s t a b l e a u w a s e n o r m o u s l y d i s t u r b i n g t o
Am e r i c a n P r o t e s t a n t s , w h o a t t h a t t i m e w e r e h a v i n g e x t r e m e d if-
fi c u lt i e s w i t h G e o r g e . T h e p r o s p e c t o f E n g l a n d r e u n i t i n g w i t h
R o m e g a v e t h e m a ll t h e m o r e r e a s o n t o s t r i ve fo r w h a t L o r e n z o
R i c c i w a n t e d , t h e ir i n d e p e n d e n c e .
F in a lly, o n J u ly 2 1 , 1 7 7 3 , C l e m e n t X I V d e li ve r e d o n h is p r o m -
ise b y s ign in g t h e b r ie f Dom inus a c Redem ptor noster ( “G o d a n d o u r
R e d e e m e r ”) . T h e b r ie f “d is s o lve d , s u p p r es s ed , d is b a n d e d , a n d a b o l-
113
R ULE R S OF E VI L
is h e d ” t h e S o c i e t y of J esu s “for a ll e t e r n i t y” s o a s “t o e s t a b lis h a r ea l

a n d e n d u r i n g p e a c e w i t h i n t h e C h u r c h . ” A l l t h e J e s u it s ’ “o ffice s ,
a u t h o r i t i e s , a n d f u n c t i o n s ” w e r e d e c l a r e d “n u l l a n d v o i d , a n d a ll
t h eir h ou ses, co lle ge s , h o s p ice s , a n d a n y o t h e r p la ces o ccu p ie d b y
t h e m t o b e h e r e b y d is es t a b lis h ed , n o m a t t e r in wh a t p r o vin ce ,
s t a t e , o r k i n g d o m t h e y m i g h t b e fo u n d . ”
C l e m e n t a p p o i n t e d five ca r d in a ls , a n a r c h b i s h o p , a b i s h o p , t w o
t h e o l o g i a n s , a n d o t h e r e c c l e s i a s t i c a l d i g n i t a r i e s t o s u p e r vi s e t h e
D i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t . N o n e o f t h e c o n f i s c a t e d J e s u it r e c o r d s , co r r e -
s p o n d e n ce , a n d a ccou n t s sh owed a n y in cr im in a t in g e vid e n ce .
A l t h o u g h L o r e n z o R i c c i l i v e d a s h o r t w a l k fr o m t h e p o p e ’s
p a la ce a t St . P e t e r ’s , n o t i c e o f t h e D i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t wa s n o t s e r ve d
u p o n h i m u n t i l m i d - Au g u s t . G u a r d s t o o k t h e G e n e r a l i n t o cu s t o d y
a t h is offices i n N u m b e r 4 5 P ia zza d e l G e s u . T h e y r e m o v e d h i m t o
t h e E n g l i s h C o l l e g e a fe w b l o c k s a wa y. H e r e m a i n e d t h e r e fi ve
w e e k s . T h i n g s w e r e t h e n h a p p e n i n g i n E n g l a n d a n d Am e r i c a t h a t
m a k e R i c c i ’s p r e s e n c e i n t h e E n g l i s h C o l l e g e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y sig-
n ifica n t . W e s h a ll co n s id e r t h o s e h a p p e n i n gs in a fo r t h c o m i n g
ch a p t er
T o w a r d t h e e n d o f S e p t e m b e r , L o r e n z o R i c c i w a s t a k e n fr o m
t h e E n glis h Co l l e g e t o Ca s -
tel S a n t ’A n g e l o , a m e-
d i e v a l fo r t r e s s w h o s e d u n -
g e o n s s u gge s t a p r i s o n . H i s
d e t e n t i o n wa s p r o b a b ly less
d em ea n in g t h a n we m igh t
im a gin e, as S a n t ’A n g e l o
con t a in ed q u it e elega n t
room s. Popes o ft e n u sed
Vie w of St . Pet er ’s Ba silica fr om
Ca s t e l Sa n t ’An g e l o
t h e m as a c o n ve n i e n t r e-
sor t fr om a d m in is t r a t ive
s t r es s es . I n fa ct , a s e cr e t u n d e r g r o u n d t u n n e l c o n n e c t e d S a n t ’An -
ge lo t o t h e p a p a l p a la ce a t t h e Va t i c a n . I t w o u l d b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h
L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s p o s i t i o n a n d s t r a t e gy fo r h i m t o s t a y i n p e r s o n a l ,
s e cr e t c o n t a c t w i t h C l e m e n t X I V b y m e a n s o f t h is t u n n e l .
O n S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 1 7 7 4 , t h e fir st a n n i ve r s a r y o f R i c c i ’s d e t e n -
114
t i o n a t S a n t ’An g e l o , C l e m e n t d ie d . H e wa s s i xt y- n i n e . H e h a d suf-
fe r e d t h e la s t ye a r o f h is life in s e ve r e d e p r e s s i o n , it wa s s a id , w i t h
m o r b i d p a r a n o i a o v e r a s s a s s in a t io n . H is co r p s e d e c o m p o s e d r a p id -
ly, fe e d in g r u m o r s o f d e a t h b y p o i s o n , r u m o r s w h i c h h is fa m o u s la st
wo r d s t e n d e d t o co n fir m : “M e r c y ! M e r c y! Com pulsus feci!” ( “I wa s
c o m p e l l e d t o d o i t !”) F o r m a n y ye a r s a ft e r w a r d , h i s t o r i a n s w o u l d
w o n d e r ju s t w h o m G a n g a n e l l i w a s a d d r e s s i n g : G o d ? A v e n g e f u l
J e s u it a s s a s s in ? R i c c i ? W h a t wa s t h e “i t ” h e wa s c o m p e l l e d t o d o ?
D i s e s t a b l i s h t h e J e s u it s ? C o m m i t s u i c i d e ? T h e d e f i n i t i v e a n s w e r
m a y n e v e r b e k n o w n , b e c a u s e t h e p o p e ’s p e r s o n a l p a p e r s a n d
e ffe ct s d e c o m p o s e d a s r a p i d ly a s h i s fle s h . W h a t is q u i t e k n o w n ,
t h o u g h , i s t h a t t h e d e a t h o f C l e m e n t XI V, i n t h e w o r d s o f Oxford
Book o f Popes, “b r o u g h t t h e p r e s t i ge o f t h e p a p a c y t o it s l o w e s t
l e ve l i n ce n t u r i e s . ” W h i c h i s p r e cis e ly w h a t Lo r e n zo R i c c i n e e d e d
for h is Am e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n t o h a p p e n .
W E n o w p r o ce e d t o e x a m i n e t h e s t r u ct u r ed d a r kn es s of t h e
m e n w h o le d t h e a t t a c k a g a i n s t t h e S o c i e t y o f J es u s . I t w a s
t h e s a m e d a r k n e s s fr o m w h e n c e c a m e n o t o n l y t h e E n g l i s h m e n
w h o t u r n e d t h e i r k i n g d o m i n t o a h a t e d t yr a n n y, b u t a ls o t h e
Am e r i c a n s w h o a d v o c a t e d r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t t h a t t yr a n n y. T h e
d a r k n e s s is c a l l e d F r e e m a s o n r y, a n d it is t h e s u b j e c t o f o u r n e x t
ch a p t e r .
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WASH I NGTON I N M ASON I C REGALI A

(Fr om a Cu r r ie r & Ives e n gr a vin g, 18 6 8 .)
Chapter 13
THE SECRET BRIDGE
“The papal prohibition m ight even have encouraged Mason-

ry by identify ing opposition to the group w ith Catholic
ty ranny and superstition.”
— STEVEN C . BULLOCK,
REVOLUTIONARY BROTH ERH OOD, 1996
T
HE New Catholic Ency clopedia i d e n t i fi e s the m en wh o
a t t a c k e d t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s a s “t h e r a d ica l d e v o t e e s o f t h e
r a t i o n a l i s t i c E n l i g h t e n m e n t – r i c h l y t a l e n t e d a n d i n fl u e n -
t ia l w r i t e r s , s u c h a s Vo l t a i r e , R o u s s e a u , a n d o t h e r ‘p h i l o s o p h e s ’
a m o n g t h e E n c yc l o p e d i s t s , t h e fo llo we r s o f F r e e m a s o n r y, a n d h i g h
p l a c e d g o v e r n m e n t o ffi ci a ls . ” At t a c k i n g t h e J e s u it s w a s fo r t h e m
“a s t e p t o w a r d t h e i r u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e o f a b o l i s h i n g a ll r e li g i o u s
or d er s , t h e p a p a cy, a n d fin a lly t h e C h u r c h it s e lf.”
T h e m a s t e r p ie ce o f t h e e n cyclo p e d is t s ( m os t o f w h o m h a p -
p e n e d t o b e philosophes), wa s t h e m o n u m e n t a l Ency clopedia of Sci-
ences, Arts, and Trades ( 1 7 4 3 - 1 7 5 1 ) . T h e Ency clopedia w a s t h e
fla m e o f t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t , t h e fu l fi l l m e n t o f Ca r d i n a l W o l s e y’s
d r e a m o f f l o o d i n g t h e w o r l d w i t h p r i n t c o n t a i n i n g “l e a r n i n g
a ga in s t le a r n in g.” I t b r o u gh t s o m u c h le a r n in g ( s e cu la r le a r n in g,
a s a g a i n s t S c r i p t u r a l l e a r n i n g ) t h a t i t b e c a m e it s o w n p a r a d i g m
d e m a n d i n g r a d i ca l c h a n g e i n e x i s t i n g n o r m s . T h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t
117
c a l l e d fo r a “n e w a g e ” t h a t p l a c e d R e a s o n a b o v e a n y C h u r c h ,
a b o ve e v e n t h e Bi b l e . T h e n e w a ge issu ed i n t h e e l e g a n t n e o - g n o s -
t ic r e l i g i o n o f D e i s m , t h e t h i n k i n g m a n ’s a l t e r n a t i v e t o R o m a n
Ca t h o l i c i s m a n d its im p e r io u s h o l d o n t h e h u m a n c o n s c i e n c e .
Nowh er e wa s Deism m ore m et h od ica lly p r a ct iced than
“a r o u n d t h e a lt a r s o f F r e e m a s o n r y, ” a s t h e g r e a t M a s o n i c s c h o l a r
Al b e r t P i k e p u t it . H e r e , w r o t e P i k e in h is i n fl u e n t i a l Morals and
Dogm a ( 1 8 7 1 ) , “t h e Ch r i s t i a n , t h e H e b r e w , t h e M o s l e m , t h e Br a h -
m i n , t h e fo l l o w e r s o f C o n f u c i u s a n d Zo r o a s t e r , c a n a s s e m b l e a s
b r e t h r e n a n d u n i t e i n p r a ye r t o t h e o n e G o d w h o i s a b o v e a ll
go d s . ” T h e b r e t h r e n p r a ye r fu lly c l i m b t h e g n o s t i c p yr a m i d o f s u c-
c e s s i ve i l l u m i n a t i o n u n t i l , h o p e fu lly, a o n e n e s s w i t h t h e s u p r e m e
G o d i s a t t a i n e d . As P i k e e x p l a i n e d , t h e D e i s t s ( l i k e t h e p a p a c y )
l o o k e d u p o n t h e Bi b le a s s o m e t h i n g o f a s t u m b li n g b l o c k :
T h e Fr eem a son d oes n o t p r et en d t o d ogm a t ic cer t a in t y, n or

va in ly im a gin e s u ch ce r t a in t y a t t a in a b le . H e con sid er s t h a t if
t h er e wer e n o wr it t e n r e ve la t io n , h e cou ld safely rest t h e h op es
t h a t a n im a t e h im a n d t h e p r in cip le s t h a t gu id e h im , on t h e
d e d u ct io n s of r ea son a n d t h e co n vi ct i o n s of in s t in ct a n d co n -
sciou sn ess.
H e st u d ies t h e won d er s of t h e H e a ve n s , t h e fr a m ewor k an d
r evolu t ion s of t h e Ear t h , t h e m yster iou s beau t ies an d a d a p t a t ion s
of a n im a l e xis t e n ce , t h e m or a l an d m a t er ia l co n s t it u t io n of t h e
h u m a n cr ea t u r e, so fear fu lly an d won d er fu lly m a d e; an d is satis-
fied t h a t Go d I S . . . .
M o s t o f t h e philosophes, in clu d in g Fr ed er ick t h e Gr e a t , t h e

P r o t e s t a n t K i n g o f P r u s s ia w h o s u b s id ize d t h e e n t i r e Ency clopedia
p r o j e c t , w e r e D e i s t i c b r e t h r e n . As w e r e t h e “h i g h p l a c e d g o v e r n -
m e n t o fficia ls ” w h o p u s h e d for t h e d i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e J e s u it s .
A l l t h e B o u r b o n m o n a r c h s e m p l o y e d a s t h e i r o ffi c i a l a d vi s o r s
“a r d e n t m e m b e r s o f t h e L o d g e , ” t o u se P r o fe s s o r M a r t i n ’s p h r a s e . 1
T h e M a r q u i s d e P o m b a l o f P o r t u g a l w a s a M a s o n . C h a r l e s I ll’s
a d vi s o r t h e C o u n t d e Ar a n d a , Lo u i s X V’s M i n i s t e r d e T i l l o t a n d
t h e D u c d e C h o i s e u l , a s w e l l a s M a r i a - T h e r e s a ’s P r i n c e v o n Ka u -
n it z a n d G e r a r d v o n S w i e t e n – a ll b e l o n g e d t o t h e s e cr e t b r o t h e r -
h ood.
118
C H A P T E R 13 T H E S E CR E T BR I D GE
S i n c e i t wa s n o s e cr e t t h a t t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t a i m e d t o m a k e
R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m p a s s é e , P o p e C l e m e n t XI I p r o m u l g a t e d i n
1 7 2 8 t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n I n em inenti, w h i c h a p p e a r e d t o c o n d e m n
F r e e m a s o n r y t h u s ly:
CON D E M N A T I O S O CI E T A T I S DE CON V E N T I CU L OR U M DE
F R E E M AS O N S , UNDER TH E P E N A L T Y IPSO FACTO I N CU R R E D , OR
E XCO M M U N I CAT I O N ; ABS O LU T I O N FROM I T B E I N G R E S E R VE D T O
PON T I FE X M AX IM US
Fr ee Ma s o n s of wh a t e ve r sect or r e ligio n , co n fe d e r a t e
t oget h er in a close an d in scr u t able b on d , a ccor d in g to secr et laws
a n d or d er s agr eed u p o n b e t we e n t h e m , a n d b in d t h e m s e lve s a s
well b y st r ict o a t h t a k e n on t h e Bib le a s b y t h e im p r eca t ion s of
h e a vy p u n is h m e n t s t o p r eser ve t h eir m yst er ies wit h in vio la b le
secr ecy
T h e gr eat m isch iefs wh ich gen er ally a ccr u e from secr et b od -
ies are a n t a gon ist to civil an d ca n on ica l laws.
W h e r e fo r e , b y t h e a d vice of t h e ca r d in a ls a n d of ou r m er e
m o t io n , a n d fr om t h e p le n it u d e of t h e a p o s t o lic p ower , we d o
co n d e m n an d p r oh ib it t h e m eet in gs of t h e a b ove-n a m ed societ y
of Free Ma son s.
We st r ict ly co m m a n d t h a t n o o n e , u n d er a n y p r e t e xt o r
color , d ar e t o p r esu m e t o p r o m o t e , fa vor , a d m it , or co n ce a l in
t h eir h ou ses m em ber s of assem blies of t h is a b om in a b le order, n or
in a n y wa y aid or assist in t h eir m e e t in g in an y p la ce , or t o
ad m in ist er m ed icin e to t h em in t h eir sickn ess, or in an y m an n er ,
d ir ect ly or in d ir ectly, by t h em selves or ot h er s, afford t h em cou n -
sel or h elp in t h eir h ou r of tr ial an d affliction , or persuade ot h er s
t o join said Or d er ....
Wh ile Em inenti’s s t e r n r h e t o r i c , w h i c h wa s r e n e w e d b y B e n e -
d i ct X I V i n 1 7 5 1 , s e e m s t o d ig a w i d e o c e a n b e t w e e n Ca t h o l i c i s m
a n d F r e e m a s o n r y, it s fr u it s t e l l a n o t h e r s t o r y. W h y , fo r e x a m p l e ,
w e r e t h e B o u r b o n m o n a r c h s , a ll o f t h e m R o m a n C a t h o l i c , n e v e r
p e n a lize d o r e x c o m m u n i c a t e d for a d m i t t i n g , p r o m o t i n g , a n d fa vo r -
in g M a s o n i c a d vis o r s ? A n d w h y, a d e c a d e a ft e r t h e M a r q u i s d e
P o m b a l h a d s h i p p e d t h e J es u it s o u t o f P o r t u g a l , d id C l e m e n t X I V
sen d a n a p p ea s in g n u n c i o t o t h e P or t u gu es e cou r t , e le va t e P o m -
119
b a l’s b r o t h e r t o Bi s h o p , a n d co n fir m a ll P o m b a l’s n o m i n e e s in b is h -

op r ics? 2
T h e a n s w e r , o f c o u r s e , i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e b u ll’s t i t l e ,
w h i c h p r o v i d e s t h a t a b s o l u t i o n fr o m p e n a l t i e s o r e x c o m m u n i c a -
t i o n is “r e s e r ve d t o Pontifex Maxim us.” T h a t is t o say, a s s o c i a t i n g
w i t h t h e a b o m i n a t i o n o f F r e e m a s o n r y, if d o n e for a ca u s e va l u a b l e
t o t h e p a p a c y ( s u c h a s w e a k e n i n g t h e J e s u it s t o t h e p o i n t e ve r y-
b o d y a s s u m e s t h e y’r e n o l o n g e r a t h r e a t t o P r o t e s t a n t i s m ) , w i l l b e
a b s o l v e d b y t h e p a p a c y. G i v e n t h e h i s t o r i c a l c o n t e x t , d o e s a n y
o t h e r a n s we r m a k e s en s e?
T h e le a d in g J esu it -b a sh er s we r e n o t o n ly F r e e m a s o n s , t h e y
we r e a ls o t h e p r o d u c t o f J esu it le a r n i n g a ga in s t le a r n i n g. I t wa s t h e
ratio studiorum – t h e M e d i c i Lib r a r y’s g n o s t i c w i s d o m a b s o r b e d in
a n a m b i a n c e o f ca s u is t r y, e q u i v o c a t i o n , m e n t a l r e s e r v a t i o n , a n d
o b e d ie n ce o f t h e u n d e r s t a n d in g, co m b i n e d w i t h s m a t t er in gs o f
H o l y S c r i p t u r e u s u a lly fi lt e r e d t h r ou gh th e com m en t a r ies of
C h u r c h d o ct o r s – t h a t h a d t u r n e d t w o ce n t u r ie s of J esu it ed st u -
d e n t s i n t o s e cu la r philosophes. T h e ratio studiorum d i c t a t e d t h e fo r m
a n d s co p e o f t h e Ency clopedia, w h i c h in t u r n co d i fi e d t h e E n l i g h t -
e n m e n t p a r a d i g m , w h o s e D e i s t i c li t a n y w a s p r e a c h e d “a r o u n d t h e
a lt a r s o f F r e e m a s o n r y.”
H o l d F r e e m a s o n r y u p t o t h e li gh t a n d yo u c a n n o t h e l p b u t see
t h e b l a c k p a p a c y’s w a t e r m a r k . I s n ’t i t r e a s o n a b l e , g i v e n t h e cir -
c u m s t a n c e s , t h a t t h e “ G ” i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e fa m i l i a r M a s o n i c
e m b l e m r e p r e s e n t s t h e in it ia l o f “Gesu,” t h e r e s id e n ce o f t h e b l a c k
p o p e s a t t h e J esu it s’ w o r ld h e a d q u a r t e r s a t N u m b e r 5 , Bo r g o S a n c -
t o S p i r i t u , i n R o m e ? F r e e m a s o n s w o u l d n ’t s u s p e ct t h i s , n o r w o u l d
J esu it s. I t w o u l d b e i n fo r m a t i o n r e s e r ve d u n i q u e ly t o t h e u n k n o w n
s u p e r io r , w h o s h a r e s w h a t h e k n o w s w i t h n o o n e . “Yo u r e n e m i e s
w i l l s e r ve y o u w i t h o u t t h e i r w i s h e s , ” s a id S u n - t z u , “o r e v e n t h e i r
kn owled ge.”
F r e e m a s o n r y wa s t h e n a t u r a l , t h e r e a s o n a b l e , t h e o n l y i n t e l l i -
g e n t wa y for t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h t o c o n t r o l ( a ) t h e o n g o -
in g a ffr o n t o f P r o t e s t a n t i s m , ( b ) t h e i n c r e a s e i n “d i v i n e r i g h t ”
k i n g s h e a d i n g t h e i r o w n n a t i o n a l c h u r c h e s i n d e p e n d e n t o f Va t i -
c a n c o n t r o l , a n d ( c) t h e i n cr e d i b le e x p l o s i o n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l m e r -
ca n t ilis m . Lik e t h e a q u a t ic cr e a t u r e wh o s e m o u t h r e s e m b le s a
12 0
C H AP T E R 13 T H E S E CR E T BR I D GE
c o m fo r t a b l e r e s t i n g p l a c e t o it s p r ey, t h e Lo d g e s w e r e a s a ga ci o u s
r e c yc l i n g o f t h e o ld T e m p l a r in fr a s t r u ct u r e i n t o a d y n a m i c s p ir it u -
a l a n d e c o n o m i c b r o t h e r h o o d t h a t g a v e P r o t e s t a n t s , J e ws , Bu d -
d h is t s , M u s li m s , a gn o s t ics , a n d a n yo n e else a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o b u ild
a b e t t e r life o u t s i d e R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m , ye t s t ill u n d e r t h e
Ch u r c h ’s s u p e r i n t e n d i n g e ye . F o r Su n - t zu s a id , “ T h e G e n e r a l sees
a ll, h e a r s a ll, d o e s a ll, a n d in a p p e a r a n c e is n o t i n v o l v e d w i t h a n y-
t h in g. ” T h e J e s u it G e n e r a l i s t h e d i s e m b o d i e d e ye s u b s t i t u t i n g for
t h e p yr a m id ' s m is s in g c a p s t o n e , t h e s t o n e t h e b u ild e r s r e je ct e d .
T h e Lo d ge ’s s e cr e cy a n d its c o n d e m n a t i o n b y t h e C h u r c h we r e
essen t ia l t o s u s t a in in g t h e in t egr it y o f b o t h in s t it u t io n s . A n d s o
t h e d e e p e s t M a s o n i c s e cr e t , t h e s e cr e t t h a t n o t e v e n t h e i r G r a n d -
est M a s t e r s c o u l d p e n e t r a t e , w a s t h a t a ll t h e i r s e cr e t s w e r e k n o w n
t o o n e m a n a lo n e , t h e Su p e r io r G e n e r a l o f t h e So c i e t y o f J esu s.
T h i s s h o u ld n o t su r p r ise a n y o n e a wa r e o f h o w t h o r o u g h l y F r e e m a -
s o n r y i s s u ffu s e d w i t h J e s u i t i c t e c h n i q u e . B o t h F r e e m a s o n r y a n d
t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s a r e ( a ) h u m a n i s t r e ligio u s o r d e r s , ( b ) s e cr e t i ve ,
( c ) fr a t e r n a l , ( d ) s o c i a l l y c o n s c i e n t i o u s a n d p o l i t i c a l l y a c t i v e –
q u e s t i n g , li k e A e n e a s , t h e p r o t o t y p i c a l R o m a n , fo r t h e g r e a t e s t
go o d for t h e gr e a t e s t n u m b e r . B o t h o r d e r s ( e ) h o l d T r a d i t i o n , R e a -
s o n , a n d E x p e r i e n c e i n e q u a l i f n o t gr e a t e r e s t e e m t h a n t h e Bi b l e ,
(f) e m p l o y ca r e fu lly s t r u ct u r e d p r o gr a m s o f gn o s t i c vi s u a li za t i o n t o
a c h i e v e a n e ve r - i n c r e a s i n g k n o w l e d g e o f t h e d i v i n e , ( g) c o n d o n e
“t h e e n d ju s t ifie s t h e m e a n s , ” a n d ( h ) r e q u ir e a b s o lu t e o b e d i e n c e ,
s e cu r e d b y a b l o o d o a t h , t o a h i e r a r c h y o f s u p e r io r s c u l m i n a t i n g in
t h e J es u it G e n e r a l , w h o s e o r d e r s a r e s o wis e ly s u it e d t o t h e r e ci p i -
e n t t h a t t h e y ar e o b e ye d a s t h o u g h w i lle d b y t h e r e ci p i e n t h im s e lf.
T H E fir st r e c o r d e d m e m b e r o f A m e r i c a n F r e e m a s o n r y wa s
D a n i e l C o x e , w h o wa s co n s t it u t e d P r o vin cia l G r a n d M a s t e r
o f t h e p r o v i n c e s o f N e w Yo r k , N e w J er s ey, a n d P e n n s y l v a n i a o n
J u n e 5, 17 3 0 , o n a d e p u t a t io n gr a n t ed b y t h e D u k e o f N o r fo lk ,
G r a n d M a s t e r o f M a s o n s i n E n g l a n d . E vi d e n t l y, C o x e w a s a n in -
5
d u s t r io u s r e cr u i t e r . M i n u t e s o f a m e e t i n g o f t h e G r a n d L o d g e o f
L o n d o n o n J a n u a r y 2 9 , 1 7 3 1 r e fle ct t h a t “Co x e ’s h e a l t h w a s p r o -
p o s e d a n d d r a n k [sic] a s ‘P r o vin cia l G r a n d M a s t e r o f N o r t h Am e r -
ica .’”
12 1
D a n i e l C o x e w a s a c t u a l l y a j u n i o r , a c c o r d i n g t o S i d n e y H a y-
d e n ’s W ashington and His Com peers ( 18 6 8 ) . H e wa s “t h e s o n of Dr .
D a n i e l C o x e o f E n gla n d , w h o wa s p h ys i ci a n t o t h e Q u e e n o f
Ch a r l e s I I .” Dr . C o x e m u s t b e p r e s u m e d a R o m a n Ca t h o l i c s ym p a -
t h izer , a s b o t h Ch a r l e s a n d h is Q u e e n we r e Ca t h o l i c s . T h e Q u e e n ,
C a t h e r i n e o f Br a g a n za ( P o r t u g a l ) , fl a u n t e d a h u g e Va t i c a n e n -
t o u r a g e , fo r w h i c h s h e w a s c o n t i n u a l l y h a r a s s e d b y d e a t h p l o t s .
C h a r l e s c o n v e r t e d t o C a t h o l i c i s m i n e x c h a n g e fo r m o n e y fr o m
Lo u is X I V o f F r a n ce u n d e r t h e t e r m s o f t h e Tr e a t y o f D o ve r .
T h e j u n i o r D a n i e l C o x e d e s e r ve s w i d e r r e c o g n i t i o n a s a n
A m e r i c a n vi s i o n a r y, o r a t le a s t t h e s o le a p o l o g i s t o f s o m e u n d i s -
c l o s e d vi s i o n a r y. T h i r t e e n ye a r s b e fo r e B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n ’s p r o -
p o s a l o f a “c o l o n i a l U n i o n ” t o t h e A l b a n y c o n g r e s s i n 17 5 4 , for
w h i c h F r a n k l i n is c r e d i t e d w i t h b e i n g t h e first t o s u gge s t a “u n i t e d
St a t e s ,” C o x e p u b lis h e d in E n gla n d a d is s e r t a t io n p r o m o t i n g a
s c h e m e t o s e t t le “a n e x t e n s i v e t r a c t o f c o u n t r y l yi n g o n t h e G u l f
o f M e x i c o ” o w n e d b y h i s fa t h e r , t h e Q u e e n ’s p h y s i c i a n . T h e d is -
s e r t a t i o n , e n t i t l e d A Description of the English Province of Carolina,
by the Spaniards called Florida, and by the French La Louisiane, p r o -
m o t e d t h e e l d e r C o x e ’s t r a c t a s a n E n g l i s h p r o v i n c e a l l i e d w i t h
N e w E n gla n d a ga in s t t h e Sp a n is h , F r e n ch , a n d I n d ia n s . I t ca lle d
for “a ll t h e c o l o n i e s a p p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e c r o w n o f G r e a t Br it a in , o n
t h e n o r t h e r n c o n t i n e n t o f Am e r i c a , [t o] b e u n i t e d u n d e r a le ga l,
r e gu la r , a n d fir m e s t a b l i s h m e n t ; o ve r w h i c h a lie u t e n a n t or
s u p r e m e g o ve r n o r m a y b e c o n s t i t u t e d a n d a p p o i n t e d t o p r e s id e o n
t h e s p o t , t o w h o m t h e g o v e r n o r s o f e a c h c o l o n y s h a ll b e s u b o r d i-
n a t e . ” W i t h t h is u n i o n o f g o v e r n m e n t s u n d e r o n e p r e s id e n t , C o x e
fo r e s a w “a gr e a t c o u n c i l o r ge n e r a l c o n v e n t i o n o f t h e e s t a t e s o f t h e
c o l o n i e s ” t o “m e e t t o ge t h e r , c o n s u l t a n d a d vis e for t h e go o d o f t h e
w h o l e . ” T h e s e “u n i t e d s t a t e s ” w o u l d p r o v i d e “fo r t h e i r m u t u a l
d e fe n s e a n d sa fet y, a s w e l l a s, if n e ce s s a r y, for o ffe n s e a n d i n va s i o n
o f t h e i r e n e m i e s ” – i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f t h e p r o t e c t i o n s o f t h e Br it is h
C r o w n . O f co u r s e , t h e s e i m a gi n i n gs b e c a m e r e a lit y for t y yea r s la t er
w i t h t h e fu l fi l l m e n t o f L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s s t r a t e gy fo r d i v i d i n g t h e
Br it is h E m p i r e . Co n s i d e r i n g t h e e l e m e n t s i n v o l v e d – la n d s o w n e d
b y t h e C a t h o l i c Q u e e n ’s p h ys i c i a n , la n d s m a n a g e d a n d p r o m o t e d
12 2
b y t h e p h ys icia n ’s s o n , w h o is a F r e e m a s o n d e p u t e d t o g e n e r a t e a n
Am e r i c a n b r o t h e r h o o d b y t h e e i g h t h D u k e o f N o r f o l k , w h o h i m -
s e lf w a s a m e m b e r o f E n gla n d ’s p r e m i e r R o m a n C a t h o l i c fa m i ly –
C o x e ’s d i s s e r t a t i o n a p p e a r s t o b e t h e e a r l i e s t f o r m a t t i n g o f t h e
co lo n ia l co n s ci e n ce t o d ivis ive t h i n k i n g b y a gen t s o f t h e b la ck
p a p a cy.
T h e D u k e o f N o r f o l k , “G r a n d M a s t e r o f M a s o n s i n E n g l a n d , ”
wa s a ls o k n o w n a s T h o m a s H o w a r d , E a r l o f Ar u n d e l l . H is n e p h e w ,
H e n r y, Lo r d Ar u n d e l l , o c c u p i e d W a r d o u r C a s t l e n e a r T i s b u r y i n
W i l t s h i r e a t t h e t i m e C l e m e n t X I V d i s e s t a b li s h e d t h e J e s u it s . W e
s h a ll see h o w, in t h e a u t u m n o f 17 7 3 , it wa s t o Lo r d Ar u n d e l l ’s ca s -
t le t h a t J o h n Ca r r o l l r e p a i r e d w h e n c i v i l a u t h o r i t i e s clo s e ci d o w n
t h e J es u it s c h o o l i n Li è ge , Be l g i u m , w h e r e Ca r r o l l h a d b e e n t e a c h -
in g. F o r a ye a r Ca r r o l l s t a ye d a t W a r d o u r , s e r vi n g a s t h e Ar u n d e l l
fa m ily’s t u t o r a n d c h a p l a i n b e fo r e s a i l i n g fo r Am e r i c a t o p a r t i c i -
p at e in t h e R e vo lu t io n .
T H I R T Y- T H I R D d e g r e e M a s o n i c s c h o l a r M a n l y P . H a l l , i n h is
g n o s t i c e x t r a va g a n za Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Ency clo-
pedic Outline of Masonic, Herm etic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Sy m -
bolical Philosophy ( 19 8 8 ) , r e m a r k e d t h a t “n o t o n l y w e r e m a n y
fo u n d e r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t M a s o n s , b u t t h e y r e -
c e i v e d a id fr o m a s e c r e t a n d Au g u s t b o d y e x i s t i n g i n E u r o p e ,
w h i c h h e l p e d t h e m t o e s t a b lis h t h is c o u n t r y for a p e cu lia r a n d p a r -
t icu la r p u r p o s e k n o w n o n ly t o t h e in it ia t e d few.”
M o s t h is t o r ie s o f t h e Am e r i c a n G o v e r n m e n t s kim o ve r t h e
M a s o n i c p r e s e n c e . Am e r i c a n s lik e t h e i r h is t o r y t o l d i n h i g h - d e fi -
n i t i o n i c o n s o f g o o d a n d e v i l , l i b e r t y a n d t yr a n n y, h e r o i s m a n d
t r e a s o n , m i g h t a n d r i g h t . T h e y w o n ’t b u y a h e r i t a g e p o l l u t e d b y
d a r k sp ot s o f m ys t er y. Ye t t h e gr e a t e r p a r t o f Am e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n -
t a l h e r i t a ge is a lm o s t w h o l l y m ys t e r io u s .
T h e m a n b e s t q u a lifie d t o b e c o m e o u r co u n t r y’s gr e a t e s t h i s t o -
r ia n , c e r t a i n l y t h e m a n w i t h t h e m o s t c o m p l e t e a cce s s t o p r i m a r y
s o u r ce s i n t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y c a u s e , w a s C h a r l e s T h o m s o n . An
a u t h e n t i c cla s s ica l s ch o la r , a d is cr e e t P r o t e s t a n t s t e e p e d in M e d i c i
le a r n in g, T h o m s o n wa s k n o w n a s “P e r p e t u a l Se cr e t a r y o f t h e C o n -
12 3
t i n e n t a l Co n g r e s s . ” H e in s cr ib e d m i n u t e s o f
e ve r y Co n g r e s s i o n a l s e s s io n fr o m 17 7 4 u n t i l
r a t i fi c a t i o n o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n i n 17 8 9 .
W it h Willia m Ba r t o n , a Freem ason , he
d es ign ed the Gr ea t Sea l of the Un it ed
S t a t e s o f Am e r i c a : t h e c h o i c e o f it s Vi r -
gilia n m o t t o e s is cr e d it e d e xclu s ive ly t o
Th om son .
Am o n g h is con t em p or a r ies, Ch a r l e s
Th om son 's name wa s s yn o n ym o u s wit h
Ch a r le s Th o m s o n , T r u t h . S o a c c u r a t e w e r e h is m i n u t e s o f
t h e m a n wh o t a lked P e n n s ylva n ia ' s n egot ia t ion s wit h the
the truth.
D e l a w a r e I n d i a n s t h a t t h e D e l a w a r e s ca lle d
h i m W egh-w u-law -m o-end, “t h e m a n w h o t a lk s t h e t r u t h . ” W h e n
h e w o u l d t a k e h is d a ily r e p o r t s o f c o n gr e s s i o n a l p r o c e e d i n g s t o t h e
s t r e e t s , e a g e r m o b s w o u l d cr y “H e r e c o m e s C h a r l e s T h o m s o n !
H e r e c o m e s t h e T r u t h !”
O n c e t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n w a s r a t ifie d , Ch a r l e s T h o m s o n r e t ir e d
t o H a r r i t o n , h is c o u n t r y h o m e i n Br yn M a w r . H e d e s t r o ye d h is p er -
s o n a l p a p e r s r e l a t i ve t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e n e w r e p u b li c . An a r t i-
cle b y K e n n e t h Bo l i n g in t h e Pennsy lvania Magazine of History and
Biography ( 19 7 6 ) sa ys t h a t T h o m s o n a ct u a lly w r o t e a l e n g t h y h is -
t o r y o f t h e R e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h h e a ls o d e s t r o ye d . T h o m s o n b io gr a -
p h e r J . E d w i n H e n d r i c k s o f W a k e F o r e s t s u gge s t s a fa t e o t h e r t h a n
d e s t r u c t i o n , a l l u d i n g t o “p e r s i s t e n t r u m o r s t h a t t h e T h o m s o n
p a p e r s a r e i n t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a M a s o n i c r e co r d s .” ( P r o fe s s o r H e n -
d r i c k s a s s u r e d m e p e r s o n a l l y t h a t n u m e r o u s i n q u i r i e s h a v e fa ile d
t o r e fl e c t T h o m s o n ' s m e m b e r s h i p in P e n n s y l v a n i a M a s o n r y. )
W h e t h e r T h o m s o n d e s t r o ye d h i s h i s t o r y o r s u r r e n d e r e d i t t o t h e
c r yp t o f s e cr e cy, i t i s c l e a r t h a t h e k n e w t h e r e w e r e c e r t a i n e l e -
m e n t s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f Am e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t t h a t m u s t , m ust
b e i g n o r e d . “I f t h e t r u t h w e r e k n o w n , ” h e t o l d fr i e n d s d a r k ly,
“m a n y ca r e e r s w o u l d b e t a r n is h e d a n d t h e le a d e r s h ip o f t h e n a t i o n
wou ld b e we a k e n e d .” 4
A n d s o C h a r l e s T h o m s o n o c c u p i e d t h e r e m a i n i n g fo r t y ye a r s
o f h i s life t r a n s l a t i n g t h e S e p t u a g i n t , t h e G r e e k - l a n g u a g e Bi b l e ,
12 4
i n t o E n gli s h . St i l l , h e wa s fr e q u e n t ly r e q u e s t e d t o wr it e t h e d e fin i-
t i ve in s id e r ’s h i s t o r y o f t h e R e v o l u t i o n . Dr . B e n j a m i n R u s h o ve r -
h e a r d T h o m s o n ’s r e p ly t o o n e s u c h r e q u e s t a n d r e c o r d e d i t i n h is
d ia r y:
“N o , ” said h e , “I o u gh t n o t , for I s h ou ld co n t r a d ict a ll t h e

h ist or ies of t h e gr eat e ve n t s of t h e R e vo lu t io n , an d sh ew b y m y
a cco u n t of m e n , m o t ive s a n d m ea su r es, t h a t we are wh o lly
in d eb t ed to t h e a gen cy of P r ovid en ce for its successful issue. Let
t h e wor ld a d m ir e t h e su p p osed wis d o m a n d va lo r of ou r gr ea t
m e n . P er h a p s t h ey m ay a d op t t h e q u a lit ie s t h a t h a ve b e e n
a scr ib ed t o t h e m , an d t h u s good m ay b e d o n e . I sh all n o t u n d e-
ce ive future gen er a t ion s.” 5
W h a t I b e l i e ve T h o m s o n wa s m e a n i n g t o sa y i s s im p ly t h a t n o
h i s t o r i c a l a c c o u n t o f t h e A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n c a n b e t r u t h fu l
u n le s s it d i s c lo s e s t h e r o le p l a ye d b y “t h e agency of Providence.”
N o t i c e t h a t T h o m s o n d o e s n o t u s e t h e w o r d “Pr o v id e n ce ” a l o n e ,
w h i c h w a s u n d e r s t o o d i n h i s d a y t o m e a n “ G o d ” o r “Ch r i s t . ” H e
d o e s n o t sa y “w e are w holly indebted t o G o d , ” or “w e are w holly
indebted t o Christ,” b u t r a t h e r t o t h e “a g en cy ” t h e r e o f.
I f T h o m s o n k n e w t h e w o r d “a g e n c y ” w a s a s y n o n y m fo r
“vi c a r , ” a n d I c a n ’t i m a g i n e t h a t a p r o fe s s i o n a l l i n g u i s t w o u l d n ’t ,
a n d i f h e k n e w t h a t t h e p o p e s h a d b e e n c a l l e d “v i c a r s o f C h r i s t ”
s i n c e t h e fift h ce n t u r y, a n d I c a n ’t i m a g i n e t h a t a b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r
o f h is q u a li t y w o u l d n ’t , t h e n T h o m s o n w a s m o s t lik e ly s a yin g “W e
are w holly indebted to the Vicar of Christ, that is, the Rom an papacy .”
Bu t w h a t a r i d i c u l o u s s t a t e m e n t t o t h e p o s t - R e v o l u t i o n a r y
Am e r i c a n m i n d s e t ! W h o w o u l d h a v e b e l i e v e d s u ch a n o u t r a ge o u s
n o t i o n , c o m i n g fr o m e v e n t h e m a n w h o t a lk s t h e t r u t h ? T h e e m -
b a t t le d , d e g e n e r a t e , d yi n g p a p a cy c o u l d n o t p o s s ib ly h a v e e ffe ct e d
t h e R e v o l u t i o n ! A n y o n e fo o l i s h e n o u g h t o r u n w i t h t h i s i d e a
wo u ld h a ve cr a sh ed h e a d lo n g in t o a wa ll of r id icu le. For T h o m -
s o n , t h e r e w a s n o fu t u r e i n t e l l i n g w h a t h e k n e w . S i n c e h e c h o s e
n o t t o u n d e c e i v e fu t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s , t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e h a v e
l i ve d a c c o r d i n g t o h i s t o r i e s t h a t c a n b e c o n t r a d i c t e d b y t r u t h .
T h e y h a v e b e e n s e r ve d b y ca r e e r s a n d le a d e r s t h a t t r u t h c o u l d t a r -
12 5
n is h a n d w e a k e n . T h e y s eem co m fo r t a b le in t h e ir d e ce p t io n ,
w h i c h i s g e n e r a l l y t h e ca s e a m o n g c o n s e n t i n g s u b je ct s t o R o m a n
r u le .
Le t ’s m o v e n o w t o t h e n e x t ch a p t e r , w h e r e i n w e s h a ll s e e h o w
t h e J esu it s, w h i c h w e n o w r e co gn ize a s t h e u n s u n g a r ch i t e ct s o f t h e
E n l i g h t e n m e n t , s u p p li e d t h e A m e r i c a n c o l o n i s t s a p h i l o s o p h i c a l
b a sis for r e b e lli n g a ga in s t G r e a t Br it a in .
12 6
CAR DI N AL ROBERT BELLARMINE ( I 5 4 2 - 16 4 1)

(After Passerotti’s engraved portrait from life.)
Chapter 14
THE DOGMA OF
INDEPENDENCE
T
H E J E S U I T ratio studiorum i m b u e d w e s t e r n c u l t u r e w i t h a
p u r e ly C a t h o l i c p o l i t i c a l t h e o r y. T h i s t h e o r y, a s a r t i c u l a t e d
b y D e i s t philosophes a n d p o l i t i c i a n s , u l t i m a t e l y b e c a m e t h e
r h e t o r i c a l m a i n s p r i n g o f t h e Am e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n . I t s o i m p a c t e d
t h e w o r l d t h a t it s fo r m u l a t o r a n d o r i g i n a l a p o lo gi s t , a J e s u it p r ie s t
n a m e d R o b e r t Be l l a r m i n e , wa s cr e a t e d a S a i n t in 19 3 0 .
P r ior t o H e n r y VI I I ’s b r e a k w i t h t h e R o m a n p a p a cy i n t h e m id -
15 3 0 s a n d s u b s e q u e n t c r e a t i o n o f t h e C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d , k i n g s
r e ga r d e d t h e m s e l ve s , w i t h i n t h e ir r e s p e ct i ve r e a lm s , a s t h e a n o i n t -
e d vi c a r s o f G o d fo r s e c u l a r p u r p o s e s o n ly. Af t e r H e n r y’s s c h i s m ,
P r o t e s t a n t k in gs a s s u m e d G o d ’s a n o i n t m e n t c o v e r e d r e ligio u s p u r -
p o s e s a s w e l l . T h e y b e c a m e i n fa lli b le p o p e s o f t h e i r o w n n a t i o n a l
c h u r c h e s . F o l l o w i n g t h e b i b l i c a l t e a c h i n g t h a t t h e r u le r i s “G o d ’s
m i n i s t e r t o t h e e fo r g o o d , ” P r o t e s t a n t k i n g s c l a i m e d t o r u le b y
D i vi n e R i g h t , h o l d i n g a b s o lu t e swa y o ve r t h e ir s u b ject s . I n t h e
m a x i m o f D i v i n e R i g h t ’s gr e a t e s t c h a m p i o n a n d J a m e s I’s p r i va t e
12 9
t h e o l o g i a n , Sir R o b e r t F ilm e r , “T h e Ki n g c a n d o n o w r o n g . ”
D i v i n e R i g h t ’s s t a u n c h e s t o p p o n e n t w a s R o b e r t B e l l a r m i n e ,
p r i v a t e t h e o l o g i a n t o t h e p o p e , C l e m e n t VI I I ( 15 9 2 - 16 0 5 ) , w h o
m a d e h i m Ca r d i n a l Be lla r m in e in 15 9 9 . C a r d i n a l B e l l a r m i n e
a p p e a l e d t o t h e s e l f- i n t e r e s t o f t h e c o m m o n m a n , s o m e t h i n g t h e
D i v i n e R i g h t s ys t e m fa ile d t o d o . H e i n v e n t e d li b e r a t i o n t h e o lo gy.
D r a w i n g o n Ar i s t o t l e a n d S t . T h o m a s Aq u i n a s , Be l l a r m i n e m a i n -
t a in e d t h a t G o d a n o i n t e d n o k in gs b u t in st ea d ga ve s o ve r e ign t y
d i r e ct ly a n d n a t u r a l l y t o t h e p e o p l e . T h e p e o p l e w e r e fr ee t o c o n -
fer t h e i r s o v e r e i g n t y u p o n w h o m e v e r o r w h a t e v e r t h e y c h o s e .
S h o u l d t h e p e o p l e ’s c h o s e n s o v e r e i g n p r o v e h i m s e l f ( o r it s e lf)
u n w o r t h y, t h e p e o p l e h a d t h e r i gh t t o d e p o s e h i m (or it ) a n d st a r t
an ew wit h a n y fo r m of go ve r n m e n t they deem ed n e ce s s a r y,
w h e t h e r m o n a r ch y, a r is t o cr a cy, o r r e p u b lic.
U n d e r s t a n d a b ly, t h e P r o t e s t a n t m o n a r ch s lo a t h e d Ca r d i n a l
Be l l a r m i n e . A Collegio Anti-Bellarm inianum wa s e s t a b lis h e d a t H e i -
d e l b e r g t o t r a i n Lu t h e r a n s i n h o w t o c o p e w i t h Be l l a r m i n e ’s d e m -
ocr a t ic ega lit a r ia n is m . When Queen E liza b e t h ordered that
B e l l a r m i n e b e l e c t u r e d a g a i n s t a t C a m b r i d g e , t h e le c t u r e r , w h i l e
r e a d i n g t h e Ca r d i n a l t o r e fu t e h i m , c o n v e r t e d t o R o m a n C a t h o l i -
c i s m . T h e o d o r e Be za , w h o s u c c e e d e d J o h n C a l v i n a s h e a d o f t h e
P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h a t G e n e v a , i s s a id t o h a v e d e c l a r e d o f Be l -
l a r m i n e ’s m a gn u m opus, Christian Controversy , “T h i s b o o k h a s
r u in e d u s !”
O f t h e p r o ce s s o f “m a k i n g t h e e n e m y m o v e a s o n e w i s h e s , ”
Su n - t zu wr o t e : “ T h e gr e a t s c i e n c e i s t o m a k e h i m d es ir e e ve r yt h i n g
yo u w i s h h i m t o d o & t o p r o v i d e h i m w i t h a ll t h e m e a n s t o h e l p
yo u i n t h i s , w i t h o u t h i s r e a li zi n g it .” T h u s , l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y
r e a ch e d t h e Am e r i c a n r e vo lu t i o n a r i e s t h r o u g h t h e v o i c e a n d e n e r -
gie s o f it s p r i n c i p a l adversary , Si r R o b e r t F ilm e r . Si r R o b e r t s p e n t
t h e fir st fo u r p a g e s o f Patriarcha ( 16 8 0 ) , h is i llu s t r i o u s d e fe n s e o f
D i v i n e R i g h t m o n a r c h y , r e fu t i n g C a r d i n a l B e l l a r m i n e . Bu t h is
r e fu t a t io n c o n t a i n s s o m u c h m a t e r i a l fr o m Be lla r m in e ’s wo r k s t h a t
Patriarcha a m o u n t s t o n o t h i n g les s t h a n a c o n c i s e introduction o f
Be l l a r m i n i a n t h e o r y.
T h e t w o m o s t c o n s p i c u o u s r e vi e w e r s o f Patriarcha w e r e Al g e r -
13 0
C H AP T E R 14 T H E D O G M A O F I N D E P E N D E N CE
n o n S i d n e y, P u r it a n is m ’s gr e a t e s t p o l i t i c a l p h i l o s o p h e r , a n d J o h n
L o c k e , t h e v o i c e o f E n l i g h t e n m e n t i n E n g l a n d a n d Am e r i c a .
A l g e r n o n S i d n e y’s n a m e m e a n s li t t le t o m o d e r n Am e r i c a n s , b u t
in h is d a y, a n d for g e n e r a t i o n s a ft er , it wa s s yn o n ym o u s w i t h in d i-
v i d u a l lib e r t y. Ba b i e s a n d c o u n t r y e s t a t e s w e r e c a l l e d “S i d n e y ” i n
h is h o n o r , e v e n t h o u g h h e wa s b e h e a d e d i n 16 8 3 fo r p l o t t i n g t h e
d e a t h o f Ki n g Ch a r l e s I I . Sid n e y’s p h i l o s o p h i c a l a d m ir e r s l o ve d h is
o p e n h o s t i l i t y t o R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m . T h e y i gn o r e d h is in t r igu e s
w i t h t h e J esu it s o f Lo u is XI V, a n d h is lo n g vis it s t o R o m e . Discours-
e s concerning Governm ent, h i s m o s t c e l e b r a t e d w o r k , w a s k n o w n
r e s p e c t fu lly a s “t h e n o b l e b o o k . ” Af t e r it s r e p u b l i c a t i o n i n 17 6 3 ,
a l o n g w i t h a n a c c o u n t o f h is p r e p o s t e r o u s t r ia l ( n o i n d i c t m e n t , n o
a s s is t a n ce o f c o u n s e l, p e r ju r e d t e s t im o n y, t a i n t e d e v i d e n c e , p a c k e d
j u r y ) , i t c o u l d b e fo u n d i n t h e lib r a r y o f e v e r y a fflu e n t h o m e i n
Am e r i c a .
S i d n e y b e g a n Discourses w i t h t h e fo l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e : “H a v i n g
la t e ly s e e n a b o o k e n t i t l e d Patriarcha w r i t t e n b y Sir R o b e r t F i lm e r
c o n c e r n i n g t h e u n i ve r s a l a n d u n d i s t i n g u i s h e d r i gh t o f a ll k i n g s , I
t h o u g h t a t im e o f leis u r e m i g h t w e ll b e e m p l o ye d in e x a m i n i n g h is
d o c t r i n e a n d t h e q u e s t i o n s a r is in g fr o m it : w h i c h s e e m t o c o n c e r n
a ll m a n k i n d . ” W h e r e u p o n , q u o t i n g F ilm e r ’s q u o t a t i o n s fr o m Be l -
l a r m i n e , S i d n e y go e s o n t o a t t a c k F i lm e r a n d in the process defends
Bellarm ine. H o w w o n d r o u s l y S u n - t z u a n t h a t a t r u s t e d P r o t e s t a n t
t h i n k e r w o u l d i n d o c t r i n a t e a n a t i o n o f f e l l o w - Ca t h o l i c - b a s h e r s
w i t h t h e t e a c h i n g s o f a J esu it Ca r d i n a l !
J o h n L o c k e h e l d s u c h i n fl u e n c e o v e r r e vo l u t i o n a r y i n t e l l e c t u -
als t h a t h i s t o r i a n s h a v e la b e le d h i m “Am e r i c a ’s P h i l o s o p h e r . ” H e ,
t o o , e n d o r s e d Be l l a r m i n e b y a t t a c k i n g F ilm e r . O n t h e t it le p a ge o f
h is Tw o Treatises on Governm ent ( 16 9 0 ) , L o c k e a d ve r t i s e s t h a t h e
w i ll r e fu t e Patriarcha w i t h r e a s o n i n g w h e r e i n “t h e fa lse p r i n c i p l e s
a n d fo u n d a t i o n o f Sir R o b e r t F i lm e r a n d h is fo llo we r s a r e d e t e c t e d
a n d o ve r t h r o w n . ” H e t h e n e xp o u n d s Ca r d i n a l Be lla r m in e in h is
o w n w o r d s , wo r d s t h a t will b e c o m e t h e r a t i o n a l e o f t h e Am e r i c a n
R e v o l u t i o n : “ M e n b e i n g b y n a t u r e a ll fr e e , e q u a l , a n d i n d e p e n d -
e n t , n o o n e c a n b e p u t o u t o f t h is e s t a t e , a n d s u b je ct e d t o t h e
p o li t i c a l p o w e r o f a n o t h e r , w i t h o u t h is c o n s e n t . . . . ”
13 1
T h e p e r s o n a l lib r a r y o f t h e m a i n a u t h o r o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f
I n d e p e n d e n c e , T h o m a s J e ffe r s o n , c o n t a i n e d a c o p y o f Patriarcha,
a n d a ls o a h a n d s o m e fo l i o o f fo u r h u n d r e d n i n e t y - s e v e n p a ge s o f
t h e d is co u r s e s o f Al g e r n o n Si d n e y. “I f J effer son r e a d b u t t h e o p e n -
i n g p a g e s o f S i d n e y’s a n d F ilm e r ’s b o o k s , ” B e l l a r m i n i a n s c h o l a r
J o h n C l e m e n t R a g e r w r o t e i n 19 2 6 ,
h e h a d t h e p r in cip le s of d e m o cr a cy a s p r o p o u n d e d b y Be l-
la r m in e, in a n u t s h e ll. It is m or e t h a n likely, h o we ve r , t h a t t h e
cu r iosity of J efferson ... p r om p t ed [him ] t o look m or e d eep ly in t o
t h e or igin al wr it in gs of th is Ca t h o lic Sch o o lm a n .
[H e] h a d n o t far t o go. In t h e libr ar y of P r in ce t o n U n ive r s i-
ty t h er e was a cop y of Ca r d in a l Bella r m in e’s wor ks. J am es Ma d i-
son , a m em b er of t h e co m m it t e e w h i c h fr am ed t h e Vir gin ia
De cla r a t io n of Righ t s , was a gr a d u a t e of P r in ce t o n . Pr ob a b ly h e
read Bella r m in e, for at t h is p er iod of h is life h e r ead e ve r yt h in g
h e cou ld lay h is h a n d s on an d was d eep ly ver sed in r eligiou s con -
troversy.
I t m igh t b e r em a r ked t h a t sever a l m em b er s of t h e co m m it -
tee wh ich dr ew u p t h e [Vir gin ia] Decla r a t ion of Righ t s h a d b een
ed u ca t ed in En gla n d , wh er e t h e wr it in gs of Bella r m in e wer e n o t
u n p op u la r e ve n a m o n g t h ose w h o wer e m ost in im ica l t o h is
fait h .
T h e o p e r a t i ve p h i l o s o p h y o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e
is e a s ily t r a ce a b le t o Be l l a r m i n i a n li b e r a t i o n t h e o lo g y:
Cardin al Be llarm in e D e claratio n o f In de pe n de n ce
“P olit ica l p ower em a n a t es from “Th e p eop le are en d owed by t h eir

Go d . Go ve r n m e n t was in t r od u ced Cr ea t or wit h cer t a in in a lien a b le
by d ivin e law, bu t t h e d ivin e law r igh t s.”
h as give n th is p ower t o n o p ar t icu -
lar m a n .”
“Societ y m ust h a ve p ower t o pr o- “To secu r e th ese r igh t s, gover n -

t ect an d p r eser ve itself.” m en t s are in st it u t ed a m on g m en .”
13 2
C H AP T E R 14 T H E D O G M A O F I N D E P E N D E N CE
Cardin al Be llarm in e De claratio n o f In de pe n de n ce
“Th e p eop le t h em selves, im m ed i- “Go ve r n m e n t s are in st it u t ed

ately an d d ir ectly, h old t h e p olit i- a m on g m en , d er ivin g t h eir just
ca l p ower .” power s from t h e con sen t of t h e
gover n ed .”
“All m en are bor n n at u r ally free “All m en are cr eat ed equ al.”
an d eq u a l.”
“For legit im a t e r eason t h e p eop le “W h e n e ve r an y for m of gover n -

ca n ch a n ge t h e gover n m en t t o a n m en t b ecom es d est r u ct ive of th ese
ar istocr acy or a d em ocr a cy or vice en d s, it is t h e Righ t of t h e Peop le
ver sa.” to alter or a b olish it, an d to in sti-
t u t e a n ew gover m en t .”
I n t e r e s t i n gly, Patriarcha ( 16 8 0 ) wa s n o t p u b l i s h e d u n t i l t w e n -
t y- e i g h t ye a r s a ft er it s a u t h o r Si r R o b e r t F ilm e r ’s d e a t h . I t a r r i ve d
i n a n e r a o f d w i n d l i n g h o p e s for D i v i n e R i g h t , t h e c o n c e p t h a v i n g
b e e n t h o r o u g h l y d is cr e d it e d w h e n Ki n g Ch a r l e s I wa s b e h e a d e d i n
16 2 5 .
C o u l d it b e t h a t Patriarcha w a s e d i t e d o r g h o s t - w r i t t e n b y
J e s u it s a t t h e c o m m a n d o f S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l J o h n P a u l O l i v a
( 16 6 1—16 8 1) ? T h e p u r p o s e w o u l d h a v e b e e n t o i n d u c e t h e e n e -
m i e s o f R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m t o fo l l o w B e l l a r m i n e b y h a v i n g Be l -
l a r m i n i a n l i b e r a t i o n attacked b y a loser, F i lm e r , t h e d i s g r a c e d
c h a m p i o n o f a lo s t P r o t e s t a n t c a u s e . T h e i d e a i s n o t fa r - fe t c h e d
w h e n o n e co n s id e r s a c t u a l o u t c o m e . F o r Patriarcha d id in fa ct p r o -
d u ce t h e t h e o r y o f r e v o l u t i o n t h a t i m p e lle d t h e co lo n i s t s t o cr e a t e
a n a t i o n s u b s e r vie n t t o t h e b l a c k p a p a cy.
Bu t for l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y t o t r a n s la t e i n t o t h e v i o l e n c e n e c -
essa r y t o d i v i d e t h e E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g w o r l d , E n g l a n d h a d t o c o m -
m i t a ct s o f t yr a n n y. H o w t h i s w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d , d e s p i t e a d a ze d
a n d c o n fu s e d a n d r a t h e r i n n o c u o u s y o u n g k i n g , i s t h e s u b j e c t o f
o u r n e x t ch a p t e r .
13 3
J OH N STU AR T, 3RD EARL OF BUTE

(From the portrait by Ala n Ramsay.)
Chapter 15
THE MADNESS OF
KING GEORGE III
U
P O N T H E D E AT H i n 17 3 2 o f T h o m a s H o w a r d , E i g h t h D u k e
o f N o r fo l k a n d r e a l F o u n d e r o f Am e r i c a n F r e e m a s o n r y, t h e
N o r f o l k t it le p a s s e d t o T h o m a s ’ b r o t h e r E d wa r d . I n a cu r i-
ou s wa y, t h e N i n t h D u k e o f N o r f o l k p la ye d a p a r t in t h e fo u n d i n g
o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s a s w e ll, a lb e it a c a m e o r o le .
Su n - t zu w r o t e
Mu lt ip ly you r spies, p u t t h em ever ywh er e, in t h e ver y Pa la ce

of t h e en em y Pr in ce; h a ve a list of t h e p r in cip a l Officer s wh o are
at h is ser vice. Kn o w t h eir fir st & last n am es, t h e n u m b er of t h eir
ch ild r e n , t h eir r ela t ives , t h eir fr ien d s, t h eir ser va n t s. Let n o t h -
in g h a p p en t o t h em t h a t is n ot k n o wn t o you .
E d w a r d , N i n t h D u k e o f N o r f o l k , wa s a r e gu la r i n t h e c r o w d o f
F r e d e r i c k W i l l i a m , P r i n c e o f W a l e s , a n d h is P r i n c e s s , Au g u s t a o f
Sa xo n y. T h e W a l e s e s w e r e p a r t y cr e a t u r e s , a n d a n o n - g o i n g d is a p -
13 5
p o i n t m e n t t o t h e P r in ce ’s fa t h e r , Ki n g G e o r g e I I . T h e k i n g r e s e n t -
e d t h a t h is s o n a p p e a r e d n o t t o h a v e i n h e r i t e d h is c r a vi n g for wa r –
G e o r g e I I wa s t h e la s t Br i t i s h m o n a r c h t o le a d h is a r m y i n t o b a t -
t le , w h i c h h e d id a ga in s t t h e S p a n i s h i n 17 3 9 . G e o r g e d e s p is e d h is
son ’s I gn a t i a n e n t o u r a ge . W h e n F r e d e r ick W i l l i a m r a n u p a n e xo r -
b i t a n t t a b e n t e r t a i n i n g fo r e i g n a m b a s s a d o r s a t S t . J a m es ’s P a l a c e ,
t h e k i n g c u t h i s a l l o w a n c e , s h o o e d t h e a m b a s s a d o r s a wa y, a n d
o r d e r e d t h e c o u p l e t o m o v e o u t o f S t . J a m e s ’s a n d t a k e u p a s i m -
p le r r e s id e n cy a t Le i ce s t e r H o u s e .
I n 17 3 8 , Au g u s t a g a v e b i r t h t o a s o n , G e o r g e W i l l i a m . At t h e
a ge o f s ix t h e c h i l d w a s p l a c e d u n d e r t h e t u t e l a g e o f a Dr .
Ay s c o u g h . L i k e t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s , Ay s c o u g h d id n o t w i s h t h e
h e a d o f t h e C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d w e l l . “ H e i s c h i e fl y r e m a r k a b l e , ”
says Br i t t a n i ca , “a s a n a d h e r e n t o f t h e o p p o s i t i o n . ” Ays c o u g h ’s r o le
i n h i s t o r y w a s t o k e e p t h e fu t u r e k i n g o f E n g l a n d , w h o s u ffe r e d
e m o t i o n a l l y u n d e r t h e u n g a i n l y s q u a b b l e s d i v i d i n g fa t h e r a n d
gr a n d fa t h e r , vi r t u a lly illit e r a t e for m o r e t h a n five ye a r s .
T h e P r i n c e o f W a l e s wa s fo n d o f h o r s e - r a c i n g . O n e a ft e r n o o n
in 17 4 7 , s o t h e o fficia l s t o r y go e s , a s u d d e n d o w n p o u r o f r a i n c o n -
fi n e d h i m a n d a h a n d fu l o f fr ie n d s t o h i s t e n t a t t h e E g h a m r a ce s .
D e t e r m i n e d t o p la y ca r d s , t h e P r i n c e s e n t E d w a r d , N i n t h D u k e o f
N o r f o l k , o u t in t h e r a i n t o fin d s o m e o n e t o m a k e u p a w h i s t p a r t y.
T h e D u k e r e t u r n e d w i t h a s t r ik in gly h a n d s o m e S c o t , J o h n St u a r t ,
t h i r d E a r l o f B u t e . “B u t e i m m e d i a t e l y g a i n e d t h e fa v o u r o f t h e
p r i n c e a n d p r in ce s s ,” sa ys Br i t t a n i c a , “a n d b e c a m e t h e le a d i n g p er -
s o n a g e a t t h e i r c o u r t . ” W h a t B r i t a n n i c a o m i t s s a yi n g , a l o n g w i t h
e ve r y o t h e r s o u r ce I c o u ld fin d o n t h is le a d i n g c h a r a c t e r in t h e for -
m a t i o n o f An g l o - Am e r i c a n r e la t io n s , is t h a t Bu t e , like N o r fo lk ,
wa s a secret brother of the Lodge. T h i s fa ct is a s ce r t a in a b le o n ly fr o m
t h e k e y s t o n e o f t h e a r c h o v e r Bu t e ’s m a u s o l e u m i n S t . M a r y’s
C e m e t e r y a t R o t h e s a y , I s le o f B u t e , i n t h e F i r t h o f C l y d e w e s t o f
Gla s g o w . C a r v e d i n t o t h a t k e ys t o n e i s t h e fa m ilia r M a s o n i c d is e m -
b o d i e d a ll- s e e in g e ye .
B o r n i n 17 13 , e d u c a t e d a t E t o n , Bu t e w a s e l e c t e d i n 17 3 7 t o
t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p e e r a g e fo r S c o t l a n d . H e n e v e r o p e n e d h is
m o u t h i n d e b a t e . W h e n h is b id for r e - e l e c t i o n fa ile d , h e r e t u r n e d
13 6
C H AP T E R 15 T H E M AD N E S S O F K I N G G E O R G E I I I
t o t h e fa m ily e s t a t e o n t h e Isle o f Bu t e , w h o s e r e m a r k a b ly t e m p e r -
a t e c l i m a t e p r o d u c e s a lu s h fo l i a g e , e v e n p a l m t r e e s . T h e r e h e
i n d u l g e d a p a s s i o n fo r b o t a n y t h a t c a n b e e x p e r i e n c e d t o t h i s d a y
i n t h e v e r d a n t gr o u n d s a t M o u n t R o t h e s a y. I n 17 4 5 , Bu t e s u d d e n -
l y left R o t h e s a y a n d t o o k u p r e s i d e n c e i n L o n d o n . T h e ye a r 17 4 5
is d i s t i n gu i s h e d b y t h e s o - c a lle d J a co b i t e R e b e l l i o n , a n o t h e r w o n -
d r o u s S u n - t z u a n r u s e i n w h i c h a p p a r e n t d e fe a t for t h e S o c i e t y o f
J esu s m a s k e d a h i d d e n vict o r y.
T h e J a c o b i t e R e b e l l i o n a i m e d t o r e s t o r e R o m a n C a t h o l i c r u le
o v e r E n g l a n d b y d e p o s i n g G e o r g e I I a n d p l a c i n g J a m e s II’s gr a n d -
s o n Ch a r l e s St u a r t , b e t t e r k n o w n a s Bo n n i e P r i n ce Ch a r l i e , o n t h e
t h r o n e . H o we ve r , w h e n Ch a r l i e m a r ch e d o n Lo n d o n w i t h a b a n d
o f Sco t t is h d e vo t e e s , n o Ca t h o l i c p o lit icia n o f a n y p r o m in e n ce
w o u l d d e s e r t G e o r g e I I . T h e R e b e l l i o n wa s fo r ce d t o a b o r t . C h a r -
lie e s ca p e d t o F r a n ce a n d t h e a n d t h e S c o t s w e r e m a s s a cr e d . Cl e a r -
ly, t h is wa s a C a t h o l i c d isa st er . O r wa s it ? S u c h e x t e n s i v e C a t h o l i c
s u p p o r t for a P r o t e s t a n t k i n g a s s u r e d E n g l a n d t h a t t h e m o n a r c h y
w o u l d b e fo r e ve r P r o t e s t a n t . A C a t h o l i c E n g l a n d w a s n o w a n
i m p o s s i b l e d r e a m . T h e J e s u it s c o u l d g i v e u p . E n g l i s h m e n c o u l d
n o w r e l a x w i t h t h e m i n t h e i r m i d s t , ju s t a s J e s u it s c o u l d n o w g o
a b o u t t h e i r b u s i n e s s w i t h o u t c a u s i n g o ffi ci a l a l a r m . T h e J a c o b i t e
R e b e l l i o n m a d e E n g l a n d a t l a s t . . . safe fo r t h e b l a c k p a p a c y. T h e
J esu it s s e cu r e d a n e w c o v e r b y b l o w i n g t h e ir c o v e r – “b l o w n c o v e r
a s co ve r ” in t h e p a r la n ce o f C I A. T h e Su n - Tzu a n Ge n e r a l win s
wh a t e ve r t h e cir cu m s t a n ce s .
W H E N Bu t e j o i n e d t h e c o u r t o f t h e P r i n c e a n d P r i n c e s s o f
W a l e s , t h e ir s o n G e o r g e W i l l i a m wa s a n e m o t i o n a l b a s k e t
ca s e . Bu t e l a v i s h e d a t t e n t i o n o n t h e la d , w o n h is t r u s t a n d a d m i -
r a t i o n , b e c a m e h is m e n t o r . I n d e e d , Bu t e m a d e h i m s e l f s o d e l i g h t -
fu lly in d is p en s a b le aroun d Le ice s t e r H ouse that the P r in ce
a p p o i n t e d h i m , i n 17 5 0 , t o t h e m o s t i n t i m a t e p o s i t i o n o n h is staff,
Lo r d o f t h e Be d c h a m b e r . N o t h i n g h a p p e n e d i n t h e life o f t h e t w o
h e ir s t o t h e t h r o n e o f E n g l a n d t h a t wa s n o t p r i vy t o a m a n u n d e r
o b e d i e n c e t o t h e U n k n o w n Su p e r io r .
Bu t i n t h e ye a r f o l l o w i n g Bu t e ’s a p p o i n t m e n t , t h e P r i n c e d i e d
13 7
m ys t e r io u s ly a t t h e a ge o f for t y-fou r . R u m o r s t h a t Bu t e wa s r e s p o n -
s ib le c i r c u l a t e d for a w h i l e a n d e v a p o r a t e d . H o w e v e r , go s s ip li n k -
in g Bu t e r o m a n t i c a l l y t o P r in ce s s Au g u s t a n e v e r w e n t a wa y, e v e n
t h o u g h h e wa s h u s b a n d t o a d e v o t e d wife a n d h a p p y fa m ily.
G e o r g e I I , s u r p r i s i n gly d e s o l a t e o v e r t h e P r i n c e ’s u n t i m e l y
d e a t h , r e m a i n e d a n a b s u r d ly s t e r n gr a n d fa t h e r t o G e o r g e W i l l i a m .
U n t i l h is o w n d e a t h i n 17 6 0 , G e o r g e I I gr e w i n c r e a s i n g l y m e l a n -
ch o li c a n d d is in t er es t ed in r u lin g. P a r lia m e n t ga in e d s t r e n gt h .
Bu t e a c t e d t h e s u r r o ga t e fa t h e r t o t h e fu t u r e k i n g . C a r i n g fo r t h e
g a r d e n s a t L e i c e s t e r H o u s e , h e i n s p i r e d t h e b o y w i t h a l i fe l o n g
i n t e r e s t i n b o t a n y. H e e n c o u r a g e d h i m t o p a t r o n i ze t h e a r t s – t h e
c o m p o s e r H a n d e l , t h o u g h b li n d , wa s s t ill s u p e r i n t e n d i n g p e r fo r m -
a n c e s o f h is w o r k s a t t h e r o ya l b e h e s t . H o w e v e r , Bu t e d id lit t le t o
a lla y Ge o r g e ’s t o r m e n t i n g fea r s o f in a d e q u a cy. R e i n fo r c i n g h i m s e lf
a s t h e id e a l o f c o n d u c t , t h e S c o t n o u r i s h e d t h e b o y’s s e lf- d is t r u s t ,
w h i c h w o u l d b e c o m e t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t fe a t u r e o f h is m a t u r it y.
S u c h wa s t h e c o n t e x t o f E n glis h p o we r w h e n Lo r e n zo R i c c i
t i p p e d t h e s t o n e s i n t h e O h i o v a l l e y t h a t t u m b l e d i n t o a c o s t ly
w o r l d w a r b e t w e e n E n g l a n d a n d F r a n c e . S i x ye a r s i n t o t h e wa r ,
G e o r g e I I d i e d a t t h e a ge o f s e v e n t y - s e v e n . H e le ft b e h i n d a d is -
u n i t e d P a r l i a m e n t a n d a d ys fu n c t i o n a l h e i r b a r e ly o u t o f h is t e e n s .
G e o r g e W i l l i a m , n o w Ki n g G e o r g e I I I , fe a r fu lly t u r n e d t h e Br it is h
E m p i r e o v e r t o J o h n S t u a r t . Bu t e a c t e d s wift ly t o c o n f o r m t o t h e
w i s h e s o f h is U n k n o w n Su p e r i o r . H e b e g a n b y a p p o i n t i n g a m o r e
c o m p l i a n t first lo r d o f t h e Tr ea s u r y, t h e office la t e r t o b e k n o w n a s
P r i m e M i n i s t e r . N e x t , w i t h s e c r e t l y- fu n d e d g r a n t s , h e p u r c h a s e d
vo t e s fr o m k e y m e m b e r s o f P a r l i a m e n t w i d e ly k n o w n a s “t h e Kin g’s
F r i e n d s . ” U n d e r t h e n o b l e p r e t e x t o f a c h i e v i n g “a c l o s e r u n i t y o f
t h e Br i t i s h E m p i r e u n d e r P a r l i a m e n t , ” Bu t e w h i p p e d t h e Ki n g ’s
F r ie n d s i n t o p a s s in g a la w t o e n fo r c e wr it s o f a s s is t a n ce a cr o s s t h e
At l a n t i c . T h e s e w e r e r e v e n u e - r a i s i n g w a r r a n t s is s u e d s u m m a r i l y
u n d e r t h e r o ya l s e a l r e q u i r i n g a la w o ffi ce r t o t a k e p o s s e s s i o n o f
la n d s w i t h o u t t r ia l, w i t h o u t ju r y.
O n e d oes n ot n eed a d oct or a t e in p olit ica l s cien ce t o k n o w
t h a t s u m m a r y e x p r o p r i a t i o n is a su r e w a y t o d i vi d e a n e m p i r e , n o t
u n i t e it . W h e n t h e w r i t s w e r e e n fo r c e d i n M a s s a c h u s e t t s , J a m e s
13 8
C H AP T E R 15 T H E M AD N E S S O F K I N G G E O R G E III
O t i s r e s i gn e d h is Ad v o c a t e - G e n e r a l ' s p o s t i n t h e C o u r t o f A d m i -
r a lt y t o p r e a c h a g a i n s t t h e m “i n a s t yle o f o r a t o r y, ” J o h n A d a m s
w o u l d la t e r r e ca ll, “t h a t I h a v e n e v e r h e a r d e q u a lle d in t h is o r a n y
o t h e r c o u n t r y. ” I n J u ly 17 7 6 , A d a m s w o u l d d e c l a r e t h a t t h e
e n f o r c e m e n t o f Bu t e ' s w r i t s o f a s s i s t a n c e i n 17 6 1 w a s “t h e c o m -
m e n c e m e n t o f t h is c o n t r o ve r s y b e t w e e n G r e a t Br i t a i n a n d Am e r i -
ca .” 1
Lo r e n z o R i c c i ' s W a r , o r t h e M a r i t i m e W a r , o r t h e F r e n c h a n d
I n d i a n W a r s , c a m e t o a n e n d i n 17 6 3 . E n g l a n d w a s t h e a p p a r e n t
v i c t o r . Bu t e w a s s e n t b y h i s p r o t e g e , G e o r g e I I I , t o n e g o t i a t e a
p e a c e i n P a r is . As s i s t e d b y R o b e r t P e t t y, Lo r d S h e l b u r n e , t h e n o t o -
r io u s “J e s u it o f B e r k e l e y S q u a r e , ” Bu t e p e r fe c t e d t h e T r e a t y o f
P a r is . U n d e r it s t e r m s E n g l a n d w o n fr o m F r a n c e a ll o f C a t h o l i c
Q u e b e c a n d t h e r e g i o n e a s t o f t h e M is s is s ip p i, e x c e p t for t h e is la n d
o f N e w O r l e a n s . T h i s w a s s u c h a gr e a t t e r r i t o r i a l w i n d fa l l fo r t h e
c o l o n i s t s t h a t N o r t h C a r o l i n i a n s c r e a t e d Bu t e C o u n t y i n t h e
n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e co lo n y. 2
H o w e v e r , Bu t e r e s t r i c t e d t h e
w i n d fa l l b y o r d e r i n g t h e i n fa m o u s R o y a l P r o c l a m a t i o n o f 17 6 3 ,
w h i c h p r o h i b i t e d Am e r i c a n s fr o m m o v i n g w e s t o f a l i n e d r a w n
a l o n g t h e cr e s t o f t h e Al l e g h e n y M o u n t a i n s . M o s t colon ist s
vie we d t h e P r o cla m a t io n a s a s ch e m e t o im p r ison t h e m b e t w e e n
t h e Al l e g h e n i e s a n d t h e At l a n t i c . T o p u r c h a s e r s o f w e s t e r n r e a l
e s t a t e p r io r t o t h e Tr e a t y, i t w a s le ga li ze d t h e ft . T h e c h u r c h g o e r s
sa w a p a p a l a d v a n c e : “ W i t h R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m n o lo n ge r a c t i ve -
l y p e r s e c u t e d i n E n g l a n d , m a n y Am e r i c a n s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e
m o t h e r c o u n t r y wa s a b o u t t o r e t u r n t o R o m e . ” 3
P r io r t o Lo r e n zo R i c c i ' s a c c e s s i o n t o t h e b l a c k p a p a c y i n 17 5 8 ,
t h e co lo n is t s h a d b e e n b lissfu lly lo ya l t o t h e m o t h e r co u n t r y. Lo o k -
in g b a c k o n t h e p r e - R i c c i a n ye a r s w h i l e t e s t i fyi n g b e fo r e t h e
H o u s e o f C o m m o n s i n 17 6 6 , Be n j a m i n F r a n k l i n r e ca lle d t h a t “t h e
c o lo n i s t s w e r e g o v e r n e d b y E n g l a n d a t t h e e x p e n s e o n l y o f a lit t le
p e n , i n k , a n d p a p e r ; t h e y w e r e le d b y a t h r e a d . ” Ye t , w i t h t h e r ise
o f R i c c i , a s if in p r e p a r a t i o n for t h e a b s u r d it ie s o f Bu t e , r a d ica l p r o -
p a ga n d is t s b e g a n a p p e a r i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o l o n i e s - Ch r i s t o p h e r
G a d s d e n i n S o u t h C a r o l i n a , Co r n e l i u s H a r n e t t i n N o r t h C a r o l i -
n a , P a t r i ck H e n r y a n d T h o m a s J effer son i n Vi r g i n i a , a n d , i n P e n n -
13 9
s y l v a n i a , C h a r l e s T h o m s o n . T h e d e a n o f a ll t h e s e p r o p a g a n d i s t s
wa s S a m u e l Ad a m s , t h e c e l e b r a t e d “F a t h e r o f t h e Am e r i c a n R e v -
o l u t i o n ” a n d F r e e m a s o n r y’s “d o m i n a n t figu r e i n t h e m o b i l i z a t i o n
o f t h e Bo s t o n a r t is a n s a n d i n l a n d t o w n s . ” J o h n Ad a m s , in a le t t e r
4
d a t e d F e b r u a r y 9 , 18 19 , fr a m e d h is c o u s i n Sa m ’s p o l i t i c a l a c t i vi s m
w i t h i n exactly t h e s e v e n t e e n yea r s o f Lo r e n zo R icci’s ge n e r a la t e :
Sa m u e l Ad a m s , t o m y ce r t a in k n o wle d ge , fr om 175 8 t o
1775 , t h a t is, for s e ve n t e e n yea r s, m a d e it h is co n s t a n t r u le t o
wa t ch t h e rise of ever y b r illia n t gen iu s, t o seek h is a cq u a in t a n ce,
t o cou r t h is fr ien d sh ip , t o cu lt iva t e h is n a t u r a l feelin gs in fa vor
of h is n a t ive cou n t r y, t o wa r n h im a ga in st t h e h ost ile d esign s of
Gr e a t Br it a in , an d t o fix h is affect ion s an d r eflection s on t h e side
of h is n a t ive cou n tr y.
T h u s , w e l l b e fo r e t h e a d v e n t o f m u c h t o r e b e l a g a i n s t – w e l l
b e fo r e Bu t e ’s w r i t s o f a s s i s t a n c e a n d t h e R o y a l P r o c l a m a t i o n – a
p r o p a g a n d a o f A m e r i c a n r e b e l l i o n w a s b e i n g o r g a n i z e d . At t h e
s a m e t i m e , Dr . F r a n k l i n p u t t o g e t h e r t h e m e a n s o f d i s s e m i n a t i n g
it . H e s t r e a m li n e d t h e c o l o n i a l p o s t a l s ys t e m t o flow s m o o t h l y a n d
e fficie n t ly fr o m s o u t h e r n Vi r g i n i a t h r o u g h e a s t e r n N e w E n g la n d .
O n t h e d i p l o m a t i c fr o n t , E n gla n d ’s fu t u r e w a r - m a k i n g ca p a b i l-
it y w a s s t u n t e d b y t h e P a r is n e g o t i a t i o n s o f Bu t e a n d S h e l b u r n e ,
w h i c h i s o l a t e d E n g l a n d fr o m a n y p o s s i b i l i t y o f f o r m i n g h e l p fu l
E u r o p e a n a lli a n c e s . T h i s , i n 17 6 3 , w a s o f n e g l i g i b l e i m p o r t a n c e t o
a n y o n e b u t t h e fo r e k n o w i n g a n d o m n i s c i e n t Lo r e n zo R i c c i . W h e n
t h e h o u r c a m e for Am e r i c a t o r e vo l t for i n d e p e n d e n c e , a n d n o o n e
bu t R icci k n e w wh e n t h a t h ou r wou ld co m e , En gla n d h ad t o b e
fr ie n d le s s ly a l o n e .
H a vi n g we a k e n e d E n gla n d a n d st im u la t ed t h e p r o d u ct io n of
h o s t i le , d i vi s i ve r h e t o r i c in Am e r i c a , Bu t e r e s ign e d fr o m p u b li c life
a ve r y u n p o p u l a r m a n . Bu t t h e k in g’s m e n t o r wa s n o t ye t fin is h e d .
F r o m t h e s h a d o w s , Bu t e h a n d p i c k e d a n e w P r im e M in is t e r , G e o r g e
G r e n v i l l e . G r e n v i l l e m a d e a b r o a d s h o w o f r efu s in g t o a c c e p t office
u n le s s t h e k i n g p r o m i s e d n e v e r a g a i n t o e m p l o y Bu t e i n o ffice o r
s e e k h i s c o u n s e l . T h e k i n g p r o m i s e d . P l e d g i n g t o g i v e t h e Br i t i s h
Em p ir e a t h o r o u gh o ve r h a u lin g, Gr e n vi lle t h e n p r o ce e d e d ( wit h
14 0
C H AP T E R 15 T H E M AD N E S S O F K I N G G E O R G E I I I
Bu t e ’s s e c r e t c o u n s e l a n d m o r e m o n e y g r a n t s fr o m t h e Ki n g ’s
F r ie n d s ) t o cr e a t e d y n a m i c s it u a t io n s t h a t a c c e l e r a t e d Br i t a i n a n d
t h e c o l o n i e s t o w a r d d i vo r c e .
D u t i e s w e r e i n c r e a s e d o n c o l o n i a l i m p o r t s , ju s t i fi e d b y t h e
n o t i o n t h a t t h e c o l o n i e s s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t h e i r fa ir s h a r e t o t h e
in cr ea sed e xp e n s e s o f r u n n in g a n E m p ir e m u c h e xp a n d e d b y t h e
T r e a t y o f P a r is . H i g h e r d u t i e s h e i g h t e n e d s m u g g l i n g a c t i v i t i e s ,
w h i c h i n t u r n i n cr e a s e d t h e a d m i r a lt y c a s e lo a d . Am e r i c a n s b e g a n
sn iffin g t yr a n n y in t h e b r e e ze .
G r e n v i l l e ’s n e w S u g a r a n d M o l a s s e s A c t e n f o r c e d r u i n o u s
d u t i e s o n fo r e i g n s t a p le s n e c e s s a r y fo r r u m - m a k i n g . T h e A c t
r e d u c e d i m p o r t s o f s u ga r a n d m o la s s e s fr o m t h e F r e n c h , S p a n i s h ,
a n d D u t c h W e s t I n d ie s , w h i c h in t u r n gr e a t ly r e d u ce d t h e m e a t ,
fis h , flou r , h o r s e s a n d l u m b e r w h i c h t h e c o l o n i e s c o u l d e x p o r t t o
t h e i s la n d s . T h i s c a u s e d a s l u m p i n c o l o n i a l p r o d u c t i o n . La r g e
d e b t s w h i c h c o l o n i s t s o w e d t o t h e i r Br it is h cr e d it o r s for fu r n it u r e ,
c l o t h i n g , i r o n w a r e , p o t t e r y, je we lr y, a n d m a n y o t h e r a r t icle s , w e n t
u n p a id . M e r c h a n t s co m p la i n e d t h a t P a r lia m e n t wa s k illin g t h e
go o s e t h a t la id t h e g o l d e n e g g . P a r l i a m e n t ’s s t r a n ge r e s p o n s e w a s
t o p r o h i b i t t h e c o l o n i e s fr o m issu in g p a p e r cu r r e n cy t o s u p p ly t h e ir
la ck o f g o ld a n d s ilve r . G e o r g e G r e n v i l l e d id , h o w e v e r , i n v i t e t h e
fu m in g co lo n i s t s t o p r o p o s e s u gge s t io n s for h o w t h e y w o u l d lik e t o
b e t a xe d . W h e n t h e co lo n i s t s r efu sed t o d ign ify t h e i n vi t a t i o n w i t h
a r e s p o n s e , P a r l i a m e n t i n M a r c h 17 6 5 p a s s e d , w i t h o u t d e b a t e o r
o p p o s i t i o n , a n e v e n m o r e in fu r ia t in g m e a s u r e .
T h e S t a m p A c t r e q u i r e d t h e p u r c h a s i n g a n d fi x i n g o f s t a m p s
t o a ll c o l o n i a l d e e d s , le a s e s , b ills o f s a le , p a m p h l e t s , n e w s p a p e r s ,
a d ve r t i s e m e n t s , m o r t g a g e s , w i lls , a n d c o n t r a c t s . I f d u t ie s o n s u ga r
a n d m o la s s e s c o u ld b e c o n s i d e r e d p a r t o f t h e r e gu la t i o n o f t h e E m -
p ir e’s t r a d e , t h e S t a m p A c t w a s a t a x l e v i e d b y a b o d y t h o u s a n d s
o f m ile s a w a y for t h e s o le p u r p o s e o f r a is in g a r e v e n u e . I t a ffe ct e d
a ll cla s s e s o f c o l o n i s t . N e v e r b e fo r e h a d P a r l i a m e n t d a r e d t o i m -
p o s e s u c h a t a x . W h e r e a s t h e d u t y o n fo r e i g n m o la s s e s o r a n t i -
s m u g g l i n g m e a s u r e s w e r e fe lt o n l y b y t h e gr e a t m e r c h a n t s i n N e w
Yo r k , Bo s t o n , P h i l a d e l p h i a , o r Ch a r l e s t o n , t h e S t a m p A c t a ffe ct e d
a w i d e r p u b l i c . I t a d d e d t h e p r i ce o f a s t a m p t o t h e la wye r ’s b i ll o f
14 1
e ve r y co lo n i s t s e llin g a h o r s e , m a k i n g a will, or m o r t ga gin g a

h o u s e . T h e p r ice o f e ve r y n e ws p a p e r wa s in cr e a s e d b y t h e s t a t e d
va lu e o f t h e s t a m p a t t a c h e d t o it .
In Ma ssa ch u set t s, “B r i t a n n u s Am e r i c a n u s , ” on e of Sa m
Ad a m s ’ m o r e t h a n t w e n t y p s e u d o n y m s , c h a r g e d t h a t i t w a s a s
a b s u r d fo r P a r l i a m e n t t o t a x t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e a s i t w o u l d b e
for a n a s s e m b ly o f Am e r i c a n s t o t a x t h e p e o p l e o f E n g l a n d . I n Vir -
gin ia , P a t r ick H e n r y cr ie d h is s lo ga n “N O T A X A T I ON W I T H OU T R E P-
R E S E N T A T I O N ! ” F r o m t h e L o n d o n Co f f e e H o u s e i n P h i l a d e l p h i a ,
Ch a r l e s T h o m s o n le d a s e cr e t c l u b o f wo r k e r s , t e a ch e r s , m e r c h a n t s
a n d p r o fe s s i o n a ls i n a d v o c a t i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d s a le s o f l o c a l
good s s t r e n gt h e n e d b y a n in t e r co lo n ia l a gr e e m e n t n o t t o im p or t
go o d s fr o m Br i t a i n .
A m o n t h b e fo r e t h e fir st s t a m p s a r r i ve d , S a m Ad a m s a g i t a t e d
M a s s a c h u s e t t s t o h o l d a “S t a m p A c t Co n g r e s s , ” w h i c h c o n v e n e d
a t N e w Yo r k i n O c t o b e r . T h e Co n g r e s s d r e w u p a D e c l a r a t i o n o f
R i g h t s a n d G r i e v a n c e s p r o t e s t i n g t h a t t h e A c t t h r e a t e n e d “t h e lib -
e r t ie s o f t h e c o l o n i e s . ” By t h e t i m e t h e s t a m p s a r r i ve d fr o m E n g -
l a n d i n N o v e m b e r , t h e c o lo n i s t s h a d fo r ce d m o s t o f t h e s t a m p - d is -
t r i b u t o r s t o r e s i g n . T h e m e r c h a n t s o f B o s t o n , N e w Yo r k , a n d
P h i l a d e l p h i a a gr e e d n o t t o im p o r t E n gli s h go o d s , ca u s in g a d e c l i n e
i n t r a d e w i t h G r e a t Br i t a i n o f a b o u t t w e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t w i t h i n a
ye a r . I n a n a d d r e s s b e fo r e t h e H o u s e o f C o m m o n s , B e n j a m i n
F r a n k l i n issu ed h is fa m o u s w a r n i n g t h a t if t r o o p s s h o u ld b e s e n t t o
t h e c o l o n i e s t o e n fo r c e t h e A c t , t h e y “w i l l n o t fin d a r e v o l u t i o n
t h e r e b u t m i g h t ve r y w e l l create one.”
G r e n v i l l e ’s m i n i s t r y s u d d e n l y fe ll t o W i l l i a m P i t t a n d Lo r d
R o c k i n g h a m , w h o r e p e a le d t h e S t a m p A c t i n M a r c h . T h e c o l o n i e s
r e j o i c e d a n d p l e d g e d l o ya l t y t o G e o r g e I I I . T h e y h a r d l y n o t i c e d
t h a t t h e Ki n g ’s F r i e n d s h a d a c c o m p a n i e d t h e r e p e a l w i t h a
D e c l a r a t o r y A c t c l a i m i n g “fu ll p o w e r a n d a u t h o r i t y t o b i n d t h e
c o l o n i e s a n d p e o p l e o f Am e r i c a , s u b j e c t s o f t h e C r o w n o f G r e a t
Br i t a i n , in a ll ca s e s w h a t s o e ve r . ”
R e g a r d i n g P a t r i c k H e n r y’s o b j e c t i o n s t o u n fa ir t a x a t i o n a s “s o
m u c h n o n s e n s e ,” Ch a r l e s T o w n s h e n d , Ch a n c e l l o r o f t h e E x c h e -
q u e r , v o w e d t o ge t “p l e n t y o f r e v e n u e fr o m t h e c o l o n i e s . ” I n t h e
14 2
C H AP T E R 15 T H E M AD N E S S O F K I N G G E O R G E III
s u m m e r o f 17 6 7 , h e a n d t h e Kin g’s F r ie n d s p a ssed a ct s la yi n g d u t ie s

o n gla s s , p a i n t e r s ’ c o l o r s , r e d a n d w h i t e l e a d , p a p e r , a n d t e a
s h i p p e d t o Am e r i c a . Bu t t h e a ct s p r o d u c e d l i t t l e r e v e n u e . By
T o w n s h e n d ’s o w n e s t i m a t e , m a d e s h o r t l y b e fo r e h i s p r e m a t u r e
d e a t h a t fo r t y- t w o , t h e Br it is h Tr e a s u r y s t o o d t o ga i n n o m o r e t h a n
£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 . T h e r e a l, c o v e r t , p u r p o s e o f t h e A c t s a p p e a r s t o h a v e
b e e n n o t t o ge t “p le n t y o f r e ve n u e , ” b u t t o s t im u la t e t h e r e b e llio u s
i n ve s t m e n t o f c o l o n i a l ca p i t a l i n lo ca l m a n u fa c t u r i n g.
I n M a r c h o f 17 7 0 , a s m a ll c r o w d o f j e e r i n g Bo s t o n i a n s p e l t e d
a fe w Br it is h r e d co a t s w i t h s n o wb a lls . T h e a n gr y r e d co a t s fir ed i n t o
t h e c r o w d , k i lli n g fou r m e n , w o u n d i n g s e ve r a l m o r e . T h e t o w n a n d
s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y s i d e r e a c t e d i n r a ge t o t h e B o s t o n M a s s a c r e .
S a m u e l A d a m s le d h i s d i s c i p l e s t o t h e m a n s i o n o f a c t i n g G o v e r -
n or Th o m a s H u t ch in s o n an d d em a n d ed t h e im m ed ia t e d ep or ta-
t i o n o f t h e r e d co a t s , w h o wis e ly r e t r e a t e d t o Ca s t l e W i l l i a m o n t h e
h a r b o r . W h e n n e w s o f t h e M a s s a c r e r e a c h e d E n g l a n d , t h e Ki n g ’s
F r ie n d s s co ld e d H u t c h i n s o n ’s “c o w a r d l y s u r r e n d e r t o S a m Ad a m s ’s
r e gim e n t s . ” T h e n c e f o r t h , e a c h a n n ive r s a r y o f t h e Bo s t o n M a s s a cr e
b e c a m e a n o c c a s i o n for Ad a m s a n d o t h e r s t o m a k e m o r e b lis t e r in g
o r a t io n s a ga in s t Br it is h t yr a n n y in fa vo r o f i n d e p e n d e n c e .
I n 17 7 0 , Lo r d N o r t h , t h e n e w P r i m e M i n i s t e r , d e c l a r e d t h e
T o w n s h e n d Ac t s wer e co s t in g m o r e t o co lle ct t h a n t h e r e ve n u e
wa s r e t u r n i n g t o t h e Tr e a s u r y. N o r t h s e c u r e d t h e r e p e a l o f a ll t h e
To w n s h e n d d u t ies, e xce p t a t a x on t ea of t h r e e p e n ce a p o u n d t o
p r o ve P a r l i a m e n t h a d a u t h o r i t y t o t a x t h e c o l o n i e s . T h e c o l o n i s t s
w e r e n ’t a ffe ct e d b y t h is m i n i s c u l e t a x , s i n c e m o s t o f t h e i r t e a wa s
s m u ggle d in fr o m H o l l a n d a n ywa y. F e e lin gs t o wa r d E n g l a n d t u r n e d
a m i c a b l e o n c e a g a i n , a s c o l o n i a l m e r c h a n t s i n cr e a s e d o r d e r s fr o m
Br it is h fir m s fr o m £ 1, 3 3 6 , 12 2 i n 17 6 9 t o £ 4 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 . S a m Ad a m s ,
P a t r i c k H e n r y, C h a r l e s T h o m s o n a n d T h o m a s J e ffe r s o n t o o k
a d v a n t a g e o f t h e lu ll t o a gi t a t e . O b s e r v i n g t h e fir st a n n i ve r s a r y o f
t h e B o s t o n M a s s a c r e o n M a r c h 5 , 17 7 1, A d a m s c a l l e d fo r a c t i o n
a n d s o lid a r it y:
It is h igh t im e for t h e p eop le of t h is co u n t r y e xp licit ly t o

d ecla r e wh e t h e r t h ey will b e F r e e m e n or Sla ve s . Let it b e t h e
14 3
t op ic o f co n ve r s a t io n in ever y socia l Cl u b . Le t e ve r y To wn
a ssem b le. Let As s o cia t io n s & Co m b in a t io n s b e e ve r ywh e r e set
u p to con su lt an d r ecover our just Righ t s . 5
B e t w e e n 17 7 0 a n d 17 7 3 , a b o u t t h e o n l y t r o u b l e s o m e c o n -
fr o n t a t i o n s w e r e t h o s e b e t w e e n Br i t i s h r e v e n u e ve s s e ls a n d s m u g-
gle r s . T h e c o l o n i e s b e g a n p r o d u c i n g m o r e . Tr a d e wa s s o b r is k t h a t
m e r c h a n t s , fo r m e r ly t h e c h i e f o p p o n e n t s o f Br it is h r u le , h a d lit t le
t o p r o t e s t . T h e y t u r n e d t h e ir fu ll a t t e n t i o n b a c k t o b u s in e s s .
A n d t h e n L o r e n z o R i c c i n u d g e d h is w e i g h t i e s t b o u l d e r s t o
d a t e , t h e R e l i g i o u s R i g h t , t h e P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h g o e r s . H o w h e d id
t h is is t h e s u b je ct o f o u r n e x t ch a p t e r .
14 4
J OH N CARROLL, BISH OP OF BALTIMORE

AN D FOUNDER OF GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY.
(From the portrait by Gilbert Stuart)
Chapter 16
TWEAKING
THE RELIGIOUS RIGHT
A
s T H E F U R O R o v e r t h e S t a m p A c t wa s c o o l i n g d o w n , t h e
J es u it s o f M a r y l a n d a n d P e n n s y l v a n i a d i s c o ve r e d t h a t t h e
d i r e c t o r o f C a t h o l i c o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e Br i t i s h c o l o n i e s ,
Bi s h o p R i c h a r d C h a l l o n e r , h a d a s k e d R o m e t o o r d a i n a n Am e r i -
ca n b ish op .
T h e A m e r i c a n J e s u it s d i s l i k e d t h e i d e a . F a t h e r F e r d i n a n d
S t e i n m a ye r ( a lia s F a r m e r ) o f N e w Yo r k c a u t i o n e d Bi s h o p C h a l l o n -
er , “I t i s i n c r e d i b l e h o w h a t e fu l t o n o n - C a t h o l i c s i n a ll p a r t s o f
Am e r i c a is t h e ve r y n a m e o f b i s h o p . ” St i l l , in Ch a l l o n e r ’s vie w, a n
Am e r i c a n b is h o p wo u ld e s t a b lis h b e t t e r or d er in t h e co lo n ie s ,
r es t or e d is cip lin e , a n d m a k e it p o s s ib le for c o l o n i a l Ca t h o l i c s t o b e
co n fir m e d . St e i n m a ye r a n d h is Am e r i c a n b r e t h r e n s t r en u ou s ly
o p p o s e d t h e i d e a o n g r o u n d s t h a t i t w o u l d o n l y m a k e life a m o n g
P r o t e s t a n t s m o r e d ifficu lt for Ca t h o l i c s . T h e y c o l l e c t e d la y s u p p o r t
for t h e ir vi e w s a n d a s k e d C h a l l o n e r h i m s e l f t o fo r wa r d t h e p r o t e s t s
t o R o m e , w h i c h h e d e c l i n e d t o d o , l e a vi n g i t t o t h e J esu it s t o s t a t e
t h e ir o w n ca s e . 1
147
R o m e n e v e r r e p l i e d t o Ch a l l o n e r ’s p e t i t i o n fo r a n A m e r i c a n
b is h o p . T h e b is h o p la t er d is co ve r e d t h a t t h e p e t i t i o n , m a d e in a
le t t e r t o Ca r d i n a l S p i n e l l i a n d e n t e r e d i n t o t h e p o s t in 17 6 4 , never
left England. I n Bi s h o p Ch a l l o n e r ’s wo r d s , “it wa s o p e n e d , a n d s t o p t
o n t h is sid e o f t h e w a t e r . ” 2
W h o e v e r o p e n e d Ch a l l o n e r ’s l e t t e r m u s t h a v e p a s s e d it s c o n -
t en t s o n t o t h e Ch u r c h o f E n gla n d . For n o soon er h a d Ch a llo n e r
p o s t e d h i s l e t t e r t h a n t h e Anglican B i s h o p o f L o n d o n , w h o h a d
t h u s fa r b e e n c o n t e n t t o r u le h is Am e r i c a n s u b je ct s fr o m L o n d o n ,
a s k e d t h e Br it is h c a b i n e t t o p e r m i t t h e Church o f England t o cr e a t e
a n A m e r i c a n b i s h o p t o “a t t e n d t h e s h e p e r d l e s s fl o c k in t h e
c o l o n i e s . ” W h e n w o r d o f t h is r e q u e s t r e a c h e d t h e c o l o n i e s , w h i c h
we r e m o s t ly P r o t e s t a n t b u t less t h a n fi ft e e n p e r c e n t An g l i c a n , t h e3
r e a c t i o n m u s t h a v e e l a t e d Lo r e n z o R i c c i . T h e s o n s a n d d a u gh t e r s
o f im m igr a n t s w h o h a d b r a ve d wild I n d ia n s a n d r a t t les n a kes t o
e s ca p e r e ligio u s p r e la t e s t o o k t h e Bis h o p ’s p e t i t i o n t o b e t h e wo r s t
a c t o f t yr a n n y ye t , t h e m o s t p r e s s in g ca u s e fo r a la r m , t h e n u m b e r
o n e t h i n g t o r e vo l t a ga in s t .
T h e Am e r i c a n b i s h o p s ca r e wa s w h i p p e d u p i n t h e n o n - An g l i -
c a n P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h p u lp i t – t h e er a ’s m o s t e le ct r i fyi n g c o m m u -
n i c a t i o n s m e d i u m . P r e s b yt e r i a n a n d Co n g r e g a t i o n a l i s t p r e a c h e r s ,
r e p r e s e n t in g n e a r ly fi ft y p e r c e n t o f t h e c h u r c h e d co lo n i s t s , ch a r ge d
t h a t a n A m e r i c a n b i s h o p w o u l d b e “a n e c c l e s i a s t i c a l S t a m p A c t ”
w h i c h w o u l d s t r ip Am e r i c a n s o f a ll t h e i r li b e r t i e s , c i v i l a s w e l l a s
r e li gi o u s , a n d “if s u b m i t t e d t o w i l l a t l e n g t h gr i n d u s t o p o w d e r . ” 4
T h e y w a r n e d t h a t a n Am e r i c a n b i s h o p w o u l d d o m i n a t e t h e c o l o -
n ia l go ve r n o r s a n d co u n cils , s t r e n gt h e n t h e p o s it io n o f t h e co lo -
n i a l o l i g a r c h y, a n d d r i ve d i s s e n t e r s fr o m p o l i t i c a l life w i t h a T e s t
A c t r e q u i r i n g o fficia ls t o s t a t e t h e i r r e li g i o u s p r e fe r e n c e . H a v i n g
b r o u g h t t h e c o l o n i a l g o v e r n m e n t s u n d e r h is c o n t r o l , t h e Am e r i -
c a n b i s h o p w o u l d t h e n e s t a b l i s h t h e C h u r c h o f R o m e i n a ll t h e
c o l o n i e s a n d im p o s e t a xe s for t h e s u p p o r t o f it s h i e r a r ch y. A le t t e r
in t h e New York Gazette or W eekly Post Boy fo r M a r c h 14 , 17 6 8
c h a r g e d t h a t a n A m e r i c a n b i s h o p w o u l d “i n t r o d u c e a s ys t e m o f
e p is co p a l p a la ce s , o f p o n t ifica l r e ve n u e s , o f sp ir it u a l co u r t s a n d
a ll t h e p o m p , gr a n d e u r , lu xu r y, a n d r e g a li a o f a n A m e r i c a n L a m -
b e t h ” – L a m b e t h P a l a c e b e i n g t h e r e s i d e n c e o f t h e Ar c h b i s h o p o f
14 8
C H AP T E R 16 T W E AKI N G T H E R E LI G I O U S R I G H T
Ca n t e r b u r y, h e a d o f a ll E n g l a n d a ft er t h e r o ya l fa m ily. An Am e r i -
c a n b i s h o p w o u l d t r a n s fo r m Am e r i c a n s i n t o a p e o p l e “c o m p e l l e d
t o fa ll u p o n t h e i r k n e e s in t h e s t r e e t s a n d a d o r e t h e p a p a l m i t e r a s
t h e Ap o s t o l i c T yr a n t r id es b y in h is gild e d e q u i p a ge . ”
R e v. J on athan M a yh e w, Du d leia n Le ct u r e r at H a r va r d ,
i n v e i g h e d a g a i n s t “P o p i s h I d o l a t r y” i n a fa m o u s ( a n d a r g u a b l y
p r o p h e t i c ) s e r m o n b y t h a t t it le , s a yin g,
Let t h e bish op s get t h eir foot in t h e stir r u p , an d t h eir beast ,

t h e laity, will p r a n ce a n d flou n ce a b ou t t o n o p u r p ose. Bish op s
will p r ove t o be t h e Tr oja n h or se by wh ich Pop er y will subjugate
N o r t h Am e r ica .
T h e A m e r i c a n b i s h o p s ca r e d id m o r e t o f o m e n t t h e c o l o n i s t s
t o r e v o l t , a n d e v e n t u a l l y r a is e d m o r e s o ld ie r y, t h a n a ll t h e t yr a n -
n i c a l w r i t s a n d t a x s c h e m e s c o m b i n e d . I m m e d i a t e l y, i t c r e a t e d
perm an en t Co m m i t t e e s o f Co r r e s p o n d e n c e , an in t er colon ia l
o r g a n i z a t i o n o f c h u r c h e s , a n d a “S o c i e t y o f D i s s e n t e r s ” b a s e d i n
N e w Yo r k . T h e s e o r ga n iza t io n s b r o u g h t a ll o p p o s e d t o t h e C h u r c h
of E n gla n d in t o cor r es p on d en ce wit h on e a n ot h er , wh e t h e r in
Am e r i c a , G r e a t Br i t a i n , o r I r e l a n d . T h e s p e c t e r o f a n A m e r i c a n
5
b i s h o p g a v e t h e c o l o n i a l p a t r i o t s a n a l m o s t i n e x h a u s t i b l e fu n d o f
p r o p a g a n d a t o e m p l o y a g a i n s t a n y fo r m o f p e r c e i v e d t y r a n n y a t
h o m e a n d a b r o a d . I t s e r ve d , in J o n a t h a n Bo u ch e r ’s wo r d s , “t o k e e p
t h e p u b l i c m i n d i n a s t a t e o f f e r m e n t a n d e ffe r v e s c e n c e ; t o m a k e
t h e p e o p l e j e a l o u s a n d s u s p icio u s o f a ll m e a s u r e s n o t b r o u g h t for -
w a r d b y [ p o p u l a r l y- a p p r o ve d le a d e r s ] ; a n d a b o v e a ll, t o t r a i n a n d
h a b i t u a t e t h e p e o p le t o o p p o s i t i o n . ” 6
T h e fa c t t h a t Am e r i c a n s w e r e t r a i n e d a n d h a b i t u a t e d t o
o p p o s e t h e Br i t i s h C r o w n a n d t h e C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d n o t b y
R o m a n C a t h o l i c s b u t b y P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h m e n is, t o m y m i n d ,
p r o o f o f t h e S u n - T z u a n i n g e n u i t y o f Lo r e n z o R i c c i . S u n - T z u sa id :
“T h e G e n e r a l will k n o w h o w t o s h a p e a t will, n o t o n ly t h e a r m y
h e is c o m m a n d i n g b u t a ls o t h a t o f h is e n e m i e s . ” W h i l e R icci’s o w n
a r m y wa s a p p e a r i n g in t h e wo r ld ’s o p i n i o n m a r k e t s t o b e a b a n d o f
vicio u s d o lt s s lip p in g d o w n in t o t h e ir we ll- d e s e r ve d o b l i vi o n , a
s m a ll e li t e co r p s o f i n d i s p e n s i b le s , s o m e n e i t h e r k n o w i n g n o r ca r -
14 9
in g w h o t h e i r t r u e b o s s w a s , w e r e f a c i l i t a t i n g E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g
P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h g o e r s i n s ys t e m a t i c a l l y a n n i h i l a t i n g o n e a n o t h -
er ! Lo r e n zo R icci’s o r c h e s t r a t i o n h a d r e a c h e d s u ch fu lln e s s t h a t h e
c o u ld n o w s o lilo q u ize I a go’s b o a s t in Othello: “N o w , w h e t h e r h e k ill
Ca s s i o o r Ca s s i o h i m , o r e a c h d o k i l l t h e o t h e r , e v e r y w a y m a k e s
m y ga in . ”
Ba c k i n t h e n i n e t e e n - s i x t i e s a n d s e ve n t i e s , C e n t r a l Am e r i c a n
J esu it s d e s i gn e d p o s t e r s t o m o t i v a t e c a m p e s i n o s t o o v e r t h r o w co r -
r u p t p o l i t i c i a n s . T h e p o s t e r s for t h is B e l l a r m i n i a n l i b e r a t i o n t h e -
o lo gy d e p i c t e d a n a n gr y J esu s Ch r i s t i n t h e im a ge o f C h e G u e v a r a ,
s w a t h e d in fa t igu e s , d r a p e d in b u l l e t - b e l t s , h o l d i n g a s u b m a c h i n e
gu n a t t h e r ea d y, a R a m b o J esu s, a J esu s w h o s e S a c r e d H e a r t ca lle d
for s o cia l a c t i o n t h a t i n c l u d e d k i l l i n g . T h e Am e r i c a n b i s h o p s ca r e
a r o u s e d t h e s a m e d y n a m i c i n t h e 1770 ’s . W h a t w a s c o n s i d e r e d b y
m a n y t o b e t h e m o s t i n fl u e n t i a l s e r m o n o n t h e s u b j e c t w a s
p r e a c h e d t o Bo s t o n ’s A n c i e n t a n d H o n o r a b l e Ar t i l l e r y C o m p a n y
b y R e v . J o n a t h a n M a y h e w ’s s u c c e s s o r a t H a r v a r d , R e v . S i m e o n
H o w a r d . S i m e o n H o w a r d r e c e i ve d h is e a r ly p r e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e
in N o v a S c o t i a – o r Ac a d i a , a s t h e F r e n c h s e t t le r s ca lle d it . H e e x-
p e r i e n c e d fi r s t - h a n d t h e u p r o o t i n g a n d e x p u l s i o n , b y Br i t i s h s o l-
d ie r s , o f s o m e t h r e e t h o u s a n d F r e n c h C a t h o l i c Ac a d i a n s , a l o n g
w i t h t h e i r J e s u it p r i e s t s . Cr u e l l y , o f t e n v i o l e n t l y , t h e Ac a d i a n s
w e r e fo r c e d t o e m i g r a t e t o v a r i o u s A m e r i c a n c o l o n i e s , w i t h n o
c o m p e n s a t i o n for p r o p e r t y o r l i ve s t o c k . ( Lo n g fe l l o w m e m o r i a li ze d
t h e e v e n t in Evangeline).
W i t h a ca s u is t r y t h a t w o u l d h a v e d e l i g h t e d C a r d i n a l Be l -
la r m i n e , R e v. H o w a r d ’s fa m o u s Ar t i l l e r y C o m p a n y s e r m o n o p e n l y
a d v o c a t e d t h e u s e o f v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t a p o l i t i c a l t yr a n t . O u r d u t y
t o d e fe n d p e r s o n a l l i b e r t y a n d p r o p e r t y, h e a r g u e d , i s s t a t e d i n
S c r i p t u r e a t G a l a t i a n s 5: 1 – “S t a n d fa s t t h e r e fo r e i n t h e li b e r t y
w h e r e w i t h C h r i s t h a t h m a d e u s fr e e . ” T r u e , R e v. H o w a r d a d m i t -
t e d , C h r i s t r e q u i r e s u s t o “r e s is t n o t e v i l – l o v e yo u r e n e m i e s , d o
g o o d t o t h e m t h a t h a t e yo u ” ( M a t t h e w 5 ) , a n d “r e c o m p e n s e t o n o
m a n e v i l fo r e v i l – a v e n g e n o t yo u r s e l v e s ” ( R o m a n s 12 , 17 , 19 ) .
Bu t t h e s e p r e c e p t s a p p ly o n l y t o ca s e s o f “s m a ll in ju r ie s ,” H o w a r d
sa id , n o t la r ge o n e s , s u ch a s t yr a n n y.
15 0
N o r , s a id R e v . H o w a r d , s h o u l d w e fu lly a c c e p t Ch r i s t ’s c o m -
m a n d m e n t s o n p r o p e r t y. “L o v e n o t t h e w o r l d , n o r t h e t h i n g s t h a t
a r e in t h e w o r l d ” ( J o h n 2 : 5 ) , a n d “La y n o t u p for yo u r s e lve s t r e a s -
u r e o n e a r t h ” ( M a t t h e w 6 : 19 ) , a n d “ G i v e t o h i m t h a t a s k e t h t h e e ,
a n d fr o m h i m t h a t w o u l d b o r r o w o f t h e e , t u r n n o t t h o u a w a y ”
( M a t t h e w 5 : 4 2 ) – s u c h p r e c e p t s a s t h e s e , R e v . H o w a r d s a id , a r e
“in d e fin it e e xp r e s s io n s ” w h i c h “we h a v e a r igh t t o lim it .”
N o w , t h e d e f e n s i v e a p p l i c a t i o n o f l e t h a l fo r c e i s r e a s o n a b l e ,
a n d n o b l e , a n d p a t r i o t i c . Bu t i t i s n o t r e c o m m e n d e d b y J esu s
Ch r i s t . T h e J esu s o f t h e Sc r i p t u r e s c a u t i o n s t h a t life b y t h e s wo r d
m e a n s d e a t h b y t h e s wor d . I t is R o m e , n o t J esu s, t h a t c o m m a n d s
t h e u se o f le t h a l fo r ce – R o m e , w h o s e n a t u r a l- la w s o cie t y wa s b u ilt
o n t h e w i l l i n g n e s s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o r is k h i s o w n life i n k i l l i n g
t o p r e s e r ve t h e R e l i g i o u s S t a t e . A n d i t w a s R o m e t h a t S i m e o n
H o w a r d b e s e e ch e d h is a u d ie n ce t o e m u la t e : “R o m e , w h o r ose t o
b e m is t r e s s o f t h e w o r l d b y a n a r m y c o m p o s e d o f m e n o f p r o p e r t y
an d wor t h .”
A d e c a d e a ft e r t h e A m e r i c a n b i s h o p s ca r e h a d b r o k e n o u t ,
th ousan ds o f Am e r i c a n Protestan t an d Ca t h o li c ch u r ch goer s
b e ga n k illin g a n d b e in g k ille d t o w i n T h e W a r T h a t W o u l d Ke e p
An g l i c a n Bis h o p s O u t o f Am e r i c a . A n d t h e y w o n t h is wa r . Bu t t h e
u t t e r l y s t u p e fyi n g o u t c o m e o f t h e i r v i c t o r y w a s t h a t n o b i s h o p s
we r e k e p t out o f Am e r i c a : t w o b is h o p s w e r e b r o u g h t into Am e r i c a ,
a n An g l i c a n a n d a R o m a n Ca t h o l i c !
T h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c , o f co u r s e , wa s J o h n Ca r r o l l . T h i s J e s u it
s o n o f M a r y l a n d w a s c o n s e c r a t e d Bi s h o p o f Ba l t i m o r e o n Au g u s t
15 , 17 9 0 , in t h e c h a p e l o f Lu l w o r t h , a ca s t le set h i g h o n t h e D o r s e t
coa s t o f E n gla n d o w n e d b y t h e W e l d s , a p r o m i n e n t R o m a n
C a t h o l i c fa m ily. L u l w o r t h ’s u p p e r “R e d R o o m ” l o o k s t o t h e e a s t
u p o n a c o m m a n d i n g v i e w o f t h e e s t a t e ’s l o n g e n t r a n c e m e a d o w
a n d t o t h e s o u t h u p o n a fa m o u s s m u ggle r s ’ c o v e in t h e d i s t a n ce . A
fr e q u e n t vi s i t o r t o L u l w o r t h Ca s t l e , a n d h o n o r e d gu e s t i n it s R e d
R o o m , I a m t o ld , wa s Ki n g G e o r g e III.
Bi s h o p Ca r r o l l b e c a m e t h e H o l y Se e ’s d ir e ct r e p r e s e n t a t i ve n o t
ju s t i n Ba l t i m o r e b u t t h r o u g h o u t t h e U . S . T h i s fa ct wa s v a l i d a t e d
i n 17 9 8 b y J u d ge Ad d i s o n , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e C o u r t o f C o m m o n
15 1
P le a s o f t h e F ift h Ci r c u i t o f P e n n s yl v a n i a in t h e ca s e o f F r o m m vs .
Ca r r o l l . F r o m m w a s a r e c a l c i t r a n t G e r m a n F r a n c i s c a n w h o w a n t -
e d t o e s t a b lis h h is o w n Ge r m a n - s p e a k i n g , la it y- o wn e d p a r ish .
Ad d i s o n r u le d t h a t “t h e Bi s h o p o f B a l t i m o r e h a s s o le e p i s c o p a l
a u t h or it y o ve r t h e Ca t h o l i c Ch u r c h o f t h e U n i t e d St a t es , a n d
w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y fr o m h i m n o C a t h o l i c p r ie s t c a n e x e r c i s e a n y
pastoral fu n ct io n o ve r an y con gr ega t ion wit h in the Un it ed
St a t e s .” F r o m m wa s e xc o m m u n i c a t e d a n d h e ld u p a s a n e xa m p le
o f w h a t h a p p e n s t o r e b e ls a g a i n s t w h o l e s o m e C h u r c h a u t h o r i t y.
Ad d i s o n ’s u se o f t h e t e r m “C a t h o l i c C h u r c h o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s ”
i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g j u d i c i a l n o t i c e t h a t Ca r r o l l ’s o r d i n a t i o n i n s t i t u t -
e d , fo r a ll p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s , a s e c u la r c h u r c h r u le d b y t h e b l a c k
p a p a cy. E m i n e n t C a t h o l i c h i s t o r i a n T h o m a s O ’G o r m a n c o n c u r r e d
i n 18 9 5 , o b s e r vi n g t h a t Am e r i c a n C a t h o l i c i s m wa s , “i n it s i n c e p -
t i o n , w h o l l y a J esu it a ffa ir a n d [h as] la r ge ly r e m a i n e d s o . ” 7
Am e r i c a ’s fir s t A n g l i c a n b i s h o p , o r d a i n e d i n 17 8 4 , w a s R e v.
S a m u e l Se a b u r y o f Co n n e c t i c u t . R e v. Se a b u r y wa s b o t h a H i g h
C h u r c h m a n a n d a F r e e m a s o n . To a vo i d t h e p o l i t i c a l r e p e r cu s s io n s
8
o f s w e a r i n g a l l e g i a n c e t o t h e C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d s o s o o n a ft e r
17 7 6 , S e a b u r y w a s c o n s e c r a t e d i n N o v e m b e r 17 8 4 a t Ab e r d e e n ,
S c o t l a n d . O f c r i t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e t o R o m e wa s t h a t t h e t h r e e b is h -
o p s c o n s e c r a t i n g S e a b u r y w e r e a ll “n o n j u r i n g ” b i s h o p s . “N o n j u r -
i n g ” d e s c r i b e d t h e cla s s o f C a t h o l i c b i s h o p s t h a t s t o o d i n t h e
s u cce s s io n o f “J a co b it e ” cle r gy w h o , r e m a i n i n g lo ya l t o Ki n g J a m e s
I I a ft er h is a b d i c a t i o n in 16 8 9 , h a d r e fu s e d t o t a k e a l o ya l t y o a t h
t o J a m e s ’ s u cce s s o r s – h is d a u g h t e r , M a r y S t u a r t , a n d s o n - i n - l a w ,
W i l l i a m o f O r a n g e , b o t h P r o t e s t a n t s . Am e r i c a ’s fir s t P r o t e s t a n t
9
b i s h o p , li k e h i s R o m a n C a t h o l i c c o u n t e r p a r t , o w e d a l l e g i a n c e t o
Rom e.
T h i s o b s c u r e fa c t i s c o m m e m o r a t e d i n o n e o f L o n d o n ’s m o s t
h e a vily- t r a ffick e d a n d wo r ld - fa m o u s l o c a t i o n s . T h e s p a cio u s gr assy
la wn s o n e i t h e r sid e o f t h e gr e a t s t a ir wa y le a d i n g u p t o t h e N a t i o n -
a l P o r t r a i t G a l l e r y fa c i n g Tr a fa lga r S q u a r e a r e i d e n t i c a l e x c e p t for
t h e i r b r o n ze s t a t u a r y, o n e p i e c e a l o n e p l a c e d a t t h e c e n t e r o f e a c h
la wn . On t h e n o r t h la wn st an d s J am es II, cr o wn e d w i t h im p er ia l
la u r e l, w e a r i n g t h e a r m o r o f J u liu s Ca e s a r . ( A n e ld e r ly Br i t i s h J e-
15 2
s u it w i t h a p a s s i o n for o ffb e a t h i s t o r i c a l d e t a i l co n fi d e d t o m e t h a t
J a m e s l o v e d t o g o i n C a e s a r e a n d r a g. ) O n t h e s o u t h l a w n s t a n d s
t h e c e l e b r a t e d H o u d o n figu r e o f. . . George W ashington, g a r b e d in
p e r i o d a t t ir e , l e a n i n g for s u p p o r t u p o n a h u g e b u n d l e o f r o d s fr o m
w h i c h p r o je ct s t h e h e a d o f a n a xe – t h e fasces, a n c i e n t e m b l e m o f
R o m a n le g a l a u t h o r i t y! W h e n Bi s h o p S e a b u r y u n i t e d h i s e p i s c o -
p a t e w i t h t h e o t h e r t w o An g l i c a n c o m m u n i o n s in Am e r i c a in
17 8 9 , t h e P r o t e s t a n t E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w a s
b o r n . G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n wa s a m e m b e r o f t h is C h u r c h . T h e Lo n -
d o n s t a t u a r y a r e e x p l a i n i n g t h e l i t t l e - k n o w n h i s t o r i c a l fa c t t h a t
J a m e s I I ’s R o m a n C a t h o l i c r u le r s h ip o f t h e E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g p e o -
p le wa s r e s u m e d i n t h e Fir st P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n a l U n i t -
e d S t a t e s o f Am e r i c a . I t is a t r ib u t e t o t h e p h e n o m e n a l g e n e r a l a t e
o f Lo r e n zo R i c c i .
J o h n Ca r r o l l s p e n t h is fi n a l ye a r s i n E u r o p e h e l p i n g t o d e v e l o p
L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s v i s i o n o f r e b e l l i o n i n Am e r i c a . H e m o v e d c a u -
t io u s ly, a n d o ft e n i n c o g n i t o . W h a t fe w t r a c e s h e le ft b e h i n d a r e
q u it e r e ve a l i n g .
15 3
ARCH BI SH OP NI KOLAUS VON H ONTH EI M (J USTINIUS FEBRONIUS)

(From a painting in Trier)
Chapter 17
A TIM ELY GRAND TOUR
A
M O N G T H E M A N Y Br i t i s h vis it o r s t o R o m e d u r i n g C l e m e n t
XI V’s s w e e t e n i n g t o wa r d E n g l a n d in t h e e a r ly 1770 ’s wa s a
y o u n g m e m b e r o f a n a n c i e n t r u l i n g fa m i l y o f D o r s e t a n d
So m e r s e t co u n t ie s n a m e d Ch a r l e s P h ilip p e S t o u r t o n . 1
Ch a r l e s
P h ilip p e wa s n e p h e w t o t h e D u k e s o f N o r fo lk . W e r e m e m b e r t h e
N o r f o l k s , T h o m a s a n d E d w a r d H o w a r d , for t h e i r s i g n i fi c a n t c o n -
t r ib u t ion s t o Am e r i c a n i n d e p e n d e n ce – T h o m a s , o r igin a t o r of
c o l o n i a l F r e e m a s o n r y; E d w a r d , c o u p l e r o f Lo r d Bu t e t o t h e fu t u r e
G e o r g e III.
Ar r i v i n g i n R o m e w i t h C h a r l e s P h i l i p p e w a s h i s p r o fe s s o r a t
t h e J e s u it c o l l e g e i n t h e m e d i e v a l F l e m i s h ( n o w B e l g i a n ) c i t y o f
Br u ge s , J o h n Ca r r o l l . T h e p a ir w e r e e n j o y i n g a G r a n d T o u r o f
E u r o p e w h i c h h a d b e g u n i n t h e s u m m e r o f 17 7 1.
F r o m Br u ge s t h e y h a d p r o c e e d e d b y c a r r i a g e d o w n t h r o u g h
Al s a c e - L o r r a i n e t o St r a s b o u r g, a cr o s s t h e R h i n e t o B a d e n - B a d e n ,
t h e n u p s t r e a m t o Ca r l s r u h e , Br u s c h a l , H e i d e l b e r g , M a n n h e i m ,
155
W o r m s , a n d M a i n z . F r o m M a i n z t h e y m a d e a cu r i o u s d e t o u r o v e r
t o Tr ie r , b a c k t o M a n n h e i m , t h r o u g h S w a b i a t o Au g s b u r g , t h e n t o
M u n i c h , I n n s b r u c h , a cr o s s t h e I t a l i a n b o r d e r t o T r e n t , a l o n g t h e
Ad i g e R i v e r t o R o v e r e d o , Ve r o n a , M a n t u a , M o d e n a , a n d Bo l o g n a .
T h e y r e a c h e d R o m e i n t h e a u t u m n o f 17 7 2 .
I n R o m e , Lo r e n zo R i c c i a p p o in t e d Ca r r o l l t o t h e p o s it io n o f
P r e fe ct o f t h e So d a lit y. T h i s t it le d e s ign a t e s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e N e w
C a t h o l i c E n c y c l o p e d i a , “a c h i e f o r g a n i ze r o f l a y m e n fo r t h e p r o -
m o t i o n o f s o m e fo r m o f s o ci a l a c t i o n . ” F o r t h e p r o m o t i o n o f w h a t
s o c i a l a c t i o n , I w o n d e r , m i g h t R i c c i h a v e o r d a i n e d Ca r r o l l t o o r -
ga n ize , i f n o t t h e Am e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n ?
W h i l e J o h n wa s i n R o m e w i t h Lo r e n zo R i c c i , h is co u s in
Ch a r l e s Ca r r o l l , n o w i n h is m i d - t h i r t i e s , p u lle d off a c l e v e r m e d i a
r use in M a r yla n d . I t w o n h i m t r e m e n d o u s p op u la r it y a n d est a b -
l i s h e d h i m a s a n i m p o r t a n t c i v i c le a d e r . I n J a n u a r y 17 7 3 , a l e t t e r
in t h e M a r y l a n d Gazette a t t a c k e d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f M a r y l a n d
G o v e r n o r R o b e r t E d e n s . T h e le t t e r wa s s ign e d “F ir s t Ci t i z e n . ” I n a
s u b s e q u e n t Gazette, t h e a t t a c k w a s d e m o l i s h e d b y t h e e l o q u e n t
a r g u m e n t s o f a “ S e c o n d Ci t i z e n . ” Bu t i n F e b r u a r y, “F ir s t C i t i z e n ”
d e m o l i s h e d “ S e c o n d Ci t i z e n . ” As t h e d u e l c o n t i n u e d o n i n t o t h e
s u m m e r , “F ir s t C i t i z e n ” w a s r e v e a l e d t o b e C h a r l e s Ca r r o l l .
W h e r e u p o n “ S e c o n d C i t i z e n ” n a s t i l y slandered C a r r o l l , p u t t i n g
h i m d o w n a s a “d i s fr a n c h i s e d C a t h o l i c . ” S u d d e n l y n o w , C a r r o l l
wa s a n u n d e r d o g – ju s t lik e h is fe llo w Am e r i c a n s in r e la t i o n t o t h e
Br i t i s h Cr o w n . Al t h o u g h Ch a r l e s wa s a s u p er -r ich la w ye r -
l a n d o w n e r e d u c a t e d a t t h e b e s t J e s u it c o l l e g e s i n E u r o p e , t h e p e o -
p le l a vi s h e d h i m w i t h s ym p a t h y. T h e y d e s p is e d “ S e c o n d C i t i z e n ”
for h is b igo t r y. M a r yl a n d a n d Am e r i c a n o w h a d a n e w h e r o , a p r e -
e m i n e n t c h a m p i o n o f r e l i g i o u s l i b e r t i e s , a R o m a n C a t h o l i c F ir s t
Ci t i z e n a d v o c a t i n g a n e w p o l i t i c a l o r d e r . L o a t h s o m e S e c o n d C i t i -
ze n m a d e t h e s t a t u s q u o s e e m d is t a s t e fu l a n d u n d e s ir a b le – w h i c h ,
o f c o u r s e , w a s h is a s s i g n m e n t i n t h e r u s e . S e c o n d C i t i z e n t u r n e d
ou t t o b e t h e a c k n o w l e d g e d h e a d of t h e Am e r i c a n bar , a Mr .
D u la n y....
15 6
C H AP T E R 17 A TI M E LY G R A N D T O U R
M E A N W H I L E , w i t h t h e c o m i n g o f s p r in g, Ca r r o l l a n d S t o u r t o n
left R o m e fo r F l o r e n c e , G e n o a , Lyo n s , P a r is , Li è g e , a r r i vi n g
b a c k i n Br u ge s ju s t a fe w w e e k s b e fo r e G a n g a n e l l i , C l e m e n t XI V,
d is e s t a b lis h e d t h e J esu it s. Ca r r o l l k e p t a j o u r n a l o f t h e ir t o u r . P a r t -
2
ly a s t u d y- gu id e for Ch a r l e s P h i l i p p e , p a r t ly a t r a ve l o g , it’s a “fr a g-

m e n t a r y a n d c i r c u m s p e c t ” d o c u m e n t , a s o n e h i s t o r i a n gin ge r ly p u t
it . H e r e a n d t h e r e , o n e fin d s s n a t c h e s o f i n fo r m a l p o l i t i c a l o p i n -
i o n . A l t h o u g h Ca r r o l l ’s o p i n i o n s a r e i n t e r e s t i n g , it ’s h is c i r c u m -
s p e c t i o n t h a t i n t r i g u e s u s m o s t , it ’s w h a t h i s j o u r n a l doesn’t say.
Tr a ve lin g w i t h a s t u d e n t a p p ea r s o r d in a r y e n o u gh , b u t Ch a r l e s
P h i l i p p e S t o u r t o n w a s n o o r d i n a r y c o l l e g i a n . H e wa s a s t u d e n t o f
ca s u is t r y, e q u i v o c a t i o n , a n d Be lla r m in ia n lib e r a t io n t h e o lo gy
t a u g h t b y p r o fe s s io n a ls s w o r n t o e x p a n d R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m a n d
e xt ir p a t e P r o t e s t a n t is m . H e h a d b e e n in d o ct r in a t e d t o o b e d ie n ce
t h r o u g h t h e S p i r i t u a l E x e r c i s e s , w a s a m e m b e r o f E n g l a n d ’s p r e -
m i e r C a t h o l i c a n d M a s o n i c fa m ily, a n d w a s a b o u t t h e a ge o f
Al e x a n d e r H a m i l t o n ( w h o b y t h e n wa s a lr e a d y t u r n i n g o u t a n o n y-
m o u s r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a m p h l e t s a t Ki n g ’s C o l l e g e i n N e w Yo r k ) .
N o r w e r e Ca r r o l l a n d S t o u r t o n m e r e ly s i gh t - s e e i n g. T h e y w e r e u p
t o s o m e t h i n g b i g. Ca r r o l l ’s j o u r n a l a llu d e s t o m e e t i n g s w i t h h i g h -
r a n k i n g o fficia ls i n c h u r c h a n d s t a t e , b u t g i ve s n o s p e ci fi c n a m e s .
W r i t i n g t o a n E n g l i s h J es u it c o l l e a g u e , h e co n fi d e d “I k e e p a clo s e
i n c o g n i t o d u r in g t h is t i m e . ” 3
D e s p i t e Ca r r o l l ’s c i r c u m s p e c t i o n , h i s it in e r a r y r e ve a l s c e r t a i n
c l u e s . C o n s i d e r t h a t o d d d e t o u r t o Tr i e r fr o m t h e r o u t e b e t w e e n
M a i n z a n d M a n n h e i m . Tr ie r i s m o r e t h a n t w o h u n d r e d k i l o m e t e r s
o u t o f t h e wa y, q u i t e a l o n g d a y’s j o u r n e y. W h a t m i g h t w a r r a n t
s u c h a d e v i a t i o n ? T h e r e a p p e a r e d i n 17 6 3 a h i g h l y c o n t r o v e r s i a l
b o o k b y a n o b vi o u s ly p s e u d o n ym o u s p e r s o n , “J u s t in iu s F e b r o n iu s . ”
T h e p s e u d o n y m b e l o n g e d t o Bi s h o p N i k o l a u s v o n H o n t h e i m ,
C h a n c e l l o r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Tr ie r . I n J o h n Ca r r o l l ’s d a y, Tr i e r
U n i v e r s i t y h a d b e e n r u n b y J e s u it s fo r m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y. T h e
b o o k , o f w h i c h t h e r e i s a p p a r e n t l y n o p u b l i s h e d E n g l i s h t r a n s la -
t i o n o u t of it s o r i g i n a l L a t i n , is e n t i t l e d On the State of the Church
and the Legitim ate Pow er of the Rom an Pontiff.
T h e gist o f St a t e o f the Church s u gges t s w h y Ca r r o l l h a d t o vis it
15 7
Tr ie r : “F e b r o n i a n i s m , ” t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f v o n H o n t h e i m ’s b o o k ,
c o n t a i n s t h e fo r m u l a fo r a d m i n i s t e r i n g P r o t e s t a n t A m e r i c a a s a
Be l l a r m i n i a n c o m m o n w e a l t h ! F e b r o n i a n i s m ca lls for d e c e n t r a l i z-
in g the Rom an Ca t h o li c Ch u r ch in t o in d ep en d en t national
c h u r c h e s m o d e l e d o n t h e C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d . Be c a u s e t h e y a r e
r u le d d i r e c t l y b y k i n g s a n d p r i n c e s , t h e s e c h u r c h e s a r e m o r e co r -
r e ct ly c a l l e d “S t a t e s . ” T h e P o p e m a y b e s u cce s s o r t o P e t e r , P r i n c e
o f t h e Ap o s t l e s , b u t u n d e r F e b r o n i a n i s m h e h a s n o le ga l ju r is d ic-
t i o n . H e is m e r e ly a p r i n c i p l e o f u n it y, a s p ir it u a l u n ifie r o b l i g a t e d
t o a b id e b y t h e d e c r e e s o f g e n e r a l c o u n c i l s u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f
b is h o p s a n d t h e ir p r o p e r ly e n l i g h t e n e d l a ym e n .
Cr u c i a l t o F e b r o n ia n is m ’s a p p l i c a t i o n is “t h o r o u g h p o p u la r e d -
u c a t i o n . ” O n c e l a y m e n , b i s h o p s , a n d c o u n c i l s a r e “p r o p e r l y e n -
l i g h t e n e d ” t h e y w i l l b e e m p o w e r e d t o r e s is t a n y a t t e m p t s o f t h e
p a p a cy t o e xe r t m o n a r ch ia l co n t r o l o ve r t h e Ch u r c h . Feb r on iu s
e m p h a s i ze d t h a t h is s ys t e m w o u l d s u c c e e d o n l y in a m i l i e u o f p o p -
u la r e n l i g h t e n m e n t . H i s c o n t e x t p r e s u m e s a n e n l i g h t e n m e n t
15 8
w h e r e i n t h e p u b li c is i n d o c t r i n a t e d w i t h t h e J es u it ratio studiorum ’s
fu ll h u m a n i s t d i e t , o f c o u r s e . I t c a n n o t o p e r a t e w h e r e S c r i p t u r e
r e ign s s u p r e m e . O n c e t h e m ilie u ’s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , it s m entality , h a s
b e e n s h a p e d b y t h e Su p e r i o r G e n e r a l o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s, it will
r esp on d wit h u n q u e s t io n in g o b e d ie n ce t o t h e will o f t h e m a n
wh o s e fu n d a m e n t a l d u t y is t h e e xp a n s io n o f R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m
a n d t h e e x t i r p a t i o n o f P r o t e s t a n t i s m . T h u s w i l l u n fo l d a p e r fe c t
s e cu la r p o l i t i c a l s t a t e w i t h i n t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h , a n a u -
t o cr a cy r u le d b y a m o n a r c h in vis ib le t o a ll b u t t h e fe w w h o , b y t h e
gr a ce o f G o d , c a n n o t b e d e c e i v e d . 4
F e b r o n i a n i s m w a s t h e s e c r e t fo r m u l a fo r r e t u r n i n g t h e n o n -
C a t h o l i c wo r ld t o t h e b o s o m o f t h e C h u r c h . T o m a s k t h is fa ct , t h e
Va t i c a n d r a m a t i c a l l y c o n d e m n e d t h e b o o k . T h e je s u i t e d C l e m e n t
XI I I h a d b a n n e d i t fr o m c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s . I n a r a t h e r
q u a i n t e x a m p l e o f a c a d e m i c “ b l o w n c o v e r a s c o v e r , ” Bi s h o p v o n
H o n t h e i m , w h o m fe w r e a lize d wa s F e b r o n iu s , e v e n b a n n e d i t fr o m
h is o w n cla sses a t t h e U n i ve r s i t y!
On the State of the Church is a r gu a b ly Lo r e n z o R i c c i ’s “ Am e r i -
c a n M a n i fe s t o , ” t h e s o cia l b lu e p r i n t for h o w t h e G e n e r a l i n t e n d e d
t o r e a lize B e l l a r m i n i a n l i b e r a t i o n i n a P r o t e s t a n t m o n a r c h y . T h e
fu ll t it le p a ge o f t h e fir st e d i t i o n c o p y o f t h e b o o k sa ys it a ll:
On the State of the Church and the Legitim ate Pow er of the
Rom an Pontiff: A Singular Book On the Properly -Ordered Reunifi-
cation w ith Dissidents in the Christian Religion.
H e r e o n e b e h o ld s a d e s cr ip t io n of t h e m o m e n t o u s socia l
ch a n ge t h a t t h e Am e r i c a n R e vo l u t i o n wo u ld in d e e d p r o d u ce –
n e i t h e r m o n a r c h i a l o ve r t h r o w , n o r d e m o c r a c y, n o r r e p u b l i c a n i s m ,
b u t a “p r o p e r ly- o r d e r e d r e u n i fi ca t i o n w i t h d is s id e n t s in t h e Ch r i s t -
i a n r e l i g i o n , ” t h a t is, t h e r e u n i f i c a t i o n o f R o m a n C a t h o l i c s w i t h
P r o t e s t a n t s u n d e r a s e c u l a r i ze d r e l i g i o n w h o s e v a l u e s – l o n g o n
h u m a n i s m , s h o r t o n Sc r i p t u r e – a r e t a u g h t t h r o u g h p u b l i c s c h o o ls
f o l l o w i n g t h e J e s u it ratio studiorum . “R e u n i f i c a t i o n ” m e a n s t h a t
P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a s b e e n reabsorbed i n t o R o m e . T h i s , i n t h e e ye s o f
t h e b l a c k p a p a cy, t o t h e S u n - T z u a n m i n d , a n d t o c o m m o n s e n s e ,
e q u a ls t h e p r a ct i ca l e x t i r p a t i o n o f P r o t e s t a n t i s m .
15 9
A L T H O U G H Bi s h o p v o n H o n t h e i m li ve d i n Tr ier , h e wa s Ar c h -
b i s h o p o f M a i n z . H i s j u r i s d i ct i o n e x t e n d e d t o t h e M a i n z p r in -
c i p a l i t y o f H e s s e - H a n o v e r . Vo n H o n t h e i m w a s t h u s t h e s p i r i t u a l
c o u n t e r p a r t o f t h e r u le r o f H e s s e - H a n o v e r , F r e d e r i ck I I ( n o t t o b e
c o n fu s e d w i t h t h e K i n g o f P r u s s ia , F r e d e r i c k t h e G r e a t , w h o wa s
a ls o a F r e d e r i c k I I .) F r e d e r i c k I I o f H e s s e w a s m a r r i e d t o t h e a u n t
o f t h e Ki n g o f E n g l a n d , w h i c h m a d e h i m G e o r g e III’s u n c l e . B o r n
a P r o t e s t a n t , F r e d e r i c k s u b s c r i b e d t o t h e R o s i c r u c i a n s t yle o f
F r e e m a s o n r y. Al t h o u g h J es u it s c o n v e r t e d h i m t o R o m a n C a t h o l i -
cis m , h e n e ve r t h e le s s r e m a i n e d a R o s i c r u c i a n s e cr e t ly a c t i ve .
F r e d e r i ck o f H e s s e wa s o n e o f E u r o p e ’s r i c h e s t r u le r s . M u c h o f
h is b u s i n e s s w a s h a n d l e d b y h is s o n , P r i n c e W i l l i a m , a ls o a R o s i -
c r u c i a n F r e e m a s o n . W i l l i a m ’s s p e c i a l t y w a s f a c i l i t a t i n g wa r . H e
d r a ft e d a b l e - b o d i e d m a l e H e s s i a n s , o u t fi t t e d a n d t r a i n e d t h e m for
b a t t l e , a n d t h e n s old t h e m t o h is E n g li s h c o u s i n G e o r g e , w h o u sed
t h e m t o figh t a lo n gs id e h is o w n r e d co a t s . E ve r y t im e a H e s s i a n wa s
k i lle d , W i l l i a m r e c e i ve d a r e p a r a t i o n in t h e fo r m o f e xt r a c o m p e n -
s a t i o n . As ca s u a lt ie s m o u n t e d , s o d id h is p r o fit s , w h i c h h e l o a n e d
o u t a t in t e r e s t .
I n S e p t e m b e r 17 6 9 , P r i n ce W i l l i a m a p p o i n t e d M e y e r Am s c h e l
R o t h s c h i l d o f n e a r b y F r a n k fu r t t o t r a n s a c t s o m e o f h i s f i n a n c i a l
a ffa ir s i n t h e c a p a c i t y o f C r o w n A g e n t . Aw a r e t h a t t h e R o t h -
s ch i ld s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t J e w i s h fa m ily, I l o o k e d t h e m u p in Ency -
clopedia ]udaica a n d d i s c o ve r e d t h a t t h e y b e a r t h e t it le “G u a r d i a n s
o f t h e Va t i c a n Tr e a s u r y. ” T h e Va t i c a n Tr e a s u r y, o f c o u r s e , h o l d s
t h e im p e r ia l w e a l t h o f R o m e . I m p e r ia l w e a l t h gr o ws i n p r o p o r t i o n
t o it s v i c t o r i e s in w a r – a s t h e J e s u it e m p o w e r m e n t Regim ini m ili-
tantis ecclesiae i m p li e s , t h e C h u r c h - a t - W a r is m o r e n e ce s s a r y t h a n
t h e C h u r c h - a t - P e a c e . A c c o r d i n g t o H . R u s s e l l R o b i n s o n ’s illu s -
trated Arm our of Im perial Rom e, Ca e s a r e a n s o ld i e r s p r ot ect ed
t h e m s e l ve s in b a t t l e w i t h s h ie ld s p a i n t e d r e d . S i n c e t h e s o ld ie r y is
t h e St a t e ’s m o s t va l u a b l e r e s o u r ce ( t h e C o u n c i l o f T r e n t a d m i t t e d
t h is in p r e fe r r in g t h e J esu it s t o a ll o t h e r r e ligio u s o r d e r s ) , it is ea s y
t o u n d e r s t a n d w h y t h e r e d s h i e ld w a s i d e n t i fi e d w i t h t h e ve r y life
o f t h e C h u r c h . H e n c e , t h e a p p r o p r ia t e n e s s o f t h e n a m e Rothschild,
G e r m a n for “r e d s h ie ld . ” T h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f R o t h s c h i l d g a ve t h e
16 0
b l a c k p a p a c y a b s o l u t e f i n a n c i a l p r i v a c y a n d s e cr e cy. W h o w o u l d
e v e r s e a r c h a fa m i ly o f o r t h o d o x J ews for t h e k e y t o t h e w e a l t h o f
t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h ? I b e l i e ve t h is a p p o i n t m e n t e x p l a i n s
w h y t h e H o u s e o f R o t h s c h i l d i s fa m o u s fo r h e l p i n g n a t i o n s g o t o
wa r . I t is fa s cin a t in g t h a t , a s M e ye r R o t h s c h i ld ’s s o n s gr e w i n t o t h e
fa m ily b u s in e s s , t h e fir m t o o k on t h e t it le Mey er Am schel Rothschild
und Söhne, w h i c h g i ve s u s t h e n o t a r i q o n M A R S . I s n ’t M a r s t h e
R o m a n G o d o f W a r , w h o s e h e a v e n l y m a n i f e s t a t i o n i s “t h e r e d
p la n e t ”? T h e r e is p o we r fu l c a b a l a h h e r e , a n d t h e r e ’s h a r d ly a n a cr e
o f i n h a b i t a b l e e a r t h t h a t h a s n ’t b e e n a ffe ct e d b y it in s o m e wa y.
I t m a y n e ve r b e k n o w n if J o h n Ca r r o l l a n d Ch a r l e s P h ilip p e
S t o u r t o n p a i d a c a l l o n t h e o ffice s o f M e y e r R o t h s c h i l d d u r i n g
t h e ir G r a n d To u r . Ca r r o l l w a s n o t p e r m i t t e d t o k e e p a r e co r d , a n d
t h e R o t h s c h i l d n a m e is s yn o n ym o u s w i t h s e cr e cy. Bu t a ca ll, k e e p -
in g a “c l o s e i n c o g n i t o , ” a t t h e H o u s e o f R o t h s c h i l d w o u l d n o t b e
i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o u t c o m e . T h e n e w l y - d e s i g n e d P r e fe c t o f t h e
So d a li t y, c h i e f o r ga n ize r o f l a y m e n for s o ci a l a c t i o n , w o u l d h a v e a
l e g i t i m a t e n e e d t o t a l k f i n a n c e s w i t h t h e C h u r c h ’s m o s t s e c r e t
t r u s t e e . As t h i n g s w e r e d e v e l o p i n g , G e n e r a l R i c c i n e e d e d a n
Am e r i c a n f i n a n c i a l cr is is t o p r o v o k e t h e c o l o n i s t s i n t o r e s o l v i n g
t h e u t t e r n e ce s s it y o f wa r .
Ca r r o l l ’s j o u r n a l r e fle ct s t h a t h e a n d S t o u r t o n d id e n t e r t h e
F r a n k fu r t - M a i n z a r e a , w h i c h is R o t h s c h i l d co u n t r y, in e a r ly s p r in g
17 7 2 . I f w e s u p p o s e t h e y t a l k e d f i n a n c i a l cr is is w i t h t h e R o t h -
s c h i l d s , t h e o u t c o m e o f t h e i r t a lk s a c t u a l l y d id o c c u r s e ve r a l
m o n t h s la t e r . D u r i n g J u ly, i n fa c t , t h e Br i t i s h b a n k i n g s ys t e m
u n d e r w e n t a s e ve r e c r e d i t r e d u c t i o n . T h i s c o n s e q u e n t l y t h r e w
A m e r i c a n m e r c h a n t s i n t o a n e x t r e m e f i n a n c i a l d is t r e s s t h a t d id
n o t e n d u n t i l t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r it s e lf p r o d u c e d a b u s i n e s s
b o o m i n 17 7 6 . R o t h s c h i l d , w i t h h is a cce s s t o H e s s e - H a n o ve r ’s va s t
w e a l t h , a n d c o n c e i v a b l y t h a t o f t h e J e s u it s a s w e l l , h a d p o w e r t o
a ffect a cr e d it r e d u c t i o n in Br it is h b a n k i n g . A n d R o t h s c h i l d ’s p r of-
i t i n g fr o m t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r i s w e l l k n o w n . If, d u r i n g t h e
s p r in g o f 17 7 2 , t h e c i r c u m s p e c t yo u n g J es u it p r ofes s or c o n v e y e d t o
t h e p o we r fu l yo u n g J e wis h b a n k e r Lo r e n zo R icci’s n e e d for a fin a n -
c i a l d i s t u r b a n c e i n E n g l a n d a n d Am e r i c a , d i d n ’t J o h n Ca r r o l l
16 1
a d m i r a b l y s e r ve h is S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l , h is C h u r c h , a n d h is c o u n -
t r y? A n d d id n ’t R o t h s c h i l d d o h is c l i e n t lik e wis e ?
E v e n a s Ca r r o l l a n d S t o u r t o n w e r e n e t w o r k i n g ( a c c o r d i n g t o
m y s u r m is e ) w i t h R i c c i a n d t h e b a n k e r s o f wa r , Am i o t ’s S u n - T z u
wa s p u b li s h e d . Ca r r o ll’s c i r c u m s p e c t i o n b a r s u s e ve r fr o m k n o w i n g
w h e t h e r h e a n d S t o u r t o n c a m e u p o n a co p y a n d r ea d it . D i d R o t h -
s ch ild k n o w t h e b o o k ? E ve n if t h e y k n e w it we ll, t h e e xp e r i e n ce
c o u l d n o t p o s s ib ly h a v e b e e n for t h e m t h e a d v e n t u r e in ir o n y it is
for u s n o w. W e o p e n The Thirteen Articles a n d h e a r t h e ge n t le v o i c e
o f t h e m a n i n c h a r g e o f t h e p a p a cy’s m o s t i m p o r t a n t b u s in e s s , t h e
m a n w h o d e cid e d e ve r yt h in g, w h o wa s in t h e p r oces s o f ga in in g
a d v a n t a g e fr o m d a n g e r o u s a n d c r i t i c a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , w h o s e i n -
t e n t i o n s w e r e u n gu e s s a b le , w h o s e d e c i s i o n s w e r e s h a p i n g b o t h h is
o w n a r m y a n d t h e a r m ie s o f h i s E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g P r o t e s t a n t e n e -
m i e s , t h e m a n w h o t h r o u g h c l e v e r n e s s a n d r u se h a d a l r e a d y se-
cu r ed t h e o b e d i e n ce o f h is e n e m ie s in Lo n d o n a n d Bo s t o n a n d
P a r is a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a a l t h o u g h t h e y b e l i e v e d h i m a n d h i s a r m y
t o b e fa r a w a y a n d s l u m p e d i n r es t fr o m s u s t a i n e d lo s s e s , t h e m a n
w h o wo u ld w i n t h e m o s t im p o r t a n t W a r in m o d e r n t im es wit h o u t
g i v i n g b a t t l e o r d r a w i n g a s wo r d , w h o u n i q u e l y k n e w t h e d a y, t h e
h o u r , t h e m o m e n t o f b a t t le - le s s , s wo r d - le s s c o m b a t . Lo r e n zo R icci’s
v o i c e wh is p e r s t o u s a cr o s s t h e c e n t u r i e s b e t w e e n t h e lin e s in p a s -
sa ges s u ch a s t h e s e : 5
A St a t e’s m ost im p or t a n t bu sin ess is its arm y. It is t h e G e n -

er al wh o d ecid es e ve r yt h in g. I f h e is clever , h e will ga in a n
a d va n t a ge fr om e ve n t h e m ost d a n ger ou s & cr it ica l cir cu m -
s t a n ces . H e will k n o w h o w t o sh a p e a t will, n o t on ly t h e ar m y
h e is com m a n d in g bu t also t h a t of h is en em ies.
Tr y t o b e vict o r io u s wit h o u t givin g b a t t le . W i t h o u t givin g
b a t t le, wit h o u t sp illin g a d r op of b lo o d , wit h o u t e ve n d r a win g a
swor d , t h e cle ve r Ge n e r a l su cceed s in ca p t u r in g cit ies. W it h o u t
set t in g foot in a for eign Kin gd om , h e finds t h e m ean s t o con q u er
t h e m . H e a ct s in su ch a wa y t h a t t h ose wh o are in fer ior t o h im
ca n n e ve r gu ess h is in t e n t io n s . H e h a s t h e m ch a n ge lo ca t io n ,
e ve n t a kin g t h em t o r at h er difficult p laces wh er e t h ey m ust wor k
& suffer.
Do n o t d isd a in t h e use of a r t ifice. Be gin b y lea r n in g ever y-
16 2
t h in g t h er e is t o k n o w a b ou t you r e n e m ie s . Kn o w e xa ct ly wh a t
r ela t ion sh ip s t h ey h a ve , t h eir r ecip r oca l liaison s & in t er est s. Do
n o t sp ar e lar ge a m o u n t s of m on ey. H a ve spies e ve r ywh e r e , b e
in for m ed of ever yt h in g.
O ve r l o o k n o t h in g t o cor r u p t wh a t is b est on t h e en em y’s
sid e: offers, p r esen t s, car esses, let n o t h in g b e om it t ed . M a in t a in
secr et liaison s wit h t h ose a m on gst t h e en em y wh o are t h e m ost
d e p r a ve d . Us e t h e m for you r o wn en d s , a lo n g wit h o t h e r
d ep r a ved in d ivid u a ls . Cr o s s t h r o u gh t h eir go ve r n m e n t , s owin g
d issen sion a m on gst t h e ir Ch i e fs . Ce a s e le s s ly give t h e m false
a la r m s & bad a d vice . En ga ge t h e Go ve r n o r s of t h eir P r o vin ce s
in you r in ter ests. Th a t is a p p r oxim a t ely wh a t you m ust d o, if you
wish to fool t h em by clever n ess & ruse.
W h e n a cle ve r Ge n e r a l goes in t o a ct io n , t h e e n e m y is
alr ead y d efea t ed . W h e n h e figh t s, h e a lo n e m u st d o m or e t h a n
h is en t ir e arm y, n o t t h r ou gh t h e st r en gt h of h is arm b u t t h r ou gh
h is p r u d en ce, h is m a n n er of co m m a n d in g, & a b ove all h is ruses.
T h e gr ea t secr et of s o lvin g all p r ob lem s con sist s of t h e ar t of
k n o win g h ow t o cr ea t e d ivision wh e n n ecessary.
W h a t is far m u st b e b r ou gh t n ear , a d va n t a ge m u st b e d r a wn
e ve n fr om losses, a n d slown ess m u st b e t u r n ed in t o d ilige n ce .
You m ust be n ea r wh e n t h e en em y b elieves you t o be far, h a ve a
r eal a d va n t a ge wh e n t h e e n e m y b e lie ve s you h a ve su st a in ed
som e losses, be occu p ied by useful wor k wh e n h e b elieves you are
slu m p ed in rest, an d use all sorts of d iligen ce wh e n h e on ly per -
ceives you t o be m o vin g slowly. Th u s , by t h r owin g h im off tr ack,
you will lu ll h im t o sleep in order t o a t t a ck h im wh e n h e exp ect s
it t h e least & wit h ou t h im h a vin g t h e t im e to pr epar e for it.
As it is essen t ia l for you t o b e co m p le t e ly fa m ilia r wit h t h e
p la ce wh er e you m u st figh t , it is n o less im p or t a n t for you t o
k n o w t h e day, t h e h ou r , e ve n t h e m o m e n t of co m b a t . T h a t is a
ca lcu la t ion wh ich you m ust n ot n eglect .
Yo u , t h er efor e, w h o are a t t h e h ea d of a n ar m y m u st over -
look n o t h in g t o r en d er you r self wor t h y of t h e p osit ion you h old .
Th r o w you r gaze u p o n t h e m ea s u r em en t s of q u a n t it ie s & t h e
m ea s u r em en t s of d im e n s io n s . R e m e m b e r t h e r u les of ca lcu lu s .
Co n s id e r t h e effects of b a la n ce . E xa m in e wh a t vict or y r eally is.
T h i n k a b ou t all of t h is d eep ly & you will h a ve e ve r yt h in g you
n eed in or der to n ever be d efeated by you r en em ies.
T h e y wh o possess t h e tr u e art of go ve r n in g t r oop s we ll are
16 3
t h ose wh o h a ve k n o w n & wh o k n o w h o w t o m a ke t h eir p ower

for m id able, wh o h a ve acqu ir ed u n lim it ed au t h or it y, wh o are n ot
b r ou gh t low b y a n y e ve n t n o m a t t er h o w ve xin g, wh o d o n o t h -
in g wit h p r ecip it a t ion , wh o co n d u ct t h em selves a s ca lm ly wh e n
t h ey are su r p r ised a s t h ey d o w h e n t h eir a ct io n s h a ve b e e n
p la n n ed lon g in a d va n ce, an d wh o always act in ever yt h in g t h ey
d o wit h t h a t p r om p t n ess w h i c h is in fa ct t h e fr u it of clever n ess
com b in ed wit h gr eat exp er ien ce.
T h e st r en gt h of t h is sort of war r ior is like t h a t of t h ose gr eat
b ows w h i c h ca n o n ly b e s t r e t ch e d wit h t h e h e lp of som e
m a ch in e. Th e ir a u t h or it y h as t h e effect of t h ose ter r ible wea p on s
wh ich are sh ot fr om b ows wh ich are t h u s st r et ch ed . E ver yt h in g
su ccu m bs to t h eir b lows, ever yt h in g is laid lo w....
If you d o e xa ct ly as I h a ve in d ica t ed , su ccess will a ccom p a -
n y all you r st ep s. E ve r ywh e r e you will b e a con q u er or , you will
spare t h e lives of you r sold ier s, you will affirm you r cou n t r y in its
for m er p ossession s an d p r ocu r e n ew on es, you will a u gm en t t h e
sp len d or & glor y of t h e St a t e , a n d t h e P r in ce as we ll as h is sub-
ject s will b e in d e b t e d t o you for t h e sweet t r a n q u ilit y in w h i c h
t h ey will h e n ce fo r t h live t h eir lives. W h a t ob ject s ca n b e m or e
wor t h y of you r a t t en t ion & all you r efforts?
C H A R L E S P h i l i p p e S t o u r t o n a n d J o h n Ca r r o l l d e p a r t e d R o m e
for F l a n d e r s i n M a r c h 17 7 3 . T h e j o u r n e y t o o k t h e m fo u r
m o n t h s . T h e y p a s s e d t h r o u g h F l o r e n c e , G e n o a , Lyo n s , a n d P a r is ,
a r r i vi n g a t L i è g e i n e a r ly J u ly. J o h n r e t u r n e d C h a r l e s P h i l i p p e t o
h i s fa t h e r , Lo r d S t o u r t o n , a n d p r o c e e d e d a l o n e t o t h e J e s u it C o l -
le ge a t Br u ge s .
M e a n w h i l e , i n L o n d o n , d u r in g t h e m o n t h o f Ap r i l , t h e Br it is h
E a s t I n d ia C o m p a n y p r e s e n t e d t h e Kin g’s F r ie n d s a s c h e m e w h i c h ,
if m ea s u r ed b y t h e wa y it wo u ld a n ge r Am e r i c a n m e r ch a n t s a n d
p o in t t h e m in exor a b ly t owa r d r e b e llio n , cou ld o n ly h a ve sp r u n g
fr o m t h e S u n - T z u a n i n t e l l e c t of Lo r e n z o R i c c i – “I dem and the art
of m aking enem ies m ove a s one w ishes.” T h a t s c h e m e , a p l a n t o glu t
N e w E n g la n d w i t h c h e a p t e a , i s t h e s u b je ct o f o u r n e x t ch a p t e r .
16 4
KI N G GEORGE III
Chapter 18
THE STIMULATING
EFFECTS OF TEA
T
H E E A S T I N D I A C O M P A N Y w a s a m a j o r s u b s id ize r o f t h e J e-
s u it m i s s i o n t o Be i j i n g . 1
T h e J e s u it s , i n t u r n , i n t e r c e d e d
w i t h o r i e n t a l m o n a r c h s t o s e cu r e l u c r a t i v e c o m m e r c i a l fa -
vo r s fo r t h e C o m p a n y , i n c l u d i n g m o n o p o l i e s o n t e a , s p i c e s , s a lt -
p e t e r ( for e x p l o s i v e s ) , s ilk s , a n d t h e wo r ld ’s o p i u m t r a d e . I n d e e d ,
a c c o r d i n g to R e id ’s Com m erce and Conquest: The Story of the Hon-
ourable East India Com pany , t h e C o m p a n y a p p e a r s t o o w e it s ve r y
e x i s t e n c e t o t h e S o c i e t y o f J es u s . H o w t h i s c a m e t o b e i s w o r t h a
d igr e s s io n .
Br iefly, in 15 8 3 , fo u r yo u n g c o m m e r c i a l t r a ve le r s – F i t c h , N e w -
ber y, Le e d s , a n d St o r e y – set o u t fr o m L o n d o n w i t h le t t e r s o f in t r o -
d u ct ion fr o m Queen E liza b e t h to the Em peror of Ch i n a .
S o m e w h e r e ea st o f t h e P e r s ia n Gu lf, t h e y we r e a r r es t ed b y t h e P o r -
t u g u e s e fo r i l l e g a l l y c r o s s i n g t h e “l i n e o f d e m a r c a t i o n . ” P o p e
Al e s s a n d r o VI ( w h o s e m is t r es s , w e r e ca ll, wa s G i u l i a F a r n e s e , P a u l
I ll’s b e a u t i fu l s is t e r ) h a d d r a w n t h e l i n e i n 14 9 3 fr o m t h e N o r t h
16 7
P o l e t h r o u g h t h e Az o r e s t o t h e S o u t h P o l e . A l l la n d s w e s t o f t h e
lin e h e gr a n t e d t o S p a i n a n d t h o s e ea st t o P o r t u ga l.
T h e fou r vi o la t o r s we r e s e n t i n c h a i n s t o t h e P o r t u gu e s e c o l o n y
o f G o a o n t h e w e s t e r n co a s t o f I n d ia . I n G o a , t h e y w e r e r e s cu e d b y
a fe llo w c o u n t r y m a n , T h o m a s S t e v e n s . S t e v e n s h a d in flu e n ce . H e
w a s R e c t o r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f G o a , a n d h e w a s a J e s u it p r ie s t .
F a t h e r S t e v e n s a r r a n ge d t h e i r r e le a s e , b u t a p p a r e n t l y n o t w i t h o u t
ce r t a in co n d it io n s . St o r e y jo in e d t h e So c i e t y o f J esu s. N e w b e r y
a n d Le e d e s a c c e p t e d p o s t s i n t h e G o a n c o l o n i a l g o v e r n m e n t .
R a lp h F it ch p r oceed ed o n t o Ch i n a , e vid e n t ly u n d er a n I gn a t ia n
o a t h , o t h e r w i s e t h e P o r t u gu e s e Vi c e r o y w o u l d n o t h a v e p e r m i t t e d
h i m t o ca r r y o n .
I n 15 9 1, F i t c h r e t u r n e d t o E n g l a n d a n d , lik e M a r c o P o l o b e fo r e
h i m , t a n t a lize d a d ve n t u r e r s w i t h t h e lu cr a t i ve p o s s ib ilit ie s o f t r a n s -
p o r t i n g t o t h e w e s t e r n h e m i s p h e r e a ll t h e o r i e n t a l s p le n d o r s h e ’d
s e e n . E i gh t yea r s la t er , o n S e p t e m b e r 2 4 , 15 9 9 , w i t h a s u b s cr ip t io n
o f a lit t le m o r e t h a n £ 3 0 , F i t c h a n d s e ve r a l o t h e r s fo r m e d t h e E a s t
I n d ia Co m p a n y .
A n d n o w , i n 17 7 3 , t h e E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y w a s g o v e r n e d b y
F r e e m a s o n s , w h o s e G r a n d M a s t e r s i n c e 17 7 2 w a s t h e n i n t h Lo r d
P e t r e ( h i s m a s t e r y w o u l d c o n t i n u e u n t i l 17 7 7 ) . R e l a t e d t o t h e
S t o u r t o n s , N o r fo l k s , a n d Ar u n d e l l s , t h e P e t r e fa m ily ( p r o n o u n c e d
“P e t e r ”) w a s h i g h l y e s t e e m e d b y t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s . I t w a s t h e
P e t r e s w h o , b a c k i n t h e s i x t e e n t h ce n t u r y, b a n k r o l l e d t h e o r i gi n a l
J esu it m is s io n s t o E n g la n d .
T h e E a s t I n d ia Co m p a n y ’s m o s t p o w e r fu l p o l i t i c a l a t t a c h é wa s
R o b e r t P e t t y, Lo r d S h e l b u r n e . W e r e ca ll S h e l b u r n e a s “ T h e J es u it
o f Be r k e l e y S q u a r e ” w h o w o r k e d i n 17 6 3 w i t h Lo r d Bu t e t o c o n -
c l u d e t h e F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n W a r s w i t h t h e Tr e a t y o f P a r is , w h i c h
is o la t e d E n g l a n d fr o m E u r o p e a n a lli a n ce s a n d a n ge r e d t h e Am e r i -
c a n s o v e r t h e w e s t e r n l a n d s . A c t i n g o n E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y ’s
b e h a lf, S h e l b u r n e c o l l u d e d w i t h t h e Ki n g ’s F r i e n d s o n a s c h e m e
d e s i g n e d t o d is t u r b t h e r e l a t i ve p e a c e w h i c h h a d e x i s t e d b e t w e e n
Am e r i c a n m e r ch a n t s a n d E n gla n d s in ce t h e r e p e a l o f t h e T o w n -
s h e n d Ac t s i n 17 7 0 . I t w e n t lik e t h is .
S t o r e d i n t h e C o m p a n y ’s d o c k s i d e Br i t i s h w a r e h o u s e s w e r e
16 8
C H AP T E R 18 T H E S T I M U LAT I N G E F F E CTS O F T E A
s e v e n t e e n m i l l i o n p o u n d s o f s u r p lu s t e a . T h i s t e a c o u l d n o t b e
r e le a s e d for s a le u n t i l a d u t y o f o n e s h i l l i n g p e r p o u n d wa s p a id t o
t h e C r o w n . I f t h e Ki n g w o u l d e x e m p t t h e C o m p a n y fr o m p a y i n g
t h e s h i l l i n g d u t y, t h e C o m p a n y w o u l d s e ll t h e t e a t h r o u g h s p e cia l
c o n s i g n e e s t o Am e r i c a n s a t p r i ce s l o w e r t h a n t h e c o l o n i s t s w e r e
p a yi n g for e i t h e r t h e d u t ie d E n glis h t e a o r t h e s m u ggle d D u t c h t e a .
E v e r y o n e w o u l d w i n . T h e A m e r i c a n t e a - d r i n k e r s , s t ill s u ffe r in g
fr o m t h e d e p r e s s i ve e ffe ct s o f t h e Br i t i s h b a n k i n g cr is is o f J u ly
17 7 2 , w o u l d w i n . E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y w o u l d w i n . A n d w i t h a
w i n d f a l l d u t y o f n o t o n e b u t three s h i l l i n g s a p o u n d , t h e C r o w n
w o u l d w i n . T h e o n l y lo s e r w o u l d b e t h e c o l o n i a l t e a m e r c h a n t s ,
w h o h a d b e e n e n j o y i n g n i c e p r o fit s o n b o t h d u t i e d a n d s m u g g l e d
t e a . T h e Kin g’s F r ie n d s d i r e ct e d P a r l i a m e n t t o p u t t h e s c h e m e i n t o
law, a n d o n M a y 10 , 17 7 3 , t h e “Te a A c t ” w e n t i n t o e ffe ct .
P r e d i c t a b l y, t h e t e a m e r c h a n t s r e a c t e d i n fu r y. O v e r t h e n e x t
s ix m o n t h s , t h e y p r e s s e d t h e i n t e r c o l o n i a l n e t w o r k o f d i s s i d e n t
p r op a ga n d is t s t o h e lp t h e m m o u n t a p r ot est . W h a t b e ga n a s a n
in ju s t ice a ga in s t t e a m e r c h a n t s wa s a m p lifie d b y t h e p r o p a ga n d is t s
i n t o a wid e ly- fe lt in ju s t ice a ga in s t t h e c o l o n i e s g e n e r a l l y. . . .
T H E N , o n J u ly 2 1, 17 7 3 , G a n g a n e l l i , C l e m e n t XI V, a b o l i s h e d
t h e J e s u it s “fo r a ll e t e r n i t y. ” H i s b r i e f o f d i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t is
e n t i t l e d Dom inus a c Redem ptor noster, w h i c h is u s u a lly t r a n s l a t e d
“ G o d a n d O u r R e d e e m e r . ” W e s h o u l d n o t e t h a t “r ed em p t or ” a ls o
m e a n s “r e v e n u e a g e n t . ” Co n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e b r ie f’s r e a l e ffe ct i n
t h e l o n g t e r m w a s a d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e in p a p a l r e v e n u e s fr o m a
n e w F e b r o n i a n Am e r i c a , p e r h a p s “ G o d a n d O u r R e v e n u e Ag e n t ”
w o u ld b e a m o r e a p p r o p r ia t e t r a n s la t i o n , if n o t t h e i n t e n d e d o n e .
Al t h o u g h C a t h o l i c h i s t o r y ca lls the Disest a b lish m en t “a
s u p r e m e t r a ge d y,” J o h n Ca r r o l l m o r e a c c u r a t e ly a p p r a is e d it a s t h e
“s e c u l a r i s a t i o n ” o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J es u s . T h o u s a n d s o f J e s u it s n o w
r os e t o s e c u la r p r o m i n e n c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w e s t e r n w o r l d , i n t h e
a r t s, s c i e n c e s , a n d g o v e r n m e n t . R a i m o n d o Xi m e n e s b e c a m e a r a d -
ica l F r e e m a s o n . Al e s s a n d r o Zo r zi fr o m Ve n i c e j o i n e d t h e e d i t o r s
o f t h e I t a l i a n Ency clopedia. Dr . B o s c o v i c h a r r i ve d i n P a r is w h e r e
h is s cie n t ific r e p u t a t i o n s e cu r e d h i m t h e p o s t o f D i r e c t o r o f O p t i c s
16 9
o f t h e F r e n c h N a v y . E s t e b a n Ar t e a g a b e c a m e a m u s i c c r i t i c a n d
p u b l i s h e d a b o o k in P a r is e n t i t l e d The Revolution in the Italian
Musical Theatre. W e ’v e a lr e a d y s e e n h o w P r o fe s s o r J o s e p h - I g n a c e
G u i l l o t i n o f t h e Bo r d e a u x Co l l e g e b e c a m e t h e p h ys icia n w h o
g a v e F r a n c e t h e b e h e a d i n g m a c h i n e n a m e d a ft e r h i m . A d a m
W e i s h a u p t , d is m is s e d fr o m t h e J es u it c o l l e g e a t I n go ls t a d t , a t t r a ct -
e d t h e fier cer e l e m e n t s o f E u r o p e a n R o s i c r u c i a n F r e e m a s o n r y i n t o
a n e w s e c r e t c u l t i n Ba v a r i a . H i s “I l l u m i n a t i , ” w h o s e c o v e r wa s
e v e n t u a l l y b l o w n i n o r d e r t o c o n v i n c e p u b l i c o p i n i o n t h a t evil
s e cr e t s o c i e t i e s w e r e b e i n g d i l i g e n t l y u n m a s k e d w h e n i n fa ct t h e y
we r e n o t – wa s a n o t h e r i n s t a n ce o f “b l o w n c o v e r a s co ve r . ” C o u n t -
less o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e gr e a t e s t c l a n d e s t i n e i n t e l l i g e n c e a g e n c y
t h e w o r l d h a s e v e r k n o w n , n o w s e c u l a r i ze d w i t h t h e j e e r i n g
a p p r o va l o f its e n e m i e s , cr o s s e d t h e At l a n t i c t o h e l p gu id e Am e r i -
c a n s t h r o u g h t h e p a i n s o f b e c o m i n g t h e fir st n a t i o n e xp r e s s ly
d e s ign e d t o b e a F e b r o n ia n , Be lla r m in ia n d e m o cr a t ic r e p u b lica n
C h u r c h - S t a t e . W h a t a n a m a zi n g p r o d u c t i o n , a ll t h e m o r e im p r e s -
s ive for t h e c o m p l e t e in vis ib ilit y o f its m e a n s !
W e ’v e s e e n h o w t h e Br ie f o f D i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t wa s s e r ve d u p o n
Lo r e n z o R i c c i i n m i d - Au g u s t , a n d h o w t h e G e n e r a l w a s r e m o v e d
t o t h e E n g l i s h C o l l e g e a fe w b l o c k s a wa y, w h e r e h e r e m a i n e d for
fi ve w e e k s , u n t i l la t e S e p t e m b e r . I n t e r e s t i n g l y, t h e D e a n o f t h e
E n g l i s h C o l l e g e a t t h a t t i m e w a s a t h i r t y- t w o - ye a r - o l d J e s u it p r o -
fessor o f c o n t r o ve r s i a l t h e o l o g y n a m e d J o h n M a t t i n g l y. M a t t i n g l y
w a s a n A m e r i c a n , s a id t o b e t h e l o n e A m e r i c a n J e s u it i n R o m e .
H e wa s a n a t i v e o f M a r y l a n d , a gr a d u a t e o f S t . O m e r ’s , a n d a d e a r
fr ie n d o f J o h n Ca r r o l l , w h o (a s w e k n o w ) h a d d e p a r t e d R o m e five
m o n t h s b e fo r e R i c c i ’s a r r e s t . W i t h i n fi ft e e n ye a r s , C a r r o l l w o u l d
i n vi t e M a t t i n g l y t o b e c o m e t h e first p r e s id e n t o f G e o r g e t o w n U n i -
ver s it y, a n offer M a t t i n g l y w o u l d d e c l i n e .
W h a t m i g h t L o r e n z o R i c c i b e l i k e l y t o d is cu s s fo r fi ve w e e k s
( a ) u n d e r a Br i t i s h r o o f, ( b ) in t h e c u s t o d y o f a y o u n g A m e r i c a n
J e s u it , ( c) a t a t i m e w h e n A m e r i c a n m e r c h a n t s w e r e i n c e n s e d a t
b e i n g c h e a t e d o u t o f t h e i r t e a p r o fit s b y a n e w la w ( d ) s p o n s o r e d
b y Br i t i s h F r e e m a s o n s , ( e ) w h o s e G r a n d M a s t e r h a p p e n e d t o b e
R icci’s s e cr e t s e r va n t ?
17 0
C H AP T E R 18 T H E S T I M U L AT I N G E F F E CT S O F T E A
M i g h t t h e G e n e r a l h a v e b e e n c o n fe r r i n g w i t h m e m b e r s o f t h e
Br i t i s h E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y , o n e o f t h e E n g l i s h Co l l e g e ’s m a j o r
p a t r o n s ? M i g h t t h e i r d i s cu s s i o n s h a v e i n v o l v e d t o w h i c h Am e r i -
ca n p or t s t h eir t ea m igh t b e m ost a d va n t a ge o u s ly sh ip p ed , a n d
w h e n ? Ap p a r e n t l y s o , for w h i l e R i c c i w a s r e s i d i n g a t t h e E n g l i s h
Co l l e g e , P a r lia m e n t a u t h o r ize d t h e Ea st I n d ia Co m p a n y t o sh ip
h a l f a m i l l i o n p o u n d s o f t e a t o B o s t o n , N e w Yo r k , P h i l a d e l p h i a ,
a n d Ch a r l e s t o n , co n s ign e d t o a gr ou p of s p e cia lly- ch o s e n m er -
ch a n t s .
M i g h t R i c c i h a v e b e e n fo r m u l a t i n g w i t h Ca r r o ll’s fr ie n d M a t -
t in gly p la n s for a d e m o n s t r a t i o n i n t e n d e d t o c l i m a x t h e a git a t io n s
t h a t h a d b e e n fo m e n t e d i n t h e c o l o n i e s s i n ce t h e b e g i n n i n g o f h is
g e n e r a l a t e , i n 175 8 ? M i g h t h e h a v e s u gge s t e d a s p e c t a c u l a r e v e n t
t o o c c u r in , say, Bo s t o n H a r b o r , s ym b o l i zi n g t h e co lo n i s t s ’ fr u st r a -
t i o n s w i t h E n g l a n d ? A n d m i g h t n o t P a r l i a m e n t r e s p o n d t o t h is
e v e n t w i t h v e n g e fu l m e a s u r e s d e s i g n e d t o p u s h t h e c o l o n i s t s o ve r
t h e b r i n k o f r e b e l l i o n ? Ar e n ’t fi ve w e e k s s u ffi c i e n t t i m e t o s cr ip t
s u c h a “B o s t o n T e a P a r t y, ” a l o n g w i t h t h e h a r s h l e g a l m e a s u r e s
w i t h w h i c h i t m i g h t b e p u n i s h e d ? As w e l l a s h o w t h e c o l o n i s t s ’
vio le n t r ea ct ion t o t h e p u n is h m e n t m igh t b e coor d in a t ed ? O u t -
c o m e s u gge s t s t h a t R i c c i d id m o r e i n h is five w e e k s a t t h e E n g li s h
Co l l e g e t h a n la n gu is h i n cu s t o d y.
W e h a v e s e e n h o w t h e G e n e r a l w a s t a k e n fr o m t h e E n g l i s h
C o l l e g e t o Ca s t e l S a n t ’An g e l o , w i t h its s e cr e t t u n n e l t o t h e p a p a l
a p a r t m e n t s i n t h e Va t i c a n . F o r m a n y m o n t h s a ft er h is “i m p r i s o n -
m e n t , ” Lo r e n zo R i c c i wa s “q u e s t i o n e d b y t h e I n q u i s i t i o n , ” a c c o r d -
i n g t o t r a d i t i o n a l C h u r c h h is t o r y. Bu t t h e I n q u i s i t i o n h a d b e e n
a d m i n i s t e r e d b y J e s u it s s i n c e 15 4 2 . N o t s u r p r is in gly, t h e i n q u i s i -
t or s p r ie d a b s o lu t e ly n o u sefu l i n fo r m a t i o n o u t o f Lo r e n zo R i c c i . . . .
I N O c t o b e r o f 17 7 3 , Au s t r i a n o fficia ls w i t h d r a w n b a y o n e t s
d e s c e n d e d u p o n t h e J e s u it Co l l e g e in Br u ge s – t h e officia ls we r e
Au s t r i a n b e c a u s e Br u ge s w a s u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e Au s t r i -
a n g o v e r n m e n t . T h e y a r r e s t e d J o h n Ca r r o l l a n d t h e r est o f t h e c o l -
le ge fa c u l t y a n d s t u d e n t s . S t r i p p e d o f h is p o s s e s s io n s a n d p a p e r s ,
Ca r r o l l wa s s p a r e d fu r t h e r h u m i l i a t i o n b y t h e t i m e l y i n t e r c e s s i o n
17 1
o f h i s e r s t w h i l e t r a v e l i n g c o m p a n i o n C h a r l e s P h i l i p p e S t o u r t o n ’s
c o u s i n , H e n r y H o w a r d , Lo r d Ar u n d e l l o f W i l t s h i r e . T h e C a t h o l i c
n o b l e m a n e s c o r t e d C a r r o l l a cr o s s t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l t o W i l t -
s h ir e ’s l u s h l y r o l l i n g h i l l s . O n h i s fa m i l y e s t a t e n e a r Tis b u r y,
H o wa r d h a d b e e n con st r u ct in g a P a lla d ia n m a n sion , N e w Wa r -
d o u r Ca s t l e . O n e o f Ca r r o ll’s d u t ie s wa s t o wr it e h is ve r s i o n o f t h e
c l o s i n g o f Br u ge s C o l l e g e i n o r d e r t o h e l p H e n r y H o w a r d a n d
o t h e r E n g l i s h s p o n s o r s o f t h e c o l l e g e w i n d a m a g e s fr o m t h e Au s -
t r ia n g o v e r n m e n t . H i s p r i n ci p a l c h o r e , h o w e ve r , wa s t o a d m in is t e r
t h e C h a p e l o c c u p y i n g N e w W a r d o u r Ca s t l e ’s w e s t w i n g . I n t h i s
w a y C a r r o l l e s t a b l i s h e d a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h H e n r y H o w a r d ’s a r t
a g e n t i n R o m e , a J e s u it n a m e d F r a n c i s T h o r p e . 2
T h o r p e wa s a
r e n o wn e d in t elligen ce-b r oker , a m a n wh o s e k n o wle d ge of R o m e ,
it s h a p p e n i n g s a n d r e s o u r ce s , wa s le ge n d a r y. H is a p a r t m e n t w a s a
fa vo r it e m e e t i n g p l a c e for vis it in g E n gli s h n o b ilit y, a n d h is fa vo r it e
E n glis h n o b l e m a n wa s H e n r y H o w a r d . 3
H owa r d h ad put Fath er
T h o r p e i n c h a r g e o f “e v e r y d e t a i l , e v e r y a s p e c t o f t h e Ch a p e l ’s
d e s i g n . ” F a t h e r T h o r p e a n d J o h n Ca r r o l l n e e d e d n o i n t r o d u c t i o n
t o o n e a n o t h e r . F r o m t h e e d it o r ’s n o t e s t o Ca r r o ll’s le t t e r s , w e le a r n
t h a t T h o r p e t a u g h t a t S t . O m e r ’s d u r i n g t h e ye a r s J o h n wa s a s t u -
d e n t t h e r e . M o r e o ve r , h e wa s Carroll’s favorite instructor.
T h e s e r e m a r k a b l e fa ct s s u gge s t i n t e r e s t i n g p r o b a b i l i t i e s . F r o m
Tis b u r y, in less t h a n a d a y, Ca r r o l l c o u ld r e a c h Be n j a m i n F r a n k lin ’s
r e s i d e n c e i n L o n d o n b y s t a g e c o a c h . F r a n k l i n , fo r h i s s c i e n t i fi c
a ch ie ve m e n t s a n d e n ligh t e n e d ega lit a r ia n is m , h a d lo n g b e e n t h e
t o a s t o f E u r o p e , a d a r li n g o f J es u it i n t e l l e c t u a l s . H e wa s t h e e x c l u -
s ive c o l o n i a l a g e n t n o w , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e c o m m e r c i a l in t e r e s t s o f
a ll t h i r t e e n c o l o n i e s b e fo r e t h e C r o w n . F r a n k l i n k n e w m o r e a b o u t
Am e r i c a t h a n a n yo n e else l i vi n g i n E n g l a n d , a n d m o r e a b o u t E n g-
l a n d t h a n a n y o t h e r Am e r i c a n . F r a n c i s T h o r p e k n e w m o r e a b o u t
E n g l a n d t h a n a n y o n e e ls e l i v i n g i n R o m e , a n d m o r e a b o u t R o m e
t h a n a n y ot h er E n glis h m a n .
A n d b o t h m e n k n e w J o h n Ca r r o l l w e l l .
A n d t h e r e Ca r r o l l w a s , fo r t h e s ix m o n t h s d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e
t h e Te a A c t e r u p t e d in t o t h e m o s t e xp lo s ive s ca n d a l o f t h e r e vo -
lu t ion a r y e p o ch , p oised in Tis b u r y to fa c i l i t a t e in fo r m a t io n
17 2
b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o p e r s o n a l fr ie n d s o f h is , ge n iu s e s , institutions. Bu t
wh e r e is t h e e vi d e n c e t h a t a n yt h i n g b e a r in g o n t h e Am e r i c a n
R e v o l u t i o n t r a n s p ir e d b e t w e e n R i c c i a n d T h o r p e a n d Ca r r o l l a n d
F r a n k lin a n d H o wa r d a n d t h e en t ir e An g l o - Am e r i c a n M a s o n ic
s ys t e m ? W e a r e le ft w i t h n o t h i n g b u t c l u e s a n d o u t c o m e , w h i c h
n o n e t h e l e s s e m p h a t i c a l l y p o i n t t o a fr u it fu l c o l l a b o r a t i o n .
D u r i n g t h e n i g h t o f D e c e m b e r 16 , 17 7 3 , a g a n g o f I n d i a n s
c l i m b e d a b o a r d c e r t a i n s h ip s i n Bo s t o n H a r b o r , r ip p e d o p e n t h r e e
h u n d r e d f o r t y - t w o o f t h e E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y ’s t e a - c h e s t s a n d
t h r e w o ve r b o a r d t h e ir c o n t e n t s , va lu e d a t $ 9 0 ,0 0 0 . W e l l , t h e y
looked l i k e I n d i a n s , a n d w i t n e s s e s thought t h e y w e r e I n d i a n s , b u t
t h e b ig o p e n s e cr e t wa s t h a t t h e y we r e F r e e m a s o n s in d is gu is e . P e r -
h a p s t h e m os t s u ccin ct s t a t e m e n t o n t h e su b ject a p p ea r s in
r e s p e ct e d M a s o n i c h i s t o r i a n Ar t h u r E d w a r d W a i t e ’s New Ency clo-
pedia o f Freem asonry : “ T h e Bo s t o n T e a P a r t y wa s e n t ir e ly M a s o n i c ,
ca r r ied out by m em bers of th e S t . J o h n ’s Lo d ge d u r in g a n
a d jo u r n e d m e e t i n g . ”
P a r lia m e n t r e a ct e d t o t h e Bo s t o n Te a Pa r t y in a wa y ca lcu la t -
e d t o i n c r e a s e d o ze n s o f r o l l i n g b o u l d e r s i n t o a d e v a s t a t i n g l a n d -
s lid e . W i t h o u t s e r io u s ly i n q u i r i n g i n t o w h o w a s r e s p o n s i b l e , a n d
w h o l l y d is r e ga r d in g t h e offer o f m o r e t h a n a h u n d r e d Bo s t o n m e r -
c h a n t s t o m a k e r e s t i t u t i o n , P a r l i a m e n t r u s h e d i n t o la w a m a s s o f
u n r e a s o n a b ly p u n it ive le gis la t io n – clo s in g t h e p or t of Bo s t o n t o
t r a d e , fo r b id d in g t o w n m e e t i n g s w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e go ve r -
n or , d e n y i n g t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s le gis la t u r e t h e r i gh t t o c h o o s e t h e
go ve r n o r ’s c o u n c i l , p r o vi d i n g for t h e q u a r t e r in g o f Br it is h a n d H e s -
s ia n t r o o p s i n t h e c o l o n y, a n d o r d e r i n g t h a t a n y o ffice r o r s o ld i e r
o f t h e C r o w n a c c u s e d o f a n a c t o f v i o l e n c e i n t h e p e r fo r m a n c e o f
h is d u t y s h o u l d b e s e n t t o a n o t h e r c o l o n y o r t o E n g l a n d fo r w h a t
w o u l d su r ely b e a s w e e t h e a r t t r ia l.
To co m p le t e t h e o ve r k ill, P a r lia m e n t p assed t h e Q u e b e c Ac t ,

w h i c h c u t off t h e c l a i m s o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s , C o n n e c t i c u t , Vi r g i n i a ,
a n d N e w Yo r k t o t h e i r w e s t e r n l a n d s , a n d p l a c e d t h e s e l a n d s , t o
a d d i n s u lt t o in ju r y, u n d e r t h e F r e n c h C a t h o l i c j u r i s d i c t i o n o f
Qu eb ec.
17 3
S o e x a g g e r a t e d l y o u t o f p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e o ffe n s e t h e y w e r e
fr a m e d t o p u n i s h , t h e s e n o t o r i o u s “I n t o l e r a b l e Ac t s ” ca u s e d e ve r y
cla s s o f Am e r i c a n t o s ym p a t h i ze w i t h t h e T e a P a r t ye r s . Su d d e n l y,
in d e p e n d e n ce wa s n o lo n ge r a r a d ica l a lt e r n a t ive . T h e I n t oler a -
b le s r e n d e r e d i n d e p e n d e n c e t h e s u b j e c t o f s e n s i b l e , s e r i o u s c o n -
ve r s a t i o n a s n e v e r b e fo r e .
Gover n or H u t ch in son wa s r eca lled to En gla n d and wa s
r e p l a c e d b y G e n e r a l T h o m a s G a g e , w h o b r o u g h t a n a r m y o f fo u r
t h o u s a n d m e n t o q u a r t e r i n Bo s t o n . G a g e v o w e d s e ve r e d i s ci p li n e .
T h e c o l o n i s t s v o w e d s e ve r e r e s i s t a n c e . “ T h e d i e i s c a s t , ” G e o r g e
III w r o t e t o Lo r d N o r t h . “ T h e c o l o n i e s m u s t e i t h e r t r i u m p h o r su b -
m it . ”
J O H N C a r r o l l le ft W a r d o u r C a s t l e i n M a y 17 7 4 a n d s a ile d for
M a r yl a n d t o r e u n i t e w i t h h is a ge d a n d w i d o w e d m o t h e r , t h e for -
m e r E l e a n o r D a r n a l l , w h o m h e h a d n o t s e e n i n t w e n t y- fi v e ye a r s .
T h e h ist or y o f E le a n o r Da r n a ll is t h e h ist or y o f M a r yla n d , w h i c h
b e a r s s o m e r e fle ct io n h e r e .
I n 16 2 5 , a t a b o u t t h e t i m e y o u n g C h a r l e s S t u a r t w a s i n h e r i t -
in g t h e t h r o n e o f E n g l a n d fr o m h is fa t h e r , Ki n g J a m e s I , t h e J esu it s
c o n v e r t e d a h i g h g o v e r n m e n t officia l t o R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m . T h a t
officia l wa s Se c r e t a r y o f S t a t e G e o r g e Ca l v e r t , t h e first Lo r d Ba lt i -
m o r e . For t h e sa ke of a p p e a r a n ce s – it wa s d e e m e d in a p p r o p r ia t e
fo r a C a t h o l i c t o s e r ve a C a l v i n i s t m o n a r c h – Ba l t i m o r e r e s i gn e d
h i s p o s t . M e a n w h i l e , b e h i n d t h e s c e n e s t h e J e s u it s p e r fe c t e d a n
a u d a c i o u s m a r r i a g e a r r a n g e m e n t b e t w e e n C h a r l e s , n o w Ki n g
Ch a r l e s I , a n d a R o m a n C a t h o l i c p r in ce s s , H e n r i e t t e - M a r i e , sist er
o f Lo u i s XI I I o f F r a n c e . T h e m a r r i a g e p u r p o r t e d t o b e g o o d for
Ch a r l e s ’ e c o n o m i c in t e r e s t s . H e w e n t o u t o f h is w a y t o a c c o m m o -
d a t e t h e J e s u it s . A l t h o u g h a S c o t t i s h Ca l v i n i s t , Ch a r l e s c o n d u c t -
ed h is m o n a r c h y in m a n y r es p ect s a s t h o u g h it we r e R o m a n
C a t h o l i c . H e s ys t e m a t i c a l l y w e a k e n e d E n g l a n d ’s fo r e i g n p o l i c y
t o w a r d C a t h o l i c F r a n c e , t h e c o u n t r y o f h is Q u e e n . H e p r o m o t e d
t o t h e h igh e s t le ve ls in t h e C h u r c h o f E n gla n d m e m b e r s o f t h e
H i g h C h u r c h P a r t y, c l e r g ym e n s ym p a t h e t i c w i t h R o m a n C a t h o l i c
r it u a l a n d t r a d i t i o n s . A n d h e s q u a n d e r e d E n gla n d ’s r e s o u r ce s i n a
p o in t le s s , J e s u it - e n gin e e r e d wa r w i t h S p a i n .
17 4
C H AP T E R 18 T H E S T I M U L AT I N G E F F E CTS O F T E A
S e v e n ye a r s i n t o h is m a r r i a g e w i t h H e n r i e t t e - M a r i e , C h a r l e s
fo u n d h i m s e l f s t u c k b e t w e e n p e r s o n a l i n d e b t e d n e s s t o I g n a t i a n
cr e d i t o r s a n d a s t in gy P a r l i a m e n t . I n h o p e s o f g e n e r a t i n g t a x r e v-
e n u e s a b r o a d , h e c a r v e d a fe u d a l b a r o n y o u t o f n o r t h e r n Vi r g i n i a
a n d gr a n t e d it t o Lo r d Ba lt i m o r e . Bu t Ba l t i m o r e d ie d b e fo r e d e ve l -
o p i n g t h e g r a n t . T h e c h a r t e r p a s s e d d o w n t o h is s o n , C e c i l i u s
Ca l v e r t .
C a l v e r t , t h e n e w Lo r d Ba l t i m o r e , c a l l e d p e r s e c u t e d e m i g r a n t s
d e s i r i n g r e li g i o u s a n d t a x fr e e d o m t o p a r t i c i p a t e in a v o y a g e t o a
p l a c e b e a r i n g a n a m e d e a r t o C a t h o l i c s “M a r y l a n d , ” a ft e r t h e
Ble s s e d Vi r g i n . Ba l t i m o r e d id n o t n e g l e c t a p p e a l i n g t o t h e ir r e li-
gio u s n i c h e a s w e l l . A n u m b e r o f h is a d v e r t i s e m e n t s s p o k e o f t h e
lim it le s s o p p o r t u n i t i e s fr o m s e t t lin g in “M e r r i e La n d . ”
O n N o v e m b e r 2 2 , 16 3 3 , t w o s h ip s , t h e Ark a n d t h e Dove, set
sa il fr o m L o n d o n . T h e p a s s e n ge r list i n clu d e d t h r e e J esu it s, s i xt e e n
t o t w e n t y R o m a n C a t h o l i c g e n t l e m e n , s e ve r a l h u n d r e d p r e d o m i -
n a n t l y P r o t e s t a n t s la ve s a n d la b o r e r s , a n d Ce c i l i u s Ca l ve r t ’s b r o t h -
e r Le o n a r d . L e o n a r d C a l v e r t h a d b e e n a p p o i n t e d M a r yl a n d ’s fir st
g o v e r n o r . T h e v o y a g e o f t h e Ark a n d t h e Dove w a s s p i r i t u a lly
d ir e ct e d b y a J esu it p r ie s t n a m e d An d r e w W h i t e . E d u c a t e d a t b o t h
S t . O m e r ’s a n d D o u a i , a p r o fe s s o r fo r t w e n t y ye a r s i n P o r t u g a l ,
S p a i n , a n d F la n d e r s , An d r e w W h i t e i s r e m e m b e r e d b y t h e C h u r c h
a s “t h e Ap o s t l e t o M a r yl a n d . ”
C h o o s i n g a n Andrew fo r t h e t a s k w a s g o o d l i t u r g i c a l c a b a l a h
o n t h e p a r t o f t h e G e s u . An d r e w wa s t h e b r o t h e r o f t h e a p o s t le
P e t e r , t h e fir st P o p e , t h e R o c k u p o n w h o m R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m
c la i m s t o b e e s t a b li s h e d . An d r e w i s t h e P a t r o n S a i n t o f S c o t l a n d ;
Ki n g Ch a r l e s I wa s a S c o t . A p e r s o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i ve o f t h e k in g’s
b r ot h er ly a t t it u d e t owa r d R o m e cou ld n o t b e m or e e lo q u e n t ly
id e n t ifie d t h a n b y t h e s im p le n a m e “An d r e w . ” An d r e w W h i t e c o n -
s e c r a t e d t h e M a r y l a n d v o y a g e t o t w o C a t h o l i c s a in t s : t h e Vi r g i n
M a r y, P r o t e ct r e s s o f t h e J es u it s , a n d I gn a t iu s Lo yo l a , o n l y r e c e n t l y
d e cr e e d P a t r o n S a i n t o f M a r yl a n d b y U r b a n VI I I , t h e s e c o n d p u p il
o f J esu it s t o b e e l e c t e d P o p e .
T h e s h ip s we r e a t sea n e a r ly fou r m o n t h s . F in a lly, o n e h u n d r e d
t w e n t y - t h r e e d a ys fr o m E n g l a n d , o n M a r c h 2 5 , 16 3 4 , t h e p a r t ie s
r e a c h e d S t . C l e m e n t s I s la n d i n t h e m o u t h o f t h e P o t o m a c R i ve r .
175
I t w a s a n a u s p i c i o u s d a y. N o t o n l y w a s M a r c h 2 5 t h e fir s t d a y o f
s p r in g, b u t a ls o it wa s t h e fir st d a y o f t h e J u lia n ca le n d a r . ( I n 17 5 2
t h e c o l o n i e s w o u l d a d o p t t h e G r e g o r i a n ca le n d a r , w h i c h w e fo llo w
t o d a y. ) O n M a r c h 2 5 , A n d r e w W h i t e r e a d t h e fir st R o m a n M a s s
e ve r h e l d i n a n y o f t h e o r igin a l t h i r t e e n c o l o n i e s . T h e n h e fo r m a l-
ly t o o k p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e l a n d “fo r o u r S a v i o u r a n d fo r o u r S o v e r -
e i g n Lo r d Ki n g o f E n g l a n d . ”
M a r yla n d h is t o r ia n s t r a ce t h e ju r id ica l o r igin s o f t h e R o m a n
C a t h o l i c C h u r c h i n t h e U n i t e d St a t e s t o a P a t u x e n t I n d i a n ch ie f-
t a in ’s w i g w a m , w h i c h An d r e w W h i t e d e n o t e d i n h is d ia r y “t h e first
c h a p e l o f M a r yl a n d . ” W h i t e i n t r o d u ce d R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m t o t h e
P a t u x e n t s , An a c o s t i c s , a n d P i s c a t a w a ys o n r e a l e s t a t e t h a t t o d a y
c o m p r i s e s t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . I t ’s q u i t e p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e
D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a ’s e x e c u t i v e m a n s i o n w a s t e r m e d “ W h i t e
H o u s e ” less b e c a u s e o f a c o l o r o f e x t e r i o r p a i n t t h a n o u t o f r e ve r -
e n c e fo r t h e Ap o s t l e t o M a r y l a n d . E ve r y u t t e r a n c e o f “ W h i t e
H o u s e ” s h o u ld fill t h e h i s t o r i ca lly k n o w l e d g e a b l e J es u it w i t h p r id e
in h is So ci e t y’s a c h i e v e m e n t s .
Co n ve r s i o n s a m o n g t h e I n d ia n s r a n h i gh , b u t t h e So ci e t y
e n j o ye d gr e a t e r p r o fit s e v a n g e l i z i n g P r o t e s t a n t s . F o r e ve r y P r o t e s -
t a n t s e t t le r c o n v e r t e d , t h e J e s u it s w o n a la n d gr a n t fr o m Ce c i l i u s
Ca l v e r t . O t h e r la n d s Ca l v e r t r e t a i n e d a n d p a s s ed o n t o h is d e s ce n -
d a n t s . O v e r t h e g e n e r a t i o n s , R o c k C r e e k F a r m w i t h it s “ R o m e , ”
o n w h i c h t h e U . S . Ca p i t o l wa s e r e ct e d , d e v o l v e d t o t h e Ca l v e r t
h e i r e s s E l e a n o r D a r n a l l a n d h e r h u s b a n d , a n I r is h i m m i g r a n t
wh o s e m a r r ia ge a n d a b ilit ies h a d e a r n e d e n o u g h m o n e y t o m a k e
h i m a p r os p er ou s m e r ch a n t - p la n t e r . I t wa s t o t h is co u p le , a n d on
t h is la n d , t h a t t h e fi r s t Am e r i c a n b i s h o p wa s b o r n i n 17 3 5 .
L i k e h i s o l d e r b r o t h e r D a n i e l , J a ck y C a r r o l l d i d h i s e a r li e s t
s c h o o l i n g a t B o h e m i a M a n o r , a s e c r e t J e s u it a c a d e m y ju s t d o w n
t h e r oa d . Bo h e m i a M a n o r h a d t o b e r u n s e cr e t ly b e ca u s e o f a n t i-
C a t h o l i c la w s r e s u l t i n g fr o m t h e a b d i c a t i o n o f C a t h o l i c J a m e s I I
a n d t h e s u cce s s i o n o f P r o t e s t a n t s W i l l i a m a n d M a r y t o t h e Br it is h
t h r o n e i n 16 8 9 . T h e P e n a l P e r i o d i n M a r y l a n d , w h i c h w o u l d e x -
t e n d u p t o t h e Am e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n , s e r ve d t h e b l a c k p a p a cy we ll
b y i n c l i n i n g a fflu en t C a t h o l i c fa m ilie s t o s e n d t h e ir s o n s a cr oss t h e
17 6
At l a n t i c t o t a k e t h e J e s u it ratio studiorum a t S t . O m e r ’s . I n d e e d ,
m o r e Am e r i c a n s w e n t t o S t . O m e r ’s C o l l e g e i n t h e e i g h t e e n t h
ce n t u r y t h a n t o O x f o r d a n d Ca m b r i d g e c o m b i n e d . 4
At t h e t e n d e r a ge o f t h i r t e e n , J a ck y s a ile d t o E u r o p e w i t h h is
e v e n yo u n g e r c o u s i n , Ch a r l e s Ca r r o l l , for s c h o o l i n g a t S t . O m e r ’s .
D a n i e l r e t u r n e d h o m e fr o m t h e r e t o h e l p m a n a g e t h e fa m ily in t e r -
est s h e s t o o d t o in h e r it . I n 17 5 3 , J a cky e n t e r e d t h e n o vi t i a t e o f t h e
J e s u it s a t W a t t e n i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s . C h a r l e s w e n t o n t o s t u d y
p r e - l a w a t Vo l t a i r e ’s a l m a m a t e r , t h e C o l l è g e L o u i s - l e - G r a n d i n
P a r is . I n 17 5 8 , J a ck y r e t u r n e d t o S t . O m e r ’s t o t e a c h , w h i l e
C h a r l e s cr o s s e d t h e C h a n n e l t o E n g l a n d , e n r o l l i n g i n L o n d o n ’s
p r e m i e r s c h o o l fo r b a r r i s t e r s , t h e I n n e r T e m p l e , f o u n d e d i n t h e
fo u r t e e n t h ce n t u r y b y t h e Kn i g h t s Te m p la r . 5
J a ck y wa s o r d a i n e d t o t h e J e s u it p r i e s t h o o d i n 17 6 1. W h e n h e
le a r n e d t h a t S t . O m e r ’s w a s a b o u t t o b e s e ize d b y t h e F r e n c h g o v-
e r n m e n t i n p r e p a r a t i o n for t h e r o ya l e d i c t s u p p r e s s in g t h e J e s u it s
in F r a n ce , h e w i t h o t h e r t e a ch e r s a n d t h e ir p u p ils m o v e d t o
Br u ge s . I n 17 6 9 , h e r e n o u n c e d h is C a l v e r t i n h e r i t a n c e , s l o u g h e d
off h is n i c k n a m e , t o o k t h e e x t r e m e J es u it v o w o f p a p a l o b e d i e n c e ,
an d b e ga n t e a ch in g p h ilo s o p h y a n d t h e o lo gy a t t h e En glis h co l-
le ge i n L i è g e . I t w a s h e r e t h a t h e b e fr i e n d e d C h a r l e s P h i l i p p e
S t o u r t o n , h is G r a n d To u r c o m p a n i o n .
J
the
O H N Ca r r o ll’s a r r iva l a t h is m o t h e r ’s h o m e i n M a r yl a n d c o i n c i d -
e d w i t h P a u l R e v e r e ’s r id e t o P h i l a d e l p h i a b e a r i n g le t t e r s fr o m
Bo s t o n Co m m i t t e e o f Co r r e s p o n d e n c e s e e k i n g a id fr o m
Ch a r l e s T h o m s o n ’s gr o u p i n p r o t e s t i n g t h e c lo s i n g o f Bo s t o n H a r -
bor . F r o m h is m o t h e r ’s e s t a t e a t R o c k Cr e e k , Ca r r o l l d e a lt w i t h t h e
a ft e r m a t h o f t h e T e a A c t b y e x e r c i s i n g h i s “s e c u l a r i s e d ” p r i e s t ly
a u t h o r i t y a s P r e fe ct o f t h e So d a lit y. H e in t e gr a t e d t h e Ca t h o l i c s o f
M a r y l a n d , P e n n s y l v a n i a , a n d n o r t h e r n Vi r g i n i a i n t o t h e m o v e -
m e n t fo r i n d e p e n d e n c e .
Ch a r l e s T h o m s o n ’s P h i l a d e l p h i a c o m m i t t e e s e n t Bo s t o n a le t -
t er o f s u p p o r t . T h e c o m m i t t e e a d d i t i o n a l l y p r o p o s e d a co n gr e s s o f
d e p u t ie s fr o m t h e c o l o n i e s t o ( a ) c o n s i d e r m e a s u r e s t o r e s t o r e h a r -
m o n y w i t h G r e a t Br i t a i n a n d ( b ) p r e ve n t t h e d is p u t e fr o m a d va n c -
17 7
in g t o “a n u n d e s i r a b l e e n d . ” T h o m s o n t h e n n o t i fi e d a ll t h e
c o l o n i e s s o u t h o f P e n n s y l v a n i a o f h is c o m m i t t e e ’s a c t i o n . H e su g-
ge s t e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f c a l l i n g a g e n e r a l c o n g r e s s t o c o n s i d e r t h e
p r o b l e m . C o m b i n e d w i t h a s im ila r ca ll fr o m t h e Vi r g i n i a H o u s e o f
Bu r ge s s e s , h is s u g g e s t i o n w a s a p p r o v e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o l o n i e s .
P l a n s w e r e la id fo r t h e F ir s t C o n t i n e n t a l Co n g r e s s t o m e e t a t
P h i l a d e l p h i a i n Se p t e m b e r .
O n J u n e 1, 17 7 4 , t h e b i l l c l o s i n g B o s t o n H a r b o r w e n t i n t o
e ffe ct . T h o m s o n ’s r a d i c a ls le d P h i l a d e l p h i a i n o b s e r v i n g a d a y o f
m ou r n in g. Sh o p s clos ed , ch u r ch e s h eld s e r vi c e s , the p eop le
r e m a in e d q u iet ly in t h e ir h o m e s . On J u n e 8 , T h o m s o n a n d m o r e
t h a n n i n e h u n d r e d fr e e h o ld e r s p e t i t i o n e d G o v e r n o r R i c h a r d P e n n
t o c o n v e n e t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a As s e m b l y s o t h a t i t m i g h t c o n s i d e r
s e n d i n g d e l e g a t e s t o a n a l l - c o l o n y c o n g r e s s t o e x p l o r e w a ys o f
r e s t o r in g h a r m o n y a n d p e a c e t o t h e Br it is h E m p ir e . T h e G o v e r n o r
r efu s ed t h e ir r e q u e s t , w h i c h ju s t ified T h o m s o n ’s t a k i n g a c t i o n o u t -
sid e t h e e s t a b lis h e d or d er .
T h o m s o n c a l l e d fo r a t o w n m e e t i n g t o b e h e l d o n J u n e 18 .
N e a r l y 8 ,0 0 0 P h i l a d e l p h i a n s a t t e n d e d . Bo is t e r o u s ly, t h e y r e s o lve d
t h a t t h e clo s i n g o f Bo s t o n H a r b o r wa s t yr a n n i c a l , a n d t h a t a C o n -
t i n e n t a l Co n g r e s s t o s e cu r e t h e r igh t s a n d lib e r t ie s o f t h e c o l o n i e s
m u st b e c o n ve n e d in P h ila d e lp h ia .
I n J u ly, t h e P e n n s yl v a n i a As s e m b l y yi e ld e d t o T h o m s o n ’s p o p -
u la r p r e s s u r e a n d a gr e e d t o n a m e a d e l e g a t i o n t o t h is F ir s t C o n t i -
n e n t a l Co n g r e s s . T h o m s o n , h o w e ve r , wa s n o t n a m e d .
T h a n k s t o t h e p u b l i c i t y fr o m h i s “F ir s t C i t i z e n / S e c o n d C i t i -
ze n ” m e d i a p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e fir st h a l f o f 17 7 3 , C h a r l e s Ca r -
r o ll w a s n a m e d b y t h e An n a p o l i s C o m m i t t e e o f C o r r e s p o n d e n c e
t o b e a d e le ga t e t o t h e Fir st C o n t i n e n t a l Co n g r e s s . Bu t h e d e c l i n e d
t h e n o m i n a t i o n . H e sa id t h a t h is u s e fu ln e s s m i g h t b e r e s t r ict e d b y
a n t i - Ca t h o li c s e n t im e n t e n ge n d e r e d b y t h e Q u e b e c A c t ( wit h
w h i c h P a r l i a m e n t h a d a ve n g e d t h e Bo s t o n Te a P a r t y b y g i vi n g t h e
w e s t e r n la n d s o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s , C o n n e c t i c u t , Vi r g i n i a , a n d N e w
Yo r k t o C a t h o l i c Q u e b e c ) . H e a t t e n d e d t h e Co n g r e s s , h o w e v e r ,
b u t a s a n “u n o ffi c i a l c o n s u l t a n t ” t o t h e M a r y l a n d e r s . C h a r l e s
T h o m s o n a c c o m p a n i e d t h e P e n n s yl va n i a n s i n t h e s a m e ca p a cit y.
17 8
T o p r e p a r e fo r t h e S e p t e m b e r 5 t h o p e n i n g s e s s i o n , d e l e g a t e s
b e g a n a r r i vi n g i n P h i l a d e l p h i a i n la t e Au g u s t . T h e y c o n g r e g a t e d
a t a w e l l - k n o w n r a d ica l m e e t i n g- p la ce , t h e e le ga n t m a n s io n of
T h o m a s M ifflin . M ifflin h a d s t u d ie d cla s s ics u n d e r Ch a r l e s T h o m -
s o n a t B e n j a m i n F r a n k li n ’s Ac a d e m y ( la t e r t o b e c o m e U n i v e r s i t y
o f P e n n s yl v a n i a ) . T h e y w e r e clo s e fr ie n d s . As Mifflin ’s h o u s e gu e s t ,
T h o m s o n wa s o n h a n d r o u n d t h e c l o c k t o gr e e t a n d co n fe r w i t h
t h e a r r i v i n g le a d e r s , m o s t o f w h o m a l r e a d y k n e w h i m b y n a m e .
J o h n Ad a m s ’ d ia r y e n t r y fo r Au g u s t 3 0 t h s p e a k s o f “m u c h c o n v e r -
s a t io n ” h e a n d h is fe llo w d e le ga t e s h a d w i t h t h e le a r n e d T h o m s o n .
H e c a l l e d T h o m s o n “t h e S a m A d a m s o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , ” a n d “t h e
life o f t h e ca u s e o f lib e r t y.”
T h o m s o n a n d t h e Ca r r o lls – Ch a r l e s , D a n i e l , a n d J o h n – s p e n t
t h e s e cr i t i ca l p r e lim in a r y d a ys l o b b yi n g for t h e i n e vi t a b i li t y o f wa r .
T h o m s o n wa s a lr e a d y h e a v i l y i n ve s t e d i n N e w J er sey’s Ba t s o Fu r -
n a c e . Ba t s o w o u l d fu r n i s h c a n n o n b a lls , s h o t , k e t t l e s , s p i k e s a n d
n a ils t o t h e a r m y t h r o u g h t h e W a r Co m m i s s i o n e r , w h o c o n t r o l l e d
a ll t h e e x e c u t i v e d u t ie s o f t h e m ilit a r y d e p a r t m e n t . T h e W a r C o m -
m i s s i o n e r wa s ju s t t h e m a n L o r e n z o R i c c i n e e d e d fo r t h e j o b :
Charles Carroll.
T h o m s o n wa s e l e c t e d Se c r e t a r y o f t h e Fir st C o n t i n e n t a l C o n -
gr ess, a n o ffice h e h e l d u n d e r t h e t i t le “P e r p e t u a l S e c r e t a r y” u n t i l
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C o n s t i t u t i o n w a s r a t i fi e d i n 17 8 9 . H e le d t h e
d e l e g a t e s t h r o u g h a n i t e m i ze d s t a t e m e n t o f t h e A m e r i c a n t h e o r y
of r eb ellion t h at cu lm in a t ed in t h e cr it ica l D e cla r a t io n and
R e s o lve s o f O c t o b e r 14 , 17 7 4 .
I T w a s w h i l e t h e F ir s t C o n t i n e n t a l Co n g r e s s w a s d e l i b e r a t i n g
Am e r i c a ’s fu t u r e u n d e r Br i t i s h t y r a n n y t h a t G a n g a n e l l i , P o p e
C l e m e n t XI V, d i e d h i s a g o n i z i n g d e a t h ( S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 17 7 4 ) .
W h e n t h e p a p a c y is v a c a n t , sa ys New Catholic Ency clopedia, t h e
a d m in ist r a t ion a n d gu a r d ia n sh ip of th e H o l y Se e ’s tem poral
r igh t s – t h a t is, its b u s in e s s affair s – ar e r o u t in e ly t a k e n o ve r b y t h e
Tr e a s u r e r o f t h e Ap o s t o l i c C h a m b e r . T h e Ap o s t o l i c Tr e a s u r e r o n
t h e d a y o f G a n g a n e l l i ’s p a s s in g wa s Ca r d i n a l G i o v a n n i Br a s ch i . A
fift y- s e ve n - ye a r - o ld a r is t o cr a t o f i m p o ve r i s h e d p a r e n t a ge , Ca r d i n a l
17 9
Br a s c h i wa s a s t e r li n g p r o d u c t o f t h e J e s u it c o l l e g e s . T h e ratio stu~
diorum h a d m a d e o f h i m a d i s t i n g u i s h e d la w ye r a n d d i p l o m a t . H e
h a d b e e n Ap o s t o l i c Tr e a s u r e r w h e n R o t h s c h i l d b e g a n s e r vi n g t h e
C a t h o l i c p r i n c i p a l i t y o f H e s s e - H a n o v e r i n 17 6 9 . T h i s i n t e r e s t i n g
fa ct a w a k e n s t h e p o s s ib ilit y t h a t t h e Ca r d i n a l a n d R o t h s c h i l d h a d
b e e n i n v o l v e d i n R i c c i ’s A m e r i c a n p r o j e c t fo r ye a r s . Bu t t h a t i s
o n ly c o n j e c t u r e . W h a t is b e yo n d c o n j e c t u r e , h o w e ve r , is t h a t u n t i l
a n e w p o p e c o u ld b e e l e c t e d , t h e w h o l e fi s c a l w e a l t h o f t h e R o m a n
C a t h o l i c C h u r c h b e l o n g e d t o Br a s c h i a n d t o n o o n e e ls e . A l -
t h o u g h l a c k i n g fo r m a l e n t i t l e m e n t , Ca r d i n a l Br a s ch i w o u l d r u le a s
a k i n d o f “vi r t u a l ” Pontifex Maxim us for o n e o f t h e l o n g e s t p e r io d s
o f p a p a l v a c a n c y o n r e co r d .
D a y a ft e r d a y a ft e r d a y, t h e c o n c l a v e h a g g l e d o v e r a s i n gle
issu e – W h a t w o u l d t h e c a n d i d a t e s d o a b o u t t h e J e s u it s ? S h o u l d
G a n g a n e l l i ’s b r ie f o f D i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t c o n t i n u e t o b e e n fo r c e d o r
n ot?
A l t h o u g h L o r e n z o R i c c i w a s i n d e t e n t i o n a t C a s t e l S a n t ’A n -
ge lo , w e k n o w h e c o u l d e a s ily h o p a t u n n e l ca r r ia ge t o t h e Va t i c a n
for c o v e r t m e e t i n g s w i t h t h e Vi r t u a l P o p e . I n a v e r y r e a l wa y,
Br a s c h i wa s a c r e a t i o n o f R i c c i ’s . Br a s c h i h a d b e e n m a d e a Ca r d i -
n a l u n d er t h e sp on sor sh ip o f Ga n ga n e lli , wh o s e o w n ca r d in a la t e
w a s s p o n s o r e d , a s w e r e c a l l , b y R i c c i . T h e s e t w o m o s t p o w e r fu l
m e n o n e a r t h , R i c c i a n d Br a s ch i, h a d b e e n s e cr e t ly a llie d for ye a r s .
A n d n o w t h e t u r n o f e v e n t s h a d m a d e t h e m i n vi s i b l e a n d i n a u d i -
b l e . T h e s e la s t p r e c i o u s d a ys i n t h e fi n a l b u r s t i n g - fo r t h o f R i c c i ’s
g r a n d s t r a t e gy a ffo r d e d i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s fo r Br a s c h i a n d R i c c i t o
d e t e r m i n e fa ce - t o - fa ce w i t h t h e R o t h s c h i l d e m is s a r ie s , o u t o f p u b -
lic s igh t a n d m i n d , h o w t h e Va t i c a n ’s i m m e n s e r e s o u r ce s – m o n e y,
m e n , s u p p li e s – w o u l d b e d e p l o y e d i n t h e c o m i n g m o n t h s a n d
ye a r s . ( I n O c t o b e r 17 7 4 , fo r e x a m p l e , c o l o n i a l a g e n t B e n j a m i n
F r a n k l i n s e n t E n gla n d ’s m o s t e n l i g h t e n e d c o p yw r i t e r , T o m P a i n e ,
t o b eef u p t h e p a m p h le t e e r s in P h ila d e lp h ia .)
T h e d a ys o f p a p a l v a c a n c y w o r e o n – t h ir t y, fift y, s ixt y, s e v e n -
t y- five , a h u n d r e d d a ys , a h u n d r e d a n d t e n . F in a lly, a ft er n e a r ly five
m o n t h s o f c o n fu s i o n , o n F e b r u a r y 15 , 17 7 5 , t h e o n e h u n d r e d t h ir -
t y- fo u r t h d a y, i t w a s a n n o u n c e d t h a t R o m e h a d a n e w P o p e . T h e
18 0
n e w p o p e w a s a m a n a c c e p t a b l e t o b o t h s id e s o f t h e J e s u it q u e s -
t i o n . H e h a d t a ci t ly a s s u r ed t h e a n t i- J e s u it s t h a t h e w o u l d c o n t i n -
u e t o e n fo r ce D i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t , ye t t h e p r o - J e s u it s k n e w h e w o u l d
e n fo r c e it tenderly b e c a u s e o f t h e gr e a t i n t e l l e c t u a l , p o l i t i c a l , a n d
s p ir it u a l d e b t s h e o w e d t h e So c i e t y. T h e n e w p o p e w a s b e s t q u a li -
fie d fo r t h e p a p a c y b e c a u s e h e ’d b e e n r u n n i n g t h e H o l y S e e w i t h
L o r e n z o R i c c i fo r t h e p a s t h u n d r e d t h i r t y- fo u r d a ys – Giovanni
Braschi! Br a s ch i t o o k t h e p a p a l n a m e P iu s VI .
A n d n o w p l u m m e t e d t h e gr e a t a v a l a n c h e .
O N F e b r u a r y 9 , 17 7 5 t h e Br it is h P a r l i a m e n t d e cla r e d M a s s a c h u -
set t s t o b e “i n a s t a t e o f r e b e lli o n . ”
O n M a r c h 2 3 , P a t r i c k H e n r y d e l i v e r e d h is fa m o u s “G I V E M E
LIBERTY OR GIVE M E DEATH” o r a t i o n .
O n Ap r i l 19 , a t a t e n s e d a yb r e a k c o n f r o n t a t i o n o n L e x i n g t o n
G r e e n b e t w e e n a gr o u p o f a n gr y co lo n i s t s a n d s o m e e i g h t h u n d r e d
r e d co a t s , a n u n s e e n a n d u n id e n t ifie d s h o o t is t fir ed o n t h e r e d co a t s
fr o m b e h i n d a n e a r b y m e e t i n g - h o u s e . T h i s w a s t h e “s h o t h e a r d
’r o u n d t h e w o r l d ” – a l t h o u g h R a l p h W a l d o E m e r s o n c o i n e d t h a t
p h r a s e in h is Concord Hy m n ( 18 3 6 ) t o d e s cr ib e a s k ir m is h a t C o n -
c o r d Br i d g e , s e v e n m i l e s a w a y a n d a fe w h o u r s la t e r . T h e a ir o n
Le xi n gt o n G r e e n cr a ckle d w i t h e xp lo d in g gu n p owd er , a n d w h e n
t h e s m o k e cle a r e d , e i g h t co lo n i s t s la y d e a d . 6
As t h e r e d c o a t s r e t u r n e d t o B o s t o n , t h e y w e r e a t t a c k e d b y
e ve r - in cr e a s in g co lo n i a l m ilit ia m e n . T h e M a s s a ch u s e t t s P r o vin -
cia l Co n g r e s s m o b ilize d 13 ,6 0 0 c o l o n i a l s old ier s a n d p l a c e d Bo s t o n
u n d e r a s iege t h a t la s t e d for a lm o s t a yea r .
To p r e ve n t t h e sp r ea d o f t h e Bo s t o n ca r n a ge t o t h e Q u a k e r
p r o v i n c e , t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a As s e m b l y n a m e d C h a r l e s T h o m s o n
a n d t we lve ot h er s t o a co m m i t t e e t o p u r ch a s e e xp lo s ive s a n d
m u n i t i o n s – t h e l e a d i n g m a n u fa c t u r e r s o f w h i c h h a p p e n e d t o b e
T h o m s o n a n d Ch a r l e s Ca r r o l l .
O n M a y 10 , t h e S e c o n d C o n t i n e n t a l C o n g r e s s c o n v e n e d i n
P h ila d elp h ia a n d n a m e d Ge o r ge W a s h i n gt o n co m m a n d e r - in - ch ie f
o f t h e C o n t i n e n t a l Ar m y .
O n J u n e 2 2 , Co n g r e s s v o t e d t o issu e a c o n t i n e n t a l c u r r e n c y –
181
t w o m i l l i o n d o lla r s in u n s e cu r e d b ills o f cr e d i t – t o b e u s e d in p a y-
in g t h e co s t s o f wa r .
O n J u ly 3 , G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n fo r m a lly a s s u m e d c o m m a n d o f
t h e C o n t i n e n t a l Ar m y , a b o u t s e v e n t e e n t h o u s a n d m e n g a t h e r e d
i n Ca m b r i d g e , M a s s a ch u s e t t s .
O n J u ly 5 , Co n g r e s s a d o p t e d its la st h u m b l e p le a for p e a c e w i t h
E n g l a n d , t h e “ O l i v e B r a n c h P e t i t i o n , ” w r i t t e n b y Ch a r l e s T h o m -
s o n a n d J o h n D i c k i n s o n . G o v e r n o r P e n n o f P e n n s yl v a n i a p e r s o n -
a lly d e l i v e r e d t h e P e t i t i o n t o L o n d o n , b u t t h e Ki n g ’s F r i e n d s
p r e ve n t e d G e o r g e III fr o m s e e in g P e n n o r e v e n a c k n o w l e d g i n g t h e
P et it ion .
O n J u ly 6 , Co n g r e s s a d o p t e d t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f t h e Ca u s e s a n d
N e c e s s i t i e s o f T a k i n g U p Ar m s , w h i c h fe ll s h o r t o f a s s e r t in g in d e -
p e n d e n c e , b u t v o w e d a h o l y wa r o f li b e r a t i o n fr o m s la ver y.
O n Au g u s t 2 3 , G e o r g e III issu ed a p r o c l a m a t i o n d e c la r i n g t h a t
a ll t h i r t e e n A m e r i c a n c o l o n i e s w e r e i n a s t a t e o f o p e n r e b e l l i o n .
T w o m o n t h s la t e r , i n O c t o b e r , Br i t i s h fo r ce s b u r n e d F a l m o u t h ,
w h a t is p r e s e n t ly P o r t la n d , M a i n e .
T h e w a r w a s o n . Bu t fr o m L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s v a n t a g e p o i n t , t h e
wa r wa s w on. T h e r e r e m a i n e d o n ly o p p o r t u n i t i e s n o w for h is e n e -
m ie s , t h e Br it is h C r o w n a n d t h e Am e r i c a n c o l o n i a l s , t o e n g a g e i n
b lood -let t in g h os t ilit ies that wou ld e ve n t u a lly separate and
e x h a u s t t h e m b o t h . Divide e t im pera, d i vi d e a n d c o n q u e r . W h a t t o
t h e Br i t i s h w a s “t h e W a r o f A m e r i c a n R e b e l l i o n , ” a n d t o t h e
Am e r i c a n s “t h e W a r for I n d e p e n d e n c e , ” wa s t o G e n e r a l R i c c i “t h e
W a r of R e u n ifica t io n wit h P r ot es t a n t Dissid en t s.” Fr om it wo u ld
r is e t h e fir st F e b r o n i a n g o v e r n m e n t o n e a r t h , a c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f
s e cu la r c h u r c h e s c a l l e d states le d b y a n e l e c t o r a t e o f l a y m e n p r o p -
e r ly e n l i g h t e n e d b y t h e ratio studiorum a n d united u n d e r t h e s p ir i-
t u a l g u i d a n c e o f Pontifex Maxim us, a n d p a yi n g t r ib u t e t o R o m e for
t h e p r i vi le ge . United ... States.
T h e real wa r o ve r , t h e r e b e g a n n o w t h e u n r a ve l i n g , w h i c h wa s
t h e historical wa r , t h e theatrical wa r . T h i s w o u l d c o n s i s t o f a s e r ie s
o f b l o o d y b a t t le s m o u n t e d b y Co n g r e s s a n d C r o w n for t h e p e o p le ’s
p a r t icip a t io n , o b s e r va t io n , a n d co m m e m o r a t i o n . T h e s e e ve n t s
w o u l d p r o d u ce Ca e s a r e a n R o m e ’s e s s e n t ia l e m o t i o n a l co r n e r s t o n e .
18 2
L i k e Vi r gi l’s Aeneid, e p i c n a t i o n a l h e r o e s w o u l d fo r ge a fi c t i t i o u s
n a t i o n a l le ga cy. W e m u s t n o t fo r ge t C h a r l e s T h o m s o n ’s c a n d i d
a s s e s s m e n t t h a t t h e R e v o l u t i o n ’s le a d e r s w e r e la r ge ly d e c e p t i o n s ,
m e n o f “s u p p o s e d w i s d o m a n d va l o r ” w h o w e r e fa r in fe r io r t o “t h e
q u a lit ie s t h a t h a v e b e e n a s cr ib e d t o t h e m . ”
A n d t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e – a d m i t t e d l y t h e fa i n t e s t h i n t o f e v i -
d e n c e ( a s is s o o ft e n t h e ca s e w i t h c l a n d e s t i n e w a r r i o r s ) – t h a t
Lo r e n zo R i c c i c o m m u n e d w i t h t h e s e Am e r i c a n h e r o e s , a n d ga ve
t h e m i n s t r u c t i o n , o n t h e i r o w n s o il. T h i s e v i d e n c e i s p r e s e n t e d i n
o u r n e x t ch a p t e r .
18 3
THE GENERALATE OF LORENZO RICCI — 1750-1775

A Brief Sum m ary of Events
EUR0W0RLD ENGLAND AMERICA

LORENZO RICCI elected Black Pope, BENJ. FRANKLIN in LONDON seeking Colonies happy, seeking greater
1758 CLEMENT X I I I elected Pope. JOHN CAR-
ROLL begins teaching at ST. OMER’S.
greater British presence in P e n n -
sylvania. KING GEORGE II obliges by
British presence, yet SAM ADAMS
begins organizing against Great
POMBAL denounces Jesuits in PORTU- plunging England into the French Britain. Gadsen in S . C . , Harnett in
GAL. & Indian Wars. CHAS. CARROLL gradu- N.C., Patrick Henry and Jefferson
ates in civil law from Jesuit college in Virginia, and Chas. T h o m s o n in
in PARIS, arrives in London for more Phila. follow suit.
legal studies at the MIDDLE TEMPLE.
Jesuits expelled from PORTUGAL, GEORGE II’S g r a n d s o n , the PRINCE OF CHAS. THOMSON formalizes “ Y O U N G
1759 VOLTAIRE bashes Jesuits in two hit

plays in Pans, GANGANELLI becomes
WALES, matures under the spiritual
d i r e c t i o n of LORD BUTE.
J U N T O , ” a secret c l u b for young men
interested in useful arts and s c i -
cardinal, under RICCI’S sponsorship. ences cloned from FRANKLIN’S
“ J U N T O , ” and akin to SAM ADAMS’
“ C A U C U S C L U B ” in Boston.
1760 Jesuits under attack in SPAIN. GEORGE I I I takes throne upon G r a n d -

father’s death, BUTE runs Parlia-
Happy to be English subjects,
COLONISTS are peacefully “ruled by a
ment through “KING’S FRIENDS.” little pen, ink, and paper-led by a
thread.”
Jesuits c o n d e m n e d in SPAIN. BUTE, virtual head of British g o v e r n - WRITS OF ASSISTANCE imposed on
1761 ment, chooses mate for GEORGE I I I ,

Queen CHARLOTTE of Mecklenburg.
colonists by KING’S FRIENDS. JOHN
ADAMS considers this the “COMMENCE-
MENT OF THE CONTROVERSY.”
Jesuits c o n d e m n e d by FRENCH par- BENJ. FRANKLIN returns to install

1762 lement. JOHN CARROLL transfers to
BRUGES.
POSTAL SYSTEM connecting southern
Virginia with eastern New England
FEBRONIUS publishes STATE OF THE-’. ENGLAND wins FRENCH & INDIAN WARS, Colonists resent ENGLAND’S grant of
1763 CHURCH, calling for reunification of
Protestants with Catholics in
but under terms of the PEACE OF
PARIS, negotiated by LORD BUTE, is c u t
lands to FRANCE under the PEACE OF
PARIS. The secret c l u b s agitate
s t a t e s u n d e r t h e papacy’s s p i r i t u a l off from any European alliances against E n g l a n d .
direction. and made object of colonial resent-
ment. BUTE forced to resign.
Pope CLEMENT X I I I bans FEBRONIUS 1

BUTE picks GRENVILLE new Prime Min- FRANKLIN returns to England to lobby
1764 book. LOUIS X V suppresses Jesuits
by royal edict in FRANCE.
ister. GRENVILLE increases duties on
colonial imports. CHAS. CARROLL
for Pennsylvania’s becoming a
royal colony. Colonists resent
leaves England for MARYLAND. GRENVILLE’S measures, smuggling
increases, GRENVILLE brings ADMIRALTY
COURTS inland
CLEMENT X I I I authorizes office of GRENVILLE passes STAMP ACT. ANGLICAN CHAS. CARROLL arrives in MARYLAND.
1765 SACRED HEART, a Jesuit c u l t w h i c h

holds believers responsible for
CHURCH requests British cabinet to
establish an AMERICAN BISHOP.
T h e AMERICAN BISHOP SCARE “trains a n d
habituates the colonists to o p p o s i -
reparations for the sins of the t i o n . ” PATRICK HENRY, furious at STAMP
w o r l d , payable t h r o u g h prayers, A C T , cries “ N o taxation without rep-
penances, masses and SOCIAL ACTION. resentation!” S A M ADAMS convenes
STAMP A C T CONGRESS in NEW YORK.
CLEMENT X I I I a p p o i n t s jesuited GIOV. GRENVILLE falls. STAMP A C T repealed, Colonies exuberant over STAMP ACT
1766 BRASCHI Treasurer of the Apostolic
Chamber.
with rider that PARLIAMENT has “full
power” to bind colonies, CHAS.
repeal.
TOWNSHEND takes over as Prime M i n -

ister.
KING CHARLES III expels Jesuits from TOWNSHEND ACTS place high duties on TOWNSHEND ACTS stimulate colonial
1767 SPAIN. goods received in A m e r i c a . productivity.
18 4
EUROWORLD ENGLAND AMERICA

Jesuits expelled from other First ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITTANICA p u b - Productivity and self-support help
1768 Catholic countries. lished. raise comfort level of SEPARATION and
INDEPENDENCE among colonists.
Day before meeting with European TOWNSHEND ACTS costing more to CHAS. THOMSON opens a rum distillery
1768 powers to discuss DISSOLUTION OF
JESUITS, Pope CLEMENT X I I I dies s u d -
enforce than revenue returns. BENJ.
FRANKLIN now representing PENNSYLVA-
near PHILADELPHIA.
denly. GANGANELLI elected CLEMENT NIA, GEORGIA, and NEW JERSEY in LON-
X I V . ROTHSCHILD appointed guardian DON.
of Vatican treasury. JOHN CARROLL
ordained a Jesuit.
FRANKLIN adds MASSACHUSETTS to list, REDCOATS fire into an angry Boston
1770 making him chief spokesmen for

American interests in E n g l a n d .
crowd. BOSTON MASSACRE becomes
the symbol of British tyranny.
TOWNSHEND ACTS repealed
JOHN CARROLL begins tour of Europe O n anniversary of BOSTON MASSACRE,
1771 with CHARLES STOURTON. S A M ADAMS calls for ACTION AND SOLIDAR-
ITY against E n g l a n d .
RICCI causes AMIOT’S SUN-TZU to be
1772 published in PARIS, disclosing his

strategy for bringing America
under Rome’s d o m i n i o n .
After making GIOV. BRASCHI cardinal, In May, PARLIAMENT passes the TEA CHAS. CARROLL r u n s his “FIRST CITI-
1773 CLEMENT X I V dissolves Jesuits o n

J u l y 2 1 . On August 17, LORENZO
ACT, proposed by EAST INDIA COMPANY.
JOHN CARROLL arrives at WARDOUR C A S -
ZEN” o p i n i o n shaper. CHAS. T H O M -
SON’S group turns back Tea A c t
RICCI is taken to ENGLISH COLLEGE for TLE in Wiltshire, E n g l a n d , to serve product meant for Philadelphia.
meetings with JOHN MATTINGLY of as Chaplain to the ARUNDELLS. DISGUISED FREEMASONS stage t h e BOSTON
MARYLAND, BRASCHI, and others, per- T E A PARTY, Dec. 16
haps i n c l u d i n g EAST INDIA COMPANY.
Sept. 2 2 , RICCI taken to CASTEL S A N -
T’ANGELO, as Tea Act product heads
for Boston.
Pope CLEMENT X I V dies. C h u r c h PARLIAMENT enacts the INTOLERABLE Efforts of CHAS. THOMSON result in
1774 gives appearance of serious dis-

ability. RICCI accesses VATICAN via
ACTS, ostensibly to punish the
colonies for TEA PARTY offense, but
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS at
Philadelphia in Sept., with THOMSON
tunnel from SANT’ANGELO for meet- meant to drive them to SEPARATION. serving as “PERPETUAL SECRETARY”
ings with CARDINAL BRASCHI, who runs GEORGE I I I writes LORD NORTH: “ T h e die for the next fifteen years. CHAS. CAR-
Holy See during long conclave to is cast; the colonies must either ROLL attends first CONGRESS as “unof-
elect successor. triumph or s u b m i t . ” TOM PAINE ficial c o n s u l t a n t ” to Maryland
boards ship for America with letter delegation. THOS. MIFFLIN’S house
of introduction from BENJ. FRANKLIN. scene of secret meetings between
JOHN CARROLL also departs for America CARROLLS and patriot leaders. CHAS.
CARROLL and CHAS. THOMSON manufac-
ture explosives and weaponry.
Long conclave ( 1 4 3 days) elects On Apr. 19, REDCOATS fire on A m e r i -
1775 GIOV. BRASCHI pope, who takes name

PIUS V I . LORENZO RICCI “ d i e s ” in C A S -
GEORGE I I I ignores
PETITION” offered by
“OLIVE BRANCH
Congress.
cans in response to an unseen
shootist at LEXINGTON GREEN, near
TEL SANT’ANGELO Nov 2 4 . C o n c o r d Bridge
JOHN AND CHAS. CARROLL join C o n g r e s - PAINE’S COMMON SENSE p u b l i s h e d .
1776 sional MISSION TO CANADA and secure

QUEBEC’S NEUTRALITY in the c o m i n g
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE resolved
JULY 2 , M D C C L X X V I .
War
18 5
TH E N E W REPUBLIC’S FIRST FLAG: TH E FLAG OF

TH E E AST INDIA COM P AN Y
Chapter 19
THE DEATH
& RESURRECTION
OF LORENZO RICCI
O
N N O V E M B E R 19 , 17 7 5 officia ls a t Ca s t e l S a n t ’An g e l o we r e
p r e s e n t e d t h e fo l l o w i n g d e p o s i t i o n , g i v e n u n d e r o a t h a n d
s i gn e d b y Lo r e n z o R i c c i : “ T h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s t h a t is d is -
s o lve d offer ed n o r e a s o n o r p r e t e xt w h a t s o e ve r for its d is s o lu t io n . ”
T h i s , R i c c i ’s la s t o fficia l s t a t e m e n t , is a m a s t e r p i e c e o f m e n t a l
r e s e r va t io n , for in d e e d t h e S o c i e t y h a d n o t offer ed a p r e t e xt o r r ea -
s o n for it s d is s o lu t io n , a n d in d e e d Lo r e n zo R i c c i h a d n o t fu r n is h e d
a p r e t e x t o r r e a s o n for h is i n c a r c e r a t i o n . T h e J esu it s h a d b e e n d is -
s o lve d a n d R i c c i im p r is o n e d for n o offered reasons w hatsoever; e r go ,
t h e ir d is s o lu t io n for a ll e t e r n it y wa s n u ll a n d vo i d . O u t c o m e w o u l d
p r o ve t h is fa ct : t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s w o u l d b e o fficia lly r e s t o r e d in
18 14 . S i n c e t h e D i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t w a s a n u l l i t y fr o m t h e b e g i n -
n i n g , it m u s t fo l l o w t h a t t h e J e s u it s w e r e s t ill t e c h n i c a l l y a l i ve a s
t h e wo r ld ’s la r ge s t c l a n d e s t i n e m ilice d u Christ. Le ga lly, t h o u s a n d s
o f J e s u it s w e r e s t ill b o u n d t o t h e i r o a t h o f o b e d i e n c e t o t h e b l a c k
p a p a cy. T h e y w e r e fr e e n o w t o e x p a n d R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m w i t h
18 7
p e r fe ct in vis ib ilit y, e n d ju s t ifyin g m e a n s , d e d i c a t i n g t h e i r e n c y c l o -

p e d i c s k ills i n t h e u s e fu l a r t s , la w, r e l i g i o n , m e d i c i n e , p h i l o s o p h y,
t h e h u m a n i t i e s , fi n a n c e , c o m m e r c e , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , d i p l o m a c y,
b a n k i n g , fi n a n c e , e s p i o n a g e , a n d in t r igu e – d e d i c a t i n g a ll t o b o t h
s id es o f t h e s e lf- e xt i r p a t i n g P r o t e s t a n t b e lli ge r e n t s . “N o w , w hether
he kill Cassio or Cassio him , or each do kill the other, every w ay m akes
m y gain!”
I f t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s c o u l d c o n q u e r t h o u g h b e l i e v e d d e a d ,
c o u l d n o t it s S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l d o t h e s a m e ? W h e n Lo r e n z o R i c c i
“d i e d ” i n h is c e l l a t C a s t e l S a n t ’A n g e l o o n N o v e m b e r 2 4 , 17 7 5 ,
w h a t i f h is “d e a t h ” w a s n o m o r e p h ys i c a l t h a n t h e s u p p o s e d d is e s -
t a b l i s h m e n t o f h i s a r m y? Le s s e r m ys t i c s t h a n R i c c i , w h o s e c r e t l y
c o m m a n d e d t h e R o s i c r u c i a n s , w e r e k n o w n t o d ie a n d r e s u r r e ct a t
t h e t h r e s h o ld o f i m p o r t a n t e n d e a vo r s :
Acco r d in g t o m a t er ia l a va ila b le, t h e su pr em e co u n cil of t h e

Fr a t er n it y of t h e Rose Cr o i x [Rosicr u cia n s] was co m p o s e d of a
ce r t a in n u m b e r of in d ivid u a ls wh o h a d d ied wh a t is k n o w n a s
t h e “p h ilos op h ic d ea t h .” W h e n t h e t im e ca m e for a n in it ia t e t o
en t er u p o n h is labor s for t h e Or d er , h e co n ve n i e n t ly “d ied ”
u n d er som ewh a t m yster iou s cir cu m st a n ces. In r ealit y h e ch a n ged
h is n a m e a n d p la ce of r e s id e n ce , a n d a b o x of r ocks or a b od y
secur ed for t h e pur pose was bu r ied in h is stead . It is b elieved t h a t
t h is h a p p en ed in t h e case of Sir Fr an cis Ba co n wh o , like all ser-
va n t s of t h e Myst er ies, r en ou n ced all p er son al cr ed it an d p er m it -
t ed ot h er s t o b e con s id er ed a s t h e a u t h or s of t h e d o cu m e n t s
wh ich h e wr ot e or in sp ir ed . 1
W a s i t r e a lly R i c c i ’s b o d y lyi n g i n s t a t e a t t h e c a t h e d r a l o f S a n
G i o v a n n i d ’F i o r e n t i n i d u r i n g t h e e l a b o r a t e fu n e r a l m a s s t h a t P iu s
VI a r r a n g e d fo r h i m ? W a s i t r e a lly L o r e n z o R i c c i w h o w a s e n -
t o m b e d b e n e a t h t h e C h u r c h o f t h e G e s u a w e e k la t er , i n t h e va u l t
r e s e r ve d for G e n e r a l s o f t h e S o c i e t y? O r wa s it a w a x effigy s cu lp t -
e d b y a r t is a n s u p o n a co r p s e o f R i cci ’s d i m e n s i o n s u n d e r t h e d ir e c-
t i o n o f J o h n Ca r r o ll’s co lla b o r a t o r , m a n - a b o u t - R o m e a n d a r t a ge n t
extraordinaire F r a n cis T h o r p e ?
O f co u r s e , Lo r e n zo R i c c i w o u l d h a v e c o ve r e d h is t r a ck s i n s u b -
18 8
C H AP T E R 19 T H E D E AT H & R E S U R R E CT I O N O F LO R E N ZO R I CCI
l i m e l y S u n - T z u a n f a s h i o n , s o w e c a n n e v e r b e s u r e . Bu t i s i t n o t
c o n s i s t e n t w i t h h is a u t h o r i t y, r e s o u r c e s , m o t i v e s , a n d m o d u s
o p e r a n d i , a s w e l l a s t h e ve r i fi a b le o u t c o m e o f Am e r i c a n I n d e p e n -
d e n c e , t h a t t h e G e n e r a l w o u l d fe ign d e a t h a t p r e cis e ly t h is o p p o r -
t u n i t y a n d s a il t o Am e r i c a i n o r d e r t o c o n d u c t h is o r c h e s t r a t i o n s
p e r s o n a lly? R e fl e c t o n h is c o u n s e l in The Thirteen Articles o f S u n -
T zu , p a r t icu la r ly –
T h e gr ea t art of a Ge n e r a l is t o a r r a n ge for t h e e n e m y n e ve r t o
k n o w t h e p la ce wh er e h e will h a ve t o figh t & t o car efu lly wit h -
h o ld fr om h im k n o wle d ge of wh ich p ost s h e m u st gu a r d . I f h e
m a n a ges t h a t & ca n a lso h id e t h e sligh t est of h is m o ve m e n t s ,
t h e n h e is n ot on ly a clever Ge n e r a l, h e is an ext r aor d in ar y m an ,
a p r od igy. W i t h o u t b e in g seen , h e sees. H e h ear s wit h o u t b ein g
h ear d .
Go t o p laces wh er e t h e en em y wou ld n ever su spect t h a t you
in t e n d e d t o go.... Do n o t t h in k of ga t h e r in g t h e fr u its of you r
vict o r y u n t il h is e n t ir e d efea t h as p u t you in a p o s it io n wh er e
you ca n you r self r econ n oit r e surely, t r an qu illy & wit h leisure.
I f t h e G e n e r a l d id s a il t o Am e r i c a r a t h e r t h a n lie i n s t a t e , h e
w o u l d a r r i ve n o t a s a c o n q u e r i n g h e r o b u t a s a g e n t l e , h a r m l e s s ,
n a m e l e s s , s c h o l a r l y o l d m a n w h o s p e n t m o s t o f h is t i m e r e a d i n g .
A n d d u r i n g t h e co u r s e o f h i s st a y, i n e vi t a b l y, s o m e o n e w o u l d o b -
s e r ve h i s s u b t le p o w e r o v e r gr e a t p a t r i o t s a n d w r i t e a b o u t it . J u st
s u ch a p e r s o n wa s o b s e r ve d a n d w r i t t e n a b o u t .
D U R I N G t h e fa ll o f 17 7 5 , Co n g r e s s a u t h o r i ze d a c o m m i t t e e
m a d e u p o f Be n ja m in F r a n klin , T h o m a s Lyn ch , Be n ja m in
H a r r ison a n d Ge o r ge W a s h in gt o n t o con sid er an d r e co m m e n d a
d e s ign for t h e fir st u n i t e d c o l o n i a l fla g. T h e s o - c a l l e d “F la g C o m -
m it t e e ” t r a ve le d t o Ca m b r i d g e , M a s s a ch u s e t t s . T h e r e , a cco r d in g
t o t h e o n l y k n o w n a c c o u n t o f it s p r o c e e d i n g s , g i v e n i n R o b e r t
A l l e n Ca m p b e l l ’s b o o k , Our Flag ( C h i c a g o , 18 9 0 ) , t h e C o m m i t -
t e e m ys t e r i o u s l y s h a r e d it s a u t h o r i t y w i t h a t o t a l s t r a n ge r . T h i s
s t r a n ge r w a s a n e l d e r l y E u r o p e a n t r a n s i e n t k n o w n o n l y a s “t h e
P r ofessor .”
18 9
H e h a d a r r i ve d fr o m p a r t s u n k n o w n a t s u m m e r ’s e n d . ( T h e
p r i s o n e r o f Ca s t e l S a n t ’An g e l o h a d n o t b e e n p u b l i c l y s e e n i n t w o
ye a r s – a m p l e t i m e t o m a n a g e Br a s c h i ’s e l e c t i o n t o t h e p a p a c y,
r e la x, p a c k i m p o r t a n t t h i n gs , d ie t h e p h ilo s o p h e r ’s d e a t h , a n d t a k e
a t h r e e - m o n t h v o y a g e t o B o s t o n H a r b o r ) . S i n c e h i s a r r i va l , t h e
P r o fe s s o r h a d o c c u p i e d a g u e s t r o o m in a p r i va t e Ca m b r i d g e h o m e
w h o s e h o s t e s s , “o n e o f h is e a r n e s t a n d i n t e l l i g e n t d is cip le s ,” w o u l d
r e m e m b e r h i m i n h e r d ia r y ( c i t e d i n Ca m p b e l l ’s b o o k ) a s “a q u i e t
a n d ve r y in t e r e s t in g m e m b e r o f t h e fa m ily.”
W h a t t h e h o s t e s s r e co r d s a b o u t t h e P r o fe s s o r m a t c h e s r e m a r k -
a b ly w h a t is k n o w n a b o u t t h e ch a r a ct e r o f Lo r e n zo R i c c i . For
e x a m p l e , t h e P r o fe s s o r i s p e r c e i v e d t o b e “m o r e t h a n t h r e e - s c o r e
a n d t e n ” ye a r s o f a ge ; Lo r e n zo R i c c i w a s s e v e n t y - t w o . T h e P r o fe s -
sor s p o k e m a n y l a n g u a g e s flu e n t ly, d i s p l a ye d a n e n c y c l o p e d i c
k n o w l e d g e o f h is t o r y, a n d w a s “s e e m i n g l y a t h o m e u p o n a n y a n d
e ve r y t o p ic c o m i n g u p i n c o n ve r s a t i o n . ” W e m i g h t e x p e c t t h e ve r y
s a m e o f Lo r e n zo R i c c i , a d i s t i n g u i s h e d p r o fe s s o r o f lit e r a t u r e , p h i -
lo s o p h y a n d t h e o l o g y a t t h e R o m a n Co l l e g e a n d a w e ll- e s t a b li s h e d
c o n f i d a n t o f E u r o p e ’s l e a d i n g i n t e l l e c t u a l s , philosophes, a n d m ys -
t i cs . T h e P r o fe s s o r k e p t “l o c k e d a w a y i n a la r ge , o l d f a s h i o n e d ,
c u b i c a lly s h a p e d , ir o n b o u n d , h e a vy, o a k e n ch e s t , a n u m b e r o f ve r y
r a r e o ld b o o k s a n d a n c i e n t m a n u s c r i p t s , ” w h i c h h e s p e n t m u c h o f
h is t i m e “d e c i p h e r i n g , t r a n s la t i n g, o r r e w r i t i n g. ” W e m i g h t e x p e c t
a s m u c h o f Lo r e n zo R i c c i , t h e vo r a cio u s s ch o la r a n d p u b lis h e r o f
o r i e n t a l m a s t e r wo r k s .
O n t h e m o r n i n g o f D e c e m b e r 13 , 17 7 5 , t h e c o m m i t t e e m e n
a r r i ve d i n C a m b r i d g e for a m i d d a y fe a s t . T h e P r o fe s s o r g r e e t e d
t h e m a s w e m i g h t e x p e c t Lo r e n zo R i c c i w o u l d , “w i t h a n e a s e , gr a ce
a n d d i g n i t y [ e v i d e n c i n g ] h is s u p e r i o r a b ilit y, e x p e r i e n c e a n d a t -
t a i n m e n t s , a n d . . . w i t h a c o u r t l y b o w t h a t left n o r o o m t o d o u b t
t h a t h e h a d h a b it u a lly a s s ocia t ed w i t h t h os e in a ck n o w le d ge d
a u t h o r i t y. ” W h e n B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n w a s p r e s e n t e d t o h i m , t h e
h o s t e s s w a t c h e d t h e p a t r i a r c h a l D o c t o r l o c k h a n d s w i t h t h e p a t r i-
a r ch a l P r ofessor , “a n d a s fin ger s clo s e d u p o n fin ger s, t h e ir e ye s a ls o
m e t , a n d t h e r e wa s a n i n s t a n t a n e o u s , a ve r y a p p a r e n t a n d a m u t u -
a lly gr a t ifie d r e c o g n i t i o n . ” W h a t h a d t h e w o m a n w i t n e s s e d ? T h e
19 0
U l t i m a t e S u m m i t ? U n k n o w n Su p e r i o r r e ve a l i n g h i m s e lf t o Am e r -
ica ’s G r a n d e s t F r e e m a s o n ?
T h e t a b l e t a l k s o o n fo c u s e d o n s u b j e c t s t h a t h a d o c c u p i e d
L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s a t t e n t i o n s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f h i s g e n e r a l a t e .
Th e h ostess wit n essed them d is cu s s in g “t h e r ela t ion of the
Co l o n i e s t o e a c h o t h e r a n d t o t h e M o t h e r Co u n t r y. ” S h e sa w t h e m
d is cu s s “t h e r e la t e d q u e s t i o n o f o n e ’s d u t y t o t h e Co l o n y , a s r e la t -
e d t o h i s a l l e g i a n c e t o G r e a t Br i t a i n . ” S h e s a w t h e P r o fe s s o r t a k e
“a n o t i c e a b l e , t h o u g h n o t a t a ll a n o b t r u s i ve , p a r t in t h e c o n ve r s a -
t i o n , h i m s e l f p o s s e s s e d o f a w o n d e r fu l fu n d o f va r i e d a n d a c c u r a t e
in fo r m a t io n c o n c e r n i n g t h e Co l o n i e s , a n u n d e r s t a n d in g o f t h eir
p r o gr e s s , c o n d i t i o n a n d n e e d s , a n d a fa m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e p r i n c i -
p le s a n d o p e r a t i o n s o f Br i t i s h a n d E u r o p e a n s t a t e s m a n s h i p . ”
W o u l d n ’t w e e x p e c t a s m u c h fr o m t h e S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l o f t h e
wor ld ’s b e s t i n t e l l i g e n c e a ge n cy?
Aft e r l u n c h , G e n e r a l W a s h i n g t o n a n d t h e c o m m i t t e e m e n h e l d
a “b r ief, u n d e r t o n e c o n ve r s a t i o n . ” T h e n Dr . F r a n k li n r ose a n d s t a t -
e d : “ A s t h e c h a i r m a n o f t h i s c o m m i t t e e , s p e a k i n g fo r m y a s s o ci -
ates, wit h t h eir co n s e n t , and wit h the a p p r o va l o f G e n e r a l
W a s h i n g t o n , I r e s p e c t fu l l y i n v i t e t h e P r o fe s s o r t o m e e t w i t h t h e
C o m m i t t e e a s o n e o f it s m e m b e r s ; a n d w e , e a c h o n e , p e r s o n a l l y
a n d u r ge n t ly, r e q u e s t h i m t o a c c e p t t h e r e s p o n s ib ilit y, a n d t o g i ve
u s, a n d t h e Am e r i c a n Co l o n i e s , t h e b e n e fit o f h is co u n s e l. ”
T a k i n g t h e flo o r , t h e P r o fe s s o r a c c e p t e d t h e r e s p o n s i b i li t y.
T h e n , s t a r t li n gly, h e p r o p o s e d t h a t h is d i s c i p l e , t h e h o s t e s s , b e
p l a c e d o n t h e c o m m i t t e e “b e c a u s e s h e i s o u r h o s t e s s , b e c a u s e s h e
is a w o m a n , a n d a b o ve a ll, b e ca u s e s h e is a s u p e r io r w o m a n . ” ( T h e
c o m m i t t e e co n s i d e r e d t h is a n i n n o v a t i o n ; ye t t h e J esu it s h a d b e e n
e m p l o yi n g fe m a le co a d ju t o r s for ce n t u r ie s . ) T h e p r o p o s a l wa s “i m -
m e d i a t e l y a n d u n a n i m o u s l y a d o p t e d . ” L u n c h e o n wa s a d j o u r n e d .
T h e c o m m i t t e e w o u l d r e c o n v e n e a t s e v e n i n t h e e v e n i n g , “i n t h e
gu es t c h a m b e r u s u a lly o c c u p i e d b y t h e P r ofessor .”
F r a n k l i n a n d t h e P r o fe s s o r s p e n t t h e a ft e r n o o n t o g e t h e r w a lk -
in g a b o u t Ca m b r i d g e . W h e n t h e y r e t u r n e d , t h e h o s t e s s n o t e d t h a t
“b o t h o f t h e m w o r e t h e r e li e ve d a n d c o n fi d e n t l o o k o f e a r n e s t a n d
d e t e r m i n e d m e n w h o h a d , in a s a t is fa ct o r y wa y, s o l ve d a p e r p l e x -
19 1
in g p r o b l e m , a n d o f vi c t o r s w h o h a d s u cce s s fu lly m a s t e r e d a d iffi-

cu lt a n d d a n ge r o u s s it u a t io n . ”
At t h e e v e n i n g s e s s i o n , F r a n k l i n t u r n e d t h e m e e t i n g o v e r t o
“h is n e w - f o u n d a n d a b u n d a n t l y h o n o r e d fr i e n d . ” T h e s u b j e ct wa s
a fla g. Ad d r e s s i n g t h e c o m m i t t e e a s “ C o m r a d e Am e r i c a n s , ” t h e
P r o fe s s o r e x p l a i n e d t h a t , s i n c e t h e c o l o n i e s w e r e s t ill d e p e n d e n t
u p o n G r e a t Br i t a i n , “w e a r e n o t e x p e c t e d t o d e s ign o r r e c o m m e n d
a fla g w h i c h w i l l r e p r e s e n t a n e w g o v e r n m e n t o r a n i n d e p e n d e n t
n a t i o n , ” b u t i n s t e a d o n e “t h a t w i l l t e s t ify o u r p r e s e n t l o ya l t y a s
E n g l i s h S u b j e c t s , ” a fla g t h a t wa s “a l r e a d y in u s e ,” a fla g t h a t h a d
b e e n r e c o g n i ze d b y t h e Br i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t for “h a l f a c e n t u r y, ” a
flag h a v i n g a field o f a lt e r n a t e h o r i zo n t a l r e d a n d w h i t e st r ip es w i t h
t h e G r a n d U n i o n F la g o f G r e a t Br i t a i n i n t h e u p p e r left co r n e r .
“I r efer ,” h e s a id , “t o t h e fla g of the East India Com pany .”
T o h i d e t h e fa c t t h a t Am e r i c a n s w o u l d b e fi g h t i n g u n d e r t h e
p r i va t e fla g o f a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l m e r c a n t i l e c o r p o r a t i o n c o n t r o l l e d
b y J esu it s, t h e P r ofes s or p r o vi d e d a p la u s ib le c o v e r w h e r e b y t h e flag
c o u l d b e “e x p l a i n e d t o t h e m a s s es :”
“T h e U n i o n Fla g of t h e M o t h e r Co u n t r y is r e t a in e d a s t h e
u n io n [upper left cor n er ] of ou r n e w flag t o a n n o u n ce t h a t t h e
Co lo n ie s are loya l t o t h e ju st a n d le git im a t e s over eign t y of t h e
Br it ish Go ve r n m e n t . T h e t h ir t een stripes will a t on ce b e u n d er -
st ood t o r ep r esen t t h e t h ir t e e n Co lo n ie s ; t h eir eq u a l wid t h will
t yp e t h e eq u a l r a n k, r igh t s a n d r esp on sib ilit ies of t h e Co lo n ie s .
T h e u n ion of t h e stripes in t h e field of our flag will a n n ou n ce t h e
u n it y of in ter ests an d t h e coop er a t ive u n ion of efforts, wh ich t h e
Co lo n i e s r ecogn ize a n d p u t for t h in t h eir co m m o n ca u se. T h e
wh it e str ipes will sign ify t h a t we con sid er ou r d em a n d s ju st a n d
r ea s on a b le; a n d t h a t we will seek t o secu r e ou r r igh t s t h r o u gh
p e a ce a b le , in t e llige n t a n d s t a t e s m a n like m ea n s – if t h ey p r o ve
a t all p ossib le; a n d t h e red st r ip es a t t h e t op an d b o t t o m of ou r
flag will d ecla r e t h a t first a n d last – a n d a lwa ys – we h a ve t h e
d e t e r m in a t io n , t h e en t h u s ia s m , a n d t h e p o we r t o use for ce –
wh e n e ve r we d e e m for ce n ecessar y. T h e a lt e r n a t io n of t h e red
a n d wh it e st r ip es will su ggest t h a t ou r r ea son s for all d em a n d s
will be in t elligen t an d for cible, an d t h a t our for ce in secu r in g our
r igh ts will be just an d r eason able.”
19 2
T h e P r ofes s or r e m i n d e d t h e c o m m i t t e e t h a t “t h e m a s s es o f t h e
p e o p le , a n d a la r ge m a jo r it y o f t h e le a d e r s o f p u b li c o p i n i o n , d es ir e
a r e m o va l of gr ie va n ce s , a n d a r e ct ifica t io n of wr o n gs , t h r o u gh a
fu lle r r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e i r r i gh t s a s Br i t i s h S u b j e c t s ; a n d fe w o f
t h e m d e s ir e a n d ve r y fe w o f t h e m e x p e c t – a t t h is t im e – a n y c o m -
p l e t e s e v e r a n c e o f t h e i r p r e s e n t p o l i t i c a l a n d d e p e n d e n t r e la t i o n s
wit h t h e E n glis h G o v e r n m e n t . ” T h a t s e ve r a n ce wo u ld o ccu r
“b e fo r e t h e s u n in its n e x t s u m m e r ’s s t r e n gt h ” – i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e
P r ofessor fo r e k n e w, a s Lo r e n zo R i c c i w o u l d h a v e fo r e k n o w n , a J u ly
d e c l a r a t i o n o f i n d e p e n d e n c e . At t h a t t i m e , t h e E a s t I n d ia C o m p a -
n y flag c o u ld b e “e a s ily m o d ifie d ” b y r e p la ci n g t h e U n i o n J a ck w i t h
st a r s a ga i n s t a b l u e b a c k g r o u n d , “t o m a k e it a n n o u n c e a n d r e p r e -
sen t t h e n e w an d in d ep en d en t n a t ion .”
W a s h i n g t o n a n d F r a n k l i n l a v i s h e d t h e P r o fe s s o r ’s i d e a w i t h
“e s p e c i a l a p p r o va l a n d u n s t i n t e d p r a is e .” T h e c o m m i t t e e fo r m a lly
an d u n a n im ou sly a d op t ed t h e E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y ’s b a n n e r ,
k n o w n a s “ T h e T h i r t e e n S t r i p e s , ” a s t h e “g e n e r a l fla g a n d r e c o g -
n ize d s t a n d a r d o f t h e C o l o n i a l A r m y a n d N a v y . ” J u st b e fo r e m id -
n i g h t , t h e y a d jo u r n e d .
On J a n u a r y 2 , 17 7 6 , a t a fo r m a l c e r e m o n y a t t e n d e d b y t h e F la g
C o m m i t t e e , G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n p e r s o n a lly h o i s t e d t h e E a s t I n d ia
C o m p a n y fla g “u p o n a t o w e r i n g a n d s p e c i a lly r a is e d p i n e t r e e lib -
e r t y p o l e , ” u n fu r l i n g it t o t h e b r e e ze a n d d i s p l a yi n g it fo r t h e fir st
t im e “t o h is a r m y, t h e cit ize n s o f t h e vi ci n i t y, a n d t h e Br it is h fo r ce s
i n Bo s t o n . ” T h e Br it is h officer s a t Ch a r l e s t o w n H e i g h t s p e r c e i v e d
t h e e ve n t
t o m ea n t h a t Ge n e r a l W a s h in gt o n h a d t h u s a n n o u n ce d h is sur-
r en d er t o t h e m . At o n ce , t h ey sa lu t ed “T h e T h i r t e e n St r ip es ”
wit h t h ir t e e n h ea r t y ch e e r s . T h e y im m e d ia t e ly fo llo we d t h is
s p o n t a n e o u s ou t b u r st of Br it ish E n t h u s ia s m wit h t h e gr a n d er
an d m or e d ign ified official salu te of t h ir t een gu n s, t h e t h ir t een -
gu n salu te b ein g t h e h igh est co m p lim e n t in gu n p owd er , t h e m il-
itary “Go d speed you .”
By s o c o l o r fu l l y e q u i v o c a t i n g b o t h h is e n e m i e s , t h e P r o fe s s o r
h a d m a d e h im s e lf G o d o f Co n fu s i o n . T h e r e d co a t s wer e t o a s t in g
19 3
t h e g o o d h e a l t h o f t h e r e b e l s , w h o i n t u r n w e r e f i g h t i n g fo r t h e
E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y . O n e o f t h e fe w p l a c e s i n t h e w o r l d w h e r e
s u c h lu d i cr o u s p h e n o m e n a a r e c o n s i d e r e d s t a n d a r d a n d r o u t i n e is
i n t h e p a ge s o f L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s Thirteen Articles: “ T h e G e n e r a l
d ecid es e ve r yt h in g; h e k n o ws h o w t o sh a p e, a t will, n o t o n ly t h e
a r m y h e is c o m m a n d i n g b u t a lso t h a t o f h is e n e m i e s . ”
L O R E N Z O R i c c i ’s p o s t - m o r t e m a t t e n d a n c e i n Am e r i c a i s s t r o n g-
l y s u gge s t e d i n ye t a n o t h e r p i v o t a l e p i s o d e , t h e fa m o u s “m i s -
s i o n t o C a n a d a . ” T h i s s t r a n ge e x e r c i s e i s n o r m a l l y r e g a r d e d b y
h i s t o r i a n s a s a c o l o s s a l fa i lu r e . I t b e g a n o n F e b r u a r y 15 , 17 7 6 ,
w h e n t h e S e c o n d Co n t i n e n t a l Co n g r e s s r e s o lve d t o s e n d Be n -
j a m i n F r a n k l i n , S a m u e l C h a s e , a n d C h a r l e s Ca r r o l l t o M o n t r e a l
w i t h fu ll a u t h o r i t y “t o p r o m o t e o r fo r m a u n i o n ” w i t h C a n a d a
a ga in s t E n g la n d .
J u st b e fo r e t h e c o m m i t t e e left P h i l a d e l p h i a , J o h n A d a m s p r o -
p o s e d a cu r io u s l a s t - m i n u t e r e s o l u t i o n . O n t h e r e co r d , h e r e q u e s t -
ed “t h a t C h a r l e s C a r r o l l prevail on Mr. John Carroll t o accom pany
the com m ittee t o Canada, t o assist t h e m in s u ch m a t t e r s a s t h e y s h a ll
t h i n k u s e fu l.” Co n g r e s s a d o p t e d t h e r e s o lu t io n .
H o w m i g h t a p r ie s t h a v e a s s is t e d t h e c o m m i t t e e i n p r o m o t i n g
o r fo r m i n g a u n i o n w i t h C a n a d a ? T h e a n s w e r lie s i n d e m o g r a p h -
ics . C a n a d a t h e n w a s la r ge ly Q u e b e c , a n d Q u e b e c , t h o u g h r u le d
d esp ot ica lly b y the Br i t i s h sin ce 17 6 3 , wa s m os t ly R o m a n
C a t h o l i c . A J es u it p r ie s t , a r m e d w i t h t h e r i gh t Va t i c a n p a p e r w o r k
o r p a s s w o r d , c o u l d e x e r t p o w e r fu l i n fl u e n c e o n C a n a d i a n fo r e i g n
p o licy. T h e s a m e p r ie s t , i f a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e c o m b i n e d h e a d o f
t h e b l a c k p a p a c y a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l F r e e m a s o n r y, c o u l d m ake t h a t
p o licy.
T h e m i s s i o n a r r i ve d i n M o n t r e a l o n l y t o l e a r n t h a t Bi s h o p
Br i a n d o f Q u e b e c h a d o r d e r e d P ie r r e F l o q u e t , t h e J e s u it s u p e r i o r
in M o n t r e a l , t o c o n s i d e r J o h n Ca r r o l l persona non grata. F l o q u e t ,
h o w e v e r , d e fie d h is b i s h o p a n d i n vi t e d Ca r r o l l t o sa y a m a s s in h is
h o m e a n ywa y, for w h i c h F l o q u e t wa s i m m e d i a t e l y s u s p e n d e d fr o m
h is p r ie s t ly fu n c t i o n s . T h e i n c i d e n t c o l o r e d t h e m i s s i o n w i t h d is -
a s t e r ( a l t h o u g h F l o q u e t wa s r e s t o r e d , a c c o r d i n g t o W a l s h ’s Am eri-
19 4
can Jesuits, a ft er a s im p le a p o l o g y ) . D is a s t e r wa s ve r ifie d w h e n t h e

c o m m i t t e e r e t u r n e d t o P h i l a d e l p h i a w i t h n o p r o s p e c t fo r a n y
u n i o n w h a t s o e v e r w i t h C a n a d a . Co n g r e s s l a m e n t e d t h a t Am e r i -
ca’s fir st d i p l o m a t i c l e g a t i o n h a d fa ile d .
Bu t Am e r i c a ’s fir st d i p l o m a t i c l e g a t i o n w a s S u n - T z u a n a n d
J e s u it ic, a n d J e s u it d i p l o m a c y c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o c o n c e a l v i c t o r y
b e h i n d m i s h a p . As t h e Thirteen Articles p u t it , “Yo u m u s t h a v e a
r e a l a d v a n t a g e w h e n t h e e n e m y b e l i e ve s yo u h a v e s u s t a in e d s o m e
lo s s e s .” So w e e x a m i n e t h e C a n a d i a n m i s h a p fo r a r e a l a d v a n t a g e
a n d d i s c o v e r s o m e t h i n g fa r m o r e v a l u a b l e t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l l y-
s o u g h t u n i o n . W h i l e Bi s h o p Br i a n d w a s o u t w a r d l y d e m e a n i n g
J o h n Ca r r o l l , t h e m is s io n wa s o b t a i n i n g fr o m C a n a d a a p o s i t i o n o f
neutrality . T h i s w a s a s i g n i fi c a n t a c h i e v e m e n t , c o n s i d e r i n g C a n a -
d a’s g o o d r e la t io n s h ip w i t h G r e a t Br i t a i n o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d t w o
ce n t u r ie s o f h os t ilit ie s t o wa r d N e w E n gla n d o n t h e ot h er . For t h e
c o l o n i s t s , C a n a d i a n n e u t r a l i t y r e m o v e d t h e t h r e a t o f a p o w e r fu l
n o r t h w e s t e r n e n e m y a n d cle a r e d t h e w a y for a d e c l a r a t i o n o f in d e -
p e n d e n c e . At M o n t r e a l , a s a t Ca m b r i d g e , I s e n s e t h e p r e s e n c e o f
s o m e o n e i n fi n i t e l y m o r e c o m m a n d i n g t h a n m e r e c o m m i t t e e m e n
a p p o i n t e d b y Co n g r e s s . I s e n s e t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e “h o n o r a r y ”
c o m m i t t e e m a n u n li s t e d in a n y r e co r d – t h e P r ofes s or , t h e fu gi t i ve
Vi c a r o f Ch r i s t .
R e t u r n i n g fr o m Ca n a d a , Be n j a m i n F r a n k l i n fe ll ill. I t wa s J o h n
C a r r o l l w h o e s c o r t e d h i m t o P h i l a d e l p h i a . At F r a n k l i n ’s i n v i t a -
t i o n , C a r r o l l m o v e d i n t o h is h o m e . F r a n k l i n a c k n o w l e d g e d t h e
fa ct i n a l e t t e r d a t e d M a y 2 7, 17 7 6 , m e n t i o n i n g “M r . Ca r r o l l ’s
fr i e n d ly a s s i s t a n c e a n d t e n d e r ca r e o f m e . ” T h e s e w e r e c r i t i c a l
weeks of co u n t d o wn t o t h e De cla r a t io n of I n d e p e n d e n ce . I wo n -
d e r w h o e ls e m i g h t h a v e b e e n fo u n d u n d e r t h e F r a n k l i n r oof? P e r -
h a p s t h e P r ofessor , w i t h h is d yn a m i c o a k e n ch e s t ?
P h i l a d e l p h i a w a s c r a w l i n g ju s t n o w w i t h s o c i a l a c t i vi s t s fr o m
a ll o ve r , t h e ve r y p e o p l e L o r e n z o R i c c i h a d a p p o i n t e d J o h n Ca r -
r o ll, a s P r e fe ct o f t h e So d a lit y, t o o r ga n ize . T h e h o m e o f Am e r i c a ’s
p r e - e m i n e n t F r e e m a s o n , w i t h Ca r r o l l a n d p e r h a p s e v e n R i c c i i n
r e s i d e n c e , w o u l d h a v e b e c o m e t h e m a i n c l e a r i n g - h o u s e fo r s u b
r osa co n gr e s s io n a l b u s in e s s .
19 5
O N J u ly 3 , 17 7 6 , J o h n Ad a m s t o o k p e n i n h a n d a n d d a s h e d off
a le t t e r t o h is wife Ab i g a i l . Ad a m s wa s a w r i t e r o f M o z a r t e a n
fa cilit y, c o n c e n t r a t i o n , a n d c o n f i d e n c e . E v e r y t h i n g h e e v e r w r o t e
w a s fir s t - d r a ft a n d g o o d . H e n e v e r s t r u c k t h r o u g h w o r d s , n e v e r
e d i t e d . H is m o v i n g h a n d , h a v i n g wr it , ju s t m o v e d o n . “Ye s t e r d a y,”
h e s cr ib b le d ,
t h e gr ea t est q u e s t io n was d e cid e d w h i c h e ve r was d e b a t e d in

Am e r i ca , a n d a gr eat er , p er h a p s, n e ve r was n or will b e d ecid ed
a m o n g m e n . A r e s o lu t io n was passed wit h o u t o n e d issen t in g
co lo n y, t h a t t h ese U n i t e d Co l o n i e s a r e, a n d of r igh t o u gh t t o
h a ve , fu ll p ower t o m a ke war, co n clu d e p e a ce , est a b lish co m -
m e r ce , a n d t o d o a ll o t h e r a ct s a n d t h in gs w h i c h o t h e r St a t e s
m a y r igh t fu lly d o . T h e second day of July 1776 will be t h e m ost
m e m o r a b le d a t e in t h e h ist or y of Am e r i c a . I a m a p t t o b e lie ve
t h a t it will be celeb r a t ed by s u cceed in g gen er a t ion s as t h e gr eat
a n n iver sa r y fest iva l. It ou gh t to be com m em or a t ed as t h e d ay of
d e live r a n ce , b y s o le m n a ct s of d e vo t i o n t o G o d Alm igh t y. I t
o u gh t t o b e s olem n ized wit h p o m p a n d p a r a d e, wit h sh ows,
ga m es, sp or ts, gu n s, b ells, bon fir es, an d illu m in a t ion s, fr om on e
en d of t h is co n t i n e n t t o t h e ot h er , fr om t h is t im e for wa r d ,
for ever m or e.
I f t h e b l a c k p a p a cy t r u ly h a d o r ch e s t r a t e d Am e r i c a ’s b r e a k a w a y
fr o m E n g l a n d , we w o u l d e x p e c t t o fin d t h e s e c o n d d a y o f J u ly t o b e
r i c h i n c a b a l a h a n d i n R o m a n C a t h o l i c lit u r gica l co lo r . T h e Lit u r -
g i c a l C a l e n d a r i s a p r o c e s s , a u t h o r i z e d n o w h e r e i n t h e Bi b l e ,
t h r o u g h w h i c h fa i t h fu l C a t h o l i c s m a y p l e a d w i t h A l m i g h t y G o d
for fa vo r s t h r o u g h t h e m e r i t s o f a s c e n d e d s a i n t s o n s p e c i a l fe a s t
d a ys . Su p p o s e d ly, t h e p r a ye r fu l p e r fo r m a n ce o f a n a ct o n a d a t e t h e
C h u r c h h a s c o n s e c r a t e d t o a s a i n t e n d o w s t h e a c t w i t h t h e m ys -
t i q u e o f t h e s a in t a s w e l l a s t h e s a in t ’s in t e r ce s s o r y p r a ye r s t o G o d
for s u cce s s .
M a r y l a n d h i s t o r y, for e x a m p l e , i s g r o u n d e d i n t h e L i t u r g i c a l
Ca l e n d a r . W e r e c a l l h o w t h e o r i g i n a l s e t t le r s o f M a r y l a n d , m a n y
o f w h o m w e r e R o m a n C a t h o l i c s , s e t s a il fr o m E n g l a n d , u n d e r t h e
s p i r i t u a l d i r e c t i o n o f J e s u it fa t h e r A n d r e w W h i t e , o n N o v e m b e r
2 2 , 16 3 3 . N o v e m b e r 2 2 is t h e F e a s t D a y o f St . Ce c i l i a , a t h ir d c e n -
19 6
t u r y R o m a n m a r t yr a n d t r a d i t i o n a l p a t r o n e s s o f m u s i c i a n s . D i d
Ce c i l i a ’s sp ir it b les s t h e vo ya g e w i t h m u s ica lit y t o c h e e r u p a n o t h -
e r wis e o p p r e s s ive b o r e d o m ? T h e vo ya ge r s r e a c h e d la n d fa ll t h e fo l-
l o w i n g ye a r o n M a r c h 2 5 , A n n u n c i a t i o n D a y, fe a s t o f t h e a n g e l
G a b r i e l ’s a n n o u n c e m e n t t o t h e Vi r g i n M a r y t h a t s h e i s p r e g n a n t
w i t h t h e S o n o f G o d . An n u n c i a t i o n D a y c o n t a i n s t h e jo yfu l m ys -
t er y o f a n a n ge l’s a n n o u n c i n g t h e p l a n t i n g o f t h e d i vi n e s e e d w i t h -
i n a v i r g i n m a t r i x . D i d t h e s e t t le r s i m a g i n e t h e m s e l v e s p l a n t i n g
t h e seed of a n e w s o cia l o r d e r in a s t r a n ge wild e r n e s s , t h e w h o l e
e n t e r p r is e b le s s e d b y G o d t h r o u g h t h e m e r it s o f t h e Vi r g i n M a r y’s
u n i q u e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o H i m ? T h e n , e x a c t l y o n e ye a r la t e r , o n
An n u n c i a t i o n D a y 16 3 4 , F a t h e r W h i t e c o n s e c r a t e d t h e c o l o n y o f
M a r yl a n d t o t h e Vi r g i n M a r y.
T h e s e c o n d d a y o f J u ly i n t h e ye a r 17 7 6 w a s Vi s i t a t i o n D a y,
c o m m e m o r a t i n g t h e e v e n t r e c o r d e d i n t h e fir s t c h a p t e r o f L u k e
w h e r e i n t h e Vi r g i n , p r e g n a n t w i t h t h e M e s s i a h , vis it s h e r c o u s i n
E li za b e t h , w h o i s p r e g n a n t w i t h J o h n t h e Ba p t is t . ( N o w a d a ys Vi s i -
t a t i o n D a y i s c e le b r a t e d o n M a y 3 1, b u t i n t h e ye a r 17 7 6 i t wa s c e l -
e b r a t e d o n J u ly s e c o n d , a s it h a d b e e n c e le b r a t e d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
New Catholic Ency clopedia’s a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d “Vi s i t a t i o n o f M a r y, ”
e ve r y ye a r s i n ce t h e C o u n c i l o f Ba s e l i n 14 4 1. )
N o d a y i n t h e Li t u r g i c a l Ca l e n d a r i s m o r e s u it e d t o Be l l a r m i n -
i a n l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y t h a n Vi s i t a t i o n D a y. S t e . M a r g a r e t - M a r i e
Al a c o q u e , w h o s e v i s i o n s i n s p i r e d t h e J e s u it s o c i a l - a c t i o n c u l t o f
S a c r e d H e a r t , wa s a m e m b e r o f t h e Vi s i t a n d i n e s , a n o r d e r o f n u n s
d e v o t e d t o t h e Vi s i t a t i o n . Vi s i t a t i o n D a y’s s c r i p t u r a l b a s is i s t h e
Vi r g i n M a r y’s e c s t a t i c s e r m o n t o E l i z a b e t h a t L u k e 1: 4 6 - 5 5 . T h i s
fa m o u s e j a c u l a t i o n , k n o w n a s t h e Magnificat ( t h e o p e n i n g w o r d
i n t h e L a t i n Vu l g a t e ’s r e n d e r i n g o f t h e p a s s a ge , m e a n i n g “i t m a g-
n ifie s ”) , lit e r a lly defines t h e s o cia l a c t i o n ca lle d for b y Sa c r e d H e a r t
in P h i l a d e l p h i a o n t h e s e c o n d d a y o f J u ly, 17 7 6 :
My sou l d o t h m agn ify t h e Lor d , an d m y spir it h a t h r ejoiced

in G o d m y Sa vio u r . For h e h a t h r ega r d ed t h e low est a t e of h is
h a n d m a id e n : for, b e h o ld , fr om h e n ce fo r t h all gen er a t ion s sh a ll
ca ll m e b lessed . For h e t h a t is m igh t y h a t h d o n e t o m e gr ea t
t h in gs; an d h oly is h is n a m e. An d h is m er cy is on t h em t h a t fear
19 7
h i m fr o m g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n . H e h a t h s h e w e d st r en gt h
w i t h h is a r m ; h e h a t h s ca t t e r e d t h e p r o u d in t h e i m a g i n a t i o n o f
t h e i r h e a r t s . H e h a t h p u t d o w n t h e m i g h t y fr o m t h e i r s e a t s , a n d
e xa lt e d t h e m o f lo w d egr ee. H e h a t h fille d t h e h u n gr y w i t h go o d
t h in gs ; a n d t h e r ich h e h a t h s en t e m p t y a w a y. . . .
Scattered the proud, put dow n the m ighty , exalted them of low
degree, filled the hungry , em ptied the rich.... T h i s is t h e r h e t o r i c of
C h r i s t i a n r e d e m p t i o n , ye s , b u t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f L o r e n z o R i c c i ’s
a g e n d a it ’s t h e r h e t o r i c o f r e b e l l i o n - t o - t y r a n n y , t h e v e r y point o f
t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e , a n d it ’s s p o k e n b y t h e Vi r g i n
M a r y, P a t r o n e s s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s , P a t r o n e s s o f M a r y l a n d ,
in d eed , P a t r on ess o f R o m a n Ca t h o l i c Co n q u e s t , o n t h e d a y par -
t icu la r t o h e r .
E v e n t h e ye a r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e s e e m s d i vi n e l y va li d a t e d b y t h e
p e r fe c t d e s i g n o f s ixe s a n d s e ve n s c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n it s e xp r e s s i o n
i n R o m a n n u m e r a ls , M D C C L X X V I :
M D C = 16 0 0 = ( 1+ 6 ) = 7
CLX = 16 0 = ( 1+ 6 ) = 7
X VI = 16 = ( 1+ 6 ) = 7
P a r t icu la r ly fa s ci n a t i n g is t h e w a y t h e La t i n e q u i va l e n t o f 17 7 6
is s t r u ct u r e d u p o n 6 6 6 a n d 7 7 7 . Sw i s s t h e o l o g i a n E . W . Bu lli n ge r ,
in h is s c h o la r ly gu i d e t o b i b l i c a l a r i t h m o g r a p h y, Num ber I n Scrip-
ture, sa ys t h a t 6 in t h e Bi b le is a lw a ys a s s o cia t e d w i t h h u m a n i t y, 7
w i t h d i vi n i t y. T h e t w o n u m b e r s t o t a l 13 , w h i c h B u l l i n g e r sa ys i s
b ib lica lly a s s o cia t e d w i t h r e b e lli o n .
M D C C L X X V I , 17 7 6 , r e a lly d o e s s e e m t o b e a u n i q u e c o n v e r -
g e n c e o f t i m e a n d h u m a n r e b e l l i o n in t h e s e r vi ce o f a d i v i n e o r d i-
n a t i o n . T h i s i s e e r i l y c o r r o b o r a t e d b y J o h n Ad a m s ’ l e t t e r t o
Ab i g a i l o n J u ly t h i r d . H e c o n fi d e s t o h i s wife t h a t i n d e p e n d e n c e
should have been declared in Decem ber of 1775:
H a d a D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c y b e e n m a d e seven m onths
ago, i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n a t t e n d e d w i t h m a n y g r e a t a n d g l o r i o u s
e ffe ct s . I f I c o u l d w r i t e w i t h fr e e d o m , I c o u l d e a s ily c o n v i n c e yo u
t h a t it wo u ld , a n d e xp la in it t o yo u t h e m a n n e r h ow.
19 8
C H AP T E R 19 T H E D E AT H & R E SU R R E CTI O N O F LO R E N ZO R I CCI
Ad a m s n e ve r fu lly e x p l a i n e d h o w t h e e a r lie r d e c l a r a t i o n w o u ld
h a v e p r o d u c e d gr e a t a n d g l o r i o u s e ffe ct s . H o w e v e r , t h e n u m b e r s
s u gge s t it w o u l d h a v e r a t h e r fizzled . R o m a n n u m e r a ls for 17 7 5 fa ll
i n t o t h e fo l l o w i n g gr o u p s :
M D C = 16 0 0 = ( 1+ 6 ) = 7
CLX = 16 0 = ( 1+ 6 ) = 7
XV = 15 = (1 + 5) = 6
P l a i n t o s e e , D e c e m b e r 17 7 5 fa ils a s c a b a l a h . I t g i ve s n o i n d i -
c a t i o n o f d i v i n e a p p r o v a l t o r e b e l l i o u s h u m a n i t y . T h i s i s w h y, I
b e l i e ve , Lo r e n zo R i c c i h e l d o u t for 17 7 6 .
O f c o u r s e , a s u ffi c i e n t l y g n o s t i c J e s u it w o u l d s e e i n M D C -
C L X X V I m o r e t h a n g o o d n u m b e r s . H e w o u l d see a n e n c a p s u l a t i o n
o f t h e ve r y o r i g i n s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J e s u s . M D C w o u l d g i v e h i m
m ilice d u Christ ( “Ch r i s t i a n m i l i t i a ”) , t h e o fficia l c l a s s i fi c a t i o n o f
t h e Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r a n d t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s. M D C a ls o p r o d u ce s
M e d i c i , t h e fa m i l y n a m e o f P o p e L e o X, w h o s e d e g e n e r a c y p r o -
vo k e d M a r t i n Lu t h e r t o cr e a t e t h e P r o t e s t a n t m o ve m e n t , w h i c h
i n t u r n c r e a t e d t h e n e e d for t h e S o c i e t y. C L X s p e cifie s t h e I gn a t -
ia n er a , w h i c h h is t o r ia n s h a ve e ve r s in ce ca lle d t h e “Ce n t u r y o f
L e o X. ” A n d t h e la s t t h r e e n u m e r a l s n a m e t h e C e n t u r y o f L e o X,
t h e s i x t e e n t h ce n t u r y, X VI .
W H E N i t c a m e t i m e t o s ign t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e ,
h o w c o u ld Lo r e n zo R i c c i n o t b e p r e s e n t ? H o w c o u ld h e w h o
h a d la b o r e d m o r e t h a n s e v e n t e e n yea r s for t h is s u p e r b ly Be lla r m i n -
ia n a m b i a n c e not p a r t i ci p a t e in t h e e x c i t e m e n t ?
T h e r e is a st or y, u s u a lly t o ld in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e P r o fe s s o r
a n d t h e F la g C o m m i t t e e , i n v o l v i n g a n o t h e r m ys t e r i o u s s t r a n ge r ,
o n e w h o s u d d e n l y a p p e a r e d i n t h e l e g i s l a t i ve c h a m b e r o f t h e o ld
St a t e H o u s e in P h i l a d e l p h i a o n t h e n i g h t o f J u ly fo u r t h .
T h e m o m e n t wa s t e n s e . I n d e p e n d e n c e h a d b e e n r e s o lve d ,
b u t t h e d o c u m e n t la ck e d s ign a t u r es . S o m e we r e h a vi n g s e co n d
t h o u g h t s a b o u t t h e r isks. M a s o n i c h i s t o r i a n M a n l y P . H a l l wr it e s :
I t w a s a g r a v e m o m e n t a n d n o t a fe w o f t h o s e p r e s e n t fe a r e d
t h a t t h e i r l i v e s w o u l d b e t h e fo r fe i t fo r t h e i r a u d a c i t y . I n t h e
19 9
m i d s t o f t h e d e b a t e a fie r ce v o i c e r a n g o u t . T h e d e b a t e r s s t o p p e d
a n d t u r n e d t o lo o k u p o n t h e s t r a n ger . W h o wa s t h is m a n w h o
h a d s u d d e n l y a p p e a r e d i n t h e i r m i d s t a n d t r a n s fi x e d t h e m w i t h
h i s o r a t o r y? T h e y h a d n e v e r s e e n h i m b e f o r e , n o n e k n e w w h e n
h e h a d e n t e r e d , b u t h i s t a l l f o r m a n d p a l e fa c e fi l l e d t h e m w i t h
a w e . H i s v o i c e r i n g i n g w i t h a h o l y ze a l, t h e s t r a n ge r s t ir r e d t h e m
t o t h e i r ve r y s o u ls . H i s c l o s i n g w o r d s r a n g t h r o u g h t h e b u i l d i n g :
“ G o d h a s g i v e n A m e r i c a t o b e fr e e !” As t h e s t r a n ge r s a n k i n t o a
c h a i r e x h a u s t e d , a w i l d e n t h u s i a s m b u r s t fo r t h . N a m e a ft e r n a m e
wa s p la ce d u p o n t h e p a r c h m e n t : t h e D e c la r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n -
d e n c e wa s s ign e d . Bu t wh e r e wa s t h e m a n w h o h a d p r e cip it a t e d
t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f t h i s i m m o r t a l t a s k – w h o h a d lift e d for a
m o m e n t t h e ve i l fr o m t h e e ye s o f t h e a s s e m b la ge a n d r e ve a le d
t o t h e m a p a r t a t l e a s t o f t h e g r e a t p u r p o s e fo r w h i c h t h e n e w
n a t i o n wa s c o n c e i v e d ? H e h a d d i s a p p e a r e d , n o r w a s h e e v e r s e e n
a ga in or h is id e n t it y e s t a b lis h e d . 2
Be w a r n e d . T h i s is o n l y a st or y, u n s u p p o r t e d b y p r im a r y s o u r ce
m a t e r i a l . J o h n Ad a m s , t h e m o s t t a l k a t i v e o f t h e fr a m e r s , s a id n o t
a w o r d a b o u t it . Bu t w e k n o w fr o m Ad a m s ’ o w n p e n t h a t s o m e
k i n d o f ga g o r d e r h a d b e e n i m p o s e d u p o n t h e s ign e r s – “if I could
w rite w ith freedom ” h e h a d t o l d Ab i g a i l in t h a t l e t t e r d a t e d t h e
t h i r d o f J u ly. C o u l d M a n l y H a l l h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e s t o r y t h r o u g h
F r e e m a s o r y’s w e l l - i n s u l a t e d o r a l t r a d i t i o n ? C o u l d t h e s t r a n ge r
w h o s e v o i c e r a n g “w i t h a h o l y ze a l” h a v e b e e n t h e P r o fe s s o r ,
Lo r e n zo R i c c i ? C o u l d t h e “w i ld e n t h u s i a s m ” w i t h w h i c h t h e le gis -
la t o r s s ign e d t h e d e c l a r a t i o n h a v e r e s u lt e d n o t fr o m R i cci ’s in s p ir -
in g p e p - t a l k b u t u p o n h is d is clo s u r e o f d o c u m e n t s t a k e n fr o m t h e
o a k e n c h e s t , d o c u m e n t s e a s y for t h e Vi c a r o f Ch r i s t i n h is c a p a c i -
t y a s F r e e m a s o n r y’s U n k n o w n S u p e r i o r t o o b t a i n , guaranteeing that
the international m onetary netw ork w ould indem nify the signers for
their action? M y m i n d , i n fo r m e d b y a n e ve r - i n c r e a s i n g k n o w l e d g e
o f h o w t h e g r e a t e s t c l a n d e s t i n e w a r r i o r s fi g h t , h a s n o p r o b l e m
w h a t s o e ve r b e l i e vi n g t h is t o b e t h e ca s e. I t is e xq u is it e ly co n s is -
t e n t w i t h t h e fo r m a t io n of a F e b r o n ia n u n io n of t h ir t e e n P r ot es-
t a n t c o l o n i e s , o r d a i n e d t o b e r u le d fr o m a fe d e r a l c i t y n a m e d
“R o m e , ” a cit y s it u a t e d w i t h i n t h e S e e o f Ba l t i m o r e , u n d e r t h e p r o -
t e c t i o n o f t h e P a t r o n e s s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s.
20 0
C H AP T E R 19 T H E D E AT H 6 K R E S U R R E CT I O N O F LO R E N ZO R I CCI
O n e o f t h e m o r e in t r igu in g clu e s t h a t t h e U n i t e d St a t e s o f
A m e r i c a w a s e s t a b l i s h e d u n d e r Regim ini m ilitantis ecclesiae is t h e
n e w r e p u b lic’s G r e a t Se a l . As w e s h a ll see i n t h e n e x t ch a p t e r , t h e
Se a l is le ga l p r o o f t h a t Am e r i c a ’s t r u e fo u n d i n g fa t h e r s we r e i n d e e d
p r iest s o f R o m e .
20 1
Chapter 20
AMERIC AN GRAFFITI
T
H E R E I S A U N I V E R S A L le ga l t r a d i t i o n t h a t r e q u ir e s a ct s o f
a g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t y t o b e m a r k e d b y a s ea l – o t h e r w i s e
t h e a ct s a r e n o t a u t h e n t i c . T yp i c a l l y, a s e a l d i s c l o s e s t h e
ch a r a ct e r o f t h e a u t h o r it y it r ep r es en t s b y m e a n s o f a n im a ge
w h i c h c a n b e , a n d u s u a lly is, a m p li fi e d b y s o m e s e n t e n c e , p h r a s e ,
or wo r d .
T h e fir st s e a l o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f Am e r i c a , d e s i g n e d t o
a u t h e n t i c a t e a ll g o v e r n m e n t a l a c t i o n s u n d e r t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f
I n d e p e n d e n c e , wa s p r e s e n t e d t o Co n g r e s s i n Au g u s t 17 7 6 . Cr e a t -
e d b y a n o fficia l c o m m i t t e e c o n s i s t i n g o f Be n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , J o h n
Ad a m s , a n d T h o m a s J e ffe r s o n , t h e s e a l illu s t r a t e s a n e v e n t b a s e d
o n E x o d u s 14 : 19 - 2 7 . I t is a c a m e o o f M o s e s l e a d i n g t h e I s r a e lit e s
t h r o u gh t h e p a r t ed wa t e r s wh ile a ch a r io t - b o u n d P h a r a o h , wie ld -
in g a s w o r d a n d w e a r i n g t h e c r o w n o f t yr a n n y, p e r i s h e s i n t h e
m a e l s t r o m . F r a m i n g t h e p i c t u r e a r e t h e w o r d s “R E B E L L I O N T O
TYRANTS IS OBEDIENCE TO GOD.”
20 3
W h e n I fir st b e c a m e a w a r e o f
t h i s s e a l m a n y ye a r s a g o , I t h o u g h t
it d e m o n s t r a t e d h o w i n t e n s e ly bibli-
cal w a s t h e fa i t h o f t h e fo u n d i n g fa-
t h e r s . Bu t o n c e I b e g a n d i s c e r n i n g
t h e h i d d e n m a k e r s o f Am e r i c a n n a -
t ion a lism , my t h in kin g ch a n ged
r a d ica lly. I n o w see t h is s e a l, d e s p it e
t h e b ib lica l glow of t h e co m m it t e e
t h a t d e s ign e d it , a s t h e p r o fe s s io n o f
an i n t e n s e l y Rom an Catholic fa i t h .
T H E M O S A I C S E AL F o r t h e r e is a g r e a t d i s p a r i t y b e -
o f Au gu s t , 1776
t ween b ib lica l fa i t h and Rom an
C a t h o l i c fa i t h . I n d e e d , t h i s d i s p a r i t y w a s t h e c r u x o f t h e P r o t e s -
t a n t i s m w h i c h P o p e P a u l III c o m m i s s i o n e d t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s t o
e xt i r p a t e .
Bi b l i c a l fa i t h r e ga r d s t h e Bi b l e a l o n e , sola scriptura, a p a r t fr o m
a n y o t h e r s o u r ce , t o b e a s u fficien t a n d in fa llib le r u le o f life. I n t h e
Bib le ’s o w n wo r d s : “ Al l s cr ip t u r e is G o d - b r e a t h e d , a n d is p r o fit a b le
for t e a c h i n g , fo r c o u n s e l i n g , for c o r r e c t i o n , a n d fo r t r a i n i n g i n
r i g h t e o u s n e s s : t h a t t h e m a n o f G o d m a y b e p e r fe c t , c o m p l e t e l y
o u t fit t e d t o p e r fo r m g o o d w o r k s ” ( 2 T i m o t h y 3 : 16 ) .
R o m a n C a t h o l i c fa i t h , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w h i l e a gr e e i n g t h a t
t h e Bi b l e i s G o d - b r e a t h e d , c o n s i d e r s s cr i p t u r e n e i t h e r i n fa l l i b l e
n o r s u fficie n t in it s e lf a s a r u le o f life , u n le s s s o i n t e r p r e t e d b y t h e
Ma gis t er iu m (t h e t e a ch in g a u t h or it y of t h e Ch u r c h ) , a n d t h e n so
p r o n o u n c e d b y t h e in fa llib le p o p e .
At P a u l I ll’s C o u n c i l o f T r e n t ( 1 5 4 5 - 6 3 ) , w h i c h w e h a v e
le a r n e d wa s c lo s e ly s u p e r vis e d o v e r it s e i g h t e e n ye a r s o f e x i s t e n c e
b y t h e J e s u it s , i t w a s d e c r e e d t h a t t h e M a g i s t e r i u m “r e c e i v e s a n d
ve n e r a t e s , w i t h a fe e lin g o f p ie t y a n d r e ve r e n c e a ll t h e b o o k s o f t h e
O l d a n d N e w T e s t a m e n t s , also the traditions [ it a lics m i n e ] , w h e t h e r
t h e y r e la t e t o fa it h o r m o r a ls , a s h a v i n g b e e n d i c t a t e d e i t h e r o r a lly
b y Ch r i s t o r b y t h e H o l y G h o s t , a n d p r e s e r ve d in t h e Ca t h o l i c
Ch u r c h in u n b r o k e n su ccession .” 1
O v e r t h e cen t u r ies, R o m a n
C a t h o l i c fa i t h i n S c r i p t u r e , a s m o d i fi e d b y t r a d i t i o n , a s p r o -
20 4
C H AP T E R 2 0 AM E R I C AN G R AF F I T I
n o u n c e d b y t h e M a g i s t e r i u m a n d p o p e , h a s b o u n d m i lli o n s o f c o n -
s c i e n c e s t o a t h o u s a n d d o c t r i n e s n o t fo u n d in s cr ip t u r e a n d e i t h e r
u n k n o w n o r r e je ct e d b y t h e a p o s t le s a n d e a r ly Ch r i s t i a n fa t h e r s . 2
T h e 17 7 6 s e a l a gr e e s w i t h R o m a n C a t h o l i c t e a c h i n g a s m u c h
a s i t d is a gr e e s w i t h t h e Bi b l e . W h e r e a s t h e c a p t i o n “R e b e l l i o n t o
t yr a n t s is o b e d i e n c e t o G o d ” is fo u n d n o w h e r e in S c r i p t u r e , it is
t h e c o r n e r s t o n e o f B e l l a r m i n i a n l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y. T h e Bi b l e
never c o n d o n e s r e b e lli o n , n o t e v e n r e b e l l i o n t o t h o s e t yr a n t s u n d e r
w h o m G o d ’s o w n p e o p l e , t h e I s r a e lit e s , w e r e o b li ge d t o su ffer c o n -
t in u o u s ly. W h e n S c r i p t u r e m e n t i o n s r e b e l l i o n , i t i s a l m o s t a lw a ys
r e fe r r i n g t o t h e d i s o b e d i e n c e o f t h e I s r a e lit e s t o w a r d t h e i r G o d
Ya h w e h . T h e s e v e n t e e n t h c h a p t e r o f P r o v e r b s t e a c h e s t h a t “t h e
e v i l m a n s e e k s r e b e l l i o n , ” a n d 1 S a m u e l 15 : 2 3 a d m o n i s h e s t h a t
“r e b e l l i o n i s a s t h e s in o f w i t c h c r a f t . ” T h e G o d o f S c r i p t u r e c a n -
n o t b e o b e ye d b y e vil- d o in g a n d wit ch cr a ft . H e will n o t b e h o n -
or ed in t h e b r e a c h . H o w e v e r , s a cr e d tradition a u t h o r ize s any thing in
t h e s e r vi c e of R o m e – Cum finis est licitus, etiam m edia sunt licita,
t h e e n d ju st ifies t h e m e a n s .
D e p i c t i n g r e b e l l i o n a s a s a l v a t i o n a l a c t , t h e 17 7 6 s e a l fu r t h e r
h a r m o n i ze s w i t h t h e M a g i s t e r i u m o n h o w t h e s in fu l s o u l o f m a n i s
s a ve d fr o m e t e r n a l p u n i s h m e n t . T h e M a g i s t e r i u m c o n c u r s w i t h t h e
Bi b l e t h a t s a l v a t i o n i s t h e fr e e gift o f G o d ’s g r a c e , b u t a d d s t h e
n o n s c r i p t u t a l t e a c h i n g t h a t s a l va t i o n c a n b e lost if g o o d w o r k s a r e
n o t p e r fo r m e d t h r o u g h t h e “s a cr e d c h a n n e l s ” o f Ba p t i s m , Co n f e s -
s i o n , a n d t h e M a s s . S c r i p t u r e ( E p h e s i a n s 2 : 8 - 10 ) sa ys t h a t J esu s
Ch r i s t d o e s n o t s h a t e h is s a vi o r h o o d w i t h any one o r any thing ( “Yo u
h a v e b e e n s a ve d b y gr a ce t h r o u g h fa it h ; a n d t h a t n o t o f yo u r s e lve s ,
it is t h e gift o f G o d ; n o t a s a r e s u lt o f w o r k s , s o t h a t n o o n e s h o u ld
b o a s t ”) , ye t t h e M a g i s t e r i u m sa ys t h a t C h r i s t is n o savior w i t h o u t
t h e s in n e r ’s c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e C h u r c h a n d it s t r a d it io n s .
I n fa ct , Scr ip t u r e ’s a c c o u n t o f t h e E x o d u s s h o w s t h e d e p a r t u r e
fr o m E gyp t n o t t o b e a r e b e l l i o n a t a ll. W h e n ca lle d b y Ya h w e h t o
r e p r e s e n t I s r a e l b e fo r e P h a r a o h , M o s e s p l e d h i m s e l f i n c a p a b l e
( E xo d u s 3 : 11) , u n i n fo r m e d ( 3 : 13 ) , u n a u t h o r i ze d ( 4 : 1) , i n e l o q u e n t
( 4 : 10 ) , u n a d a p t e d ( 4 : 13 ) , u n p r o v e n ( 5 : 2 3 ) , a n d u n c r e d e n t i a l e d
( 6 : 12 ) – h a r d ly t h e a u d a cio u s m i n d s e t o f a gr e a t r e b e l lea d er . W h a t
20 5
M o s e s le d w a s n o r e b e l l i o n b u t a s o c i o l o g i c a l d e l i v e r a n c e fo r
w h i c h Ya h w e h a l o n e c l a i m e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y: “ C o m e n o w , t h e r e -
fo r e , a n d I w i ll s e n d yo u t o P h a r a o h s o t h a t yo u c a n b r i n g m y p e o -
p l e , t h e c h i l d r e n o f I s r a e l, o u t o f E g y p t . . . . A n d I w i l l s t r e t c h o u t
m y h a n d , a n d s m i t e E g yp t w i t h a ll m y w o n d e r s w h i c h I w i l l d o i n
t h e m id s t t h e r e o f: a n d a ft er t h a t h e w i l l le t yo u g o ” ( E x o d u s 3 : 10 ,
2 0 ) . I f Ad a m s , F r a n k li n , a n d J effer son h a d w i s h e d t h e 17 7 6 s ea l t o
e xp r e s s t h e t r u e t e a c h i n g o f S c r i p t u r e , t h e y m i g h t h a v e w r i t t e n
“Y A H W E H REMOVES TYRANTS FOR HIS FAITHFUL.”
Bu t e v e n w i t h a b i b l i c a l l y c o r r e c t m o t t o t h e s e a l fa ils t h e b i b -
l i c a l s t a n d a r d . F o r it is a ft e r a ll a seal, a u t h o r i t y r e p r e s e n t e d b y a
g r a v e n i m a g e . A l t h o u g h t h e u s e o f s e a ls a n d i m a g e s i s o n e o f
R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m ’s p r o u d e s t s a cr e d t r a d i t i o n s , S c r i p t u r e p r o -
h i b i t s it . T h e o n l y I s r a e lit e s h o w n t o r u le w i t h a s ea l is k i n g Ah a b ,
w h o “d i d e v i l i n t h e s i g h t o f t h e Lo r d a b o v e a ll t h a t w e r e b e fo r e
h i m ” ( 1 Ki n g s 16 : 3 0 ) . Ah a b ’s s e a l, a p p a r e n t l y a p p r o p r i a t e d fr o m
a n c i e n t p a g a n t r a d i t i o n , wa s e m p l o ye d b y h is wife , t h e q u i n t e s s e n -
t i a lly w i c k e d J e ze b e l, t o c o m m i t fr a u d a n d m u r d e r ( 2 1: 8 - 16 ) .
S c r i p t u r e w a r n s o f a n u n l i m i t e d p o t e n t i a l fo r e v i l i n h e r e n t i n
g r a ve n - i m a g e s e a ls . T h e a p o s t le s o f Ch r i s t u n d e r s t o o d t h is p r i n c i -
p le w e l l . T h e y s a w t h e p h a r is e e s d e m a n d J esu s s h o w t h e m a t o k e n
o f H i s a u t h o r i t y, a n d w h a t J esu s s h o w e d t h e m w a s n o t a n i m a g e
b u t Scr ip t u r e – t h e b o o k o f J o n a h ( M a t t h e w 12 : 3 9 ) . P a u l t h e a p o s -
t le h a d n o s e a l e x c e p t t h e p e o p l e h e ’d e va n g e l i ze d : “fo r t h e s e a l o f
m y a p o s t l e s h i p a r e t h o s e o f yo u i n t h e L o r d ” ( 1 C o r i n t h i a n s 9 : 2 ) .
I n d e e d , t h e s e a l o f t h e Bo d y o f C h r i s t i s r e p r e s e n t e d i n S c r i p t u r e
n o t b y t h e m i t e r a n d cr o s s e d k e ys o f t h e H o l y S e e , o r t h e d o v e s ,
fla m es, Bib le s , b a r e cr os s es , a n d s u n b u r s t s o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t d e n o m -
i n a t i o n s , b u t b y Scripture alone: “ T h e f o u n d a t i o n o f G o d s t a n d s
s u r e , h a v i n g t h is s e a l: T H E L O R D KNOW S HIS OW N; AND LET
CHRIST’S FAITHFUL DEPART FROM INIQUITY” (2 Tim ot h y 2 : 19 ) .
T h e e a r ly Ch r i s t i a n le a d e r s , w h o s e fa i t h i s h i s t o r i c a l l y r e ga r d -
e d a s t h e b e s t - i n fo r m e d o f a n y ge n e r a t i o n ’s , r igo r o u s ly o p p o s e d t h e
m a k i n g o f i m a ge s o r l i k e n e s s e s o f a n y k i n d . S c r i p t u r e h a d t a u g h t
t h e m w e l l t h a t Ya h w e h ’s p e o p l e a l w a ys s u ffe r e d t e r r i b le c a l a m i t y
w h e n e v e r t h e y v i o l a t e d t h e c o m m a n d m e n t n o t t o id e n t ify t h e m -
20 6
s e lve s o r t h e ir G o d w i t h “a n y g r a ve n im a ge s o r a n y lik e n e s s o f a n y
t h i n g ” ( E xo d u s 2 0 : 4 ) . E d w y n Be va n ’s Holy Im ages: A n Inquiry into
Idolatry and Im age W orship in Ancient Paganism and in Christianity
cit es th ree im p or t a n t e a r ly c h u r c h m e n w h o fo r b a d e im a ges .
C l e m e n t o f Al e x a n d r i a t a u g h t t h a t i m a g e s w e r e “n o t t r u e , ” a n d
w e r e fo r b i d d e n b y Ya h w e h “i n o r d e r t h a t w e m i g h t n o t d i r e c t o u r
a t t e n t i o n t o s e n s ib le o b j e c t s , b u t m i g h t p r o c e e d t o t h e i n t e l l i g e n -
t i a l. ” O r i g e n h e l d t h a t i m a g e s “d r a g t h e s o u l d o w n i n s t e a d o f d i -
r e ct i n g t h e m i n d t o a d i vi n e in vis ib le r e a lit y.” Te r t u lli a n in s t r u ct e d
t h e s e r va n t s o f G o d t o a v o i d e v e r y fo r m o f im a ge r y, e v e n s e c u la r
a r t . I n d e e d , a s B e v a n p o i n t s o u t , Ch r i s t i a n s o f t h e fir st a n d s e c o n d
c e n t u r i e s p l a c e d vi s u a l a r t is t s i n a cla s s w i t h h a r l o t s , d r u n k a r d s ,
b r o t h e l- k e e p e r s , a n d a ct o r s .
Bu t fo r t h o u s a n d s o f ye a r s M e d i t e r r a n e a n c u l t u r e s h a d b e e n
r e c e i vi n g t h e ir r e ligio u s a n d p o l i t i c a l i n fo r m a t i o n fr o m m yt h s n a r -
r a t e d b y vi s u a l a r t . P a u l i n u s , Bi s h o p o f N o l a , s a id o f h is c o n g r e g a -
t io n s , “ T h e y a r e n o t d e v o i d o f r e li gi o n , b u t n o t a b le t o r e a d .” T h i s
wa s P a u lin u s ’ e x c u s e for b e s e e c h i n g t h e Bi s h o p o f R o m e t o p e r m i t
h i m t o t e a c h w i t h g r a v e n i m a g e s . P a u l i n u s h a d fo r g o t t e n , o r p e r -
h a p s h a d n e v e r le a r n e d , t h a t t h e b a s is o f t h e G o s p e l o f Ch r i s t wa s
a b o ve a ll literary – e ls e w h y h a d its Au t h o r p r o h i b i t e d gr a p h i c lik e -
n esses? Kn o w i n g t h is , t h e a p o s t le s d e v o t e d a la r ge p a r t o f t h e e v a n -
g e l i c a l p r o c e s s t o s p r e a d i n g literacy – “b le s s e d is h e w h o reads”
( R e v e l a t i o n 1: 3 ) . E v e n s o , t h e a p o s t l e P e t e r fo r e s a w t h e t i m e o f
P a u l i n u s , Bi s h o p o f N o l a , a t i m e w h e n “fa ls e t e a c h e r s a m o n g yo u
s h a ll b r i n g i n d a m n a b l e h e r e s i e s d e n y i n g t h e Lo r d ” ( 2 P e t e r 2 : 1) .
W h a t m or e d a m n a b le h er esy cou ld t h er e b e t h a n d ep ict in g a G o d
w h o c o n d e m n s i m a g e s . . . w ith a n im age? C o u l d s u ch a G o d e v e n b e
d e p i c t a b l e b y a n im a ge ? W o u l d n ’t a n im a ge p u r p o r t i n g t o b e H i m
h a v e t o b e i n r e a lit y, b y s h e e r fo r c e o f l o g i c , t h e i m a g e o f another
God? T h e a p o s t le P a u l, a w a r e o f t h e c o m p e l l i n g n a t u r e o f im a ge s ,
a n d t h e i r d e f i n i t i v e i n c a p a c i t y t o t e a c h J es u s a n d t h e G o s p e l ,
w a r n e d t h e Co r i n t h i a n s h o w e a s ily a fa lse t e a c h e r c o u l d le a d t h e m
t o “a n o t h e r J esu s, a n o t h e r go s p e l” ( 2 Co r i n t h i a n s 11: 4 ) . T h e t im e
wa s ve r y clo s e , P a u l k n e w , w h e n Ch r i s t i a n s “w i ll n o t e n d u r e s o u n d
d o ct r in e , b u t will h e a p t o t h e m s e lve s t e a ch e r s w h o will s wit ch
20 7
t h e m fr o m t r u t h t o m y t h s ” ( 2 T i m o t h y 4 : 3 , 4 ) . A n d w h a t a r e
g r a v e n im a ge s b u t t h e ve r y gram m ar o f m yt h s ?
T h e s w i t c h b e g a n n o t i c e a b l y h a p p e n i n g i n t h e t h i r d ce n t u r y,
w h e n t e a c h e r s li k e P a u l i n u s o f N o l a b e g a n i n s t r u c t i n g fr o m p i c -
t u r e s ( fo r w h i c h P a u l i n u s w a s c a n o n i z e d b y t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c
C h u r c h ) . W i t h C o n s t a n t i n e a c e n t u r y la t e r , a s w e ’v e s e e n , a p o w -
er fu l n e w “Ch r i s t i a n ” vis u a l la n gu a ge d e ve l o p e d . O l d m yt h i c ico n s
w e r e r e n a m e d t o fit Bi b l e s t o r i e s , a n d a n i c o n i c Ch r i s t i a n i t y w a s
s p r e a d t h r o u g h p a g a n im a ge s p r o ce s s e d b y m is s io n a r y a d a p t a t i o n .
W h a t t h e n e w c o n v e r t s we r e not t a u g h t is t h a t Sc r i p t u r e c a t e g o r i -
c a l l y r e je ct s s u c h a t t e m p t s t o i co n i ze it s c o n t e n t s , a n d t h a t t h e r e -
for e ( a ga in , b y s h e e r fo r ce o f lo gic) t h e lik e n e s s e s u p o n w h o m t h e y
r e ve r e n t l y ga ze d w e r e n o m o r e t h a n t h e go d s a n d go d d e s s e s o r igi-
n a l l y p i c t u r e d , other gods of other gospels. Ar c h a e o l o g y t r a ce s t h e s e
go d s a n d t h e i r go s p e ls b a c k t o t h e ve r y e a r lie s t B a b y l o n i a n c a t h e -
d r a ls . I t wa s in t h e s e ca t h e d r a ls , e r e c t e d n e a r ly fo u r t h o u s a n d yea r s
b e fo r e t h e C h r i s t i a n e r a , t h a t t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c s a cr e d i c o n o -
g r a p h i c t r a d i t i o n w a s b o r n . W e s h a ll e x p l o r e t h is s u b j e c t i n s o m e
d e t a il in a fo r t h c o m i n g ch a p t e r .
C O N G R E S S r efu s ed t o a d o p t t h e 17 7 6 s e a l. W e m a y n e v e r k n o w
wh y. T h e r e i s n o r e co r d o f a n y d e b a t e , o n l y t h e n o t a t i o n t h a t
t h e s e a l wa s o r d e r e d t o la y “o n t h e t a b l e . ” F i ve ye a r s la t e r , i n t h e
s u m m e r o f 17 8 1, a fle e t o f t w e n t y - f i v e F r e n c h w a r ve s s e ls a r r i ve d
i n C h e s a p e a k e Ba y w i t h m o r e t h a n t w e n t y t h o u s a n d s o ld ie r s a c-
co m p a n ie d b y n in e t y R o m a n Ca t h o l i c ch a p la in s a n d G o d on ly
k n o w s h o w m a n y s e c u la r i ze d J e s u it s . A m o n t h la t e r , t h e Br i t i s h
a r m y s u r r e n d e r e d t o G e n e r a l W a s h i n g t o n a t Yo r k t o w n . T h e le g-
e n d - s p i n n i n g vis ib le wa r wa s o ve r a t la s t .
I n J u n e 17 8 2 , Be n j a m i n F r a n k l i n a n d J o h n Ad a m s w e r e m e e t -
in g i n P a r is t o p e r fe c t a t r e a t y w i t h e n v o y s o f t h e n e w l y - e l e c t e d
Br i t i s h P r im e M i n i s t e r – R o b e r t P e t t y. W e r e ca ll P e t t y, Lo r d S h e l -
b u r n e , t h e u b iq u it o u s “J esu it o f Be r k e l e y Sq u a r e ” w h o t e a m e d w i t h
Lo r d Bu t e t o c o n c l u d e t h e F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n W a r s i n t e r m s t h a t
h a d m a d e t h e R e v o l u t i o n i n e v i t a b l e . F r a n k l i n a n d A d a m s fo u n d
t h e m s e l v e s a p p r o a c h i n g t h e n e g o t i a t i n g t a b le w i t h o u t a n a t i o n a l
s e a l. N o t h i n g t h e y m i g h t d o o n b e h a l f o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c o u l d
20 8
C H AP T E R 2 0 AM E R I CAN G R AF F I T I
b e v a l i d w i t h o u t a s e a l. T h i s w a s t h e e x i g e n c y t h a t m o v e d C o n -
gr ess t o a d o p t , o n J u n e 2 8 , t h e s e a l d e s i g n e d b y Ch a r l e s T h o m s o n
a n d W i l l i a m Ba r t o n .
T h e G r e a t S e a l i s “w r i t t e n ” i n c a b a l a h , t h a t s t yle o f a lle go r i ca l
c o m m u n i c a t i o n c o m p o s e d o f s e e m i n gly u n r e la t e d s ym b o ls , n u m e r -
a ls, a n d p h r a s e s . A p i e c e in L e Charivari N o . 18 ( P a r is , 19 7 3 ) , d is -
c u s s i n g c e r t a i n s y m b o l i c m o t i fs u s e d b y t h e e n l i g h t e n e d F r e n c h
a r t is t N i c o l a s P o u s s in , e x p l a i n s t h e p r a c t i c a l a d va n t a g e o f ca b a lis -
t ic wo r k s :
A s i n g l e w o r d s u ffi ce s t o i l l u m i n e c o n n e c t i o n s w h i c h t h e
m u lt i t u d e c a n n o t gr a s p . S u c h wo r k s ar e a va i la b le t o e ve r yo n e ,
b u t t h e ir s i gn i fi ca n c e a d d r es s es it s elf t o a n e lit e . A b o v e a n d
b e yo n d t h e m asses, s en d er a n d r e ce ive r u n d e r s t a n d e a c h ot h er .
C a b a l a h go e s b e yo n d m e r e s e cr e t c o m m u n i c a t i o n . Su p p o s e d ly,
i t t h r u s t s t h e s e n d e r “i n t o d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e l i v i n g p o w e r s
a n d fo r ce s o f t h e U n i v e r s e , a n d t h r o u g h t h e m w i t h t h e e t e r n a l
s o u r ce o f a ll m a n i f e s t a t i o n , ” e x p l a i n s H e n r i e t t a B e r n s t e i n i n h e r
Cabalah Prim er. “I n o t h e r wo r d s , yo u m a k e c o n t a c t w i t h G o d . ” To
a ca b a lis t gn o s t i c i llu m i n a t u s w h o s e s p e cia l k n o w l e d g e h a s lib e r a t -
e d h i m fr o m t h e c l u t c h o f m a t t e r a n d i s s p e e d i n g h i m t o w a r d t h e
p u r e l i g h t o f g o d l i n e s s , c a b a l a h is “t h e r o ya l a r t , a c l o s e d b o d y o f
k n o w l e d g e s a cr e d t o t h e e le c t . ”
Si n ce t h e Gr e a t Se a l is wr it t e n in t h e la n gu a ge of ca b a la h , it
a p p ea r s t o b e a ve r it a b le G n o s t i c Co n s t i t u t i o n . I n t er m s we ll
k n o w n t o i n i t i a t e s a n d G o d Al m i g h t y , i t s et s fo r t h t h e o r i g i n ,
n a t u r e , p u r p o s e , a n d p l a n o f Am e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t . O f co u r s e , a s
Ch a r l e s T h o m s o n a n d M a n l y H a ll h a v e in t im a t e d , t h e in it ia t e s
will n e v e r d is clo s e t o o u t s id e r s t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e Se a l’s e l e m e n t s .
Bu t G o d Al m i g h t y i s n o t s o a loof. H e d o e s n o t r esist in q u ir ie s . N o r
is H e a r e s p e ct e r o f p e r s o n s . Co n t r a r y t o t h e ca b a lis t ’s b o a s t o f p r iv-
ile ge d a cce s s , Scr ip t u r e p r o m is e s m o r e ligh t t o a n y m i n d t h a t seeks
i t fr o m G o d i n p e r s o n . S h i n i n g t h a t l i g h t o n c o m m o n l y a va i l a b l e
h i s t o r i e s o f r u le r s a n d r e l i g i o n s , a n y o n e c a n t r a c e t h e Se a l ’s e l e -
m e n t s b a c k t o t h e i r a n c i e n t o r igin s a n d i n t h e e n d k n o w a s m u c h
as, if n o t m o r e t h a n , t h e gn o s t ics .
20 9
RULE RS O F E VI L
O n t h e fr o n t o r obverse sid e o f t h e S e a l we fin d a n e a gle c l u t c h -

in g a n o l i ve b r a n c h a n d t h i r t e e n a r r o ws , w i t h a b a n n e r in h is b e a k
in s cr ib e d w i t h t h e m o t t o “E PL U R I B U S U N U M . ” T h e e a r lie s t im a ge s
o f s a cr e d e a gle s h a v e b e e n fo u n d in t h a t r e gi o n o f p r e s e n t - d a y I r a q
o n c e k n o w n a s B a b y l o n . T h e e a g l e w a s i d e n t i fi e d w i t h t h e Ba b y-
l o n i a n s k y- go d A n n u . W h e n A n n u e n t e r e d s a cr e d R o m a n i c o n o g -
r a p h y a s J u p it e r , t h e e a g l e w a s s t ill h is m a s c o t . F o r t h e m o r e t h a n
t w o t h o u s a n d ye a r s s i n c e t h e d e a t h o f R o m e ’s fir st e m p e r o r , J u liu s
Ca e s a r , J u p it er ’s e a gle h a s s ign ified R o m e ’s im p e r ia l p o w e r – “i m p e -
r i a l” m e a n i n g t h e r i g h t o f t h e Ca e s a r s t o m a k e la w s a n d e n fo r c e
t h e m . I n m a n y a ch u r ch , R o m a n Ca t h o l i c a n d P r o t e s t a n t a like,
t h e Bi b le fr o m w h i c h le s s o n s a r e p u b li cly r e a d r est s o n a h a r d w o o d
le c t e r n c a r ve d in t h e s h a p e o f a m a g n i fi c e n t e a gle . Ye t in t h e p a ge s
o f t h i s ve r y Bi b l e , G o d fo r b id s c a r v e d i m a g e s o f e a g l e s . W h a t ,
t h e n , d o e s t h e e a gle sign ify, if n o t a p o w e r in d iffe r e n t t o Scr ip t u r e ?
T h e b r illia n t clo u d h o v e r i n g o ve r t h e ea gle’s h e a d i n t h e G r e a t
S e a l is t h e aegis. T h e aegis is a g o a t s k i n . ( W e h a v e a l r e a d y e x a m -
in e d h o w Sc r i p t u r e e q u a t e s t h e go a t w i t h w o r ld ly p o w e r a n d s e p a -
r a t i o n fr o m G o d . ) W h e n J u p it e r w a s a b a b y h e w a s n u r s e d b y a
s h e - g o a t n a m e d Am a l t h e i a . ( T h e p r i e s t ly a r t is t s o ft e n p o r t r a ye d
t h e a d u l t J u p it e r a s a s a t yr , h a v i n g a m a n ’s b o d y w i t h t h e h o r n s ,
h a ir , a n d legs o f a g o a t . ) W h e n Am a l t h e i a d i e d , J u p it e r m a d e t h e
aegis o u t o f h e r h i d e .
T h e aegis o f t h e G r e a t S e a l glor ifies t h i r t e e n fi ve - p o i n t e d st a r s,
or p en t a gr a m s . E a ch p e n t a gr a m r ep r esen t s a n or igin a l St a t e . I n
g n o s t i c s ym b o lo gy, t h e p e n t a g r a m is i d e n t i fi e d w i t h J u p it er ’s wife ,
Ve n u s . T h e r e is a n a t u r a l r e a s o n fo r t h i s . A d e d i c a t e d o b s e r ve r ,
fr o m a fi xe d l o c a t i o n o v e r a n e i g h t - y e a r p e r i o d , w i l l d i s c e r n t h a t
t h e p l a n e t Ve n u s t r a ve l s a u n i q u e c e l e s t i a l p a t h w a y t h a t e x a c t l y
d e s c r i b e s a p e n t a g r a m . C a r l L j u n g m a n , in Dictionary of Sy m bols,
h as wr it t en :
As t h e o r b i t o f Ve n u s i s c l o s e r t o t h e s u n t h a n t h e e a r t h ’s
p o s i t i o n , s h e is n e v e r s e e n m o r e t h a n 4 8 d e gr e e s fr o m t h e s u n .
D u r i n g a p e r i o d o f 2 4 7 d a ys , Ve n u s i s v i s i b l e a s t h e E v e n i n g s t a r
t h a t is , w i t h i n 4 8 d e g r e e s o r le s s o f t h e s u n a ft e r t h e s u n h a s s e t .
T h e n Ve n u s c o m e s t o o c l o s e t o t h e s u n fo r u s t o s e e h e r . S h e
2 10
r e m a i n s i n v i s i b l e for 14 d a ys , t h e n r e a p p e a r s a s t h e M o r n i n g s t a r
( o r E a s t e r n s t a r ) i m m e d i a t e l y b e fo r e t h e s u n r ises i n t h e e a s t . F o r
2 4 5 d a ys w e c a n s e e Ve n u s e a c h m o r n i n g a t d a w n b e f o r e s h e
a g a i n d i s a p p e a r s i n t o t h e s u n ’s l i g h t b y g e t t i n g t o o c l o s e t o t h e
s u n . Ve n u s i s n o w i n v i s i b l e for 78 d a ys . O n t h e 79 t h e v e n i n g , s h e
a p p e a r s a g a i n i n t h e w e s t i m m e d i a t e l y a ft e r t h e s e t t i n g s u n . N o w
sh e is t h e E ve n i n g star o n c e m o r e .
I f o n e k n o w s t h e e c l i p t i c [ t h a t is , t h e g r e a t c i r c l e o f t h e
celest ia l sp h er e t h a t is t h e a p p a r en t p a t h of t h e su n a m o n g t h e
star s] a n d c a n p i n p o i n t t h e p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n o f t h e p l a n e t s in
r e l a t i o n t o t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f fixe d st a r s i n t h e zo d i a c , o n e c a n
m a r k t h e e x a c t p la ce in t h e 3 6 0 d e gr e e s o f t h e zo d ia c w h e r e t h e
M o r n i n g s t a r fi r s t a p p e a r s s h o r t l y b e fo r e s u n r i s e a ft e r a p e r i o d o f
i n v i s i b i l i t y . I f w e d o t h i s , w a i t fo r t h e M o r n i n g s t a r t o a p p e a r
a g a i n 5 8 4 d a ys la t e r [ t h e s y n o d i c o r b i t a l t i m e o f Ve n u s ] a n d m a r k
it s p o s i t i o n i n t h e z o d i a c , a n d t h e n r e p e a t t h i s p r o c e s s u n t i l w e
h a v e f i v e p o s i t i o n s o f Ve n u s a s t h e M o r n i n g s t a r , w e w i l l f i n d
t h a t e x a c t l y e i g h t ye a r s p l u s o n e d a y h a v e p a s s e d . I f w e t h e n
d r a w a l i n e f r o m t h e fir s t p o i n t m a r k e d t o t h e s e c o n d p o i n t
m a r ked , t h e n t o t h e t h ir d , a n d so o n , we en d u p w i t h a p e n t a -
gr a m .
O n l y Ve n u s p o s s e s s e s t h e f i v e - p o i n t e d s t a r s i g n . N o t o n e o f
t h e i n n u m e r a b l e s t a r s a b o v e u s c a n r e c r e a t e t h i s b y it s o w n
or b it . 3
C h a r l e s T h o m s o n , t h e G r e a t Se a l’s c o - d e s i g n e r , l e d a g r o u p o f
d e d i c a t e d o b s e r ve r s o f Ve n u s . T h e fir s t c o o r d i n a t e d s c i e n t i f i c e x -
p e r i m e n t o f t h e Am e r i c a n P h i lo s o p h i c a l So cie t y, t h e clu b T h o m -
s o n f o u n d e d fo r p o l i t i c a l l y r a d i c a l y o u n g p r o fe s s i o n a l s , fo c u s e d o n
Ve n u s ’ c e l e s t i a l p a t h w a y . O n t h e e v e n i n g o f J u n e 3 , 17 6 9 , w i t h
c o l l e a g u e s s t a t i o n e d a t t h r e e s it e s i n P e n n s y l v a n i a a n d D e l a w a r e ,
T h o m s o n a n d fi ve o t h e r s w a t c h e d , f r o m t h e P u b l i c O b s e r v a t o r y
o n S t a t e H o u s e S q u a r e i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , a n e c l i p s e c a u s e d b y “t h e
t r a n s it o f Ve n u s a cr o s s t h e S u n . ” 4
T h e g o d d e s s Ve n u s , a s w e ’v e s e e n , w a s a b s o r b e d b y m i s s i o n a r y
a d a p t a t i o n i n t o t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c s a cr e d t r a d i t i o n a s t h e Vi r g i n
M a r y. T h e a d a p t e r s e v e n a s c r i b e d t o M a r y t h e Ve n u s i a n e p i t h e t
“Q u e e n o f H e a v e n , ” a t it le n e v e r a s cr ib e d t o M a r y in t h e Bib le .
2 11
“Q u e e n o f H e a ve n ” in Scr ip t u r e n a m e s o n ly o n e p e r s o n a ge , a n d
t h a t i s I sh t a r , t h e B a b y l o n i a n Ve n u s . M o s t fa it h fu l Ca t h o l i c s , h is -
t o r i c a l l y i n s u l a t e d fr o m S c r i p t u r e b y t h e M a g i s t e r i u m a n d t h e
I n q u is it io n , h a ve n o t k n o w n t h is. J er em ia h 4 4 e xp la in s h o w t h e
I s r a e lit e s v i o l a t e d t h e i r c o v e n a n t w i t h Ya h w e h b y p r a i s i n g t h e
Q u e e n o f H e a v e n , a n d in t u r n lo s t t h e ir d ign it y, p r o p e r t y, fr e e d o m ,
every thing t o t h e B a b y l o n i a n s . S c r i p t u r e t e a c h e s , a ls o , t h a t t h e
B a b y l o n i a n i n t e r e s t s h a v e m u c h t o g a i n fr o m i n d u c i n g s o u ls t o
p r a is e t h e Q u e e n o f H e a v e n . A n d a s w e s h a ll la t e r s e e , t h e i r g a i n
is d i vi n e l y a p p r o ve d .
T h e t e r m “ Q u e e n o f H e a v e n ” a p p e a r s n o w h e r e e ls e i n t h e O l d
a n d N e w T e s t a m e n t s b u t a t J e r e m i a h 4 4 , a n d t h e r e e x a c t l y five
tim es. D i d J e r e m i a h k n o w t h a t Ve n u s ’ ce le s t ia l t r a il d e l i n e a t e d five
p o in t s ? A n d d id t h e o t h e r t h ir t y- five wr it e r s o f t h e Bib le ’s s ixt y- s ix
b o o k s k n o w a s we ll? D i d a ll t h e s e m e n , w h o w r o t e in d iffe r e n t la n -
gu a ge s o v e r a p e r i o d o f m o r e t h a n a t h o u s a n d ye a r s , c o n s p i r e not
t o m e n t i o n “ Q u e e n o f H e a v e n ” in o r d e r t o p r e s e r ve J e r e m ia h ’s five
m e n t io n s , s o t h a t t h e lin k b e t w e e n (a ) t h e Q u e e n o f H e a ve n , (b )
t h e f i v e - p o i n t e d p a t h o f Ve n u s , a n d ( c ) t h e cu r s e r e s u l t i n g fr o m
p r a is in g h e r w o u l d s t a n d a s a d i v i n e le s s o n for t h e r est o f e t e r n i t y?
O r d id it ju s t h a p p e n t h a t w a y b y a c c i d e n t ? O r , a s t h e Bi b le t e a c h -
es, w e r e J e r e m i a h a n d h is c o - a u t h o r s in s p ir e d b y t h e Au t h o r o f a ll
c r e a t i o n t o sa y ( a n d n o t s a y) t h i n g s for r e a s o n s b e y o n d t h e i r i n d i -
vi d u a l u n d e r s t a n d in g?
T H E G r e a t Se a l ’s e a g l e h o l d s a b a n n e r i n it s b e a k i n s c r i b e d “E
P L U R I B U S UNUM.” T h i s p h r a s e , w h i c h a p p e a r s o n A m e r i c a n
c o i n a g e a s w e l l , i s p o p u l a r l y u n d e r s t o o d t o s ign ify t h e m e l t i n g o f
m a n y p e o p l e i n t o o n e n a t i o n , “o f m a n y, o n e . ” O r t o i d e n t i fy t h e
c o i n a s o n e o f m a n y id e n t ica l co in s . T h e gn os t ic u n d e r s t a n d in g o f
t h is p h r a s e , h o w e ve r , b or d er s o n t h e p s ych e d e lic. Ac c o r d i n g t o
M a n l y H a l l , e pluribus unum r e fe r s t o t h e a n c i e n t B a c c h i c R i t e s ,
w h i c h h e sa ys w a s “a fo r e r u n n e r t o F r e e m a s o n r y. ” M ys t e r i o u s a n d
fa n t a s t ic, t h e Ba c c h i c R it e s ar e b u i lt u p o n t h e fo l l o w i n g st or y lin e :
I n a t i m e b e fo r e t h e c r e a t i o n o f m a n k i n d , t h e t w e l v e T i t a n s
ca u s e Ba c c h u s , J u p it er ’s b e a u t ifu l s o n , t o b e c o m e fa s ci n a t e d b y h is
2 12
C H AP T E R 2 0 AM E R I CAN G R AF F I T I
o w n im a ge in a m ir r or . E n t h r a l l e d b y h im s e lf, Ba c c h u s is seized b y
t h e Tit a n s . T h e y kill h i m , t ear h i m t o p ie ce s , b o il t h e p ie ce s in
wa t e r , a n d a ft e r wa r d s r oa st a n d e a t t h e m . T h i s gr ie ve s a ll h is l o ve d
o n e s , h e n c e h is n a m e , fr o m bakhah, “t o w e e p ” o r “l a m e n t . ” T h e
s t r e wn b o d y p a r t s o f Ba c c h u s b e c o m e t h e fou r e l e m e n t s o f m a t t e r .
O n e o f Ba c c h u s ’ s is t er s , t h e vi r g i n M i n e r v a , r e s cu e s h is s a cr e d
h e a r t fr o m t h e fo u r e l e m e n t s a n d p la ce s i t b e fo r e J u p it e r i n H e a v -
e n . F r o m H e a v e n , J u p it e r h u r ls t h u n d e r b o l t s a t h is son ’s m u r d e r e r s
a n d r e d u ce s t h e T i t a n s t o a s h e s . T h e r a in s fu r t h e r r e d u ce t h e a s h e s ,
m i n g l i n g w i t h t h e fo u r e l e m e n t s , t o s l i m e . F r o m t h i s e v i l s l i m e
J u p it e r fo r m s m a n k i n d , a “T i t a n i c e m b o d i m e n t ” fr o m w h i c h t h e
“Ba c c h i c id e a ,” o r r a t io n a l s o u l, m u s t b e r e le a s e d . T h e Ba c c h i c
id e a is r e le a s e d b y e vi l slim e’s s e xu a l e n e r gy, e s p e cia lly w h e n fa cili-
t a t e d b y a l c o h o l i c d r i n k – h e n c e Ba c c h u s is a s s o cia t e d w i t h gr a p e -
vi n e s , wild d a n c i n g , p h a l l i c s ym b o ls , a n d fo r n i c a t i o n .
W h e n d e a t h a n d s e x h a v e r e s c u e d t h e r a t i o n a l s o u l fr o m t h e
fo u r s lim y c o r n e r s o f t h e e a r t h , a t r a n s fi gu r e d , e t e r n a l B a c c h u s is
r e s u r r e ct e d a s t h e fla m in g S u n . H e is E PL U R I B U S U N U M , O n e fr o m
M a n y, a r e s u r r e c t i o n s ym b o li ze d b y t h e p e n t a g r a m , t h e o n e r is in g
o u t o f t h e fou r t o m a k e five . T h i s , sa ys M a n l y H a l l , is “t h e m a g i c a l
fo r m u la o f m a n , ”
t h e h u m a n s o u l r is in g fr o m t h e b o n d a g e o f t h e a n i m a l n a t u r e .
T h e p e n t a gr a m is t h e t r u e ligh t , t h e St a r o f t h e M o r n i n g , m a r k-
i n g t h e l o c a t i o n o f fi ve m ys t e r i o u s c e n t e r s o f fo r c e , t h e a w a k e n -
in g o f w h i c h is t h e s u p r e m e s ecr et o f w h i t e m a gic.
W i t h “E PL U R I B U S U N U M ” fl o w i n g fr o m h is b e a k , J u p it e r ’s
e a gle p r e a c h e s t h e B a c c h i c G o s p e l . I t is a go s p e l o f s a l v a t i o n t h a t
a n t e d a t e s t h a t o f J esu s Ch r i s t b y m a n y, m a n y c e n t u r i e s . T h e Ba c -
c h i c G o s p e l w a s p r e a c h e d a n d p l a ye d o u t i n t h e p a g a n c u l t s . A
H o l y Vi r g i n w o u l d r i t u a lly r e s cu e t h e S o n o f G o d ’s S a c r e d H e a r t
fr o m t h e s lim e o f h u m a n i t y i m p r i s o n i n g t h e So n ’s s o u l. E a c h c u l t
i n i t i a t e – a f r a c t i o n a l p a r t o f t h e S o n ’s s o u l – s u p p o s e d l y g a i n e d
i n c r e a s i n g a m o u n t s o f k n o w l e d g e fr o m m i n d - a l t e r i n g s u b s t a n c e s
a n d s e xu a l e cs t a s y a d m i n i s t e r e d for m o n e y, o f co u r s e , b y t h e t e m -
p le p r ie s t s a n d p r i e s t e s s e s . T h e i n i t i a t e l o o k e d fo r w a r d t o b e i n g
2 13
r e l e a s e d fr o m h i s s li m y h u m a n i t y b y e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g k n o w l e d g e .
H e ye a r n e d t o b e r e u n it e d u lt im a t e ly w i t h t h e Sa cr e d H e a r t in
H e a v e n , r e s u r r e ct e d a n d t r a n s figu r ed for a ll e t e r n it y.
T h i s s a l v a t i o n a l p l a n , o r s o m e v a r i a t i o n o f it , c a n b e fo u n d a t
t h e c o r e o f a ll t h e s e c r e t o r m ys t e r y r e l i g i o n s – c u l t s o f e m p i r e . I t
p e r s is t s fr o m t h e e a r l i e s t B a b y l o n i a n p r o t o t y p e r i g h t o n d o w n
t h r o u g h t h e G r e a t S e a l . I t h a s s u c c e e d e d n o t b e c a u s e i t c a l l s fo r
r e p e n t a n c e fr o m s in , b u t b e ca u s e it m a k e s s in a n a sset in a p r o ce s s
o f s e l f- d e i fi c a t i o n . T h e B a c c h i c G o s p e l s e r ve s a n e c o n o m y o f s in
m a n a g e m e n t , i n w h i c h s in s a r e f o r g i v e n u p o n t h e p a y m e n t o f
m o n e y o r p e r fo r m a n c e o f s o m e a ct o f c o n t r i t i o n va l u a b l e t o s o cie -
ty. I t is a b o u t p e o p l e c o n t r o l . Be c a u s e it p r o s p e r s o n t h e a d d i c t i ve
n a t u r e of fo r n ica t io n a n d m in d - a lt e r in g s u b s t a n ces , it n a t u r a lly
fa cilit a t e s s e x a n d b o o ze a n d d r u gs a n d a ll t h e i r d e s t r u c t i ve fa llo u t
i n o r d e r t o h a v e a c o n t e x t i n w h i c h t o m a k e it s e lf u s e fu l. U n l i k e
t h e C h r i s t i a n G o s p e l , w h i c h c o n d i t i o n s fo r g i ve n e s s o f s in s u p o n
repentance – “a n d if h e r e p e n t s , fo r g i ve h i m ” ( L u k e 17 : 3 ) – t h e
B a c c h i c G o s p e l fo r gi ve s u p o n t h e t e n d e r i n g o f a p p r o p r i a t e s a cr i-
fices t o t h e p r ie s t o f t h e a p p r o p r ia t e d e it y. T h e c o n g e n i a l i t y o f t h is
g o s p e l t o s e cu la r g o v e r n m e n t a n d R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m s p e a k s fo r
it self.
T H E r e ve r s e sid e o f t h e G r e a t S e a l c o n t a i n s fo u r e l e m e n t s . Fir st ,
t h e m o t t o “A N N U I T COE PT I S ; ” s e co n d , a t h i r t e e n - co u r s e d t o p -
les s p yr a m i d w i t h M D C C L X X V I e n g r a v e d i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n ;
t h i r d , a d i s e m b o d i e d e ye f o r m i n g t h e p yr a m i d ’s c a p s t o n e , a n d
fo u r t h , t h e m o t t o “N O V U S OR DO S E CL O R U M . ” T h e s e e l e m e n t s
d e fin e e x a c t l y t h e “d i v i n e p r o v i d e n c e ” u p o n w h o s e p r o t e c t i o n t h e
s ign er s o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e fir m ly r e lie d .
T h e la n d o f t h e P yr a m i d , E gyp t , i s w h e r e Ca e s a r e a n R o m e wa s
i n a u gu r a t e d . By “Ca e s a r e a n ” I m e a n t h e e m p i r e w h o s e h e a d c o m -
m a n d s n o t o n l y a ffa ir s o f s t a t e b u t t h o s e o f r e l i g i o n a s w e l l . C a e -
s a r e a n R o m e o fficia lly b e g a n i n Al e x a n d r i a , E g yp t , a t t h e t e m p l e
o f J u p it e r , o n t h e w i n t e r s o l s t i c e – D e c e m b e r 2 5 – in t h e ye a r 4 8
B C , w h e n a fi ft y- t w o - ye a r - o l d p r i e s t o f J u p i t e r w a s d e c l a r e d t o b e
J u p it e r ’s i n c a r n a t i o n , t h u s “ S o n o f G o d . ” H i s n a m e w a s C a i u s o f
2 14
t h e fa m ily o f M a r iu s , Ca i u s M a r i a . Af t e r d e ifica t io n , a n d o c c a s i o n -
a lly b e fo r e , C a i u s M a r i a w a s r e fe r r e d t o a s “Ca e s a r , ” a c a b a l i s m
fo r m e d b y t h e le t t e r “ C ” (for Ca i u s ) a t t a c h e d t o “A e s a r ,” t h e E t r -
u s c a n w o r d for “ G o d . ” T h e G o d C a i u s . ( S u e t o n i u s , t h e fi r s t - ce n -
t u r y b i o g r a p h e r o f t h e Ca e s a r s , s u gge s t s t h a t t h e t i t le w a s fo r m e d
fr o m p r e fi x i n g Ae s a r w i t h t h e n u m e r a l “ C , ” m e a n i n g “h u n d r e d . ”
G o d of t h e H u n d r ed , or H u n d r ed s.)
Ac c o r d i n g t o S c o t t i s h t h e o l o g i a n A l e x a n d e r H i s l o p , Ca e s a r
co n s e n t e d t o d e ifica t io n in or d er t o in h e r it t h e h u ge k i n g d o m o f
P er ga m u m . 5
Co n s i s t i n g of m ost o f As i a Min or (presen t-day
T u r k e y ) , P e r g a m u m wa s b e q u e a t h e d t o t h e R o m a n p e o p l e i n 13 3
BC b y it s k i n g , At t a l u s I I I . Bu t t h e r e w a s a c a t c h : t h e p e o p l e o f
R o m e h a d t o r e ga r d t h e ir le a d e r a s G o d .
T h e P e r ga m e n ia n kin gs h a d b e gu n r u lin g a s G o d w h e n t h e
t it le o f Pontifex Maxim us fled t h e fa ll o f Ba b yl o n in 5 3 9 B C . I n t h a t
e v e n t f u l ye a r , P e r s i a n i n va d e r s a s s a s s i n a t e d t h e B a b y l o n i a n k i n g
Be ls h a zza r . J u st m o m e n t s p r io r , Be ls h a zza r h a d s e e n h i s a s s a s s in a -
t i o n p r o p h e s i e d b y t h e fa m o u s h a n d w r i t i n g o n t h e w a l l : “M e n e
Mene Tekel Upharsin,” ( “t h e N u m b e r e r is num bered”). R u l i n g a s 6
G o d b y d i v i n e a p p o i n t m e n t , Be ls h a zza r h a d p r o fa n e d t h e s a cr e d
ve s s e ls o f t h e I s r a e lit e t e m p l e . T h i s w a s t h e u n p a r d o n a b l e s in o f
b la s p h e m y, for w h i c h G o d s e n t t h e P e r s ia n s t o d e s t r o y h i m .
Be ls h a zza r ’s p r ie s t s w e r e e v i d e n t l y s p a r e d . R a t h e r t h a n s u b m i t
t o t h e P e r s ia n co n q u e r o r s , t h e y fu r t ive ly ga t h e r e d t o g e t h e r a ll t h e ir
p o r t a b l e t r e a s u r e s , e n t i t l e m e n t s , c o d e s , i n s c r i p t i o n s , a s t r o lo gy,
s a cr e d fo r m u la e , a n d i n s i gn i a a n d fled w i t h t h e m n o r t h w e s t e r l y t o
P e r g a m u m . S i n c e t h e r u le r s o f P e r g a m u m w e r e a lr e a d y p r a c t i c i n g
B a b y l o n i a n r e l i g i o n , t h e y w e r e h o n o r e d t o r e c e i v e t h e fu g i t i v e
Ba b yl o n i a n Co l l e g e a n d t h e ir gr e a t e n d o w m e n t .
P e r g a m u m , t h e n e w r e s i d e n c e o f Pontifex Maxim us, b e c a m e a
s h o w p l a c e for d e s p o t is m . T h e n e i g h b o r i n g G r e e k s r e fle ct e d its su d -
d e n t r a n s fo r m a t i o n w i t h t h e m y t h o f M i d a s , t h e k i n g w h o s e t o u c h
t u r n e d e v e r yt h i n g t o go ld . Ba b yl o n i a n r u le gr a ce d P e r g a m u m w i t h
t h e wo r ld ’s gr e a t e s t m e d i c a l c o m p l e x , t h e As k l e p i o n , d e d i c a t e d t o
t h e go d o f p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l h e a l i n g , As k l e p i o s . P e r g a m u m b e c a m e
t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t h u m a n i s t l e a r n i n g c e n t e r , it s lib r a r y h o u s i n g
2 15
m o r e t h a n t w o h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d s c r o lls . ( M a r c A n t o n y w o u l d
la t e r m o v e t h e s e a sset s t o Al e x a n d r i a a s a gift t o Cl e o p a t r a . M a n y
o f t h e m e ve n t u a l l y fo u n d t h e ir w a y fr o m Al e x a n d r i a t o t h e M e d i c i
Lib r a r y in F lo r e n c e . )
W h e n At t a l u s III d i e d i n 13 3 B C , h e b e q u e a t h e d a ll h i s k i n g -
d o m ’s Ba b yl o n i a n gr a n d e u r t o t h e R o m a n s . Bu t n o R o m a n e m p e r -
o r w a s d e e m e d fit t o r e c e i v e i t b e c a u s e t h e R o m a n c o n s t i t u t i o n
h a d n e v e r su ffer ed a m a n t o b e d e ifie d . T h e b e q u e s t la y u n c l a i m e d
u n t i l 4 8 B C , w h e n Ca i u s M a r i a Ca e s a r wa s d e cla r e d G o d Al m i g h t y
in t h e Se r a p i o n , Al e x a n d r i a ’s t e m p le o f J u p it er .
D e i f i c a t i o n e n t i t l e d C a e s a r n o w t o a s s u m e t h e t i t l e Pontifex
Maxim us. To i n d i ca t e h is in fin it e ly h o l i e r s t a t u s , h e t o o k t h e n a m e
“J u li u s . ” T h e n a m e w a s a c l a i m o f d e s c e n t fr o m J u liu s As c a n i u s ,
7
t h e le ge n d a r y s o n o f le ge n d a r y Ae n e a s , Vir gil’s m a r i t i m e h e r o w h o
s a ile d w e s t w a r d w i t h a b a n d o f h is T r o j a n f e l l o w - c o u n t r y m e n fle e -
in g t h e s a ck o f T r o y b y G r e e k m a r a u d e r s . As s i s t e d b y t h e w h o l e
h e a v e n l y n e t w o r k o f m y t h i c d e i t i e s , A e n e a s le d h i s fo l l o w e r s t o
s a cr ifice t h e ir i n d i vi d u a l i t y for a glo r io u s c o l l e c t i v e e x i s t e n c e t h a t
w o u l d o n e d a y b e ca lle d “R o m e . ”
Ae n e a s w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h e o ffs p r in g o f a u n i o n b e t w e e n a
h u m a n b e i n g , An c h i s e s , a n d J u p it er ’s wife Ve n u s . ( W h e n An c h i s -
e s b o a s t e d o f h i s i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h t h e go d d e s s , J u p it e r s t r u ck h i m
b li n d w i t h a t h u n d e r b o l t . T h e Aeneid o p e n s w i t h Ae n e a s ca r r yi n g
b l i n d o l d An c h i s e s o u t o f T r o y o n h i s s h o u l d e r s . ) By t a k i n g t h e
n a m e o f Ae n e a s ’ s o n J u liu s a n d c l a i m i n g d e s c e n t fr o m h i m a s w e ll,
Ca e s a r wa s a b le t o t r a ce h is li n e a ge b a c k t o t h e Q u e e n o f H e a v e n .
T h e d i vi n e lin e a ge s u p p o s e d ly flo we d t h r o u gh h is m o t h e r , M a ia ,
w h o wa s p u r p o r t e d t o h a v e c o n c e i v e d h i m w i t h o u t lo s i n g h e r vir -
gin it y. M a i a a ls o c l a i m e d t o h a v e r e m a i n e d a vi r g i n e v e n i n ch i ld -
b i r t h b y h a v i n g h e r s o n d e l i v e r e d fr o m t h e s id e i n a s u r gi ca l
o p e r a t i o n t h a t s t ill b e a r s Ca e s a r ’s n a m e .
A l l o f t h i s “fa b le a n d e n d l e s s g e n e a l o g y , ” w h i c h P a u l t a u g h t
t h e c h u r c h n o t t o h e e d , i s f o u n d a t i o n a l t o Am e r i c a n s e cu la r g o v-
e r n m e n t . F o r it is J u liu s As c a n i u s , g r a n d s o n o f Ve n u s a n d c l a i m e d
a n c e s t o r o f t h e o r i g i n a l Ca e s a r , w h o in s p ir e d “A N N U I T CO E PT I S , ”
t h e u p p e r m o t t o o n t h e f l i p s id e o f t h e G r e a t S e a l o f t h e U n i t e d
2 16
St a t e s . T h e p h r a s e , w h i c h t h e U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f S t a t e in t e r p r e t s
t o m e a n “ G o d h a t h fa v o r e d t h i s u n d e r t a k i n g , ” w a s s p o k e n b y
yo u n g J u liu s As c a n i u s in t h e N i n t h Bo o k o f Vir gil’s Aeneid.
T h e s ce n e is a b a t t l e g r o u n d . T h e Tr o ja n s a r e o u t n u m b e r e d a n d
fe a r fu l. Yo u n g J u liu s As c a n i u s t a k e s a p o s i t i o n i n fr o n t o f h is
s h r i n k i n g c o u n t r y m e n . H e lo o k s u p a t a n e vi l g i a n t n a m e d R e m u -
lu s, Ki n g o f t h e R u t u l u s . R e m u l u s m o c k s t h e Tr o ja n s for s e n d i n g a
b o y t o fi g h t h i m . W h i l e t h e g i a n t q u a k e s w i t h d e r i s i ve l a u g h t e r ,
J u liu s slip s a n a r r o w o n t o h is b o w s t r i n g a n d cr ie s t o w a r d t h e h e a v-
en s:
Al m i g h t y J u p it er , fa vo r t h is r eb elliou s u n d er t akin g
( A U D A CI B U S ADN UE CO E PT I S ) ! E a c h ye a r , I s h a l l b r i n g t o t h y
t e m p l e gift s i n m y o w n h a n d s , a n d p l a c e a w h i t e b u l l o c k a t t h y
a lt a r !
J u p it e r t h e n h is s e s a n a r r o w fr o m t h e sky t h a t s t r ik e s R e m u l u s
i n t h e h e a d w i t h s u c h fo r ce t h a t i t p a s s e s c l e a n t h r o u g h h i s t e m -
p le s . T h e Tr o j a n s “r a is e a c h e e r a n d l a u g h a l o u d ; t h e i r h e a r t s r ise
t o w a r d t h e s t a r s .” A p o l l o , fr o m h i s t h r o n e o f c l o u d , s h o u t s t h e
gn o s t ic cr e d o : “By s t r i vi n g so, m e n r e a c h t h e st a r s, d e a r s o n o f go d s
a n d sir e o f go d s t o c o m e ! ”
A t h r i l l i n g st or y. A n d o n e t h a t le a ve s n o d o u b t a s t o t h e id e n -
t it y o f t h e go d w h o fa vo r e d t h e u n d e r t a k i n g o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s .
I t w a s a p a g a n d e it y, t h e g o d o f J u liu s As c a n i u s , a n d n o t t h e G o d
o f t h e Bi b l e . Su r e ly, i f Co n g r e s s h a d w a n t e d t o s h o w t h a t t h e n e w
n a t i o n w a s u n d e r w r i t t e n b y Ya h w e h , G o d o f t h e Bi b l e , i t c o u l d
h a v e r e fe r r e d t o t h e b o y - d o w n s - g i a n t s t o r y t o l d i n t h e O l d Te s t a -
m e n t . W h o d o e s n ’t k n o w D a v i d a n d G o l i a t h ? Ch a r l e s T h o m s o n ’s
b i b li c a l s ch o la r s h i p c o u l d e a s ily h a v e p r o d u c e d a m o t t o b a s e d o n I
S a m u e l 17: 4 7, w h e r e D a v i d says t o G o l i a t h :
“ T h e Lo r d s a ve s n o t w i t h s w o r d a n d s p e a r : fo r t h e b a t t l e i s t h e Lo r d ’s ,
a n d H e will give yo u in t o ou r h a n d s !”
R e d u c e d t o a n o r i g i n a l - l a n g u a g e m o t t o a t le a s t a s c o m p r e h e n -
2 17
s ib le a s “A N N U I T COE PT I S , ” t h e p a s s a ge m i g h t h a v e a p p e a r e d i n
t h e Se a l a s t h e H e b r e w
ENEMN EFEF
o r e v e n in t r a n s l a t i o n , “T H E B A T T L E I S T H E L OR D’S .”
Bu t e s t a b l i s h i n g a n a t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t d i r e c t l y o n b i b l i c a l
s cr ip t u r e wa s n o t t h e i n t e n t , I b e l i e v e , o f t h e fo u n d i n g fa t h e r s . Fa r
m o r e u s efu l t o t h e m , a n d a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e s ou ls t h e y k n e w w o u l d
b e p o p u l a t i n g Am e r i c a i n g o o d t i m e , w e r e t h e fa b u lo u s va n i t i e s o f
R o m a n r e li gi o n . T h e s e sou ls r e q u ir e d t h e s a cr e d i co n s o f b u r g e o n -
in g h u m a n i t y a n d u n i n h i b i t e d s e xu a l e n e r gy, le ge n d s t h a t in s p ir e d
h o t b l o o d e d h e r o is m a n d p a t r io t is m . Co n s e n t t o im a ges o f t h is
c h a r a c t e r p r e s u m e d obedience t o t h e o m n i p o t e n t i n t e l l i g e n c e h o v -
e r in g in s cr u t a b ly a b o ve t h e E S T A B L I S H M E N T o f a n ci e n t , s t o n e -
h e a vy, w e ll- o r d e r e d p yr a m i d i c h ie r a r ch y.
L E SS t h a n fou r ye a r s a ft er h is d e ifica t io n , J u liu s Ca e s a r wa s assas-

s in a t e d b y a n e x e c u t i v e co n s p ir a cy. F o r a n o t h e r fou r ye a r s , c i vi l
wa r r a ge d a s t w o o f t h e a s s a s s in s , Br u t u s a n d Ca s s i u s , s t r u ggle d for
c o n t r o l a g a i n s t Ca e s a r ’s i m m e d i a t e s u cce s s o r , a T r i u m v i r a t e c o m -
p r is ed o f Le p id u s , M a r c An t o n y , a n d Ca e s a r ’s a d o p t e d s o n ( h is b i o -
lo gica l g r a n d - n e p h e w ) , Ca i u s O c t a v i a n Ca p i a s .
T h e T r i u m v i r a t e d e fe a t e d t h e a s s a s s in s o n l y t o w a r a g a i n s t
e a c h o t h e r . P o e t s l a m e n t e d t h a t R o m e , a g a i n s t w h o m n o fo r e i g n
e n e m y h a d e v e r p r e va i l e d , wa s b e i n g d e s t r o ye d b y t h e s t r e n g t h o f
h e r o w n s o n s . O b l i g a t i o n s o f e v e r y k i n d d i s s o l ve d . Cl a s s fo u g h t
a g a i n s t cla s s . A fo g o f g u i l t a n d d e s p a i r s e t t l e d i n . T h e p o e t s
ye a r n e d for e s c a p e b e y o n d t h e wo r ld ’s b o r d e r s , t o a p l a c e o f i n n o -
ce n ce a n d p e a ce , p e r h a p s t o a n e w or d er of t h in gs . I n h is b o o k
a b o u t R o m e ’s r e v o l u t i o n fr o m r e p u b l i c t o B a b y l o n i a n a u t o c r a c y,
O x f o r d h i s t o r i a n R o n a l d S y m e wr it e s :
T h e d a r ker t h e clo u d s , t h e m or e ce r t a in was t h e d a wn of

r ed em p t ion . On sever a l t h eor ies of cosm ic e co n o m y it was firm -
ly b elieved t h a t on e wor ld -ep och was p assin g, a n ot h er was co m -
in g in t o b e in g. T h e lor e of t h e Et r u sca n s, t h e ca lcu la t io n s of
2 18
ast r ologer s a n d t h e sp ecu la t ion s of p h ilosop h er s m igh t con sp ir e

wit h som e p la u sib ilit y a n d d iscover in t h e co m e t t h a t ap p ear ed
after Ca esa r ’s a ssa ssin a t ion t h e sign a n d h er a ld of a n e w a ge.
Va gu e asp ir at ion s a n d m a gica l scien ce wer e q u ickly a d op t ed for
purposes of p r op a ga n d a by t h e rulers of t h e wor ld . Alr e a d y coin s
of t h e year 4 3 BC bear sym bols of power , fer tility an d t h e Go ld e n
Ag e . s
T h e m o s t i n flu e n t i a l a n d e n d u r i n g c e l e b r a t i o n o f G o l d e n A g e
o p t i m i s m w a s Vi r gi l’s p r o p h e t i c - s o u n d i n g Fourth Eclogue. Th is
w o r k w a s a d d r e s s e d t o o n e o f Vi r gi l’s c h i e f b e n e f a c t o r s , C a i u s
As i n i u s P o l l i o , w h o w a s C o n s u l ( r o u g h l y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e o ffice
o f P r e s i d e n t ) w h e n C a i u s O c t a v i a n , A n t o n y , a n d Le p i d u s w e r e
r e c o n c i l e d i n 4 0 BC b y t h e P e a c e o f Br in d is i. P o lli o , w h o r e p r e s e n t -
e d O c t a v i a n a t t h e Br i n d i s i n e g o t i a t i o n s , i n t r o d u c e d Vi r g i l t o
Ca i u s M a e c e n a s , t h e m e d i a m o g u l o f h is d a y. H e h a d r is ke d h is for -
t u n e s u p p o r t i n g J u liu s Ca e s a r ’s r ise t o a b s o l u t e d i c t a t o r s h i p , a n d
h e w o u l d r isk n o less t o p u t Ca e s a r ’s a d o p t e d s o n , Ca i u s O c t a v i a n ,
i n t h e s a m e p l a c e . H e s c o u t e d a n d s u b s id ize d t h e m o s t h i g h l y t a l-
e n t e d a r t is t s , s c u l p t o r s , a n d p o e t s t o c r e a t e a t o t a l l y n e w k i n d o f
c o m m u n i c a t i o n . Vi r g i l g a v e h i m t h e m o s t fo r h is m o n e y. Vi r g i l
d e v e l o p e d a n e w “c i v i c ” l i t e r a t u r e w h o s e p i o u s r h e t o r i c a l s t yle
ge n t ly gu id e d p u b li c o p i n i o n t o w a r d a c c e p t i n g t h e r u le o f a d eified
B a b y l o n i a n a u t o c r a t . I n w r i t i n g t h e Fourth Eclogue, Vi r g i l b o r -
r o w e d h e a v i l y fr o m t h e m e s s i a n i c ve r s e s o f I s a ia h , w h o s e w r i t i n gs
we r e fr e e ly a cce s s ib le t h r o u g h t h e J e wis h r a b b is o f R o m e :
Be h o ld , a vir gin sh a ll co n ce ive , an d bear a son , an d ca ll h is

n a m e ‘God W i t h U s ’. . . . [Isaiah 7: 14 ] For u n t o u s a ch ild is b or n ,
u n t o u s a son is give n : a n d t h e go ve r n m e n t sh a ll b e u p o n h is
sh ou ld er : a n d h is n a m e sh a ll b e ca lle d W o n d e r fu l, Co u n s e llo r ,
T h e m igh t y G o d , T h e ever la s t in g Fa t h er , T h e P r in ce o f P e a ce .
[9:6]
S i x h u n d r e d ye a r s a ft e r I s a i a h , Vi r g i l s o l e m n l y a n n o u n c e d i n
t h e Fourth Eclogue t h a t t h e P r i n c e o f P e a c e w o u l d b e p r o d u c e d b y
t h e u n r o llin g of a N e w W o r ld Or d e r (“NOVUS OR D O S E CL OR U M ”) :
2 19
N o w r et u r n s t h e G o l d e n Ag e o f Sa t u r n , n o w ap p ear s t h e
I m m a cu la t e Vir gin . N o w d escen d s fr om h e a ve n a d ivin e N a t ivi-
ty. O! Ch a s t e Lu cin a [God d ess o f M a t e r n it y] , sp eed t h e M o t h -
er’s p a in s, h a st e t h e glor iou s Bir t h , an d u sh er in t h e r eign of t h y
Ap o l l o . T h y co n s u ls h ip , O P o llio , sh a ll lead t h is glor iou s
Ad ve n t , an d t h e new w orld order [N OVUS OR DO SECLOR UM ] sh all
t h e n b egin t o r oll. Th e n ce fo r t h wh a t ever vest ige of Or igin a l Sin
r em a in s, sh all b e swep t away fr om ea r t h for ever , an d t h e So n of
Go d sh all b e t h e Pr in ce of P ea ce!
T h e b i l l i o n a i r e M a e c e n a s e x p l o i t e d t h e Fourth Eclogue i n t h e
m e d i a a s t h o u g h it we r e a d i vi n e s u m m o n s for Ca e s a r ’s a d o p t e d s o n
O c t a v i a n t o t a k e t h e t h r o n e a n d b e g i n s w e e p i n g t h e w o r l d fr ee o f
S i n . A fa b u l o u s r e s u m e o f O c t a v i a n w a s a l r e a d y g o i n g a r o u n d –
a b o u t h o w a t h u n d e r b o lt h a d b la s t ed t h e cit y wa ll of h is b ir t h -
p la ce , Ve li t r e , ju s t p r io r t o h is b i r t h . A n d h o w t h e p r iest s in t e r p r e t -
e d t h i s t o b e J u p it e r ’s w a y o f s a yi n g t h e fu t u r e r u le r o f t h e w o r l d
w o u l d a r ise fr o m t h e s p o t . A n d a b o u t h o w t h e S e n a t e , u p o n h e a r -
in g t h is , h a d d e c r e e d t h a t a ll m a le b a b ie s s h o u ld b e e x e c u t e d . A n d
h o w O c t a v i a n w a s s a ve d b y h i s m o t h e r , w h o p i lfe r e d t h e s t o n e
t a b le t o n w h i c h t h e d e c r e e wa s e n gr a ve d .
O c t a v i a n ’s m o t h e r w a s A t i a o f t h e fa m i l y o f M a r i u s , A t i a
M a r ia , a ve s t a l vir gin , n ie ce o f Ca i u s M a r ia , t h e m a n w h o wo u ld
b e c o m e J u liu s Ca e s a r . W h e n O c t a v i a n r e a c h e d t h e a ge o f t w e l v e ,
gr e a t - u n cle Ca i u s b e c a m e h is le ga l fa t h e r t h r o u g h a d o p t i o n . T h r e e
yea r s la t er , in O c t a v i a n ’s fift e e n t h yea r , h is a d o p t i ve fa t h e r wa s d e i-
fied a s J u liu s Ca e s a r , Pontifex Maxim us. T h a t ’s w h e n t h e p r o p a ga n -
d is t s o f M a e c e n a s g o t b u s y p r o m o t i n g t h e S o n ’s d i v i n e o r i g i n s –
a b o u t h o w t h e c h i l d wa s b o r n S e p t e m b e r 2 8 , 6 3 BC i n h u m b l e cir -
c u m s t a n c e s : t h e b u t le r ’s p a n t r y a t h i s g r a n d fa t h e r ’s m a n s i o n a t
Ve l i t r e . A b o u t h o w h e h a d b e e n c o n c e i v e d o n D e c e m b e r 2 5 b y
A p o l l o , w h o c a m e i n s e r p e n t fo r m a n d i m p r e g n a t e d t h e v i r g i n
At i a M a r i a a s s h e la y s le e p i n g o n t h e floor o f t h e Ap o l l o n i a n t e m -
p l e . A b o u t h o w , ju s t p r io r t o t h e c h i l d ’s a d v e n t , t h e v i r g i n M a r i a
h a d d r e a m e d t h a t h e r b o d y w a s s c a t t e r e d t o t h e st a r s a n d e n c o m -
p a ssed t h e u n ive r s e . Ab o u t h o w h e r h u s b a n d , t o o , h a d d r e a m e d
t h a t fr o m w i t h i n h e r s h o n e t h e b r i g h t b e a m s o f t h e s u n , w h i c h
220
t h e n “r os e fr o m b e t w e e n h e r t h igh s . ” Ab o u t h o w t h e t o d d le r O c t a -
via n ’s h e a d wa s o ft e n s e e n b e i n g li ck e d b y g o l d e n s o la r fla m es.
T h e p r o p a g a n d a c i r c u l a t e d t h e s t o r y o f h o w t h e gr e a t a s -
t r o lo ge r T h e o g e n e s , w h e n t o ld O c t a v i a n ’s b i r t h s ign ( Ca p r i c o r n ) ,
r ose a n d flu n g h i m s e l f a t t h e la d ’s fe e t . T h e o g e n e s k n e w t h e a s t r o -
l o g i c a l r u le r o f C a p r i c o r n w a s S a t u r n , w h o s e s e c o n d G o l d e n A g e
wa s a t h a n d – S a t u r n , t h e c e l e s t i o - m y t h i c a l F a t h e r - G o d o f R o m e
a n d fa t h e r o f J u p it er . O c t a v i a n , a s t h e i n c a r n a t i o n o f J u p it er , w o u ld
b e r u le d b y S a t u r n , t h e m o s t d i c t a t o r i a l h o u s e in t h e zo d ia c, t e r r i-
b le fo r h is r e s t r i c t i o n , l i m i t a t i o n , c o n t r o l , e v e n t o t h e e xc e s s e s o f
fo r n ica t io n a n d ca n n ib a lizin g o f h is o w n ch ild r e n . N o wo n d e r
T h e o g e n e s flu n g h i m s e lf a t O c t a v i a n ’s fe e t !
I n 2 8 B C , t w e l v e ye a r s a ft e r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e Fourth
Eclogue, O c t a v i a n e n t e r e d R o m e t r i u m p h a n t l y a s t h e P r i n c e o f
P e a c e . Li k e J u liu s h a d d o n e , t h e n e w Pontifex Maxim us r e c e i v e d a
n e w a n d h o l i e r n a m e , Ca e s a r Augustus ( “s i n c e s a n ct u a r i e s a n d a ll
p l a c e s c o n s e c r a t e d b y t h e a u gu r s a r e k n o w n a s ‘Au gu s t , ’” a c c o r d -
in g t o S u e t o n i u s ) . A n d lik e J u liu s , h e w a s h a i l e d a s “S o n o f G o d . ”
H i s t o r i a n Al e x a n d e r D e l M a r d e s cr i b e s t h e u n i ve r s a l a c c e p t a n c e
o f t h e d i v i n e O c t a v i a n i n t h e s e e x c e r p t s fr o m h is l a n d m a r k e x p o -
s it io n of R o m a n p o l i t i c a l d e ifica t io n , The W orship of Augustus Cae-
sar ( 18 9 9 ) :
In t h e firm est a b lish m en t of t h e Messia n ic r eligion an d r itu -

al, Au gu st u s ascen d ed t h e sacred t h r on e of h is m ar tyr ed sire an d
was in tu r n addressed as t h e So n of Go d (Divi filius), wh ilst J ulius
was wor s h ip ed a s t h e F a t h e r . . . . T h i s cla im a n d a ssu m p t ion
appears in t h e lit er at u r e of h is age, was en gr a ved u p on h is m on -
u m en t s an d st am p ed u p on h is co in s . . . . It was u n iver sa lly ad m it -
t ed a n d a cce p t e d t h r o u gh o u t t h e R o m a n em p ir e a s va lid a n d
legit im a t e, a ccor d in g t o ch r on ology, astrology, p r op h ecy, an d tra-
d it io n .... H is a ct u a l wor sh ip a s t h e So n of G o d was en join ed an d
en for ced b y t h e laws of t h e em p ir e, a cce p t e d b y t h e p r ies t h ood
a n d p r a ct ised by t h e p e o p le . . . . Bo t h d e jure an d d e facto it co n -
st it u t ed t h e fu n d a m e n t a l a r t icle of t h e R o m a n im p er ia l a n d
ecclesia st ica l con st it u t ion .
As su pr em e p on t iff of t h e R o m a n em p ir e, Au gu st u s lawfu lly
221
a cq u ir ed a n d e xe r cis e d a u t h or it y o ve r all ca r d in a ls , p r iest s,

cu r a t es, m o n k s , n u n s , fla m en s, a u gu r s, ve s t a l vir gin s , t em p les ,
altar s, sh r in es, san ct u ar ies an d m on ast er ies, an d over all r eligiou s
r ites, cer em on ies, fest ivals, h olid a ys, d ed ica t ion s, ca n on iza t ion s,
m ar r iages, d ivor ces, a d op t ion s, ben efices, wills, b u r yin g gr ou n d s,
fair s, an d ot h er ecclesia st ica l su bject s a n d m a t t e r s .... T h e co m -
m o n p eop le wor e lit t le im ages of Au gu st u s su sp en d ed from t h eir
n ecks. Gr e a t im ages an d sh r in es of t h e sam e god wer e er ect ed in
t h e h igh wa ys a n d r esor t ed t o for san ct u ar y. Th e r e wer e a t h o u -
san d su ch sh r in es in R o m e a lon e.
Au gu st u s wor e on h is h ea d a p on t ifica l m itr e su r m ou n t ed by
a La t in cr oss, a n e n gr a vin g of w h i ch , t a k e n fr om a co in of t h e
Colonia Julia Gem ella, ap p ear s in H a r d u in i, de Num iis Antiquis
[ 16 8 9 ] , p la t e I . . . . T h e im ages of Au gu s t u s u p o n t h e co in s of h is
own m in t a ge, or t h a t of h is vassals, are su r r ou n ded wit h t h e h a lo
of ligh t wh ich in d ica t es d ivin it y, an d on t h e r ever se of t h e coin s
are d isp layed t h e var iou s em b lem s of r eligion , su ch as t h e m it r e,
cr oss, cr o o k , fish es, la b a r u m , a n d t h e Bu d d h ic or Ba cch i c or
Dio n ys ia n m o n o gr a m of P X [th e Gr e e k chi-rho, “Ca ir o , ” site of
t h e great p yr am id ].
T h e Au gu s t a n wr iter s fu r n ish ed m ater ials sh owin g t h a t [Au -
gu stu s’] I n ca r n a t io n was t h e issue of a d ivin e fa t h er a n d m or t a l
m ot h er , t h a t t h e m o t h e r was a wife - vir gin , t h a t t h e b ir t h oc-
cu r r ed in a n ob scu r e p la ce , t h a t it wa s for et old b y p r o p h e cy or
sacr ed or a cle, t h a t it was p r esaged or a cco m p a n ie d b y p r od igies
of N a t u r e , t h a t t h e d ivin it y of t h e ch ild was r ecogn ized by sages,
t h a t t h e H o ly O n e e xh ib it e d ext r a or d in a r y sign s o f p r e co cit y
an d wisd om , t h a t h is d est r u ct ion was sou gh t b y t h e r u lin g p ow-
ers, t h a t h is m ir a cu lou s t o u ch was sufficien t to cu r e d efor m it y or
d isease, t h a t h e e xh ib it e d a p r ofou n d h u m ilit y, t h a t h is d eifica -
t io n wou ld b r in g p e a ce on e a r t h , a n d t h a t h e wou ld fin a lly as-
cen d t o h e a ve n , t h er e t o join t h e Fath er .
So u n iver sa lly wer e h is d ivin e or igin an d a t t r ib u t es co n ce d -
ed , t h a t m a n y p e o p le , in d yin g, left t h e ir en t ir e for t u n es t o h is
sacr ed p er son a l fisc, in gr a t it u d e, a s t h ey t h e m s e lve s exp r essed
it, for h a vin g b e e n p er m it t ed t o live d u r in g t h e in ca r n a t ion an d
ea r t h ly sojou r n of t h is So n of Go d . In t h e cou r se of t wen t y years
h e t h u s in h e r it e d n o less t h a n 3 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 gold a u r ei [n ear ly $ 1
b illio n a t 19 9 6 va lu e s ] .... M a n y p o t e n t a t e s b e q u e a t h e d h im n o t
222
on ly t h eir p r iva t e for t u n es, b u t also t h eir kin gd om s a n d p eop le

in va s s a la ge .... T h e m ar ble an d br on ze m o n u m e n t s t o Au gu st u s
st ill e xt a n t co n t a in n ea r ly o n e h u n d r e d sa cr ed t it les . Am o n g
t h e m are J u p it er Op t im u s M a xim u s , Ap o l l o , J an u s, Qu ir in u s ,
Dio n ys u s , Mer cu r iu s , Vo lca n u s , N e p t u n u s , Lib er Pat er , Sa vu s
[Saviou r ], an d H esu s.
At h is d e a t h , Se n a t o r N u m e r icu s At t i c u s saw h is sp ir it
ascen d t o H e a ve n . T h e As ce n s io n of Au gu st u s is en gr a ved u p on
t h e gr eat ca m eo, from t h e spoils of Co n s t a n t in o p le , p r esen t ed by
Ba ld win II to Lou is IX, an d n ow in t h e Ca b in e t of Fr an ce. A fac-
sim ile of it is p u blish ed in Duruy’s History of R om e....
Am e r i c a ’s G r e a t S e a l , w i t h it s o b s e s s i ve fi d e li t y t o Ca e s a r e a n
R o m e , c a n n o t r e p r e s e n t a n a t i o n m o r e m o r a l t h a n t h e s o u r ce o f its
s cr ip t u r e . T h e ico n s a n d m ys t e r io u s ca b a lis t ic la n gu a ge o f t h is S e a l
i n t r o d u c e a p r e p o s t e r o u s B a b y l o n i a n go s p e l. T a k e n s e r io u s ly ( a n d
s h o u l d n ’t a g o v e r n m e n t ’s s o l e m n s t a t e m e n t s b e t a k e n s e r io u s ly? ) ,
t h e Se a l’s g o s p e l t e a c h e s t h a t Am e r i c a ’s h i g h s p i r i t u a l p u r p o s e i s
t o a s s is t i n t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n o f t h e S o n o f G o d ’s m u t i l a t e d p a r t s
fr o m t h e e vi l s lim e o f h u m a n flesh . I t t e lls u s t h a t a lr e a d y t h e H o l y
Vi r g i n h a s r e s c u e d t h e S o n ’s S a c r e d H e a r t fr o m t h e s l i m e – E
PL U R I B U S U N U M , “o n e fr o m m a n y ” – a n d h a s p l a c e d it h i g h in t h e
va u l t o f H e a v e n , a s h e r fi ve - p o i n t e d c e le s t i a l p a t h d e s cr ib e s for a ll
t o s e e . I t ca lls fo r A m e r i c a t o e x e r t f e r v e n t s e x u a l e n e r g y s o t h a t
t h e S o n ’s m a n y p a r t s o n e a r t h m i g h t b e r e u n i t e d w i t h t h e U N U M
in H e a v e n . I t p r o m is e s t h a t Am e r i c a w i ll r ise t o wa r d t h e p u r e ligh t
o f s i n le s s n e s s a n d G o d l i n e s s , i n t o e t e r n a l life a s p a r t o f t h e s o la r
b o d y o f t h e S o n – t h e S u n – o f G o d . I t s i gn i fi e s t h a t t h i s c o s m i c
r e s u r r e ct i ve p r o ce s s is a d m i n i s t e r e d b y a p yr a m i d i c h i e r a r c h y c o n -
c e i v e d i n a n c i e n t B a b y l o n , e x p o r t e d t o As i a M i n o r , a n d b e -
q u e a t h e d t o R o m e . At t h e t o p o f t h e h i e r a r c h y s it s a n u n s e e n
c h i e ft a i n , a n u n k n o w n s u p e r io r , a G o d o f t h e S e a l w h o p o s s e s s e s
u n ive r s a l i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d a u t h o r i t y o v e r e ve r y s o u l w h o co n fe d e r -
a t es w i t h , o r s u b s cr ib e s t o , t h e Se a l.
T h e G o d o f t h e S e a l wie ld s t h e fa s ce s t o s we e p t h e e a r t h c l e a n
o f t h e la s t t r a c e s o f O r i g i n a l S i n . H e is a s s is t e d b y a n e w p r i e s t ly
or d er , a “n e w w o r l d o r d e r ” c h a r g e d w i t h d e s t r o yi n g a ll i n d i v i d u a l
223
id en t it y d e e m e d in co n s is t e n t w i t h t h e r esu r r ect ion t o god lin es s .

U n c o o p e r a t i v e g o v e r n m e n t s a n d d i s s i d e n t c i t i ze n s a l i k e a r e c u t
d o w n b y a r t s o f wa r s o fr u ga l t h a t t h e li q u i d a t i o n in cr e a s e s p o p u la r
fa i t h i n t h e fa s ce s . Be c a u s e t h e y f u n c t i o n i n a G o l d e n E r a o f S a t -
u r n , t h e c h i e f a n d h is h i e r a r c h y c a n b e d e p e n d e d u p o n t o m i m i c
Sa t u r n ’s s t r ict n e s s , cr u e lt y, li ce n t i o u s n e s s , e v e n c a n n a b i l i s m a s t h e
s i t u a t i o n r e q u ir e s . To t h e ch a r ge t h a t s u c h i s im p o s s ib le i n Am e r i -
c a , o n e c o m p a r i s o n s h o u l d b e s u fficie n t . N o s o o n e r w a s Au g u s t u s
Ca e s a r d e ifie d t h a n h e s a cr ificia lly m u r d e r e d t h r e e h u n d r e d S e n a -
t or s in P e r u gia t o a t o n e for t h e a s s a s s in a t io n o f h is a d o p t i ve fa t h e r
J u liu s . Li k e w i s e , n o s o o n e r wa s a n Am e r i c a n p r e s id e n t in a u gu r a t -
9
e d t h a n h e , a s C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f o f t h e a r m e d fo r ce s , a u t h o r -
ized the s a c r i fi c i a l m urder of n ea r ly a hun dred m is gu id ed
Ch r i s t i a n s n e a r W a c o , T e x a s , t o a t o n e for w h a t ? A g r o w i n g p o p u -
lar d i s e n c h a n t m e n t w i t h fe d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t ?
W h a t t h e S e a l o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f Am e r i c a r e p r e s e n t s , t o
a n y o n e w h o t a k e s it s e r io u s ly, is a Ministry of Sin. A s p e e c h b y J e-
s u it p o li t i c a l s cie n t is t M i c h a e l N o v a k , p u b li s h e d i n t h e J a n u a r y 2 8 ,
19 8 9 issu e o f Am erica, t h e w e e k l y m a g a z i n e o f A m e r i c a n J e s u it s ,
su m s it u p e l o q u e n t l y e n o u g h :
T h e fr am er s wa n t e d t o b u ild a “n o vu s or d o” t h a t wo u ld
secure “liber t y an d ju st ice for a ll”. . . . T h e u n d er lyin g p r in cip le of
t h is n ew or d er is t h e fa ct of h u m a n sin . To b u ild a r ep u b lic
d esign ed for sin n er s, t h e n , is t h e in d isp en sa b le t a s k .... Th e r e is
n o use b u ild in g a socia l syst em for sa in t s. Th e r e are t oo few of
t h e m . An d t h ose t h er e are are im p ossib le t o live w i t h ! . . . An y
effect ive socia l syst em m u st t h er efor e b e d esign ed for t h e on ly
m or al m ajor ity t h er e is: sin n er s.
I n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r , w e s h a l l e x a m i n e h o w fa i t h fu l l y t h e
fo u n d i n g fa t h e r s r e c o n s t r u c t e d B a b y l o n i a n R o m e o n t h e b a n k s o f
t h e P ot om a c.
224
L’En fan t’s celeb r a t ed p la n of W a s h in gt o n , D . C. , co n fo r m in g t o t h e

ca b a list ic Ba p h o m e t , ar r an ged so t h a t t h e Go a t ’s m o u t h
(see b e lo w) is t h e W h i t e H ou s e.
Chapter 21
JUPITER’S EARTHLY
ABODE
R
O M E ’S G O D O F G O D S , J u p it e r , wa s s e r ve d i n t e m p l e s c a l l e d
capitolia, fr o m t h e L a t i n w o r d m e a n i n g “h e a d . ” As w e ’v e
s e e n , Am e r i c a ’s t e m p l e o f J u p it e r w a s e r e c t e d o n l a n d t h a t
h a d b e e n k n o w n a s “ R o m e ” fo r m o r e t h a n a h u n d r e d ye a r s b e fo r e
i t w a s s e l e c t e d b y D a n i e l Ca r r o l l ’s “fe d e r a l c i t y ” c o m m i t t e e fr o m
p r o p e r t ie s o w n e d b y Ca r r o l l h im s e lf.
S u b d i vi d i n g t h e fe d e r a l cit y, o r D is t r ict o f Co l u m b i a , i n t o p la t s
wa s t h e t a s k o f a n a r t is t ic P a r is ia n e n g i n e e r n a m e d P i e r r e - Ch a r l e s
L’E n fa n t . Ac c o r d i n g t o Dr . J a m e s W a l s h i n h i s b o o k Am erican
Jesuits, L’E n fa n t g o t t h e j o b t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r c e s s i o n o f h is p r ie s t ,
J o h n Ca r r o l l .
L’E n fa n t w a s a F r e e m a s o n . H e s u b d i vi d e d t h e c i t y i n t o a b r il-
l i a n t a r r a y o f c a b a l i s t i c s ym b o l s a n d n u m e r i c s . P e r h a p s h i s b e s t -
k n o w n d e v i c e is t h e p a t t e r n t h a t is d i s c e r n e d w h e n a s t r a igh t li n e
i s d r a w n fr o m t h e W h i t e H o u s e a l o n g C o n n e c t i c u t A v e n u e t o
D u p o n t Ci r c l e , t h e n a l o n g M a s s a c h u s e t t s Av e n u e t o M o u n t Ve r -
227
n o n Sq u a r e , t h e n b a c k a cr os s K S t r e e t t o W a s h i n g t o n Ci r c l e , t h e n
u p R h o d e I s la n d A v e n u e t o L o g a n C i r c l e , t h e n a l o n g Ve r m o n t
Av e n u e b a ck t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e .
W h a t r e s u lt s is a p e r fe c t p e n t a g r a m ,
t h e Q u e e n o f H e a v e n ’s e i g h t - ye a r -
a n d - o n e - d a y ce le s t ia l jo u r n e y.
Bu t L’E n fa n t ’s p e n t a g r a m p o i n t s
d own wa r d , fo r m i n g the shape of
B a p h o m e t , t h e g n o s t i c “a b s o r p t i o n -
i n t o - w i s d o m ” go a t ’s - h e a d i c o n o f t h e
Kn i g h t s T e m p l a r . G n o s t i c h i s t o r i a n
M a n l y H a l l s a ys t h e u p sid e-d own
p e n t a g r a m “is u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y i n
b l a c k m a g i c ” a n d “a l w a ys s ign ifie s a
p e r ve r t e d p ower .” Th e Ba p h o m e t
im p osed u p o n t h e fe d e r a l c i t y b y
P i e r r e - Ch a r l e s L’E n fa n t puts the
m o u t h o f t h i s “p e r ve r t e d p o w e r ” e x-
a ct ly a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e .
T h e Co n gr e s s io n a l M e d a l o f
H on or , d e p ict in g Ae n e a s wit h - T h e p r e s e n c e o f p e r ve r t e d p o w e r
in a Ba p h o m e t , r ewar d s Am e r - is u n d e r s c o r e d in L’E n fa n t ’s n u m b e r -
ica n s w h o h a ve sacr ificed m ost in g o f W a s h i n g t o n ’s ci t y b l o c k s . T h e
1
for t h e R o m a n id ea l. 6 0 0 s e r ie s o f b l o c k s r u n s in a s w a t h
fr o m Q S t r e e t N o r t h t h r o u g h t h e
Ca p i t o l gr ou n d s d o w n t o t h e m o u t h o f J a m es Cr e e k b e lo w V
S t r e e t S o u t h . A l l t h e n u m b e r s b e t w e e n 6 0 0 a n d 6 9 9 a r e a s s ign e d
t o b l o c k s w i t h i n t h is s w a t h , e x c e p t for t h e n u m b e r 6 6 6 . T h a t n u m -
b e r is m i s s i n g fr o m t h e m a p . I t m u s t h a v e b e e n s e cr e t ly a ffixe d t o
t h e o n ly u n n u m b e r e d s e c t i o n o f b l o c k s i n t h e 6 0 0 ser ies. T h a t s ec-
t i o n , w e fin d , i n c l u d e s t h e C a p i t o l g r o u n d s t h a t o n c e w e r e c a l l e d
“R o m e . ” O f co u r s e , 6 6 6 i s t h e “n u m b e r o f t h e n a m e o f t h e Be a s t ”
m e n t i o n e d i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h c h a p t e r o f R e v e l a t i o n . I f Am e r i c a ’s
t e m p l e o f J u p it e r sit s u p o n t h e Be a s t n a m e d 6 6 6 , c o u l d i t b e t h a t
t h e t r u e fo u n d i n g fa t h e r s s o b e r ly r e co gn i ze d Co n g r e s s a s “t h e gr e a t
w h o r e ” o f R e v e l a t i o n 17: 1?
T h e L a t i n h i s t o r i a n s O v i d , P lin y, a n d Au r e l i u s Vi c t o r a ll t e l l
228
C H AP T E R 2 1 J U P I TE R ’S E AR T H LY A B O D E
u s t h a t t h e p r e h i s t o r i c n a m e fo r R o m e w a s Saturnia, “c i t y o f S a t -
u r n . ” Sa t u r n ia ’s o r igin a l s e t t le r s c a m e fr o m t h e e a s t , fr o m Ba b yl o n .
I n t h e Ba b ylo n ia n (or Ch a l d e a n ) la n gu a ge , a cco r d in g t o Al e x a n -
d e r H i s l o p , S a t u r n i a wa s p r o n o u n c e d “S a t r ” b u t s p e lle d w i t h o n l y
fo u r c h a r a c t e r s , Stur. N o w , C h a l d e a n , li k e H e b r e w , G r e e k , a n d t o
a l i m i t e d e x t e n t L a t i n , h a d n o s e p a r a t e n u m b e r i n g s ys t e m . T h e i r
n u m b er s wer e r ep r esen t ed b y ce r t a in ch a r a ct er s of t h eir a lp h a b e t .
T h e c a b a l a h d e r i v e s it s p o w e r fr o m m a t h e m a t i c a l e n e r g i e s c o n -
v e y e d fr o m t h e s e l a n g u a g e s . H i s l o p r e p o r t e d a p h e n o m e n o n t h a t
h e sa id “e ve r y C h a l d e e s ch o la r k n o w s , ” w h i c h is t h a t t h e le t t e r s o f
St u r , R o m e ’s e a r lie s t n a m e , t o t a l 6 6 6 :
S = 60 ; T = 40 0 ; U = 6; R = 20 0 := 666
H i s l o p fu r t h e r r e p o r t e d t h a t R o m a n n u m e r a l s c o n s i s t o f o n l y
s ix le t t e r s , D ( 5 0 0 ) , C ( 10 0 ) , L ( 5 0 ) , X ( 10 ) , V ( 5 ) , a n d I ( 1) – we
ign o r e t h e le t t e r M , s ign ifyin g 1,0 0 0 , b e ca u s e it’s a la t e co m e r , h a v-
in g e v o l v e d a s s h o r t h a n d for t w o D’s . W h e n w e t o t a l t h e s e six le t -
t e r s , w e d i s c o v e r a s t a r t l i n g l i n k w i t h t h e Be a s t o f R e v e l a t i o n
e m b e d d e d i n t h e ve r y a l p h a n u m e r i c c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ys t e m o f t h e
Rom an s:
D = 50 0 ; C = 10 0 ; L = 50 ; X = 10 ; V = 5; I = 1 := 666
Dem onism , black m agic, and perverted pow er form atted into the
streets o f the federal city ? W e l l , a s M i c h a e l N o v a k o b s e r v e d , t h e
i n d i s p e n s a b l e t a s k o f t h e fo u n d i n g fa t h e r s w a s t o b u i l d a r e p u b l i c
d e s ign e d for s in n e r s . N o t a ll s in n e r s c a n b e g o ve r n e d w i t h a l o vi n g
ca ll t o r e p e n t a n ce , w i t h r ea s on , logic, p a t ie n ce , u n d e r s t a n d in g,
a n d fo r g i v e n e s s . S i n d e v e l o p s c u n n i n g v i l l a i n s w h o s t e a l, r a p e ,
d e s t r o y, t o r t u r e , a n d k i l l . A r e p u b l i c d e s i g n e d for s i n n e r s m u s t b e
u p t o t h e vi l l a i n y o f its m e a n e s t s u b je ct . T h i s is w h y t h e gr e a t r e v-
o l u t i o n a r y p a m p h l e t e e r T o m P a i n e c a n d i d l y c h a r a c t e r i ze d h u m a n
g o v e r n m e n t a s “a n e c e s s a r y evil.” A g o v e r n m e n t m u s t n e ce s s a r i ly
b e a s e vi l a s t h e e vi l d o e r s it’s c h a r g e d w i t h r e g u la t i n g o r it c a n n o t
p r o t e c t t h e i n n o c e n t . T h i s ju s t s t a n d s t o r e a s o n . S c r i p t u r e s h o w s
t h e p r i n c i p l e a s d i v i n e l y o r d a i n e d . Ye s , G o d o r d a i n e d t h e e v i l t o
r u le t h e g o o d . Bu t t h e d e t a i l s o f t h i s g r a c i o u s o r d i n a t i o n , w h i c h
229
w e ’l l b e e x a m i n i n g p r e s e n t ly, a r e s o e m b a r r a s s i n g t o t h e fl a u n t e d
p ie t y o f r u ler s t h a t t h e y m u s t b e c o n c e a l e d in c a b a l a h .
S o o n a ft e r c o m p l e t i n g h is m a s t e r p l a n fo r t h e fe d e r a l cit y,
P i e r r e - Ch a r l e s L’E n fa n t b e c a m e e m b r o i l e d i n a fl a g r a n t d i s p u t e
w i t h B i s h o p Ca r r o l l ’s h i g h - r a n k i n g b r o t h e r D a n i e l . T h e y o u n g
e n g i n e e r w a n t e d a n a v e n u e t o g o w h e r e D a n i e l Ca r r o l l i n t e n d e d
t o b u ild h is n e w m a n o r h o u s e . W h e n Ca r r o l l r efu sed t o b u ild e ls e -
w h e r e , L’E n fa n t o r d e r e d t h e w o r k c r e w t o t e a r t h e n e w h o u s e
d o w n . Be fo r e a n y s ign ifica n t d a m a ge c o u l d b e d o n e , h o w e ve r , P r es-
i d e n t W a s h i n g t o n d i s m i s s e d L’E n fa n t . T h e w h o l e a ffa ir d i v e r t e d
a t t e n t i o n a w a y fr o m t h e d e m o n i c s ym b o l i s m i n L’E n fa n t ’s d e s ign s
w h i l e c o n v e n i e n t l y r e m o v i n g h i m fr o m p u b l i c s cr u t i n y. A g a i n ,
b l o w n c o v e r a s c o ve r . T h e d e s ign s w e r e e x e c u t e d b y h is s u cce s s o r ,
An d r e w E lli co t t , w i t h o u t s ign ifica n t a lt e r a t io n .
T h e fo r m a l c r e a t i o n o f J u p it e r ’s A m e r i c a n A b o d e o n W e d n e s -
d a y, S e p t e m b e r 18 , 1 7 9 3 w a s a j u b i l a n t a ffa ir . P r e s i d e n t
G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n a n d C a p i t o l C o m m i s s i o n e r D a n i e l Ca r r o l l
d e p a r t e d fr o m t h e W h i t e H o u s e , m a r c h i n g sid e b y s id e. T h e y le d a
m a g n i fi c e n t p a r a d e “w i t h m u s ic p l a yi n g , d r u m s b e a t i n g , a n d s p e c-
t a t o r s r e j o i c i n g i n o n e o f t h e gr a n d e s t M a s o n i c p r o ce s s i o n s w h i c h
p e r h a p s e ve r wa s e x h i b i t e d o n t h e lik e i m p o r t a n t o c c a s i o n . ” 2
Ar r i v i n g a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s it e o n L o t 6 6 6 , C o m m i s s i o n e r
Ca r r o l l p r e s e n t e d “W o r s h i p f u l M a s t e r W a s h i n g t o n ” a la r ge s ilve r
p la q u e e n gr a ve d w i t h t h e fo l l o w i n g wo r d s :
Th i s So u t h East co r n e r s t on e, o f t h e Ca p i t o l o f t h e U n i t e d
St a t e s of Am e r i c a in t h e cit y of W a s h i n gt o n , was la id on t h e
18 t h day of Sep t em b er , in t h e t h ir t een t h year of Am e r ica n In de-
p e n d e n ce , in t h e first yea r of t h e s econ d t er m of t h e Pr esid en cy
of Ge o r ge Wa s h in gt o n , wh ose vir t u es in t h e civil a d m in ist r a t ion
of h is co u n t r y h a ve b e e n a s co n s p icu o u s an d b e n e ficia l, a s h is
m ilit ar y va lor an d p r u d en ce h a ve b e e n useful in est a b lish in g h er
lib er t ies, a n d in t h e yea r of Ma son r y, 5 7 9 3 , b y t h e P r esid en t of
t h e U n i t e d St a t e s , in co n ce r t wit h t h e Gr a n d Lod ge o f Ma r y-
la n d , sever a l lod ges u n d er its ju r is d ict io n , a n d Lo d ge N o . 2 2
from Ale xa n d r ia , Vir gin ia .
230
P r e s i d e n t W a s h i n g t o n t h e n d e s c e n d e d i n t o a b u ild e r ’s t r e n c h
p r e p a r e d fo r t h e Ca p i t o l ’s f o u n d a t i o n s , la i d t h e p l a q u e o n t h e
gr o u n d , a n d c o ve r e d i t o ve r w i t h t h e c o r n e r s t o n e . T h e c o r n e r s t o n e
wa s a m a s s i ve r o c k c u t fr o m E a g l e Q u a r r y, a p r o p e r t y i n A c q u i a
C r e e k , Vi r g i n i a , o w n e d b y t h e fa m i ly o f D a n i e l Ca r r o l l ’s n e p h e w ,
R o b e r t Br e n t .
T h e n , j u s t a s t h e p r ie s t s o f J u p i t e r m i g h t h a v e b le s s e d t h e i r
capitolia t w o m i l l e n n i a a g o t h r e e W o r s h i p f u l M a s t e r s c o n s e c r a t e d
t h e s t o n e w i t h c o r n , w i n e , a n d o il. W a s h i n g t o n a n d t h e o t h e r M a s -
t er s s t e p p e d o u t o f t h e t r e n c h , a n d j o i n e d t h e a s s e m b le d t h r o n g t o
lis t e n t o a p a t r io t ic s p e e c h . Aft e r w a r d , sa id t h e Gazette,
t h e co n gr e ga t io n jo in e d in r e ve r e n t ia l p r a yer , w h i c h was su c-
ce e d e d b y M a s o n ic ch a n t i n g h o n o r s , a n d a 15 - v o l l e y fr om t h e
ar tiller y. T h e n t h e p a r t icip a n t s r et ir ed t o a b a r b ecu e, a t wh ich a
five - h u n d r e d - p o u n d ox was r oa st ed , a n d t h ose in a t t e n d a n ce
gen er ally p a r t ook, wit h ever y a b u n d a n ce of ot h er r e cr e a t io n ....
R e a d i n g o f t h e b a r b e q u e , I wa s r e m i n d e d o f t h e p a s s a ge in t h e
Aeneid w h e r e J u liu s As c a n i u s p r o m i s e d a s a c r i fi c e t o J u p i t e r fo r
fa vo r i n g h is r e b e llio u s u n d e r t a k i n g : “I s h a ll b r i n g t o thy tem ple gifts
in m y o w n h a n d s , a n d p l a c e a w h i t e bullock a t thy altar...” C o u l d
i t b e t h a t t h e s ilve r p la q u e , t h e c o r n , t h e w i n e , t h e o i l, t h e c h a n t i -
n g, t h e r o a s t e d o x , a n d t h e r e ve r e n t i a l p r a ye r w e r e t h e fu lfi llm e n t
o f t h a t p r o m i s e – a b u r n t s a c r i fi c e t o J u p it e r , o n t h e a lt a r o f h is
capitolium , u p o n l a n d c a l l e d R o m e , l a n d fo r m a l l y c o n s e c r a t e d b y
Pontifex Maxim us t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e go d d e s s Ve n u s ? H i s t o r i -
a n s w h o b e l i e v e t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s wa s fo u n d e d
b y Ch r i s t i a n s w i l l c e r t a i n l y d is a gr e e . Bu t t h e c e r e m o n y, a s r e p o r t -
e d i n t h e p r e s s , wa s a n y t h i n g b u t Ch r i s t i a n . M o r e o v e r , t h e p l a q u e
it s e lf r e c k o n e d t i m e a c c o r d i n g t o t h r e e s ys t e m s : ( 1) t h e ye a r s o f
i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s , ( 2 ) t h e ye a r s o f G e o r g e W a s h -
in gt o n ’s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d ( 3 ) t h e ye a r s o f F r e e m a s o n r y. I t c o m -
p l e t e l y i g n o r e d t h e s ys t e m t h a t r e c k o n s t i m e i n t h e ye a r s o f J esu s
Ch r i s t . 3
E i g h t ye a r s a ft e r t h e s a cr ifice , Co n g r e s s m e t i n t h e C a p i t o l for
t h e fir s t t i m e . W a s h i n g t o n g a v e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f a R o m a n
231
R ULE R S OF E VI L
Ca t h o li c set t lem en t . Th e m ost im p osin g h ou ses in the cit y

b e l o n g e d t o D a n i e l C a r r o l l a n d h i s b r o t h e r - i n - l a w , s e c u la r i ze d
J es u it p r ie s t N o t l e y Yo u n g . T h e cit y’s m a yo r wa s Ca r r o ll’s n e p h e w ,
R o b e r t Br e n t , w h o wa s a ls o p u r ve yi n g s t o n e for m o s t o f t h e fe d e r a l
b u i l d i n g s . O v e r o n t h e w e s t s id e o f t o w n s t o o d G e o r g e t o w n C o l -
l e g e , e s t a b l i s h e d b y Bi s h o p J o h n C a r r o l l i n 17 8 9 . G e o r g e t o w n
q u i c k l y b e c a m e t h e fo r e m o s t i n c u b a t o r o f fe d e r a l p o l i c y, fo r e i g n
a n d d o m e s t i c. I t is s t ill a d m in is t e r e d b y t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s.
Se a l of t h e Bla ck Pap acy’s Ge o r ge t o w n

Un ive r s it y, as it ap p ear s t od a y on a ca m p u s
secu r it y ve h icle . T h e R o m a n ea gle grasps
b o t h t h e wor ld a n d t h e cr oss, St a t e a n d
R o m a n Ca t h o l i c Ch u r c h , t h e b a n n e r in its
b ea k d ecla r in g “U TR AQU E U N U M , ” – “Bo t h
t oget h er .”
W h e n P o p e P iu s VI I r e s t o r e d t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s i n Au g u s t
18 14 , fo r m e r p r e s i d e n t s J o h n A d a m s a n d T h o m a s J e ffe r s o n e x -
c h a n g e d c o m m e n t s . “I d o n o t lik e t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n o f t h e J e s u it s ,”
w r o t e Ad a m s .
Th e y h a ve a gen er a l n ow in Ru ssia [Tadeusz Br zozowski], in

co r r e s p o n d e n ce wit h t h e J esu its in t h e U n i t e d St a t e s , wh o are
m or e n u m er ou s t h a n e ve r yb o d y k n o ws . Sh a ll we n o t h a ve
swar m s of t h e m h e r e , in t h e sh a p e of p r in t er s, ed it or s, wr it er s,
sch oolm a st er s, &c ? I h a ve la t ely r ead Pascal’s let t er s over a ga in
[Blaise Pascal’s Provincial Letters h elp ed br in g a b ou t t h e suppres-
sion of t h e So cie t y] , a n d fou r vo lu m e s of t h e H is t or y of t h e
J esu it s. I f e ve r a n y co n gr e ga t io n of m e n cou ld m er it et er n a l
p er d it ion on ea r t h an d in h e ll it is t h is com p a n y of Lo yo la . Ou r
system , h owever , of r eligiou s liber ty m ust afford t h em an asylu m ;
bu t if t h ey d o n o t p u t t h e pur ity of our elect ion s to a sever e tr ial,
it will be a won d er .
232
J e ffe r s o n ’s r e p ly i n d i c a t e s ( o r p r e t e n d s ) t h a t h e , t o o , w a s
u n a w a r e t h a t Am e r i c a ’s d e s t i n y h a d b e e n s h a p e d b y t h e h a n d s o f
R o m e : “L i k e y o u , I d i s a p p r o v e o f t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e J e s u it s ,
w h i c h s e e m s t o p o r t e n d a b a c k w a r d s t e p fr o m ligh t i n t o d a r k n e s s .”
Du r in g the n ext s e ve n t y ye a r s , Su p er ior Gen er a ls J ohn
R o o t h a a n ( 18 2 9 - 18 5 3 ) a n d P ie t e r J e a n B e c k x ( 18 5 3 - 18 8 3 ) w o u l d
p u m p t h e S o c i e t y u p t o it s o r i g i n a l g r e a t n e s s , s w e l l i n g t h e m e m -
b e r s h i p fr o m a fe w h u n d r e d t o m o r e t h a n t h i r t e e n t h o u s a n d . I n
t h o s e s a m e s e v e n t y ye a r s , t h e P r o t e s t a n t s w h o h a d f o u g h t for
Am e r i c a ’s i n d e p e n d e n c e w o u l d va s t l y d i m i n i s h i n p r o p o r t i o n t o
t h e in flu x o f fr e s h R o m a n C a t h o l i c r e fu ge e s fr o m E u r o p e a n t yr a n -
n i e s . ( T h e r e i s e v i d e n c e t h e s e t yr a n n i e s w e r e J e s u it - fe d , fo r t h e
e xp r e s s p u r p o s e o f p o p u l a t i n g Am e r i c a . P e r h a p s a n e w s ch o la r s h i p
will in ve s t iga t e m o r e t h o r o u gh ly t h a n I h a ve t im e o r i n c li n a t i o n
for .)
As Am e r i c a ’s p u b l i c b e c a m e i n c r e a s i n g l y C a t h o l i c , G e n e r a l s
R o o t h a a n a n d B e c k x we r e a b le t o sign ify W a s h i n g t o n ’s d e b t t o t h e
b la ck p a p a cy w i t h m u c h b old er ico n o gr a p h ic a n d a r ch it e ct u r a l
s ym b o l s . T h i s l i t t l e - e x p l o r e d m a t e r i a l i s t h e s u b j e c t o f o u r n e x t
ch a p t e r .
233
P er s ep h on e, Go d d e s s o f t h e U . S . Ca p i t o l D o m e .
Sa id b y h er p r iests t o h a ve b e e n im m a cu la t ely co n ce ive d , sh e was r en a m ed “Fr ee-
d o m ” for Am e r i c a n co n s u m p t io n . Ab d u ct e d b y H a d es , s on of Sa t u r n , sh e r u led t h e
d ead a n d a ll else t h a t is wit h in t h e ea r t h , n a m e ly m et a ls a n d p r eciou s st on es.
At d a yb r ea k o f M a y 9 , 19 9 3 , h elicop t er s lower ed t h e Q u e e n o f t h e d ea d t o gr ou n d
le ve l for h er first cle a n in g in m or e t h a n a cen t u r y. T h e a u t h o r a t t en d ed t h is h is-
t or ic e ve n t an d sn a p p ed t h e a b o ve p h o t o gr a p h . Sign ifica n t ly, M a y 9 , 19 9 3 w a s . . .
Mother’s Day .
Chapter 22
THE IMMACULATE
CONCEPTION
A
s I F I T W E R E N ’T e n o u g h t h a t C h r i s t o p h e r C o l u m b u s h a d
d e d i c a t e d t h e N e w W o r l d t o h e r , a n d t h a t An d r e w W h i t e
h a d d e d i c a t e d M a r y l a n d t o h e r , a n d t h a t Bi s h o p C a r r o l l
h a d d e d i c a t e d h is S e e o f Ba l t i m o r e t o h e r , t h e 18 4 6 c o n v e n t i o n o f
A m e r i c a n R o m a n C a t h o l i c b i s h o p s d e c l a r e d t h e Vi r g i n M a r y t o
b e “P a t r o n e s s o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s . ”
T h e fir st t w o ye a r s u n d e r h e r p a t r o n a g e e n r i c h e d t h e n a t i o n a l
g o v e r n m e n t co n s id e r a b ly. T h e O r e g o n t e r r it o r y a n d t h e S o u t h w e s t
j o i n e d t h e U n i o n . As d id Ca l i f o r n i a , w i t h it s b u r s t i n g v e i n s o f
go ld . T h e b le s s in gs h a d t h e i r d o w n s i d e , h o w e v e r . T h e y p r e ci p i t a t -
e d a c o r r e s p o n d i n g in cr e a s e in i n t e r s e ct i o n a l t e n s io n s t h a t e r u p t e d
in a d e va s t a t i n g in t e r s t a t e b l o o d b a t h s o m e h is t o r ia n s ca ll t h e C i v i l
W a r . I n t h a t wa r , t h e P a t r o n e s s o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s d e a lt a s cr u e l-
l y w i t h t h e e n e m i e s o f h e r p r o t e c t o r a t e a s t h e v e n g e f u l go d d e s s
I s h t a r d id w i t h t h e e n e m i e s o f a n c i e n t Ba b yl o n .
I n F e b r u a r y 18 4 9 , “P i o N o n o ” ( t h e p o p u la r n a m e for P o p e P iu s
235
I X; t h e r e ’s a b o u l e va r d n a m e d a ft er h i m in M a c o n , G e o r g i a ) issu ed
a n e n c y c l i c a l t h a t c o l o r e d Am e r i c a ’s P a t r o n e s s w i t h t h e fe a r s o m e
a s p e ct s o f I s h t a r . T h e e n c y c l i c a l , e n t i t l e d Ubi prim um ( “By w h o m
a t fir s t ”) , ce le b r a t e d M a r y’s d ivin it y, s a yin g:
T h e r e s p le n d e n t glor y of h er m er it s, far e xce e d in g all t h e

ch oir s of a n ge l, e le va t e s h er t o t h e ver y st ep s of t h e t h r o n e of
G o d . H e r foot h a s cr u sh ed t h e h e a d o f Sa t a n . Se t u p b e t we e n
Ch r is t a n d h is Ch u r c h , Ma r y, e ve r lo va b le , an d fu ll of gr a ce,
a lwa ys h a s d e live r e d t h e Ch r is t ia n p e o p le fr om t h eir gr ea t est
ca la m it ies a n d fr om t h e sn ar es an d assaults of all t h eir en em ies,
ever r escu in g t h e m from r u in .
H o l y a s s h e m a y s o u n d , a S a t a n - b a s h i n g , l i fe - s a v i n g Vi r g i n
M a r y i s a f a b r i c a t i o n o f s a cr e d p a g a n t r a d i t i o n . T h e Bi b l e d o e s
p r o p h e s y t h a t Sa t a n ’s s e r p e n t i n e h e a d w i l l b e vi o l a t e d . Bu t n o t b y
M a r y. At G e n e s i s 3 : 15 , w e r e a d G o d ’s v o w t h a t S a t a n ’s s e e d w i l l
b e b r u is e d b y t h e s e e d o f E ve . I t m a y b e a r gu e d t h a t E ve ’s s e e d wa s
M a r y. Bu t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e in s p ir e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e a p o s t le s ,
i t w a s J es u s . At R o m a n s 16 : 2 0 P a u l p r o m i s e s a R o m a n c o n g r e g a -
t i o n t h a t “t h e God o f peace s h a ll b r u is e S a t a n u n d e r yo u r fe e t .” N o r
wa s M a r y g i v e n p o w e r t o d e l i ve r p e o p l e fr o m t h e i r e n e m i e s . O n l y
t h e “o n e m e d i a t o r b e t w e e n G o d a n d m e n , t h e m a n C h r i s t J e s u s ”
( 1 T i m o t h y 2 : 5 ) , “a n a m e w h i c h i s a b o v e e v e r y o t h e r n a m e ”
( P h i li p p i a n s 2 : 9 ) , is a d i vi n e l y- a u t h o r i ze d d e live r e r .
N o , t h e M a r y o f Ubi Prim um w i ll n o t b e fo u n d a n yw h e r e in t h e
Bi b l e . Bu t t h e n P i o N o n o , t h e fir st p o p e e ve r t o b e d e c l a r e d I n fa l-
lib le , ca r r ie d a b o u t a r a t h e r fa m o u s t h e o l o g i c a l i g n o r a n c e . H i s p r i-
v a t e s e cr e t a r y, M o n s i g n o r T a l b o t , d e f e n d e d P io ’s i n e p t i t u d e i n a
le t t e r ci t e d b y J esu it a u t h o r P e t e r d e R o s a in h is Vicars of Christ:
As t h e P op e is n o gr ea t t h e o lo gia n , I feel c o n vi n c e d t h a t
wh e n h e wr it es h is e n cyclica ls h e is in sp ir ed b y Go d . I gn or a n ce
is n o bar t o in fa llib ilit y, sin ce G o d ca n p o in t ou t t h e t igh t r oad
e ve n by t h e m ou t h of a t a lkin g ass.
T h e t r u t h o f t h e m a t t e r , a c c o r d i n g t o J . C . H . Av e l i n g , i s t h a t
236
C H AP T E R 2 2 T H E I M M ACU LATE C O N C E P T I O N
t h r o u g h o u t P iu s IX’s lo n g r e ign ( 18 4 6 - 18 7 8 ) , m o s t o f h is t h e o l o g y
w a s w r i t t e n b y J e s u it s . O n D e c e m b e r 8 , 18 5 4 , S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l
B e c k x b r o u g h t t h r e e h u n d r e d ye a r s o f M a r i a n d e v o t i o n t o a glo r i-
ou s c l i m a x w i t h Ineffabilis Deus ( “G o d i n d e s c r i b a b le ”) , t h e e n c yc l i -
ca l d e fin in g t h e I m m a cu la t e Co n c e p t i o n , t h e e xt r a s cr ip t u r a l
d o c t r i n e t h a t M a r y, lik e J esu s, wa s c o n c e i v e d a n d r e m a i n e d fr ee o f
sin :
T h e d oct r in e wh ich h old s t h a t t h e m ost blessed Vir gin Mary,

in t h e first in st a n t of h e r co n ce p t i o n , b y a sin gu la r gr a ce a n d
p r ivilege gr an t ed by Alm igh t y Go d , in view of t h e m er its of J esus
Ch r is t , t h e Sa vio u r of t h e h u m a n r a ce, was p r eser ved free fr om
all st a in of or igin a l sin , is a d oct r in e r evea led by G o d an d t h er e-
fore t o be b elieved fir m ly an d con st a n t ly by all t h e faith fu l.
Ineffabilis Deus m o b i l i z e d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Co n g r e s s t o p a s s
e xt r a o r d i n a r y le gis la t io n . Co n g r e s s b e c a m e s u d d e n ly o b s e s s e d w i t h
e x p a n d i n g t h e Ca p i t o l ’s d o m e . Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e o fficia l p u b l i c a -
t i o n The Dom e of the United States Capitol: An Architectural History
( 19 9 2 ) , “ N e v e r b e fo r e ( o r s i n c e ) h a s a n a d d i t i o n t o t h e C a p i t o l
b e e n s o e a ge r ly e m b r a c e d b y Co n g r e s s . ” W i t h i n d a ys o f P i o N o n o ’s
d e fin it io n o f t h e d o ct r in e o f I m m a cu la t e Co n c e p t i o n , le gis la t io n
wa s r u s h e d t h r o u g h Co n g r e s s t h a t e ffe ct ive ly i n co r p o r a t e d t h e n e w
Va t i c a n d o c t r i n e i n t o t h e C a p i t o l d o m e ’s c r o w n i n g a r c h i t e c t u r a l
p la t fo r m , its c u p o la .
A week fo llo win g Ineffabilis Deus P h ila d elp h ia a r ch it ect
T h o m a s U s t i c k W a l t e r , a F r e e m a s o n , c o m p l e t e d h is d r a w i n g s for
t h e p r o p o s e d d o m e . I t w o u ld b e s u r m o u n t e d b y a b r o n ze M a r i a n
im a ge w h i c h w o u l d c o m e t o b e r e c o g n i ze d a s “t h e o n l y a u t h o r i ze d
S ym b o l o f Am e r i c a n H e r i t a ge . ” 1
H e r c l a s s i c a l n a m e w a s Perse-
phone, G r a e c o - R o m a n go d d e s s o f t h e p s yc h e , o r s o u l, a n d l e a d i n g
d e i t y i n t h e E l e u s i n i a n M ys t e r i e s o f a n c i e n t G r e e c e . P e r s e p h o n e
w a s a b d u c t e d b y Sa t u r n ’s s o n , H a d e s , a n d m a d e q u e e n - c o n s o r t o f
h is d o m i n i o n , t h e u n d e r w o r l d . P e r s e p h o n e w a s d i s t i n g u i s h e d fo r
h e r Im m aculate Conception – d e s cr ib e d b y P r o clu s , h e a d of t h e P la -
t o n i c A c a d e m y i n A t h e n s d u r i n g t h e fift h c e n t u r y o f t h e Ch r i s t -
i a n e r a , a s “h e r u n d e fi l e d t r a n s c e n d e n c y i n h e r g e n e r a t i o n s . ” I n
237
fa ct , m o s t o f t h e s t a t u e s o f P e r s e p h o n e i n t h e Ch r i s t i a n i ze d R o m a n
E m p i r e h a d b e e n s i m p l y r e - i d e n t i fi e d a n d r e - c o n s e c r a t e d a s t h e
Vi r g i n M a r y b y m is s io n a r y a d a p t a t i o n .
Co n g r e s s a p p r o p r ia t e d $ 3 ,0 0 0 for a s t a t u e o f P e r s e p h o n e . P r e s -
i d e n t F r a n k l i n P ie r ce ’s S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , J e ffe r s o n D a vi s , a w a r d e d
t h e c o m m i s s i o n t o a fa m o u s y o u n g A m e r i c a n s c u l p t o r n a m e d
T h o m a s Cr a w fo r d . Cr a w fo r d l i ve d a n d w o r k e d i n R o m e . H is r e p u -
t a t i o n h a d b e e n e s t a b lis h e d w i t h a s t a t u e o f O r p h e u s w h i c h , w h e n
e x h i b i t e d in Bo s t o n in 18 4 3 , wa s t h e fir st s cu lp t u r e d m a l e n u d e t o
b e s e e n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . S i n c e a n o t h e r o f P e r s e p h o n e ’s a n -
c i e n t n a m e s w a s Libera ( “L i b e r t y ”) , Cr a w f o r d n a m e d h i s P e r s e -
p h o n e “F r e e d o m . ” H is w o r k h a s w o r n t h is t it le e ve r s in ce .
Af t e r t w o ye a r s o f la b o r i n t h e s h a d o w o f t h e G e s u , Cr a w f o r d
c o m p l e t e d a p la s t e r m o d e l o f F r e e d o m . H e r r igh t h a n d r e s t e d o n a
s wo r d p o i n t i n g d o w n w a r d . H e r left h a n d , a ga in s t w h i c h le a n e d t h e
s h ie ld o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s , h e l d a la u r e l w r e a t h . S h e wa s c r o w n e d
w i t h a n e a gle ’s h e a d a n d fe a t h e r s m o u n t e d o n a t ia r a o f p e n t a -
gr a m s , s o m e i n v e r t e d , s o m e n o t . W h e n u l t i m a t e l y ca s t i n b r o n ze ,
F r e e d o m w o u l d r e a c h t h e h e i g h t o f n i n e t e e n fe e t , s ix i n c h e s – a
s u m p e r h a p s d e l i b e r a t e l y c a l c u l a t e d t o p a y h o m a g e t o t h e w o r k ’s
fin a l d e s t i n a t i o n , t h e Be a s t o f R e v e l a t i o n a t L o t 6 6 6 , for n i n e t e e n
fe e t , s ix i n ch e s wo r k s o u t t o 6 + 6 + 6 fe e t , 6 + 6 + 6 i n c h e s .
F r e e d o m w o u l d s t a n d u p o n a t w e l v e - f o o t i r o n p e d e s t a l a ls o
d e s i gn e d b y T h o m a s Cr a w fo r d . T h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e p e d e s t a l wa s
a g l o b e r i n ge d w i t h t h e m o t t o o f t h e B a c c h i c G o s p e l , E PL U R I B U S
U N U M , w h i l e t h e lo w e r p a r t wa s fla n k e d w i t h t w e l ve w r e a t h e s ( t h e
t w e l v e Ca e s a r s ? ) a n d a s m a n y fa s c i a , t h ose b u n d le s of r od s
w r a p p e d a r o u n d a xe - b la d e s s ym b o lizin g R o m a n t o t a lit a r ia n is m .
Cr a w f o r d w a n t e d h is s cu lp t u r e t o b e ca s t a t t h e R o y a l Ba va r i -
a n F o u n d r y in M u n i c h ( wh e r e R a n d o l p h Ro ge r s ’ gr ea t t e n - t o n
b r o n ze d o o r s le a d in g t o t h e Ca p i t o l r o t u n d a we r e ca s t ) , wh ile
a r c h i t e c t T h o m a s U . W a l t e r p r e fe r r e d C l a r k M i l l s ’ fo u n d r y, n e a r
W a s h i n g t o n . T h e i r t r a n s a t la n t ic a r gu m e n t e n d e d a b r u p t ly w h e n
Cr a w f o r d d i e d i n L o n d o n o n S e p t e m b e r 10 , 18 5 7 , o f a t u m o r
b e h i n d h is left e ye .
I n t h a t s a m e ye a r , 18 5 7 , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S u p r e m e C o u r t
238
h a n d e d d o w n Dred Scott vs. Sanford, a d e c i s i o n w h i c h m o s t h i s t o -

r ia n s a gr e e i g n i t e d t h e G r e a t A m e r i c a n C i v i l W a r . T h e o p i n i o n
wa s w r i t t e n b y t h e R o g e r Br o o k e Ta n e y, w h o s u c c e e d e d J o h n M a r -
s h a ll a s C h i e f J u s t ice . A d e v o u t R o m a n C a t h o l i c “u n d e r t h e in flu -
e n c e o f t h e J e s u it s m o s t o f h is l o n g life ” a c c o r d i n g Dr . W a l s h ’s
Am erican Jesuits, T a n e y h e l d t h a t N e g r o s la ve s a n d t h e i r d e s c e n -
d a n t s co u ld n e ve r b e St a t e cit ize n s a n d t h u s co u ld n e ve r h a v e
s t a n d i n g in co u r t t o su e o r b e s u ed . N o r c o u ld t h e y e ve r h o p e t o b e
U n i t e d St a t e s cit ize n s s in ce t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n d id n o t cr e a t e s u ch a
t h i n g a s “U n i t e d St a t e s cit ize n s h ip . ”
Ta n e y’s o p i n i o n wa s w i d e l y s u s p e ct e d o f b e i n g p a r t o f a p l o t t o
p r e p a r e t h e w a y for a s e c o n d S u p r e m e C o u r t d e c i s i o n t h a t w o u l d
p r o h i b i t any s t a t e fr o m a b o li s h i n g s la ver y. Am e r i c a n s la ve r y w o u l d
b e co m e a p e r m a n e n t in s t it u t io n . Th i s is e xa ct ly wh a t h a p p e n e d ,
a l t h o u g h n o t q u i t e a s e v e r y o n e s u p p o s e d i t w o u l d . F ir s t , s la ve r y
w a s a b o l i s h e d b y t h e T h i r t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t ( 18 6 5 ) . T h e n , t h e
F o u r t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t ( 18 6 8 ) c r e a t e d a n e w n a t i o n a l c i t i z e n -
sh ip . U n l i k e St a t e cit ize n s h ip , w h i c h wa s d e n ie d t o N e gr o e s ,
n a t i o n a l c i t i z e n s h i p w a s a v a i l a b l e t o any one a s l o n g a s t h e y s u b -
je ct e d t h e m s e lve s t o t h e ju r is d ict ion of t h e U n i t e d St a t e s – t h a t
is, t o t h e fe d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , w h o s e s e a t is t h e D i s t r i ct o f C o l u m -
b ia , “R o m e . ” W h a t is s o r e m a r k a b ly J esu it ic a b o u t t h e s c h e m e t h a t
p r o c e e d e d o u t o f R o g e r T a n e y’s o p i n i o n i s t h a t s la ve r y w a s sus-
tained b y t h e ve r y a m e n d m e n t t h a t s u p p o s e d ly abolished it. Am e n d -
m e n t T h i r t e e n p r o vi d e s for t h e a b o l i t i o n o f “i n vo l u n t a r y s e r vit u d e ,
e x c e p t a s p u n i s h m e n t for c r i m e w h e r e o f t h e p a r t y s h a ll h a v e b e e n
d u l y c o n v i c t e d . ” I n o u r t i m e t h e fe d e r a lly r e g u l a t e d c o m m u n i c a -
t ion s m e d ia , wit h t h eir co n t in u a lly e xcit in g ce le b r a t io n o f vio -
l e n c e a n d d r u g- u s e , h a v e s u b t ly b u t v i g o r o u s l y i n d u c e d y o u t h f u l
a u d i e n c e s t o p la y o n a m i n e f i e l d o f c o m p l e m e n t a r y c r i m i n a l
s t a t u t e s . T h e fr u it o f t h i s c o l l a b o r a t i o n i s a b u r g e o n i n g n a t i o n a l
p r is o n p o p u la t i o n o f m e n a n d w o m e n e n s la ve d co n s t it u t io n a lly.
Am e r i c a n s la ve r y h a s b e c o m e a p e r m a n e n t in s t it u t io n .
R e a c t i o n t o T a n e y’s d e c i s i o n a n i m a t e d A b r a h a m L i n c o l n t o
im m e r s e h i m s e lf i n a b o li t i o n i s t r h e t o r i c a n d c h a l l e n g e S t e p h e n A.
D o u gla s for t h e S e n a t e in 18 5 8 . . . .
239
M E A N W H I L E i n R o m e , F r e e d o m ’s p l a s t e r m a t r i x w a s p a c k e d
i n t o fi ve h u g e c r a t e s a n d c r a m m e d , w i t h b a l e s o f r a gs a n d
ca s e s o f l e m o n s , i n t o t h e h o l d o f a t i r e d o l d s h i p b o u n d fo r N e w
Yo r k , t h e Em ily Tay lor. E a r ly o n , t h e Em ily s p r a n g a l e a k a n d h a d
t o p u t i n t o G i b r a l t a r fo r r e p a i r s . O n c e t h e v o y a g e w a s r e s u m e d ,
s t o r m y w e a t h e r ca u s e d n e w le a k s . D e s p i t e a t t e m p t s t o l i g h t e n h e r
l o a d b y j e t t i s o n i n g t h e r a gs a n d t h e c i t r o n , t h i n g s g o t s o b a d s h e
p u t i n t o Be r m u d a o n J u ly 2 7, 18 5 8 . T h e cr a t e s we r e p l a c e d i n st or -
a ge , a n d t h e Em ily wa s c o n d e m n e d a n d s o ld .
I n N o v e m b e r , L i n c o l n lo s t h is b id for D o u gla s ’ s e a t in t h e S e n -
a t e , a n d in D e c e m b e r , a n o t h e r s h i p , t h e G.W . Norton, a r r i ve d in
N e w Yo r k h a r b o r fr o m Be r m u d a w i t h s o m e o f t h e s t a t u a r y cr a t e s .
By M a r c h 3 0 , 18 5 9 a ll fi ve c r a t e s h a d b e e n d e l i v e r e d t o t h e
fo u n d r y o f C l a r k M i l l s o n Bl a d e n s b u r g R o a d , o n t h e o u t s k i r t s o f
t h e D i s t r i ct o f Co l u m b i a , w h e r e t h e p r o ce s s o f ca s t i n g t h e I m m a c -
u la t e Vi r g i n i n t o b r o n ze a n d ir o n wa s b e g u n .
L i n c o l n o p p o s e d S t e p h e n D o u g l a s a g a i n i n 18 6 0 , t h is t i m e for
t h e P r e s i d e n c y, a n d t h i s t i m e vi c t o r i o u s l y. T h e n o r t h e r n s t a t e s
r e j o i ce d . T h e s o u t h e r n s t a t e s , fe a r i n g L i n c o l n w o u l d a b o l i s h s la v-
er y, p r e p a r e d t o s e c e d e . “ T h e t e a h a s b e e n t h r o w n o v e r b o a r d ! ”
s h o u t e d t h e Mercury , o f C h a r l e s t o n , S o u t h C a r o l i n a , c a p i t a l o f
Am e r i c a n S c o t t i s h R i t e F r e e m a s o n r y. “ T h e r e vo l u t i o n o f 18 6 0 h a s
b e e n i n i t i a t e d !”
By Li n c o l n ’s i n a u g u r a t i o n i n M a r c h 18 6 1, s ix s t a t e s h a d s e ce d -
e d fr o m t h e U n i o n . I n Ap r i l , G e n e r a l P ie r r e Be a u r e ga r d , a R o m a n
C a t h o l i c w h o r e s i gn e d h is S u p e r i n t e n d e n c y o f W e s t P o i n t t o j o i n
t h e Co n f e d e r a c y , fir e d o n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s m i l i t a r y e n c l a v e a t
F o r t S u m t e r a n d b r o t h e r l y b l o o d b e g a n f l o w i n g . J e ffe r s o n D a v i s ,
w h o fi ve ye a r s e a r l i e r h a d c o m m i s s i o n e d Cr a w f o r d t o s c u l p t t h e
I m m a c u l a t e Vi r g i n , s e r ve d a s P r e s i d e n t o f t h e r e b e llio u s Co n fe d e r -
a t e St a t e s o f Am e r i c a . I n h i s t o r i a n E li N . E va n s ’ b o o k o n J u d a h P .
Be n j a m i n , I h a p p e n e d u p o n a s t r a n ge a n d in t e r e s t in g li n k b e t w e e n
D a vi s a n d t h e Va t i c a n .
W h i l e a yo u n g P r ot es t a n t s t u d en t a t t h e R o m a n Ca t h o l i c
m o n a s t e r y o f S t . T h o m a s Co l l e g e i n Ba r d s t o w n , D a v i s h a d p le d t o
b e r e c e i ve d i n t o t h e C a t h o l i c fa it h , b u t wa s “n o t p e r m i t t e d t o c o n -
240
ve r t . ” H e r e m a i n e d “a h a zy P r o t e s t a n t ” u n t i l h is c o n fi r m a t i o n i n t o
t h e E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h a t t h e a ge o f fift y. D e s p i t e o u t w a r d a p p e a r -
a n ce s o f r e j e ct i o n , t h e Co n fe d e r a t e P r e s id e n t m a i n t a i n e d a vi b r a n t
c o m m u n i o n w i t h R o m e . N o o n e wa s m o r e a wa r e o f t h is t h a n
A b r a h a m L i n c o l n . At a n i n t e r v i e w i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e d u r i n g
Au g u s t 18 6 1, L i n c o l n co n fid e d t h e fo l l o w i n g t o a fo r m e r la w c l i e n t
o f h is , a R o m a n Ca t h o l i c p r iest n a m e d Ch a r l e s Ch i n i q u y, w h o
p u b l i s h e d t h e P r e s i d e n t ’s w o r d s i n h is o w n a u t o b i o g r a p h y, Fifty
Years In The Church of Rom e:
“I feel m or e an d m or e ever y day,” [stated t h e Pr esid en t] “t h a t

it is n o t a ga in st t h e Am e r ica n s of t h e So u t h , a lo n e , I a m figh t -
in g. It is m or e a ga in st t h e P op e of R o m e , h is J esu its a n d t h eir
slaves. Ver y few So u t h e r n leader s are n o t u n d er t h e in flu en ce of
t h e J esu it s, t h r o u gh t h e ir wive s , fa m ily r e la t io n s , a n d t h eir
frien ds.
“Se ve r a l m em b er s of t h e fa m ily of J eff Da vis b e lo n g t o t h e
Ch u r c h o f R o m e . E ve n t h e P r o t e s t a n t m in ist er s are u n d er t h e
in flu e n ce of t h e J esu it s wit h o u t s u s p ect in g it . To k e e p h er as-
ce n d e n cy in t h e N o r t h , as sh e d oes in t h e So u t h , R o m e is d oin g
h er e wh a t sh e h as d on e in M e xi co , an d in all t h e So u t h Am e r i-
ca n Rep u b lics; she is p ar alyzin g, by civil war, t h e arm s of t h e sol-
d ier s of lib er t y. Sh e d ivid e s ou r n a t io n in or d er t o we a k e n ,
subdue an d rule it . . . .
“N e it h e r J eff Da vis n o t an y o n e of t h e Co n fe d e r a cy wo u ld
h a ve dared t o a t t a ck t h e N o r t h h a d t h ey n o t r elied on t h e p r om -
ises of t h e J esuits t h a t , u n d er t h e m ask of d em ocr a cy, t h e m on ey
an d t h e a im s of t h e R o m a n Ca t h o lics , e ve n t h e arm s of Fr a n ce,
wer e a t t h eir d isp osa l if t h ey wou ld a t t a ck u s. I p it y t h e p r iest s,
t h e b ish op s, an d m on ks of R o m e in t h e U n it e d St a t es wh e n t h e
p eop le r ealize t h a t t h ey are in gr eat part r esp on sible for t h e tears
a n d t h e b lo o d sh ed in t h is war . I conceal w hat I know , for if the
people knew the w hole truth, this w ar w ould turn into a religious w ar,
and at once, take a tenfold m ore savage and bloody character.... 2
T h e G r e a t C i v i l W a r r a m p a ge d for a n o t h e r ye a r . I n a u t u m n o f
18 6 2 , t h e Co n fe d e r a c y’s i n va s i o n o f t h e U n i o n wa s d e fe a t e d a t t h e
Ba t t l e o f An t i e t a m i n Sh a r p s b u r g, M a r yl a n d . As i f i n c e l e b r a t i o n ,
241
t h e I m m a c u l a t e Vi r g i n w a s m o v e d fr o m t h e fo u n d r y a n d b r o u g h t
t o t h e gr o u n d s o f t h e Ca p i t o l c o n s t r u c t i o n s it e. T h e lo w e r floor s o f
t h e b u i ld i n g we r e t e e m i n g w i t h t h e t r affic o f a U n i o n b a r r a ck s a n d
m a k e s h i ft h o s p i t a l . A b o v e a ll t h i s l o o m e d T h o m a s U . W a l t e r ’s
m a j e s t i c c a s t - i r o n d o m e , p a t t e r n e d a ft er t h a t o f S t . I sa a c’s C a t h e -
d r a l in S t . P e t e r s b u r g, R u s s ia .
I n M a r c h 18 6 3 , F r e e d o m w a s m o u n t e d o n a t e m p o r a r y p e d -
e s t a l, “i n o r d e r t h a t t h e p u b l i c m a y h a v e a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x a m -
in e it b e fo r e it is r a is e d t o it s d e s t i n e d p o s i t i o n , ” a s s t a t e d in W a l -
t er ’s A n n u a l R e p o r t d a t e d N o v e m b e r 1, 18 6 2 . O n e w o u l d e x p e c t
p h o t o gr a p h e r s t o b e c l i m b i n g a ll o ve r t h e m s e l ve s t o m a k e p o r t r a it s
o f “t h e o n l y a u t h o r i ze d S y m b o l o f A m e r i c a n H e r i t a g e ” w h i l e s h e
wa s a v a i l a b l e fo r g r o u n d - l e v e l e x a m i n a t i o n . Am e r i c a ’s p i o n e e r
p h o t o g r a p h e r , M a t t h e w Br a d y, h a d s h o t a c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e c o r d
o f t h e Ca p i t o l u n d e r co n s t r u ct io n , in clu d in g p or t r a it s o f b o t h
Ca p i t o l a r c h i t e c t T h o m a s U . W a l t e r a n d Co m m i s s i o n e r o f P u b li c
Bu i ld i n gs Be n j a m i n B. F r e n c h . Bu t n e i t h e r Br a d y n o r a n y o n e e ls e
p h o t o g r a p h e d F r e e d o m w h i l e s h e wa s a va i la b le for clo s e u p s . W h y ?
3
W a s t h e r e a fe a r t h a t p e r h a p s s o m e P r o t e s t a n t t h e o l o g i a n m i g h t
r a is e a h u e a n d cr y a b o u t t h e p a g a n i c o n a b o u t t o d o m i n a t e t h e
Ca p i t o l b u ild in g?
Ap p a r e n t l y, n o t t o o m a n y P r o t e s t a n t s e ve r e x a m i n e d F r e e d o m
a t g r o u n d - l e v e l . T h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a w a s s t ill v i r t u a l l y a
R o m a n C a t h o l i c e n c l a v e . M o r e o v e r , t h e n a t i o n i n 18 6 3 h a d b e e n
d r a s t ica lly r e d u ce d in size. T h e s e ce s s io n o f t h e s o u t h e r n s t a t es h a d
left o n l y t w e n t y - t w o n o r t h e r n s t a t e s , a n d t h e s e t w e n t y - t w o w e r e
h e a v i l y p o p u l a t e d b y C a t h o l i c i m m i g r a n t s fr o m E u r o p e a n d I r e-
l a n d . “ S o i n c r e d i b l y l a r g e , ” w e r e c a l l fr o m S y d n e y E . Ah l s t r o m ’s
Religious History of the Am erican People, “wa s t h e flow of im m igr a n t s
t h a t b y 18 5 0 R o m a n Ca t h o l i c s , o n c e a t i n y a n d i gn o r e d m i n o r i t y,
h a d b e c o m e t h e c o u n t r y’s la r ge s t r e l i g i o u s c o m m u n i o n . ” T h u s ,
Cr a w fo r d ’s t o w e r i n g god d es s wa s b ein g exa m in ed m os t ly b y
R o m a n C a t h o l i c e ye s , e ye s t h a t c o u l d n o t h e l p b u t s e e i n h e r t h e
d r e a d n a u g h t M a r y d e s cr i b e d b y P iu s I X in Ubi Prim um : “e v e r l o v-
a b l e , a n d fu ll o f g r a c e , s e t u p b e t w e e n C h r i s t a n d h is C h u r c h ,
a lwa ys d e l i ve r i n g t h e Ch r i s t i a n p e o p l e fr o m t h e i r gr e a t e s t c a l a m i -
242
t ies an d a ssa u lt s o f a ll t h e ir e n e m i e s , e ve r r e s cu in g t h e m fr o m r u in .”
T h e w a r r a p i d ly a d v a n c e d t o c o n c l u s i o n w h i l e F r e e d o m h e l d
fo r t h o n t h e e a s t gr o u n d s o f t h e C a p i t o l . T h e U n i o n fo r ce s u n d e r
Bu r n s id e lo s t t o Le e a t F r e d e r ick s b u r g, b u t R o s e c r a n s d e fe a t e d t h e
Co n fe d e r a t e s a t M u r fr e e s b o r o , a n d G r a n t t o o k Vi c k s b u r g . I n s u m -
m er , Le e ’s s e c o n d a t t e m p t t o i n va d e t h e N o r t h fa ile d a t C h a n c e l -
l o r s vi l l e a n d G e t t y s b u r g . By fa ll, G r a n t w o n t h e Ba t t l e s o f C h a t -
t a n o o g a a n d M i s s i o n a r y R i d g e w i t h S h e r m a n a n d T h o m a s . By t h e
e n d o f N o v e m b e r 18 6 3 , t h e U n i o n h a d t a k e n K n o x v i l l e , a n d t h e
Co n fe d e r a c y fo u n d its r e s o u r ce s e xh a u s t e d a n d it s ca u s e h o p e le s s ly
lo s t .
O n N o v e m b e r 2 4 , a s t e a m - o p e r a t e d h o i s t i n g a p p a r a t u s lift e d
t h e I m m a c u l a t e Vi r g i n M o t h e r o f G o d ’s fir st s e c t i o n t o t h e t o p o f
t h e C a p i t o l d o m e a n d s e cu r e d it . T h e s e c o n d s e c t i o n fo l l o w e d t h e
n e x t d a y. T h r e e d a ys la t e r , i n a d r i v i n g t h u n d e r s t o r m , t h e t h i r d
s e c t i o n w a s s e cu r e d . T h e fo u r t h s e c t i o n wa s i n s t a lle d o n N o v e m -
b er 3 1.
At q u a r t e r p a s t n o o n D e c e m b e r 2 , 18 6 3 , b e fo r e a n e n o r m o u s
c r o w d , t h e I m m a c u l a t e Vir gin ’s fift h a n d fin a l s e c t i o n wa s p u t i n t o
p la ce . T h e r it u a l p r o ce d u r e for h e r i n s t a lla t i o n is p r e s e r ve d in Sp e -
cia l O r d e r N o . 248 o f t h e W a r D e p a r t m e n t . H e r h e a d a n d s h o u l-
d er s r o s e fr o m t h e g r o u n d . T h e t h r e e - h u n d r e d - f o o t t r ip t o o k
t w e n t y m i n u t e s . At t h e m o m e n t t h e fift h s e c t i o n wa s a ffixed , a flag
u n fu r l e d a b o v e it . T h e u n fu r l i n g w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n a t i o n a l
s a lu t e o f f o r t y - s e v e n g u n s h o t s fir e d i n t o t h e W a s h i n g t o n a t m o s -
p h e r e . T h i r t y- fi ve s h o t s issu ed fr o m a field b a t t e r y o n Ca p i t o l H i l l .
T w e l v e w e r e d i s c h a r g e d fr o m t h e fo r t s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e cit y. R e -
p o r t i n g t h e e v e n t in t h e D e c e m b e r 10 issu e o f t h e New York Tri-
bune, a n a n o n y m o u s j o u r n a l i s t e c h o e d t h e q u a l i t i e s t h a t P iu s I X
h a d g i v e n M a r y:
Du r in g m or e t h a n t wo year s of ou r st r u ggle, wh ile t h e

n a t io n a l ca u se seem ed we a k, sh e h as p a t ie n t ly wa it e d a n d
wa t ch e d b elow: n ow t h a t vict o r y cr own s ou r a d va n ce s an d t h e
con sp ir a t or s are b e in g h e d ge d in , an d va n q u is h e d e ve r ywh e r e ,
an d t h e b on d s are b e in g fr eed , sh e com es for war d , t h e cyn osu r e
of t h ou sa n d s of eyes, h er face t u r n ed r eb u kin gly t owar d Vir gin ia
243
a n d h er h a n d o u t s t r e t ch e d a s if in gu a r a n t y of N a t i o n a l U n i t y
an d Per son al Fr eed om .
I f Tribune r e a d e r s fe lt m o r e n a t i o n a l l y u n i t e d a n d p e r s o n a l l y
fr e e b e c a u s e F r e e d o m w a s g l a r i n g a t r e b e l l i o u s Vi r g i n i a a n d o u t -
s t r e t c h i n g h e r h a n d t o h e r b e l o v e d Am e r i c a , t h e y w e r e d e c e i v e d .
F o r t h e g o d d e s s fa c e d in precisely the opposite direction! S h e fa c e d
east, a s s h e d o e s t o t h i s d a y, fa c e d e a s t a cr o s s M a r y l a n d , t h e “l a n d
o f M a r y, ” a cr o s s t h e At l a n t i c , t o w a r d h e r b e l o v e d R o m e . I n fa ct ,
n e it h e r h a n d o u t s t r e t ch e s in a n y d ir e ct io n . Bo t h are a t r est, o n e
o n h e r s wo r d , t h e o t h e r h o l d i n g t h e la u r e l w r e a t h .
A n d h e r fo r t y- s e ve n J u p it e r e a n t h u n d e r b o lt - gu n s h o t s ? T h e y
w e r e a t r i b u t e t o t h e J e s u it b i s h o p w h o h a d p l a c e d t h e D i s t r i c t o f
C o l u m b i a u n d e r h e r p r o t e c t i o n . F o r D e c e m b e r 2 , 18 6 3 t o l l e d t h e
forty -seventh y ear from John Carroll’s last full day alive, Decem ber 2,
1815!
O N C E t h e p r e s s u r e s o f t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n w e r e o ve r , a n e x h a u s t e d
b u t r e l i e v e d C a p i t o l Ar c h i t e c t T h o m a s U . W a l t e r w r o t e h is
w i fe , A m a n d a , a t t h e i r P h i l a d e l p h i a h o m e , t o sa y t h a t “h e r la d y-
s h ip lo o k s p la ci d a n d b e a u t ifu l – m u c h b e t t e r t h a n I e x p e c t e d , a n d
I h a v e h a d t h o u s a n d s o f c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s o n t h is gr e a t e v e n t , a n d a
ge n e r a l r e gr e t wa s e xp r e s s e d t h a t yo u we r e p r e ve n t e d fr o m wit n e s s -
in g t h i s t r i u m p h . ” S o m e o n e e ls e h a d m i s s e d t h e t r i u m p h , t o o ,
s o m e o n e w h o b y a ll t h e r u le s o f p r o t o c o l s h o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e r e
n o m a t t e r wh a t : t h e Co m m a n d e r - i n - Ch i e f o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s
Ar m e d F o r ce s , w h o s e W a r D e p a r t m e n t h a d e n g i n e e r e d t h e w h o l e
C a p i t o l p r o j e c t fr o m t o p t o b o t t o m – President Abraham Lincoln.
At n o o n o n t h e d a y t h e t e m p l e o f fe d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n w a s p l a c e d
u n d er t h e p a t r on a ge of P e r s e p h o n e , Fr eed om , W ife of H a d es ,
Q u e e n o f t h e D e a d , I m m a c u l a t e Vi r g i n o f R o m e , P r o t e ct r e s s o f t h e
J e s u it s , P r o t e c t r e s s o f M a r y l a n d , a n d P a t r o n e s s o f t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s , t h e r e c o r d s h o w s t h a t L i n c o l n s e q u e s t e r e d h i m s e l f in s id e
t h e W h i t e H o u s e , t o u c h e d w i t h “a fe ve r .” A t e lli n g d e t a il.
Bu t t h e s a cr e d i c o n o g r a p h y w a s s t ill n o t c o m p l e t e . T h e e n g i -
n e e r s b e g a n n o w p r e p a r in g t h e in t e r io r o f t h e d o m e , its ca n o p y, for
a m a s s i ve p a i n t i n g C o n g r e s s h a d a p p r o v e d b a c k i n t h e s p r i n g o f
244
18 6 3 . T h i s p a i n t i n g w o u l d d e p i c t G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n u n d e r g o i n g
t h e s e cu la r ve r s i o n o f t h e c a n o n i z a t i o n o f I gn a t iu s L o y o l a . I t c o n -
t a in s e v e n m o r e d a t a u s e fu l t o o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e c h a r a c t e r
a n d p r o v e n a n c e o f Am e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t . W e e x a m i n e t h is m a s -
t e r p ie ce i n o u r n e x t ch a p t e r .
245
AP O T H E O S I S O F W AS H I N G T O N .
( P h o t o gr a p h : Ar c h i t e c t o f t h e Ca p i t o l)
Chapter 23
THE DOME OF
THE GREAT SKY
“”It ’s like St . Peter’s!“”

— Tourists describing the rotunda fresco,
as quoted in the official Capitol guidebook
W E , TH E PEOPLE
A
R C H B I S H O P J O H N H U G H E S o f N e w Yo r k s a ile d for R o m e i n
t h e a u t u m n o f 18 5 1, ju s t a ft e r Co n g r e s s h a d a p p r o v e d
fu n d s t o e n l a r g e t h e C a p i t o l . H u g h e s h a d la id t h e c o r n e r -
s t o n e for S t . P a t r ick ’s Ca t h e d r a l i n M a n h a t t a n , a n d h a d h e l p e d t h e
J esu it s e s t a b li s h F o r d h a m U n i v e r s i t y i n W e s t c h e s t e r . N o w h e wa s
h e l p i n g t h e m d e co r a t e t h e Ca p i t o l ’s in t e r io r .
I n R o m e , Su p e r io r G e n e r a l J o h n R o o t h a a n in t r o d u ce d t h e
Ar c h b i s h o p t o C o n s t a n t i n o Br u m i d i , a n a r t is t b o a s t i n g a n im p r e s -
s ive lis t o f c r e d i t s . Br u m i d i h a d p a i n t e d a n a c c l a i m e d p o r t r a i t o f
P io N o n o ( w h i c h t h e Va t i c a n s t ill e x h i b i t s ) , a n I m m a c u l a t e C o n -
c e p t i o n i n t h e l i t t l e S a n c t u a r y o f t h e M a d o n n a d e l l ’Ar c h e t t o i n
Vi a S a n M a r c e l l o , a n d t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h r e e s i x t e e n t h - c e n t u r y
fr e s co e s in the Va t i c a n P a la ce. Br u m i d i w a s good . Gen er a l
R o o t h a a n h a d d e t e r m i n e d t o m a k e h i m Am e r i c a ’s M i c h a e l a n g e l o .
Ar c h b i s h o p H u g h e s le t i t b e k n o w n t h a t Br u m i d i w o u l d b e w e l -
c o m e t o p a i n t s o m e fr e s co e s i n c h u r c h e s o f t h e N e w Yo r k b i s h -
247
R ULE R S OF E VI L
op r ic. Gen er a l Roothaan then wen t

a b o u t m a k i n g t h e Va t i c a n ’s a r t is t a c c e p t -
a b le t o Am e r i c a n e ga lit a r ia n is m .
S o o n a ft er t h e Ar c h b i s h o p left R o m e
for N e w Yo r k , t h e Va t i c a n a c c u s e d C o n -
s t a n t i n o Br u m i d i o f c r i m i n a l a c t s . S u p -
p o s e d ly, Br u m i d i h a d c o m m i t t e d c r i m e s
d u r in g h is m e m b e r s h i p i n t h e R e p u b l i c a n
C i v i l G u a r d u n d e r G i u s e p p e M a zzin i, t h e
I t a l i a n F r e e m a s o n w h o h a d r e c e n t l y le d
i l l - fa t e d n a t i o n a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n s a g a i n s t
t h e p a p a c y. T h e s e c r i m e s w e r e s a id t o
h a v e i n c l u d e d ( a ) r e fu s i n g t o fir e o n h i s
Co n s t a n t i n o Br u m id i R e p u b l i c a n fr i e n d s , ( b ) l o o t i n g s e ve r a l
c o n ve n t s , a n d ( c) p a r t icip a t in g in a p lo t
t o d est r oy t h e Ca t h o l i c C h u r c h – a ct s r e a s o n a b ly su r e t o m e r it a
h e r o ’s w e l c o m e i n P r o t e s t a n t Am e r i c a . T h e Ar c h i t e c t o f t h e Ca p i -
t ol’s u n p u b l i s h e d d o s s ie r o n Br u m i d i , w h i c h I wa s p e r m i t t e d t o e x-
a m i n e d u r i n g 19 9 3 , n o t e s t h a t “s e ve r a l w i d e l y d i v e r g e n t a c c o u n t s
s u gge s t t h a t C o n s t a n t i n o Br u m i d i h i m s e l f w a s p r o b a b ly t h e s o u r ce
o f a t le a s t s o m e o f t h e le ge n d s . ”
Va t i c a n j u s t i c e fo u n d t h e a r t is t g u i l t y i n D e c e m b e r 18 5 1 a n d
s e n t e n c e d h i m t o e i g h t e e n ye a r s i n p r is o n . S e v e r a l w e e k s la t e r t h e
s e n t e n c e w a s r e d u c e d t o s ix ye a r s . A n d w i t h i n t w o m o n t h s , o n
M a r c h 2 0 , P i o N o n o h i m s e l f q u i e t l y g r a n t e d Br u m i d i a n u n c o n d i -
t io n a l p a r d o n . G e n e r a l R o o t h a a n t h e n p la ce d h is n e wly- cr e a t e d
r e p u b li c a n fr e e d o m figh t e r o n a s h ip b o u n d for Am e r i c a .
Br u m i d i a r r i ve d i n N e w Yo r k h a r b o r o n S e p t e m b e r 18 . O n
N o v e m b e r 2 9 h e file d fo r s t a t e c i t i z e n s h i p w i t h t h e N e w Yo r k
Co u r t o f C o m m o n P lea s . Al t h o u g h t h e in vit e h a d c o m e t o p a in t
N e w Yo r k c h u r c h e s , t h e r e w a s n o s u c h w o r k t o b e d o n e t h e r e .
I n s t e a d , t h e Ar c h b i s h o p s e n t h i m t o M e x i c o C i t y – b y w a y o f
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . I n W a s h i n g t o n , Br u m i d i w a s r e c e i v e d b y h is
M a s o n i c b r o t h e r T h o m a s U s t i c k W a l t e r . F o r t w o ye a r s W a l t e r h a d
b e e n s e r vi n g P r e s i d e n t M i l l a r d F i l l m o r e a s Ar c h i t e c t o f t h e C a p i -
t o l. W h e n t h e c o r n e r s t o n e for W a lt e r ’s Ca p i t o l e x p a n s i o n p l a n wa s
248
C H AP T E R 2 3 T H E D O M E O F T H E G R E AT SKY
la i d o n t h e F o u r t h o f J u ly o f 18 5 1, P r e s i d e n t F i l l m o r e a n d C o m -
m i s s i o n e r o f P u b l i c Bu i l d i n g s B e n j a m i n B. F r e n c h , w h o a ls o h a p -
p e n e d t o b e “ G r a n d M a s t e r o f t h e M a s o n i c fr a t e r n i t y, ” le d a
c o l o r fu l ce r e m o n y. W a s h i n g t o n ’s p op u la r National Intelligencer
r e p o r t e d t h e o c c a s i o n wa s “w e l c o m e d b y a d is p la y o f N a t i o n a l flags
a n d t h e r i n g i n g o f b e l l s fr o m t h e v a r i o u s c h u r c h e s a n d e n g i n e
h ou ses.” 1
T h o m a s W a l t e r n e e d e d C o n s t a n t i n o Br u m i d i . An e d i fi c e a s
im p o r t a n t a s t h e U n i t e d St a t e s Ca p i t o l – like t h e p a la ce s of
Au g u s t u s a n d N e r o , t h e Ba t h s o f T i t u s a n d L i v i a , t h e L o g g i a o f
R a p h a e l a t t h e Va t i c a n – r e q u i r e d t h e m o s t n o b l e a n d p e r m a n e n t
i n t e r i o r d e c o r a t i o n p o s s i b l e . O n l y fr e s c o p a i n t i n g , i n w h i c h p i g -
m e n t s a r e m i x e d w i t h w e t m o r t a r i m m e d i a t e l y b e fo r e a p p l i c a t i o n
t o t h e s u r fa ce , w o u l d su ffice. A n d o n ly Co n s t a n t i n o Br u m i d i , o f a ll
t h e a r t is t s l i v i n g i n Am e r i c a , k n e w h o w t o p a i n t fr e s c o . B u t t h e
d o m e w a s n o t ye t r e a d y t o b e fr e s co e d . S o t h e a r t is t w a s r o u t e d t o
t h e s u n n y, I t a li a n a t e c l i m a t e o f M e x i c o C i t y t o e n j o y life , t o p o n -
d e r h is s u b je ct m a t t e r a t a ca s u a l p a c e , t o w a i t for t h e ca ll.
T w o ye a r s la t e r , o n D e c e m b e r 2 8 , 18 5 4 , less t h a n t h r e e w e e k s
f o l l o w i n g P i o N o n o ’s d e c r e e o f t h e d o c t r i n e o f I m m a c u l a t e C o n -
c e p t i o n , C o n s t a n t i n o Br u m i d i a p p e a r e d i n t h e o ffice o f M o n t -
g o m e r y C. M e i g s , S u p e r v i s i n g E n g i n e e r o f t h e C a p i t o l e x t e n s i o n
p r o j e ct . T h e Ca p i t o l ’s u n p u b l i s h e d d o s s ie r o n Br u m i d i r e la t e s t h a t
a s t h e t w o m e n c o n ve r s e d i n b r o k e n F r e n c h , Br u m i d i s t r u ck M e i g s
a s “a live ly o ld m a n w i t h a ve r y r ed n o s e , e i t h e r fr o m M e x i c a n su n s
o r F r e n ch b r a n d ies.” T h e im m e d ia t e u p s h o t o f t h eir co n ve r s a t io n
w a s a c o m m i s s i o n t o p a i n t a fr e s co c o v e r i n g a n e l l i p t i c a l a r c h a t
o n e e n d o f M e i g s ’ o ffice i n t h e Ca p i t o l . I t wa s t h e fir st fr e s co e ve r
p a i n t e d in t h e U n i t e d St a t e s , a s w e l l a s Br u m id i’s first in five ye a r s .
T h e fr e s c o c e l e b r a t e d t h e c o m i n g C i v i l W a r i n t e r m s o f R o m a n
h is t o r y. Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e c o m m i s s i o n ’s r e p o r t i t d e p i c t e d “a s e n a -
t or , w h o p o i n t s t o R o m e a n d a p p e a l s t o C i n c i n n a t u s t o c o m e t o
t h e h e l p o f h is co u n t r y. ” C i n c i n n a t u s , t h e fift h - ce n t u r y BC R o m a n
d i c t a t o r , w a s c a l l e d t o d e fe n d R o m e t w i c e , fir st fr o m fo r e i g n
i n va d e r s , t h e n fr o m h is o w n c o m m o n p e o p l e . Li k e w i s e , Am e r i c a n
h e r o e s fir st d e fe n d e d t h e i r R o m e a g a i n s t fo r e i g n Br i t i s h i n va d e r s ,
249
a n d w e r e n o w a b o u t t o b e ca lle d t o d e fe n d t h e s a m e R o m e a ga in s t
h er o w n s eced in g states.
Br u m i d i c o m p l e t e d t h e C i n c i n n a t u s i n M a r c h 18 5 5 . M e i g s
i n v i t e d va r i o u s C o n g r e s s m e n t o b e h o l d it . T h e y w e r e i m p r e s s e d .
T h o m a s U . W a l t e r wa s “m u c h d e l i g h t e d . ” O n M a r c h 2 0 , J effer son
D a v i s a p p r o ve d o f t h e C i n c i n n a t u s a n d a u t h o r i ze d M e i g s t o n e g o -
t ia t e a s a la r ie d c o n t r a c t w i t h Br u m i d i . C o n s t a n t i n o Br u m id i’s life-
t im e ca r e e r s p e n t d e c o r a t i n g t h e Ca p i t o l b e g a n o n a sa la r y o f $ 8 .0 0
a d a y. H i s c o n t r a c t a l l o w e d h i m t o a c c e p t o t h e r a r t i s t i c p r o j e c t s
b u t n o t t o l e a ve W a s h i n g t o n . I n N o v e m b e r 18 5 5 h e b e g a n a c a n -
va s p a i n t i n g o f t h e Ble s s e d Vi r g i n for S t . I gn a t iu s ’ J es u it c h u r c h in
Ba l t i m o r e , b u t w a s n o t p r e s e n t fo r it s D e c e m b e r 4 t h i n s t a l l a t i o n ,
on t h e o cca s io n of t h e Feast of t h e I m m a cu la t e Co n c e p t i o n .
N t h e s u m m e r o f 18 6 2 , e v e n a s T h o m a s Cr a w fo r d ’s s t a t u e wa s
I b e i n g ca s t a t t h e M i l l s fo u n d r y, T h o m a s U . W a l t e r w r o t e t o Br u -
m i d i a s k i n g h i m t o p a i n t s o m e t h i n g m o n u m e n t a l “i n r e a l fr e s co ”
t o c o v e r t h e 4 ,6 6 4 - s q u a r e - fo o t i n n e r s u r fa ce o f t h e Ca p i t o l ’s d o m e .
T h r e e w e e k s la t e r , Br u m i d i s u b m i t t e d s k e t c h e s o f s o m e t h i n g h e
e n t i t l e d “Ap o t h e o s i s o f W a s h i n g t o n . ” T h e w o r d “apotheosis” wa s
t h e n c o m m o n l y u n d e r s t o o d b y it s d e f i n i t i o n i n W e b s t e r ’s 18 2 9
D i c t i o n a r y:
Ap o t h e o s i s – t h e a ct of p la cin g a p r in ce or ot h er d ist in gu ish ed

p er son a m o n g t h e h e a t h e n d e it ie s . T h i s h o n o r wa s oft en
b e s t o we d on illu st r iou s m e n of R o m e , a n d fo llo we d b y t h e
e r e ct io n of t em p les , a n d t h e in s t it u t io n of sa cr ifices t o t h e
n ew deity.
W a l t e r r e s p o n d e d e cs t a t i ca lly t o t h e “Ap o t h e o s i s , ” w r i t i n g t h e
a r t is t t h a t “n o p i ct u r e in t h e w o r ld w i l l a t a ll c o m p a r e w i t h t h is in
m a g n i t u d e . ” H e p r a is e d t h e d e s i g n b e fo r e W o r s h i p f u l M a s t e r a n d
C o m m i s s i o n e r o f Bu i l d i n g s B e n j a m i n F r e n c h a s “p r o b a b l y t h e
gr a n d es t , a n d t h e m os t im p o s in g t h a t h a s e ve r b e e n e xe cu t e d in
t h e w o r l d . ” F r e n c h e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y a gr e e d , a d d i n g t h a t t h e S e c r e -
t a r y o f I n t e r i o r w a s a ls o g r e a t l y i m p r e s s e d . F i n a l a p p r o v a l o f
“Ap o t h e o s i s ” a t a p r i ce o f $ 4 0 ,0 0 0 c a m e o n M a r c h 11, 18 6 3 , ju s t
250
a s t h e I m m a c u l a t e Vi r g i n wa s b e i n g p l a c e d o n h e r t e m p o r a r y p e d -
e s t a l o n t h e Ca p i t o l ’s e a s t gr o u n d s . “F r u s t r a t in g d e la ys in m a n p o w -
e r ,” a c c o r d i n g t o o ffi ci a l h i s t o r i e s , w o u l d h o l d t h e fr e s co i n
a b e ya n c e u n t i l D e c e m b e r 18 6 4 .
O n Ap r i l 9 , 18 6 5 , R i c h m o n d fe ll a n d t h e Co n f e d e r a c y s u r r e n -
d e r e d t o U l ys s e s S . G r a n t . Le s s t h a n a w e e k la t e r , o n t h e e v e n i n g
o f Ap r i l 14 a t For d ’s T h e a t r e , d u r in g a n i n s t a n t o f h i la r i o u s la u gh -
t er , o n e o f t h e c o u n t r y’s l e a d i n g a c t o r s , J o h n W i l k e s B o o t h , cr i e d
o u t a n o a t h s u m m a r izin g t h e lib e r a t io n t h e o lo gy o f Ca r d i n a l
R o b e r t Be l l a r m i n e : “Sic Sem per Ty rannis” ( “Al w a y s t h is [i.e., d e a t h ]
t o t y r a n n y ”) , a n d fir ed a s h o t i n t o t h e h e a d o f P r e s i d e n t Ab r a h a m
L i n c o l n . Sic Sem per Ty rannis is a ls o t h e m o t t o o f Vi r g i n i a , t h e n
c o n s i d e r e d a S t a t e i n r e b e l l i o n . M i g h t Bo o t h ’s cr y h a v e b e e n
i n t e n d e d t o g i ve t h e a s s a s s in a t io n t h e l o o k o f a n officia l a ct o f t h e
Co n fe d e r a c y, m u c h i n t h e w a y Le e H a r v e y O s w a l d ’s m u c h - t o u t e d
s y m p a t h y fo r C u b a i n i t i a l l y g a v e t h e K e n n e d y a s s a s s i n a t i o n t h e
l o o k o f c o m m u n i s t r e v e n g e ? An i l l u s i o n o f o fficia l C o n f e d e r a t e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for a b e l o v e d p r e s i d e n t ’s a s s a s s i n a t i o n j u s t i fi e d t h e
e l a b o r a t e l y cr u e l r e v e n g e w h i c h t h e fe d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t i n fli ct e d
u p o n t h e s o u t h e r n s t a t e s i n o r d e r t o b r i n g a ll t h e s t a t e s u n d e r t h e
j u r i s d i c t i o n o f W a s h i n g t o n D . C . ( T h e i n fe r i o r i t y o f s t a t e s t o t h e
fe d e r a l “R o m e ” is e xp r e s s e d in t h e la w o f fla g. W h e r e v e r s t a t e a n d
n a t i o n a l flags ar e flo wn t o ge t h e r , t h e n a t i o n a l is a lwa ys h igh e r . )
Bo o t h h a d a s s ocia t ed w i t h s e ve n p e o p le w h o we r e b r o u gh t t o
t r ia l les s t h a n a m o n t h f o l l o w i n g t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n . I t w a s n o t a
c i v i l i a n t r ia l b u t a s p e cia l e l e v e n - m a n m i li t a r y t r i b u n a l a p p o i n t e d
b y P r e s id e n t An d r e w J o h n s o n ca lle d “ T h e H u n t e r Co m m i s s i o n . ”
Co u n s e l for t h e d e fe n d a n t s o b j e c t e d t o t h e Co m m i s s i o n , a r gu -
in g t h a t t h e m ilit a r y h a d n o j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r c i vi l i a n s , a n d t h e r e -
fo r e t h e p r o c e e d i n g w a s u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l . T h e o b j e c t i o n w a s
o v e r r u l e d a n d t h e t r ia l m o v e d fo r w a r d . W i t h i n s e v e n w e e k s , t h e
Co m m i s s i o n ( a t w o - t h i r d s m a jo r it y, n o t t h e u n a n i m i t y r e q u ir e d o f
a c i v i l i a n j u r y) fo u n d fo u r o f t h e c o n s p i r a t o r s gu ilt y. O n J u ly 7,
18 6 5 t h e y we r e h a n g e d .
“ T h e g r e a t fa t a l m i s t a k e o f t h e A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t i n t h e
p r o s e c u t i o n o f t h e a s s a s s in s o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , ” w r o t e R e v .
251
R ULE R S O F E VI L
Ch a r l e s Ch i n i q u y , t h e e x c o m m u n i c a t e d p r ie s t w h o m L i n c o l n h a d
s u cce s s fu lly d e fe n d e d i n h is e a r ly la w c a r e e r ( s e e n o t e 2 , C h a p t e r
22),
was t o cover u p t h e r eligiou s elem en t of t h a t ter r ible d r am a. Bu t

th is was car efu lly a void ed t h r ou gh ou t t h e t r ial. 2
T h e r e ligio u s e l e m e n t – t h e fa ct t h a t a ll s e v e n o f t h e co n s p ir a -
tor s wer e d e vo t e d R o m a n Ca t h o l i c s – w a s c a r e fu l l y a v o i d e d
b e c a u s e o f w h o c o n t r o l l e d t h e t r i a l. As C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f o f
t h e a r m e d fo r ce s , i t w a s J o h n s o n h i m s e lf w h o q u it e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l -
ly r e ign e d su p r em e o ve r t h e H u n t e r Co m m i s -
sion . Bu t J o h n s o n w a s a ls o a F r e e m a s o n ,
w h i c h m e a n t t h a t h e fo l l o w e d t h e wis e d ir e c-
t ive s o f t h e U n k n o w n Su p e r io r . T h u s , t h e r e a l
p o w e r b e h i n d t h e H u n t e r Co m m i s s i o n wa s
S u p e r i o r G e n e r a l P i e t e r J e a n B e c k x , a r e la -
t i ve l y y o u n g Be l g i a n w h o w a s a gr e a t fa vo r i t e
o f P i o N o n o , P o p e P iu s I X, t h e o n l y h e a d o f
st a t e in t h e wo r ld t o r e co gn ize t h e S o u t h e r n
Ch a r le s Ch in iq u y Co n f e d e r a c y a s a s o v e r e i g n n a t i o n . O b e d i e n t
t o t h e w i ll o f G e n e r a l B e c k x , P r e s i d e n t J o h n -
s o n is s u e d a n e x e c u t i v e o r d e r c l o s i n g t h e c o u r t r o o m t o t h e w o r k -
in g p r es s . At t h e e n d o f e a c h d a y, officia ls w o u l d r a t i o n t o s e le ct e d
r e p o r t e r s fr o m t h e As s o c i a t e d P r e s s n e w s c a r e fu l l y e v a l u a t e d t o
k e e p “t h e r e ligio u s e l e m e n t ” o u t o f t h e p u b li c co n s cio u s n e s s .
C h a r l e s C h i n i q u y t ir e le s s ly i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n .
Af t e r t h e co n s p ir a t o r s w e r e e x e c u t e d , h e w e n t i n c o g n i t o t o W a s h -
i n g t o n a n d fo u n d t h a t
n o t a sin gle on e of t h e gover n m en t m en wou ld discuss it wit h m e

e xce p t after I h a d give n m y wor d of h o n o r t h a t I wo u ld n e ve r
m e n t io n t h eir n a m e s . I saw, wit h a p r ofou n d d ist r ess, t h a t t h e
in flu en ce of R o m e was a lm ost su p r em e in W a s h in gt o n . I cou ld
n o t fin d a sin gle st a t esm a n wh o wou ld d ar e t o fa ce t h a t n efa r i-
ous in flu en ce an d figh t it d own . 3
252
O n e officia l t o ld h i m : “T h i s wa s n o t t h r o u g h c o w a r d i c e , a s yo u
m igh t t h in k , b u t t h r o u gh a wis d o m yo u o u g h t t o a p p r o ve , if yo u
c a n n o t a d m ir e it .” H a d t h e r e n o t b e e n ce n s o r s h ip , h a d t h e wit -
n e s s e s b e e n p r es s ed a lit t le fu r t h er , “m a n y p r ie s t s w o u l d h a v e b e e n
c o m p r o m i s e d , for M a r y Su r r a t t ’s [ on e o f t h e fou r e x e c u t e d co n s p ir -
a t or s] h o u s e wa s t h e i r c o m m o n r e n d e zvo u s ; it is m o r e t h a n p r o b a -
b le t h a t s e ve r a l o f t h e m m i g h t h a v e b e e n h a n g e d . ”
T h i r t y ye a r s a ft e r t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n , a m e m b e r o f t h e H u n t e r
C o m m i s s i o n , Br i g a d i e r G e n e r a l T h o m a s M . H a r r i s , p u b l i s h e d a
s m a ll b o o k r e ve a l i n g t h a t Li n c o ln ’s a s s a s s in a t io n h a d a ct u a lly b e e n
a J esu it m u r d e r p l o t t o e xt i r p a t e a P r o t e s t a n t r u ler . H a r r is s t a t e d :
I t is fa ct we ll est a b lish ed t h a t t h e h ea d q u a r t er s of t h e co n -
spiracy was t h e h ou se of a Ro m a n Ca t h o lic fam ily, of wh ich Mr s.
Ma r y E. Su r r at t was t h e h ea d ; an d t h a t all of its in m a t es, in clu d -
in g a n u m b er of boar d er s, wer e d e vo t e d m em b er s of t h e R o m a n
Ca t h o li c Ch u r c h . Th i s h ou se was t h e m e e t in g p la ce, t h e co u n -
cil ch a m b er , of Bo o t h a n d h is co - co n s p ir a t o r s , in clu d in g Mr s .
Ma r y E. Su r r a t t , a n d h er son , J oh n H . Su r r a t t , wh o , n e xt t o
Bo o t h , wer e t h e m ost a ct ive m em ber s of t h e con sp ir acy. 4
Co m m i s s i o n e r H a r r is w e n t o n t o r e la t e t h a t M a r y Su r r a t t ’s s o n
J o h n h a d b e e n a Co n f e d e r a t e sp y for t h r e e ye a r s , “p a s s in g b a c k a n d
fo r t h b e t w e e n W a s h i n g t o n a n d R i c h m o n d , a n d fr o m R i c h m o n d t o
C a n a d a a n d b a c k , a s a b e a r e r o f d i s p a t ch e s . ” J o h n ’s m e n t o r d u r in g
t h i s p e r i o d w a s a J e s u it , F a t h e r B.F. W i g e t , p r e s i d e n t o f G o n z a g a
Co l l e g e a n d a p r ie s t n o t e d for h is s ym p a t h i e s for t h e Co n fe d e r a c y.
J o h n i n t r o d u c e d F a t h e r W i g e t t o h is m o t h e r a n d t h e p r ie s t b e c a m e
M a r y Su r r a t t ’s c o n fe s s o r a n d s p i r i t u a l d i r e c t o r . As w e l l , F a t h e r
W i g e t g a v e s p i r i t u a l d i r e c t i o n t o t h e fa m o u s J o h n W i l k e s B o o t h
w h o , t h o u g h “a d r u n k a r d , a l i b e r t i n e , a n d u t t e r l y i n d i ffe r e n t t o
m a t t e r s o f r e ligio n ,” wa s s p ir it u a lly a t t r a ct e d t o h i m . “ T h e wily
J e s u it , s ym p a t h i z i n g w i t h B o o t h i n h is p o l i t i c a l v i e w s , a n d i n t h e
h o p e o f d e s t r o yi n g o u r g o v e r n m e n t , a n d e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e C o n f e d -
e r a cy . . . wa s a b le t o c o n v e r t h i m t o Ca t h o l i c i s m . ” H a r d e v i d e n c e
o f t h a t c o n v e r s i o n wa s fo u n d o n t h e a ssa ssin ’s co r p s e : “ O n e x a m i -
n a t i o n o f Bo o t h ’s p e r s o n a ft e r h is d e a t h , i t w a s fo u n d t h a t h e w a s
w e a r i n g a C a t h o l i c m e d a l u n d e r h is ve s t , a n d o ve r h is h e a r t . ”
253
At t h e c o n s p i r a c y t r ia l, F a t h e r W i g e t t e s t ifie d t o M a r y E liza -
b e t h Su r r a t t ’s “g o o d Ch r i s t i a n ch a r a ct e r . ” E v e n a s s u m in g h e r c o m -
p l i c i t y in t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n , W i g e t a s a J e s u it c o u l d t r u t h fu l l y sa y
Su r r a t t wa s a g o o d Ch r i s t i a n s im p ly b y r e s e r vin g m e n t a l l y ( a ) t h a t
b y “C h r i s t i a n ” h e m e a n t “ R o m a n C a t h o l i c ; ” ( b ) t h a t u n d e r t h e
t e r m s o f t h e Directorium Inquisitorum ( s ee C h a p t e r 8 ) , “E ve r y in d i-
vi d u a l m a y k ill a h e r e t i c ; ” a n d ( c) t h a t P r e s id e n t L i n c o l n wa s t w i ce
a h e r e t i c : fo r h is P r o t e s t a n t i s m a n d fo r h i s h a v i n g s u cce s s fu lly
d e fe n d e d a n e x c o m m u n i c a t e d p r ie s t .
Bu t M a r y a ft er a ll “k e p t t h e n e s t t h a t h a t c h e d t h e e gg,” a s P r e s -
i d e n t J o h n s o n p u t it , a n d w a s h a n g e d . C o n d i t i o n a l t o h e r d e a t h
s e n t e n c e w a s a p r o v i s i o n t h a t a p e t i t i o n fo r m e r c y w o u l d b e a t -
t a c h e d a n d s e n t t o J o h n s o n . By e x e c u t i o n d a y, J u ly 7, 18 6 5 , Su r -
r a t t ’s d a u g h t e r A n n a h a d h e a r d n o t h i n g fr o m the P r esid en t .
D i s t r a u g h t , s h e a p p e a r e d a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e t o b e g h i m fo r
c l e m e n c y . T w o g o v e r n m e n t m e n s t o o d i n h e r wa y. P r e s t o n Ki n g
a n d S e n a t o r J a m e s H e n r y La n e d e n i e d h e r a cce s s t o t h e P r e s id e n t ,
w h o la t e r d e c l a r e d h e h a d n e v e r r e c e i v e d a n y p e t i t i o n for m e r cy.
T h e f o l l o w i n g N o v e m b e r , P r e s t o n K i n g d r o w n e d , h is b o d y l a d e n
w i t h w e i g h t s . I n M a r c h , S e n a t o r L a n e s h o t h im s e lf. ( I n t h e j u d g-
m e n t o f o n e m o d e r n i n ve s t i g a t o r , “ S o m e p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s w e r e
a p p a r e n t ly d e t e r m i n e d t h a t M a r y Su r r a t t s h o u ld n o t l i ve . ” ) S h o r t -
5
l y t h e r e a ft e r , t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t r e n d e r e d a l a n d m a r k d e c i s i o n
t h a t w o u l d h a v e w o n a ll t h e co n s p ir a t o r s a ju r y t r ia l. E x parte Mil-
ligan h e l d t h a t m i l i t a r y co u r t s h a v e n o j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r c i v i l i a n s .
Milligan l e n t M a r y Su r r a t t ’s d e a t h a t t h e h a n d s o f P r o t e s t a n t s a n
a u r a o f t r a ge d y a n d C a t h o l i c m a r t yr d o m .
Ch a r l e s Ch i n i q u y o b t a in e d im p o r t a n t t e s t im o n y s u p p o r t in g
t h e w i d e l y h e l d s u s p i c i o n o f J e s u it r e s p o n s i b i li t y for t h e a s s a s s in a -
t i o n . H e r e c e i v e d fr o m R e v. F r a n ci s A. C o n w e l l , C h a p l a i n o f t h e
fir st M i n n e s o t a R e g i m e n t , a s w o r n a ffi d a vi t s a yi n g t h a t o n Ap r i l
14 , 18 6 5 , h e w a s v i s i t i n g S t . J o s e p h , M i n n e s o t a , l o c a t i o n o f a
R o m a n C a t h o l i c s e m i n a r y. R e v . C o n w e l l s w o r e t h a t a t a b o u t s ix
o ’c l o c k t h a t e v e n i n g t h e m a n i n c h a r g e o f t h e s e m i n a r y, a s t o r e -
k e e p e r b y t h e n a m e o f J . H . L i n n e m a n , t o l d h i m a n d a n o t h e r vis i-
t or , M r . H .P . B e n n e t t , t h a t P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n h a d “ju s t b e e n
k ille d . ”
254
T h e n e x t d a y, R e v . C o n w e l l j o u r n e y e d t e n m i l e s t o t h e t o w n
o f S t . C l o u d . As s o o n a s h e a r r i ve d , h e a s k e d t h e h o t e l i e r , M r .
H a w o r t h , if h e h a d h e a r d a n y n e w s o f a p r e s i d e n t i a l a s s a s s in a t io n .
M r . H a w o r t h h a d h e a r d n o t h i n g , a s S t . Cl o u d h a d n e i t h e r r a ilr o a d
n o r t e l e g r a p h . O n t h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g , Ap r i l 16 t h , o n h is w a y
t o p r e a c h a s e r m o n in c h u r c h , R e v. C o n w e l l wa s h a n d e d a c o p y o f
a t e le gr a m b r o u gh t u p b y s t a g e c o a c h fr o m An o k a , M i n n e s o t a . T h e
t e le gr a m a n n o u n c e d t h a t P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n h a d b e e n a s s a s s in a t e d
o n F r id a y e v e n i n g a t a b o u t n i n e o ’c l o c k .
O n t h e m o r n i n g o f M o n d a y t h e 17 t h , R e v. C o n w e l l h u r r ie d t o
St . P a u l a n d r e p o r t e d t o t h e n e ws p a p e r t h a t in St . J osep h h e h a d
b e e n i n fo r m e d o f P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n ’s a s s a s s i n a t i o n t h r e e h o u r s
b e fo r e t h e e v e n t t o o k p l a c e . T h e p a p e r p u b li s h e d h is r e p o r t .
“ W e h a v e n o w b e fo r e u s,” w r o t e Co m m i s s i o n e r H a r r is ,
p o s it ive e vid e n ce t h a t t h ese J esu it Fa t h er s, p r iest s of R o m e ,

en ga ged in p r ep a r in g you n g m e n for t h e p r iest h ood away ou t in
t h e villa ge of St . J oseph , in far off Min n es ot a , wer e in cor r esp on -
d e n ce wit h t h eir b r e t h r e n in W a s h i n gt o n Cit y, an d h a d b e e n
in for m ed t h a t t h e p la n t o assassin at e t h e P r esid en t h a d b e e n
m at u r ed , t h e agen t s for its a ccom p lis h m en t h a d b e e n fou n d , t h e
t im e for its e xe cu t io n h a d b e e n set, an d so sure wer e t h ey of its
a cco m p lis h m e n t , t h a t t h ey co u ld a n n o u n ce it a s a lr ea d y d o n e ,
t h r ee or four h ou r s befor e it h a d b een con su m m a t ed . T h e a n t ic-
ip a t ion of its a ccom p lish m en t so elat ed t h em t h a t t h ey cou ld n ot
refrain from passin g it ar ou n d ... as a p iece of glor iou s n ews.
M E A N W H I L E , t h r o u g h t h e L i n c o l n a s s a s s i n a t i o n a n d it s a ft e r -
m a t h , t h e Va t i c a n ’s a r t is t , C o n s t a n t i n o Br u m i d i , a l o n g w i t h
s om e s e ve n t y F r e n ch a n d I t a lia n a ssist a n t s, a p p lie d p i gm e n t e d
m o r t a r t o t h e in t e r io r c a n o p y o f t h e Ca p i t o l d o m e . T h e y we r e s t ill
w o r k i n g w h e n t h e fir st s e s s io n o f t h e T h i r t y - n i n t h Co n g r e s s m e t
o n D e c e m b e r 4 , 18 6 5 . N o t u n t il t h e fo l l o w i n g J a n u a r y d id t h e scaf-
fo ld i n g c o m e d o w n . W h e n i t d id , vi e w e r s w e r e a w e s t r u c k b y w h a t
t h e y b e h e l d . Br u m id i h a d c r o w n e d t h e c e i l i n g o f Am e r i c a ’s le gis la -
t i ve c e n t e r w i t h a glo r io u s , p a n o r a m i c vi s u a l i za t i o n fr o m B o o k VI
o f Vir gil’s Aeneid, w h e r e Ae n e a s ’ b l i n d fa t h e r , An c h i s e s , e x p l a i n s
NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM:
255
“H er e is Ca esa r , a n d all t h e lin e of J u liu s, all wh o sh a ll o n e

d ay pass u n d er t h e d o m e of t h e gr ea t sky. Th i s is t h e m a n , t h is
o n e , of w h o m s o oft en you h a ve h ea r d t h e p r om ise, Ca e s a r
Au gu st u s, son of t h e d eified , wh o sh all b r in g on ce a ga in a n Ag e
of Go ld t o La t iu m , t h e lan d wh er e Sa t u r n r eign ed in early t im es.
H e will e xt e n d h is p ower b eyon d t h e Ga r a m a n t s [Afr ican s] an d
In d ian s, over far ter r itor ies n or t h an d sou t h of t h e zod iacal stars,
t h e solar wa y. . . . ”
T h e e p i c e n t e r o f “Ap o t h e o s i s o f W a s h i n g t o n ” i s a s o la r o r b ,
t h e S u n - G o d i n t o w h i c h Au g u s t u s C a e s a r w a s s a id t o h a v e b e e n
a b s o r b e d w h e n h is b o d y d i e d . F r o m t h e Ca p i t o l ’s h i g h e s t i n t e r i o r
p o i n t Au g u s t u s r a d ia t e s h is g o l d e n li gh t o u t w a r d a n d d o w n w a r d t o
t h e n e x t i n t h e “l i n e o f J u liu s , ” t h e d e i fi e d G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n .
T h e go d W a s h i n g t o n o c c u p i e s t h e j u d g m e n t s e a t o f h e a v e n , s wo r d
o f J u s t i ce fir m ly c l a s p e d i n h i s le ft h a n d . Ba s k i n g i n t h e l i g h t o f
Au g u s t u s – Pontifex Maxim us – h e r u le s “o v e r fa r t e r r it o r ie s n o r t h
a n d s o u t h o f t h e zo d i a c a l s t a r s , t h e s o la r w a y. ” Li k e h is Ca e s a r e a n
fo r e b e a r s , W a s h i n g t o n is G o d , Ca e s a r , F a t h e r o f h is Co u n t r y.
O n t h e r i g h t h a n d o f t h e F a t h e r s it s M i n e r v a , h o l d i n g t h e
e m b l e m o f R o m a n t o t a l i t a r i a n i s m , t h e fa s ce s . M i n e r v a , w e r e ca ll,
wa s t h e vir gin go d d e s s of t h e Sa cr e d H e a r t – it wa s sh e w h o r es-
cu e d t h e h e a r t o f t h e S o n o f G o d , a n d p la ce d it w i t h J u p it er in
h e a v e n . S h e wa s ca lle d “M i n e r v a ” w h e n p r a is e d for h e r ju s t ice a n d
w i s d o m . W h e n p r a i s e d fo r h e r b e a u t y a n d l o v e , M i n e r v a w a s
k n o w n a s Ve n u s , t h e Q u e e n o f H e a v e n . S h e a n d Ve n u s w e r e o ft e n
id e n t ifie d w i t h e a c h o t h e r , ju s t a s s t a t u e s o f b o t h we r e r e co n s e cr a t -
e d “M a r y ” t h r o u g h R o m a n C a t h o l i c m i s s i o n a r y a d a p t a t i o n . M i n -
e r va ’s m o s t p e r s i s t e n t r o le in a n c i e n t p a g a n i s m w a s Dea Benigna,
“ T h e M e d i a t r i x . ” S h e h e a r d t h e p r a ye r s o f s in fu l m o r t a l s a n d
p a s s e d t h e m o n t o J u p it e r , i n t h e s a m e w a y t h e R o m a n M a r y i s
b e l i e ve d t o p ass C a t h o l i c p r a ye r s o n t o Ch r i s t .
C o m p l e t i n g t h e cir cu la r c o m p o s i t i o n a r o u n d t h e s o la r ize d A u -
gu s t u s a r e t h i r t e e n n u b i l e go d d e s s e s . T h e s e a r e t h e o r i gi n a l St a t e s .
T h e y d a n c e we igh t le s s ly in s p a ce , s u p p o r t in g a w h i t e b a n n e r in -
s cr ib e d w i t h t h e s o u l o f t h e B a c c h i c G o s p e l , “E PL U R I B U S U N U M . ”
A b o v e t h e h e a d o f e a c h St a t e - g o d d e s s flo a t s a m a g i c a l w h i t e p e n -
t a gr a m .
256
Be n e a t h a ll t h is ce le s t i a l r e ve l-
ry, Br u m i d i p a i n t e d m o r e R o m a n
go d s m in glin g wit h Am e r i c a n
m o r t a ls . H e r e is Vu l c a n , t h e go d o f
fir e a n d c r a ft s m a n s h i p , p l a n t i n g
h is fo o t o n a c a n n o n , w h i l e h is
T h e St a t es
wor ker s prepare m u n it ion s and
w e a p o n s o f d e a t h a n d d e s t r u c t i o n . A n d o v e r h e r e N e p t u n e r is es
w i t h h is t r i d e n t fr o m t h e s e a in a h o r s e - d r a w n s c a llo p - s h e ll c h a r i -
o t . A n d h e r e t h e wis e M e d i a t r i x c o m m u n i c a t e s w i t h A m e r i c a n
s cie n t is t s B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , S a m u e l F . B. M o r s e , i n v e n t o r o f t h e
C o d e , a n d R o b e r t F u l t o n , i n ve n t o r o f t h e s t e a m s h ip .
An d h er e, t h e Go d d e s s I m m a cu la t ely Co n c e i ve d , t h e Dr ea d -
n a u g h t M a r y. W e a r i n g t h e p e n t a g r a m s a n d e a g l e h e a d d r e s s o f
T h o m a s Cr a w fo r d ’s s t a t u e a t o p t h e d o m e ’s e xt e r i o r , s h e m o b i li ze s
h e r swor d a n d s h ield a ga in s t a
p a c k o f fl e e i n g s i n n e r s l a b e l e d
“T y r a n n y ” a n d “Ki n g l y P o w e r . ”
J u p it e r ’s m a scot , the Rom an
ea gle, g li d e s ju s t b eh in d her
clu t ch in g a b u n ch of t h u n d er -
b olt s in h is t a lo n s . I n n o c e n t in
h e r f l o w i n g s c a r le t ca p e, the
God d es s is sit u a t ed exactly
T h e Vir gin p u r su es evild oer s
beneath the d e i fi e d Geor ge
W a s h in gt o n , co m in g b e t we e n h im a n d t h e em b a t t led vie win g
p u b l i c ga zi n g u p fr o m g r o u n d l e ve l . I t is t h e g r a p h i c r e a l i za t i o n o f
P i o N o n o ’s Ubi prim um , w h i c h d e c r e e d t h e Vi r g i n M a r y w a s “s e t
u p b e t w e e n Ch r i s t a n d h i s C h u r c h , a lw a ys d e l i v e r i n g t h e Ch r i s t -
i a n p e o p l e fr o m t h e i r gr e a t e s t c a l a m i t i e s a n d fr o m t h e s n a r e s a n d
a ssa u lt s o f a ll t h e ir e n e m i e s . ”
Th e ea gle glid in g b eh in d Mary exp la in s the ot h er wise
i n s c r u t a b l e s e a l o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s J u s t ice D e p a r t m e n t , w h i c h
c o n t a i n s a w i n g s p r e a d e a g l e s u r r o u n d e d b y t h e m o t t o “ Q U I PR O
DOM I N A JUSTITIA S EQUI T UR ” ( “ H e w h o f o l l o w s t h e G o d d e s s J u s-
t i c e ”) . P e r s e p h o n e , o r M i n e r v a t h e M e d i a t r i x , w h e n j u d g i n g t h e
257
s in fu lly d e a d in H a d e s wa s ca lle d Justitia, or J us

t ice. T h e “HE” o f t h e J u s t ice D e p a r t m e n t ’s
m o t t o id e n t ifie s t h e e a g l e , s ym b o l o f R o m e .
R o m e fo llo w s t h e G o d d e s s J u s t ice – t h a t is,
the I m m a cu la t ely Co n c e i ve d Mot h er of
G o d i n h e r j u d i ci a l ca p a cit y.
A r a i n b o w s w e e p s a cr o s s t h e l o w e r q u a d r a n t
o f t h e D o m e o f t h e S k y fr o m B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n t o a y o u n g
b o y w e a r i n g a S m u r f - c a p a n d a t o g a . T h e b o y a t t e n d s a go d d e s s
w h o r e c l i n e s o n a la r ge h o r s e - d r a w n r e a p e r . S h e i s P e r s e p h o n e ’s
m o t h e r Ce r e s , w h o wa s r e c o n s e c r a t e d b y e a r ly m is s io n a r y a d a p t a -
t i o n a s A n n a , m o t h e r o f t h e Vi r g i n M a r y. T h e g o l d e n b o y i s offi-
c i a l l y d e s i g n a t e d “Yo u n g Am e r i c a . ” A l t h o u g h
Br u m i d i h a s h i d d e n t h e b o y’s fa ce fr o m u s , h e
d e s e r ve s o u r ca r e fu l s cr u t in y for o n e ve r y im p o r -
t a n t r e a s o n . Be a r i n g t h e n a m e “Am e r i c a , ” h e i s
t h e o n l y e l e m e n t i n t h e s a cr e d n a t i o n a l i c o n o g -
r a p h y t h a t d e fin e s t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e Am erican
YOUNG AMERI CA person as perceived by governm ent.
Yo u n g Am e r i c a ’s Sm u r f- ca p is a s t yle o f h e a d ge a r k n o w n a s t h e
“P h r y g i a n c a p . ” P h r yg i a w a s a d i s t r i c t i n t h e K i n g d o m o f P e r
g a m u m . W e r e m e m b e r P e r g a m u m . I t wa s t h e m i d d l e p o i n t i n t h e
t r a n s fe r o f B a b y l o n i a n r e l i g i o n w e s t w a r d t o R o m e . Phry gia is a
G r e e k w o r d m e a n i n g “f r e e m e n ” ( o u r E n g l i s h w o r d “fr e e ” c o m e s
fr o m t h e fir st s ylla b le , “p h r y- ”) . P h r yg i a n ca p s w e r e g i v e n t o fr e e d
R o m a n s la ve s t o i n d i c a t e t h e i r n e w l i b e r a t e d s t a t u s . R o m a n la w
r e ga r d s lib e r t y a s a c o n d i t i o n a l s t a t u s . O n c e granted b y a p a t r o n , it
c o u l d b e revoked a t a n y t i m e fo r c a u s e . P h r y g i a n - c a p fr e e d o m ,
t h e n , m e a n s li b e r t y ( fr e e d R o m a n s l a ve s , b y t h e wa y, w e r e c a l l e d
“liberti”) t o p le a s e Ca e s a r . W e r e m e m b e r fr o m C h a p t e r 8 h o w
I gn a t iu s d e s cr i b e d s u c h fr e e d o m i n S e c t i o n 3 5 3 . 1 o f h is E xe r cis e s :
“ W e m u s t p u t a s id e a ll j u d g m e n t o f o u r o w n , a n d k e e p t h e m i n d
e v e r r e a d y a n d p r o m p t t o o b e y i n a ll t h i n g s t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l
C h u r c h . ” O f co u r s e , t h o s e liberti b o ld e n o u g h t o p r o t e s t w h a t t h e ir
s u p e r io r s c o m m a n d e d lo s t t h e i r fr e e d o m , n o m a t t e r h o w lu ci d a n d
258
r ea s on a b le t h eir o w n ju d gm e n t m igh t h a ve b e e n . T h e y wer e

r e v e r t e d t o s la ve r y. S i n c e t h e a d v e n t o f t h e F e b r o n i a n S t a t e
C h u r c h , t h e r e ve r s i o n o f p r o t e s t a n t liberti, o r P r o t e s t a n t s , t o s la v-
er y h a s b e e n s o m e t h o d i c a l l y in s id io u s t h a t it ’s h a r d l y n o t i c e a b l e .
T h e s h a ck le s ar e p s yc h o l o g i c a l , h u m a n e l y fit t ed b y in cr e a s in g va r i-
e t ie s o f s p ir it u a l e x e r c i s e . Li k e Ae n e a s , An c h i s e s , J u liu s As c a n i u s
a n d t h e i r T r o j a n fo l l o w e r s , m o s t Am e r i c a n s a r e i n d e e d P h r yg i a n -
ca p fr e e m e n , fr ee t o s a cr ifice t h e ir i n d i vi d u a li t y t o t h e gr e a t e r glo r y
of Rom e.
T h e Bl a c k O b e l i s k o f C a l a h , w h i c h s t a n d s i n t h e B a b y l o n i a n -
As s y r i a n W i n g o f t h e Br i t i s h M u s e u m , r e c o r d s t h e g r e a t a c c o m -
p l i s h m e n t s o f t h e n i n t h - c e n t u r y BC g o d - k i n g S h a l m a n e s e r I I . I n a
s ce n e d e p i c t i n g va r io u s m o n a r c h s p a yi n g o b e i s a n c e t o Ba b yl o n , w e
TH E FREEDOM CAP
J eh u s u b m it t in g t o Sh a lm a n e s e r
s e e o n e m o n a r c h k n e e l i n g b e fo r e S h a l m a n e s e r , w o r s h i p i n g h i m .
S h a l m a n e s e r in t u r n offer s a s a cr ifice t o a n e i g h t - p o i n t e d s t a r s e t
w i t h i n a b ir d ’s w i n g s a n d t a i l - fe a t h e r s . I n s c r i p t i o n s i d e n t i fy t h i s
k n e e l i n g m o n a r c h a s K i n g J e h u o f I s r a e l. R e m a r k a b l y , a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e N e w C a t h o l i c E n c yc l o p e d i a , J eh u ’s lik e n e s s h e r e is t h e o n ly
k n o w n c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s l y- r e n d e r e d p o r t r a it o f a b i b l i c a l p e r s o n -
a ge . M o r e r e m a r k a b ly, J e h u is w e a r i n g t h e P h r yg i a n c a p . Li k e Br u -
m id i’s Yo u n g Am e r i c a , J e h u ’s lib e r t y i s s u b j e c t t o t h e m o o d o f h is
god - kin g.
T h e Bi b l e c o n fi r m s t h e t e s t i m o n y o f t h e Bl a c k O b e l i s k . At I I
Ki n g s 10 : 3 1 w e r e a d : “J e h u t o o k n o h e e d t o w a l k i n t h e la w o f t h e
Lo r d G o d o f I sr a el w i t h a ll h is h e a r t . ” Scr ip t u r e fu r t h e r t e lls u s t h a t
259
J e h u w o r s h i p e d t h e g o l d e n ca lf, a s a c r e d B a b y l o n i a n i c o n m a d e
f a s h i o n a b l e i n t e n t h - c e n t u r y - B C I s r a e l b y J e h u ’s p r e d e c e s s o r , J er -
o b o a m . J e r o b o a m r e n o u n c e d “t h e la w o f t h e Lo r d G o d o f I s r a e l”
a n d i n s t i t u t e d . . . dem ocracy . D e m o c r a c y o p e n e d t h e I s r a e lit e p r ie s t -
h o o d , o r i gi n a lly a p p o i n t e d b y Ya h w e h e x c l u s i ve l y t o t h e fa m i ly o f
L e v i , t o a ll a p p l i c a n t s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , Ya h w e h ’s p r i e s t h o o d w a s
i n fi l t r a t e d b y n o n - b e l i e v e r s a n d fo r e i g n s ym p a t h i z e r s . T h e y p r e -
p a r e d t h e w a y fo r J e h u t o m a k e o f h i m s e l f a P h r y g i a n f r e e m a n ,
o b l i g a t e d t o c o n c u r w i t h o b e d i e n c e o f t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n a ll
t h i n g s w h i c h h is s u p e r io r , S h a l m a n e s e r I I , c o m m a n d e d – e x a c t l y
a s t h e B l a c k O b e l i s k e x p l a i n s i n l u c i d vi s u a l t e r m s . As a d i r e c t
r e s u lt o f J e h u ’s d e p a r t u r e fr o m t h e G o d o f I s r a e l, t h e I s r a e li t e
n a t i o n b e g a n fa llin g a p a r t . I t wa s u l t i m a t e l y d e s t r o ye d b y Ca e s a r e -
a n R o m e , t h e l e g i t i m a t e h e i r t o Sh a lm a n e s e r ’s Ba b y l o n i a n a u t h o r -
it y a s it p a s s e d d o w n t h r o u g h P e r g a m u m .
R u n n i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h is c o s m i c Ba t t l e o f t h e F a i t h s is a h i g h -
l y r e fi n e d c a b a l a h i n v o l v i n g t h e c o n c e p t o f “g o l d e n c a l f. ” T h e
w o r d “c a l f” in H e b r e w , t h e la n gu a ge o f J e h u a n d J e r o b o a m , is MCS,
p r o n o u n c e d “eagle.” W h e r e a s J e h u g a v e h is p e o p l e S h a l m a n e s e r ’s
g o l d e n MCSi t o w o r s h i p , t h e C h u r c h M i l i t a n t h a s t r a i n e d t h e Am e r -
i c a n p u b l i c t o w o r s h i p R o m e ’s g o l d e n eagle, w h i c h s u r m o u n t s
e v e r y fl a g p o l e . C o u l d i t b e t h a t i f w e s h o w r e s p e c t , a ffe c t i o n , o r
l o ya l t y t o w a r d t h e n a t i o n a l e a g l e w e c r e a t e t h e p r e s u m p t i o n o f
w o r s h i p i n g t h e g o l d e n ca lf, a n d s o a l i e n a t e o u r s e lve s fr o m t h e G o d
o f t h e Bi b le a n d in t h e v a c u u m fin d o u r s e lve s u n d e r t h e r u le o f t h e
Ch u r c h Milit a n t ?
A C C O R D I N G t o J . C. J u d s o n , in h is Biography of the Signers of the

Declaration of Independence, a s G e n e r a l W a s h i n g t o n wa s p la n -
n i n g h is fa m o u s e x p e d i t i o n a g a i n s t C o r n w a l l i s a t Yo r k t o w n , “t h e
a r m y wa s d e s t i t u t e , t h e g o v e r n m e n t t r e a s u r y wa s e m p t y, h e r cr e d it
s h i v e r i n g i n t h e w i n d . ” S u d d e n l y, a m i r a c l e i n t h e a n n a l s o f p h i -
la n t h r op y occu r r ed . R o b e r t Mor r is, Su p e r in t e n d e n t of F in a n ce ,
t h e h i g h e s t officer i n t h e U n i t e d St a t e s u n d e r t h e Ar t i c l e s o f C o n -
fe d e r a t i o n ( 17 8 1) , p e r s o n a lly r a is e d e i g h t y c a n n o n a n d a h u n d r e d
p i e c e s o f fie ld a r t ille r y. I n a d d i t i o n , h e r a is e d “a l l o t h e r n e ce s s a r y
260
CH AP T E R 2 3 T H E D O M E O F T H E G R E AT SKY
s u p p lie s n o t fu r n is h e d fr o m o t h e r s o u r ce s ” a n d b e c a m e p er son ally
r esp on sib le t o t h e a m o u n t o f $ 1, 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 u p o n h is o wn n o t e s ,
wh ich wer e p r om p t ly p aid a t m at u r it y. Th is en a b led t h e Am e r i -
ca n ar m y t o give t h e fin ish in g st r oke t o t h e r e vo lu t io n , a n d tr i-
u m p h , in vict or y com p let e, over a p r ou d an d m er ciless foe.
S o g o e s a h i s t o r i a n ’s v e r s i o n o f h o w R o b e r t M o r r i s s a v e d
Am e r i c a . T h e official ve r s i o n i s r e ve a l e d i n C o n s t a n t i n o Br u m id i’s
“Ap o t h e o s i s o f W a s h i n g t o n . ” H e r e w e s ee S u p e r i n t e n d e n t M o r r i s
ga zin g u p fr o m h is a c c o u n t s le d ge r a t ye t a n o t h e r R o m a n d e it y. W e
r e c o g n i z e t h e d e i t y fr o m t h e fa m i l i a r caduceus i n h i s r i g h t h a n d ,
fr o m t h e w i n g e d s a n d a l h e ’s t h r u s t t o w i t h i n k i s s i n g d i s t a n c e o f
M o r r i s ’ lip s , a n d fr o m t h e
sh a d owy bag of gold he
t a n t a lizin gly d a n gles in
M o r r i s ’ fa c e . T h e d e i t y i s
M e r cu r y, t h e P s y c h o p o m p ,
t h e Tr icks t er , t h e p a t r o n
d eit y of com m er ce, de-
ce ive r s , a n d t h i e ve s . M e r -
cu r y, t h e b r i l l i a n t , l o v a b l e
P ie d - P ip e r d eit y w h o d e-
c e i v e s t h e s o u ls o f s in fu l
h u m a n it y in t o fo llo win g
h im exu b er a n t ly d own
in t o the o b livio n of
Mer cu r y & R o b e r t Mor r is H a d e s . J u st a s S e b a s t i a n o
R i c c i ’s p a i n t i n g s u b t l y e s -
t a b li s h e d M e r c u r y a s t h e g u i d i n g s p ir it o f m o d e r n R o m a n C a t h o l i -
c i s m , Br u m id i’s p a i n t i n g a c k n o w l e d g e s t h e s a m e d e it y’s a s c e n d a n -
c y o ve r t h e fu lfillm e n t o f t h e Am e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n .
Am a z i n g st u ff, t h e s e p i c t u r e s . A n d l i k e s o m a n y o f t h e t e s t i -
m o n i e s p r e s e n t e d i n t h is b o o k – t h e s u p r e m a cy o f t h e C h u r c h M i l -
it a n t , the p u b lica t ion of Su n - Tzu a n s t r a t egies in a west er n
l a n g u a g e , t h e n a m e s , t h e n u m b e r s , t h e d a t e s , t h e lo cu s a n d l a yo u t
o f t h e fe d e r a l cit y, t h e a r c h i t e c t u r e , t h e s t a t u a r y, t h e m o n u m e n t s ,
261
t h e e m b l e m s , t h e fr e s co e s , t h e c e r e m o n i e s – t h e y c o m e n o t fr o m
t h e Tr i ck s t e r ’s v i c t i m s , but from the Trickster him self. It ’s a s if t h e
p o i n t o f t h e t r ick is t o wa r n t h e vi c t i m b e fo r e h a n d , in wo r d s a n d
p i c t u r e s , t h a t h e o r s h e is a b o u t t o b e t r i c k e d . A c o n is m u c h
s w e e t e r w h e n t h e m a r k a ct u a lly consents t o t h e c o n . T h a t wa y, t h e
Tr ick s t e r ’s c o n s c i e n c e is clea r .
C O N S T A N T I N O Br u m i d i c o n t i n u e d d e c o r a t i n g t h e D o m e o f t h e
G r e a t S k y w e l l i n t o h is s e v e n t i e s . I n 18 7 9 , a t t h e a ge o f 74 ,
w h i l e p a i n t i n g “P e n n ’s T r e a t y w i t h t h e I n d i a n s ” o n t h e R o t u n d a
fr ieze, h e s lip p e d fr o m a s ca ffo ld . D a n g l i n g fift y- e igh t fe e t fr o m t h e
m a r b le floor , h e h e l d o n u n t i l h e l p c a m e . H e e s ca p e d a d e a d ly fa ll.
Bu t t h e s h o c k o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e k ille d h i m a fe w m o n t h s la t er .
262
Chapter 24
THE MARK OF CAIN
“T h e m a r k of Ca i n is st a m p ed u p o n ou r for eh ea d s.
Acr o s s t h e cen t u r ies , ou r b r ot h er Ab e l h a s la in in b lo o d
w h i ch we d r ew, a n d sh ed tear s we ca u sed b y for get t in g T h y
love.”
—P o p e J o h n X X I I I , A Pr ayer ( 19 6 0 ) ,
cit e d in VICARS OF CHRIST
W
E L I VE I N T H E N e w W o r l d O r d e r , ju s t a s p e o p l e u n d e r
Au g u s t u s Ca e s a r d id . N o t a fu t u r e t h i n g t o b e fe a r e d o r
a vo i d e d , t h e N e w W o r l d O r d e r i s a p r e s e n t r e a lit y t o b e
i d e n t i fi e d , u n d e r s t o o d , a n d d e a l t w i t h i n a w a y m o s t p l e a s i n g t o
G o d . I t w a s G o d , a ft er a ll, w h o e s t a b li s h e d t h e N e w W o r l d O r d e r .
W e c a n r e a d a b o u t i t i n t h e Bi b l e . I n fa c t , t h e B i b l e i s t h e o n l y
r e co r d we h a v e t h a t p u b li cly a n d t r u t h fu lly set s fo r t h t h e e s s e n t ia ls
o f t h e Or d e r ’s o r igin s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t t h r o u g h t i m e .
T h e Bi b l e r e co r d s t h e gr e a t d e c i s i v e e v e n t s i n t h e p r o gr e s s o f
h u m a n life u p t o t h e clo s e o f t h e first c e n t u r y A D . Cr e a t i o n o f e a r t h
a n d t h e fu lln e s s t h e r e o f, c r e a t i o n o f m a n a n d w o m a n , t h e i r t u r n -
in g a w a y fr o m G o d , t h e fir s t c o n c e p t i o n , t h e fir s t b i r t h , t h e fir s t
s a cr i fi ce , t h e fir st m u r d e r , t h e fir st i n s i g n i a , t h e fir st cit y, t h e fir st
a n d o n ly gr e a t flo o d , t h e s u r vi vi n g fa m ily a n d its p e cu li a r r e la t i o n -
s h ip t h r o u g h t i m e w i t h G o d – a ll o f t h is m o m e n t o u s d a t a i s g i v e n
in t h e Bi b l e w i t h a s t a r k t r u t h fu ln e s s t h a t is i n va r i a b l y s u p p o r t e d ,
265
o f t e n t o t h e s u r p r is e o f m a n y, b y t h e r e s u lt s o f s c i e n t i fi c in q u ir y.
T h e w r i t e r s o f t h e Bi b l e , I s r a e lit e p r o p h e t s in s p ir e d b y t h e i r G o d
Ya h w e h , h e l d n o m o n o p o l y o n r e p o r t i n g t h e s e e v e n t s . P r ie s t s o f
o t h e r n a t i o n s r e p o r t e d t h e m , t o o . Bu t i n d o i n g s o , t h e y c u n n i n g l y
a d a p t e d t h e m t o fit p r e va i l i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i ve n e e d s . T h e r e s u lt o f
t h e ir a d a p t a t io n s is w h a t we ca ll m yt h o lo gy.
O n e ve r y p e r s i s t e n t m y t h , b a s e d o n a c r u c i a l e v e n t a c c o u n t e d
fo r i n t h e Bi b l e , e x p l a i n e d t o p e o p l e u n d e r B a b y l o n i a n r u l e r s h i p
t h e d i v i n e o r i gi n o f t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t . T h i s wa s t h e m y t h o f M a r -
d u k. 1
T h e m y t h o f M a r d u k b e gin s
w i t h A n n u , “t h e h e a d d e i t y o f
Ba b ylo n ia n m yt h o lo gy,” 2
look-
in g d o w n u p o n e a r t h i n d is m a y.
T h e la n d is in ch a o s , o ve r r u n
b y fl o o d - w a t e r s a n d m o n s t r o u s
serpen ts. An n u sen ses that
b r in gin g or d er t o s u ch ch a o s is
a j o b for M a r d u k , t h e fir s t - b o r n
s o n o f t h e m o o n go d d e s s E a . So
An n u sum m on s Marduk and
a s ks h i m t o o r g a n i ze t h e e a r t h .
M a r d u k a gr e e s t o t h e t a s k , b u t
“o n l y o n t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t h e
b e m a d e fir st a m o n g t h e go d s
a n d t h a t h i s w o r d s h a ll h a v e
T h e N a r a m - S i n [En och ] St e le , wit h the fo r c e of the d ecr ee of
A n n u ’s n a m e o v e r t h e m o u n t a i n - t o p . An n u . ” 3
An n u a ccep t s Mar-
d u k ’s t e r m s a n d ve s t s h i m w i t h “t h e p o w e r s a n d i n s i g n i a o f k i n g -
s h i p – a n d M a r d u k ’s w o r d w a s d e c l a r e d t o h a v e t h e a u t h o r i t y o f
An n u . ” Ar m e d w i t h d i vi n e p o we r , M a r d u k go e s t o e a r t h a n d sep a -
r a t e s d r y la n d fr o m s e a . H e p o l i c e s t h e m o n s t e r s , a n d a n y e vi l d o e r
fo o lis h e n o u g h t o o p p o s e h i m r e ce i ve s t h e w r a t h o f G o d .
T h e r e s u lt o f M a r d u k ’s o r d i n a t i o n wa s d e p i c t e d i n t h e S t e l e o f
N a r a m - S i n , n o w i n t h e L o u v r e . I n t h i s ve r y a n c i e n t B a b y l o n i a n
m o n u m e n t , An n u is s h o wn im b u in g N a r a m - Sin ( E n o ch t o th e
266
C H AP T E R 2 4 T H E M AR K O F C A I N
M a r d u k p o li c i n g t h e e vi ld o e r T i a m a t w i t h t h u n d e r b o lt s . F r o m a b a s -r elief o n
t h e w a l l s o f t h e p a l a c e o f t h e As s y r i a n k i n g As s u r - n a s i r - p a l ( 9 t h c e n t u r y b c a t
C a l a h , n o w i n t h e Br it is h M u s e u m ) . N o t e t h e r e p e a t e d A n n u s ign a t u r e i n t h e
s a c r e d h e m o f M a r d u k ’s g a r m e n t . A n d t h e s c y t h e u n d e r h i s le ft a r m : i s t h e a r t is t
s u b t l y r e v e a l i n g t h a t M a r d u k w a s o n c e a fa r m e r ?
H e b r e w s ) w i t h p o w e r o v e r a m a s s o f o t h e r b e i n g s . An n u ’s n a m e ,
s e e n i n t h e t ip o f t h e s t e le , i s t h e c u n e i f o r m s ym b o l for “h e a v e n , ”
t h e d o u b le - cr o s s , o r
M a r d u k we a r s t h e A n n u s ign a t u r e lik e a c o p w i t h h is b a d g e . I t
m a k e s h i m a go d . I n fa ct , t h e o r d i n a t i o n - o f- p o w e r i c o n o g r a p h y o f
a n c i e n t Ba b y l o n i a n n a t i o n s w a s n e v e r w i t h o u t it . E v e n t o d a y (see
Ap p e n d i x : “F ift y Ce n t u r i e s o f t h e A n n u S i g n a t u r e ”) , w e fin d i t i n
t h e flag o f G r e a t Br i t a i n , sa id t o b e t h e u n i o n o f S t . An d r e w ’s S c o t -
t i s h cr o s s a n d S t . G e o r g e ’s E n g l i s h cr o s s . W e fi n d i t p r o m i n e n t l y
d i s p l a ye d i n t h e d e c o r o f g o v e r n m e n t b u i l d i n g s , e s p e c i a l l y c o u r t -
r o o m s . I t fo r m s t h e m o t i f for m u c h o f t h e d e c o r a t i v e a r c h i t e c t u r e
o f t h e U . S . S u p r e m e C o u r t Bu i l d i n g , i n t e r i o r a n d e x t e r i o r . T h e
p a v e m e n t s u r r o u n d i n g t h e O b e l i s k o f Ca l i g u l a i n S t . P e t e r ’s P ia z-
za , w h e r e t h e m u l t i t u d e s s t a n d t o r e c e i v e p a p a l e d i c t s a n d b le s s -
in gs , is in la id w i t h a g i g a n t i c A n n u s ign a t u r e . N o d o u b t a b o u t it : a
ve r y a n c i e n t s ym b o l h a s r e m a i n e d c o n s i s t e n t l y id e n t ifie d w i t h t h e
p r e s e n c e o f r u le r s h ip . C o u l d it b e t h a t a s ym b o l o f s o m u c h p o w e r
267
is b a s e d o n a m yt h ? Or is it b a s e d o n t h e fa ct fr o m w h i c h t h e m yt h
sp r a n g?
T H E s e n s it ive Bib le - r e a d e r i m m e d i a t e l y sees i n t h e m y t h o f M a r -

d u k a m ission a r y a d a p t a t io n of t h e b ib lica l a cco u n t of Ca i n .
T h e t w o p r o t a go n i s t s a r e r e m a r k a b ly s im ila r . B o t h C a i n a n d M a r -
d u k w e r e fir s t b o r n s o n s o f m o t h e r s b e a r i n g a lm o s t t h e s a m e n a m e :
M a r d u k , s o n o f Ea ; C a i n , s o n o f E ve . B o t h fir st b or n s we r e a p p o i n t -
e d t o r u le o ve r e vi l , a lb e i t for d iffe r e n t r e a s o n s : M a r d u k b e ca u s e o f
h is h e r o i s m , C a i n b e c a u s e o f h i s o w n w i c k e d n e s s . S o t h a t t h e y
4
m i g h t m o v e e ffe c t i ve l y a m o n g e vi l d o e r s , b o t h w e r e g i v e n p r o t e c -
t i ve sea ls o f i m m u n i t y b y t h e G o d o f H e a v e n . G o d sa id t o C a i n ,
Th er efor e wh osoever sla yet h Ca i n , ve n ge a n ce sh all b e t a ken

on h im seven fold . An d t h e Lor d set a m ar k u p on Ca i n , lest an y
fin d in g h im sh ou ld kill h im . 5
I n M a r d u k ’s c a s e , t h e e v i l d o e r s w e r e c h a o t i c b e i n g s r u i n i n g
An n u ’s e a r t h . Ca i n ’s e v i l d o e r s w e r e p e r s o n s w h o m i g h t s la y h i m
b e c a u s e h e h a d b e c o m e a h o m e l e s s t r e s p a s s e r . T h e Bi b l e d e t a i l s
e x a c t l y w h y C a i n b e c a m e h o m e l e s s . H i s fa r m r efu s ed t o yi e ld h a r -
ve s t s b e ca u s e h e h a d d e file d t h e s o il w i t h t h e b l o o d o f h is b r o t h e r .
C a i n “r o s e u p a g a i n s t A b e l h i s b r o t h e r a n d s le w h i m . ” W e ’r e n o t
t o ld wh y. I t m a y h a v e b e e n j e a l o u s r a ge , a n d i t m a y n o t . N o t h i n g
i n Scr ip t u r e in d ica t e s t h a t C a i n h a t e d Ab e l . T h e m o s t w e k n o w o f
t h e ir r e la t i o n s h i p is t h a t “ C a i n t a l k e d w i t h h is b r o t h e r , ” a n d a ft er -
w a r d , i n a fi e ld , m u r d e r e d h i m . N o r a r e w e g i v e n d e t a i l s o f t h e
6
m u r d e r , e x c e p t t h a t i t wa s b lo o d y. T h e b l o o d i s a n i m p o r t a n t clu e
7
as t o m o t ive .
W e k n o w t h a t C a i n wa s fir st c r e s t fa lle n t h e n a n gr y a t G o d for
p r e fe r r i n g Ab e l ’s s a cr i fi ce t o h i s o w n . A b e l , t h e s h e p h e r d , s a cr i-
8
fice d la m b s fr o m h is fl o c k . C a i n , t h e fa r m e r , a p p a r e n t l y t h i n k i n g
9
s a cr i fi ce w a s a b o u t r e t u r n i n g t h e b e s t o f h i s p r o d u c t i v i t y t o G o d ,
s a cr ifice d t h e b e s t o f h is h a r ve s t . G o d fo u n d Ca i n ’s s a cr ifice o ffe n -
s ive a n d Ab e l ’s p l e a s i n g . 10
E l s e w h e r e i n S c r i p t u r e w e l e a r n wh y. I t
i n vo l ve s a p r i n c i p l e t h a t is ve r y d ifficu lt for m a n y o f u s t o c o m p r e -
h e n d . T h e p r i n c i p l e is t h i s : w ithout shedding of blood there is n o
268
rem ission o f sin. 11

Ab e l p lea s ed G o d b e ca u s e h e sh ed b lo o d , t h e
b l o o d o f s a cr ificia l a n i m a ls .
T h e g r e a t t e a c h i n g o f t h e Bi b l e i s t h a t t h e d e a t h s e n t e n c e
m a n k i n d h a s i n h e r i t e d fr o m t h e o r i gi n a l b r e a k i n g o f G o d ’s La w b y
Ca i n ’s p a r e n t s ( “ T h o u s h a l t n o t e a t o f t h e f r u i t . . . ”) i s p a r d o n a b l e
o n l y b y d e a t h , b y t h e e x t r e m e a c t o f shedding blood fatally . T h i s
t e a ch in g is t h e b e d r o ck of t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t a n d t h e wh o le p o in t
of t h e N e w. I n t h e O ld Tes t a m en t , t h e p eop le of G o d wer e par-
d o n e d t h e s in fu ln e s s i n h e r i t e d fr o m A d a m b y s h e d d i n g t h e b l o o d
o f a n i m a l s , a s A b e l h a d d u t i fu lly d o n e . I n t h e N e w , t h e p e o p l e o f
G o d w e r e p a r d o n e d t h is s a m e s in fu ln e s s b y d o i n g e x a c t l y a s C a i n
h a d d o n e , shedding the blood of a m an. To t h is d a y, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
S c r i p t u r e s , a ll w h o b e l i e v e t h a t J esu s Ch r i s t ’s b l o o d h a s p o w e r t o
r e m i t s in s a r e i m p u t e d s in le s s b y G o d . 12
I m p u t e d s in le s s , t h e i r s e n -
t e n c e o f e t e r n a l s e p a r a t i o n fr o m G o d i s c o m m u t e d , a n d t h e y a r e
g i v e n e t e r n a l life i n H e a v e n . 13
N o w , Scr ip t u r e d oes n o t t ell u s t h a t G o d e ve r e xp la i n e d t h e

p u r p o s e o f b l o o d s a cr ifice t o C a i n . 14
Bu t w e k n o w t h a t G o d i s t h e
g r e a t e s t o f a ll t e a c h e r s . A n d w e k n o w h e w a n t s t h e b e s t for
m a n k i n d . It ’s u n t h i n k a b l e , t h e n , t h a t H e w o u l d w a n t C a i n i g n o -
r a n t o f t h e l i fe - s a vi n g e ffe ct o f b l o o d s a c r i fi c e . H e m u s t h a v e
t a u gh t C a i n a s t h o r o u g h l y a s h e t a u gh t Ab e l . A n d C a i n m u s t h a v e
l i s t e n e d a t t e n t i v e l y, fo r w e k n o w h e w a s a n x i o u s t o p le a s e G o d –
o t h e r w i s e , w h y w o u l d h e h a v e b e e n a n gr y a n d cr e s t fa lle n a t le a r n -
in g o f G o d ’s d i s s a t i s fa c t i o n w i t h h is s a cr ifice ? Bu t C a i n w a s m o r e
c r e a t i v e t h a n o b e d i e n t . It’s e n t i r e l y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h h is c h a r a c t e r
for h i m t o h a v e d e c i d e d
Oka y, if it’s b lood sacr ifice H e wa n t s, I’ll give H im t h e sacri-

fice H e d eser ves, a b et t er sacr ifice t h a n la m b s: I’ll give H im t h e
b lood of an innocent m an!
Ca i n ’s i n t e n t w a s e v i l o n l y i n t h a t h e s o u g h t t o im prove o n
w h a t G o d h a d c o m m a n d e d , i n t h e w a y S a u l i m p r o v e d o n G o d ’s
c o m m a n d m e n t t o a n n i h i l a t e t h e Am a l e k i t e s b y s p a r in g t h e i r k i n g
a n d c e r t a i n va l u a b l e l i v e s t o c k . 15
C a i n k n e w t h e lo gic o f G o d – h e
w a s , a ft e r a ll, t h e fir s t h u m a n b e i n g b o r n w i t h t h e k n o w l e d g e o f
269
g o o d a n d e v i l . A n d w e k n o w fr o m w h a t h a p p e n e d t o J esu s t h a t
G o d ’s l o g i c ca lls fo r t h e s a cr i fi ce o f t h e o n l y O n e w h o s e p e r fe c t
i n n o c e n c e o v e r c a m e d e a t h . I n h is o b s e s s i o n t o please G o d , w o u l d -
n ’t C a i n h a v e r e ga r d e d s p i lli n g Ab e l ’s b l o o d a s t h e ultim ate g o d l i -
n ess?
W h a t I a m s u gge s t i n g i s t h a t , i n Ca i n ’s m i n d , A b e l w a s n o t s o
m u c h m u r d e r e d a s sacrificed, n a i le d t o An n u ’s ve r y n a m e —
— hanged upon a cross! W o u l d n ’t t h is e x p l a i n w h y Sc r i p t u r e s h o ws

n o e v i d e n c e t h a t C a i n s e n s e d a n y gu i lt ? W o u l d n ’t i t a ls o e x p l a i n
t h e h u n d r e d s o f a n c i e n t , p r e - Ch r i s t i a n m yt h s o f y o u n g s h e p h e r d s
( s u ch a s T a m m u z, Ba c c h u s , At t i s , M i t h r a s ) w h o w e r e s la in i n c o l d
b l o o d b y va r i o u s v i l l a i n s o n l y t o r ise fr o m t h e d e a d , t h e i r s h e d
b l o o d h a v i n g s u p p o s e d l y p r o p i t i a t e d o r i g i n a l s in a n d r e s u r r e c t e d
t h e m t o e t e r n a l life? T h e m y t h s , o b v i o u s l y b a s e d o n t h e fa c t o f
Ab e l ’s cr u ci fi xi o n , a ll p o i n t e d t o a universally anticipated event fo r e -
t o l d b y t h e I s r a e li t e p r o p h e t s : M e s s i a h ’s d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n ,
w h i c h w o u l d p a r d o n t h e sin s o f m a n k i n d a n d r e s t o r e e t e r n a l life.
T h u s e m e r g e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e “l a m b s l a i n fr o m t h e
f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d ” m e n t i o n e d a t R e v e l a t i o n 13 : 8 m i g h t
h a v e i n d e e d b e e n Ab e l , G o d ’s first o b e d i e n t s e r va n t . F o r it is a fa ct
t h a t “t h e W o r l d ” – b y w h i c h t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t wr it e r s m e a n t t h e
o r d e r i n g o f h u m a n i n s t i t u t i o n a l s ys t e m s w h i c h G o d a d m i t t e d i n t o
e x i s t e n c e – d id a ct u a lly b e g i n , a s we a r e a b o u t t o s e e , in t h e i m m e -
d i a t e a ft e r m a t h o f Ab e l ’s d e a t h . I f t h i s i s t h e c a s e , t h e n m a n k i n d
o we s a s t r a n ge d e b t t o C a i n . N o C a i n , n o d e a t h o f Ab e l . N o d e a t h
o f Ab e l , n o W o r ld . N o W o r ld , n o in ca r n a t io n o f G o d a s o n ly
b e g o t t e n S o n . N o S o n o f G o d , n o t r u e d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e ct io n . N o
t r u e d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n , n o h o p e o f m a n k i n d for e t e r n a l in t i-
m a cy wit h G o d .
I T w a s t h e c o m p l a i n t o f a n e a r t h o u t r a g e d b y Ab e l ’s s p ilt b l o o d
t h a t m o v e d G o d t o b a n i s h C a i n fr o m h i s a c c u s t o m e d h a b i t a t
2 70
C H AP T E R 2 4 TH E M A R K O F C A I N
fo r e ve r . J u st a s M a r d u k d e m a n d e d p r o t e c t i o n fr o m t h e m o n s t e r s h e
h a d b e e n a s k e d t o c o n t r o l , C a i n d e m a n d e d p r o t e c t i o n fr o m p o s s i-
b le a s s a ila n t s i n h is e x i l e . G o d gr a ci o u s ly a c c o m m o d a t e d C a i n b y
“s e t [ t i n g] a m a r k ” u p o n h i m w h i c h m a d e C a i n s e v e n t i m e s m o r e
p o we r fu l t h a n a n y m o r t a l co m p e t i t o r . T h e m a r k s e r ve d a s t h e ve r y
“p o w e r s a n d i n s i g n i a o f k i n g s h i p ” A n n u h a d g r a n t e d M a r d u k . I t
e m p o w e r e d C a i n t o r u le a ll h u m a n b e i n g s l i k e l y t o c h a l l e n g e h is
p r o t e c t i v e m a r k , b e i n g s u n a fr a i d o f Ya h w e h ’s n a m e , 16
b ein gs w h o
s h a r e d Ca i n ’s e n vi r o n s “o u t fr o m t h e p r e s e n ce o f t h e L o r d . ” 17
Ar m e d w i t h h is m a r k , C a i n b e g a n t h e r u le r s h ip o f e vil. T h e
Bi b le a c c o u n t s for Ca i n ’s m o v e m e n t s a ft er h is o r d i n a t i o n . H e t o o k
a wife a n d s ir ed a s o n . T h e n , h e b u i lt a ci t y a n d n a m e d it a ft er h is
son , “E n o c h . ” 18
C e n t u r i e s la t e r , E n o c h d i s a p p e a r e d u n d e r t h e s ilt
o f N o a h ’s fl o o d . I t p a s s e d fr o m m e m o r y t o m ys t e r y t o o b l i v i o n ,
u n t i l t h e 18 4 0 s , w h e n a r ch a e o lo gi s t s fo l l o w i n g t h e Bib le ’s d e s cr ip -
t ion s o f Ba b ylo n ia b e ga n e xc a va t i n g in p r e s e n t - d a y Ir aq. Al o n g
t h e E u p h r a t e s R i v e r , n e a r Al Kh i d r , t h e y d i s c o v e r e d n u m e r o u s
str ata o f a n cie n t s e t t le m e n t s . T h e d eep est st r a t u m , b e n e a t h w h i c h
t h e r e wa s n o t h i n g b u t b e d r o c k , h a d c a l l e d it s e lf U n u k . “ U n u k wa s
fo u n d e d o n t h e o ld e s t b r ick s , ” d e c l a r e d o n e o f t h e le a d i n g a r ch a e -
o l o g i s t s , a r e n o w n e d c l a s s i c a l l i n g u i s t fr o m Q u e e n s C o l l e g e , O x -
for d , n a m e d Ar c h i b a l d S a yc e .
H a v i n g d e c i p h e r e d a n d e va l u a t e d la r ge n u m b e r s o f cla y t a b le t s
fr o m t h e s i t e , P r o fe s s o r S a y c e is s u e d t h e o p i n i o n i n 1 8 8 7 t h a t
U n u k w a s i n d e e d b i b l i c a l E n o c h , t h e c i t y b u i l t b y C a i n a n d h is
son . 19
L e c t u r i n g a t O x f o r d , S a y c e a ls o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t o n e o f
Ca i n ’s m yt h o l o g i c a l n a m e s wa s M a r d u k 20
– a n im p or t a n t con t r ib u -
t i o n t o t h e M a r d u k - e q u a l s - C a i n h y p o t h e s i s . U n u k ’s d o m i n a n t
t e m p l e b o r e t h e t i t l e “h o u s e o f A n n u , ” fu r t h e r e n h a n c i n g t h e
p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t M a r d u k ’s m y t h w a s s p u n fr o m Ca i n ’s m u r d e r o f
Ab e l . As r u le r o f U n u k , C a i n w a s k n o w n a s S a r g o n – or , a s o t h e r
t r a n s la t o r s h a v e r e n d e r e d t h e s p e l l i n g , S h a r g a n i , S a r r u k i n u , Sa r -
gon i, e t c. 21
T h e s e va r i a t i o n s o f S a r g o n a r e c o m p o s i t e s o f t h e Ba b y-
l o n i a n shar, m e a n i n g “k i n g ” a n d gani, kinu, o r goni, m e a n i n g
“Ca i n . ” 2 2
I t w o u l d b e h a r d t o sa y S a r g o n m e a n s a n y t h i n g o t h e r
t h a n “Ki n g C a i n . ”
2 71
U n u k h a d b e e n n o p r i m i t i v e v i l l a g e . Ency clopedia Britannica

n o t e d t h a t “t r a n s p a r e n t gla s s s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n fir st i n t r o d u c e d
in t h e r eign of Sa r g o n . ” 2 3
Sa r go n b u ilt a m et r op olis of e n o r m o u s
c o m p l e x i t y. Bu t w h a t a s t o n i s h e d t h e a r c h a e o l o g i s t s m o s t wa s t h e
cit y’s m i r a c u l o u s h i s t o r i c a l suddenness. U n u k seem ed t o h a ve
m a t e r ia lize d fr o m o u t o f n o w h e r e :
We h a ve fou n d , in sh or t , a b u n d a n t r em ain s of a br on ze cu l-
t u r e, b u t n o t r a ces of p r e ce d in g ages of d e ve lo p m e n t su ch a s
m eet u s on ear ly Egyp t ia n sit es. 24
T h e s u d d e n n e s s fa ct o r s e ve r e ly c h a l l e n g e d t h o s e s ch o la r s w h o
vi e w e d h ist or y t h r o u gh D a r w i n i a n a n t i- b ib lica lis m , w h i c h h a d
b e c o m e t h e f a s h i o n i n J e s u i t - i n fl u e n c e d a c a d e m i c c i r c l e s . T o fit
e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y, U n u k s h o u l d h a v e e v i d e n c e d d e v e l o p m e n t
fr o m a m u c h o l d e r c i v i l i z a t i o n . As a c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e L o n d o n
Tim e s ’ p r e s t igio u s Historians’ History of the W orld gr u m b le d ,
Su r ely su ch a p eop le as th is cou ld n o t h a ve sprun g in t o exis-

t e n ce as a Deus ex Machina [a p er son or t h in g in t r o d u ce d or
ap p ear in g u n exp ect ed ly so as to p r ovid e an ar tificial or con t r ived
solu t ion to an ot h er wise in solu ble p r ob lem ]. It m ust h a ve h a d its
h ist or y – a h ist or y wh ich p r esu p p oses d e ve lo p m e n t of sever a l
cen t u r ies m or e. 25
Bu t U n u k a s a s o cia l o r ga n i za t i o n h a d n o p r e vio u s h is t or y. T h i s
m a d d e n i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e d r o v e t h e Br i t i s h M u s e u m ’s H . R . H a l l
t o r a t i o n a l i ze t h a t it s “r e a d y - m a d e ” c u l t u r e m u s t h a v e b e e n
“b r o u g h t i n t o M e s o p o t a m i a fr o m a b r o a d . ” 26
M o d e r n a n t i- b ib licis t s
fin d i t e a s ie r t o a c c e p t t h a t U n u k ’s s u d d e n c o m p l e x i t y c a m e fr o m
o t h e r g a l a x i e s t h a n fr o m s o m e t h i n g a s s i m p l e a s . . . a c q u i r i n g d i -
v i n e i n t e l l i g e n c e fr o m b i t i n g i n t o a p i e c e o f fo r b i d d e n fr u it . O f
c o u r s e , e a t i n g t h e fr u it o f d i s o b e d i e n c e i s h o w t h e Bi b l e e x p l a i n s
t h e s u d d e n n e s s fa ct o r . C a i n h a d e x t r a o r d i n a r y p o w e r s b e c a u s e h e
i n h e r i t e d fr o m h is p a r e n t s t h e k n o w l e d g e o f g o o d a n d e v i l w h i c h
t h e Tr icks t e r h a d e n co u r a ge d t h e m t o o b t a i n a t t h e p r ice o f et er -
n a l li fe . 27
I n M r s . Br is t o we ’s wo r d s : “ C a i n wa s b o r n a n d b r e d in t h e
2 72
C H AP T E R 2 4 TH E M A R K O F C A I N
a t m o s p h e r e o f t h e m i r a cu lo u s ; h is p a r e n t s w e r e p o s s e s s e d o f s u p er -
n a t u r a l k n o wle d ge , som e of w h i c h m u st h a ve b e e n im p a r t ed t o
t h e ir c h i l d r e n . ” 28
Ki n g C a i n wa s n o p r im it ive ch ie ft a in . O n o n e o f h is m a n y
a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l i n s c r i p t i o n s , h e b o a s t e d t h a t “i n m u l t i t u d e s o f
b r o n ze c h a r i o t s I r o d e o v e r r u gge d la n d s . . . I g o v e r n e d t h e u p p e r
c o u n t r i e s , ” a n d “t h r e e t i m e s t o t h e sea I h a v e a d v a n c e d . ” 2 9
A b r il-
li a n t , w e l l - o r g a n i ze d m i li t a r y e m p e r o r – t h e p r o t o t yp i c a l Ca e s a r –
C a i n c o n t r o l l e d a “v a s t e m p i r e . ” T h e C a m b r i d g e H i s t o r y t e lls u s
h e d i vi d e d h is i m p e r i u m
fr om t h e [Per sian Gu lf] t o t h e [ Med it er r a n ea n ] , fr om t h e r isin g

t o t h e set t in g of t h e sun in t o d istr icts of five d ou b le h ou r s m a r ch
ea ch , over wh ich h e p la ced t h e ‘son s of h is p a la ce.’ By th ese d el-
egates of h is a u t h or it y h e r u led t h e h osts of t h e lan ds t oget h er . 30
Ca i n ’s e m p i r e w a s fo u n d e d o n s l a ve r y 31
– t h e i n e v i t a b l e r e s u lt
o f o n e m a n ’s r e t r i b u t i ve p o w e r e x c e e d i n g a ll o t h e r s s e ve n fo l d . F o r
t h e m o s t p a r t , h o w e v e r , i t a p p e a r s t h a t C a i n e x e r c i s e d h is a d v a n -
t a ge in t h e p u b l i c in t e r e s t . P r o fe s s o r S a y c e t e lls u s t h a t h is e m p i r e
wa s “fu ll o f s c h o o l s a n d lib r a r ie s , o f t e a c h e r s a n d p u p ils , a n d p o e t s
a n d p r o s e w r i t e r s , a n d o f t h e lit e r a r y w o r k s w h i c h t h e y h a d c o m -
p o s e d .” F u r t h e r m o r e ,
t h e em p ir e was b ou n d t oget h er b y r oad s, a lon g wh ich t h er e was

a r egu la r p ost a l s e r vice , a n d cla y seals w h i c h t o o k t h e p la ce of
st am p s are n o w in t h e Lo u vr e b ea r in g t h e n a m e of Sa r go n a n d
h is s o n . . . . It is p r ob a b le t h a t t h e fir st co lle ct io n of a st r on om ica l
ob ser va t ion s an d t er r est r ial om en s was m a d e for a libr ar y est a b -
lish ed by Sa r gon . 32
T h e in s ign ia o f p o w e r a n d k i n g s h i p d id n o t v a n i s h w i t h Ca i n ’s
d e a t h . T h a t C a i n b u i l t t h e o r i g i n a l c i t y w i t h h i s s o n i m p li e s t h a t
t h e m a r k wa s i n t e n d e d t o b e a n h e r e d i t a r y e n t i t l e m e n t . T h e son ’s
n a m e i m p li e s t h a t h e r e c e i v e d t h e p o w e r o f t h e m a r k fr o m h is fa -
t h er . “E n o c h ” in H e b r e w m e a n s “t h e i n i t i a t e d ” – t o b e i n d u c t e d b y
s p e cia l r it es, t o b e in s t r u ct e d in t h e r u d im e n t s or p r in cip le s of
2 73
s o m e t h i n g . ” Scr ip t u r e im p lies t h a t E n o c h a n d p e r h a p s C a i n in
t u r n in it ia t e d o t h e r d e p u t ie s a n d s u cce s s o r s . F o u r g e n e r a t i o n s a ft er
Ca i n ’s b ir t h , w e fin d E n o c h ’s gr e a t - gr e a t gr a n d s o n L a m e c h s t ill e x-
e r cis in g, in fa ct augm enting, t h e p r e r o ga t i ve o f d i vi n e v e n g e a n c e :
La m e ch said t o h is wive s , “Ad a h a n d Zilla h , lis t en t o m e;

wives of La m e ch , h ear m y wor d s. I h a ve killed a m a n for wou n d -
in g m e, a yo u n g m a n for in ju r in g m e. I f Ca i n is a ve n ge d s e ve n
t im es, t h en La m e ch seven t y-seven t im es .” 34
R e c e i v i n g a u t h o r i t y t o g o v e r n r e q u ir e s t a k i n g a n o a t h w h i c h
b i n d s t h e i n i t i a t e t o a c o d e o f r igh t s a n d r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s . I n t e r e s t -
in gly, o u r w o r d “o a t h ” i s c o g n a t e w i t h t h e H e b r e w WFA (pr o-
n o u n c e d “o a t h ”) , w h i c h i s t h e w o r d t r a n s la t e d “m a r k ” a t G e n e s i s
4 : 1 5 , “t h e Lo r d s e t a m ark u p o n C a i n . ” K n o w i n g t h i s , w e m a y a c-
cu r a t e ly say “t h e Lo r d p u t C a i n u n d e r o a t h , ” a n o a t h vis ib ly r e p r e -
s e n t e d b y t h e va r i o u s i n s i g n i a g o v e r n m e n t s d is p la y. T h e m a r k ,
t h e n , s t a n d s fo r a c o v e n a n t b e t w e e n G o d a n d C a i n . I t i s n o t t h e
a ll- e n co m p a s s in g sor t o f c o v e n a n t w h i c h G o d s t r u ck w i t h t h e
h u m b ly o b e d i e n t Ab r a h a m – “ An d I will e s t a b lis h m y c o v e n a n t
b e t w e e n m e a n d t h e e a n d t h y s e e d a ft e r t h e e i n t h e i r g e n e r a t i o n s
for a n e ve r la s t i n g c o v e n a n t , t o b e a G o d u n t o t h e e , a n d t o t h y s e e d
a ft e r t h e e . ” 3 5
Ca i n ’s u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o o b e y t h e l e t t e r o f Ya h w e h ’s
c o m m a n d m e n t s m a d e h i m u n fi t fo r i n t i m a c y w i t h t h e d i v i n e . I n
Ca i n ’s o w n w o r d s , “fr o m t h y fa ce s h a l l I b e h i d . ” 3 6
T h e exile
c o v e n a n t w a s s t r ict ly l i m i t e d t o a s s u r in g G o d ’s v e n g e a n c e a ga in s t
a n y o n e w h o w o u l d t h r e a t e n Ca i n ’s life . I n m a t t e r s o f w i s d o m , co r -
r e c t i o n , i n s t r u ct i o n i n r igh t e o u s n e s s , C a i n wa s o n h is o w n . H e wa s
o n h is o w n , a ls o , if h e s h o u l d t r y t o a t t a c k t h e p e a c e fu l . The m ark
w as a covenant of retribution only .
E a r ly o n , C a i n s a w t h e r e w a s g r e a t p r o fit i n p r o v o k i n g a s-
s a i la n t s . T h e m o r e e n e m i e s , t h e m o r e s p e c t a c u l a r t h e d i s p la ys o f
v e n g e a n c e . T h e m o r e v e n g e a n c e , t h e m o r e j u s t i c e ; t h e m o r e ju s -
t i ce , t h e m o r e p o w e r t o C a i n ; a m o r e p o we r fu l C a i n c o u l d d o m o r e
e x c e l l e n t p u b li c w o r k s . T h u s , i t b e c a m e e s s e n t ia l t o t h e s e lf- in t e r -
e s t o f t h e b e a r e r o f t h e m a r k – w h i c h r e m a i n s t o t h i s d a y a fir st
2 74
p r i n c i p l e o f o r d e r e d g o v e r n m e n t – t o p r o v o k e a n d e n c o u r a g e e vi l -
d o i n g , p a r t icu la r ly t h e fo r m t h a t m a n ife s t s it s elf in r e b e lli o n .
C a i n t e r r o r ize d e vi l w i t h a w e s o m e d e p e n d a b ilit y. H i s fa i t h t h a t
G o d w o u l d a v e n g e h i s e n e m i e s m a d e h i m a h i g h l y r e li a b le p u b l i c
p r o t e c t o r . D o w n t h r o u g h t h e a ge s , r i g h t e o u s p e o p l e c o u l d l i ve
s e cu r e i n t h e k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e m a r k - b e a r e r w o u l d s t o p a t n o t h -
i n g t o p e r s e c u t e e v i l d o e r s . T h i s fa c t i s m a r v e l o u s l y d e c l a r e d i n
S c r i p t u r e . I n t h e s e v e n t h c e n t u r y B C , t h e m a r k - b e a r i n g Ba b y l o n i -
a n s w e r e a p p o i n t e d b y G o d t o c a p t u r e t h e w a yw a r d I s r a e lit e s a n d
s h o w t h e m s o m e h a r s h d i s c i p l i n e . I s r a e l c o u l d n ’t u n d e r s t a n d w h y
G o d wo u ld p u t a va i n , e vil Ba b ylo n i a n k in g o ve r H is o w n ch o s e n
p e o p l e . G o d e x p l a i n e d s a yin g: “S e e , h e i s p u ffed u p , a n d h is d es ir es
ar e n o t u p r igh t , b u t t h e righteous shall live by his fa it h .” 37
H o w h a s t h e m a r k m a n a g e d t o r e m a i n v i b r a n t fo r n e a r l y s ix
t h o u s a n d yea r s ? G r a n d C o m m a n d e r Al b e r t P i k e , i n h is in flu -
e n t i a l Morals and Dogm a, t h r e w v a l u a b l e l i g h t o n t h e s u b j e c t . H e
d e c l a r e d t h a t “fr o m t h e e a r lie s t t i m e , ” F r e e m a s o n r y h a s b e e n t h e
“c u s t o d i a n a n d d e p o s i t o r y ” o f t h e “s ym b o l s , e m b l e m s , a n d a l l e -
go r ie s . . . e r e c t e d b y E n o c h . ” 3 8
T h e C o m m a n d e r wa s ca r e fu l t o sa y
h e m e a n t n o t Ca i n ’s s o n E n o c h , b u t t h e Bi b le ’s o t h e r E n o c h ,
E n o c h - 2 , t h e go o d E n o c h , t h e E n o c h “w h o wa lk e d w i t h G o d . ” 3 9
H o w e v e r , h i s a t t e m p t t o d i s s o c i a t e h is i n s t i t u t i o n fr o m C a i n p u t s
t h e Co m m a n d e r a t va r ia n ce wit h M a s o n ic a n d b ib lica l ch r o n o lo -
gy. F o r if a b i b l i c a l E n o c h e r e c t e d t h e e a r lie s t i m a ge r y o f F r e e m a -
s o n r y, i t c o u l d n o t p o s s i b l y h a v e b e e n E n o c h - 2 . I t h a d t o h a v e
b e e n E n o c h - 1. Let ’s e x a m i n e t h e c h r o n o lo g y.
E n o c h - 2 wa s d e s c e n d e d fr o m S e t h , w h o m E ve c o n c e i v e d a ft er
t h e d e a t h o f A b e l – “fo r G o d , sa id s h e , h a t h a p p o i n t e d m e a n o t h -
e r seed in st ea d o f Ab e l , w h o m C a i n s le w.” 40
W h e n E ve c o n c e i ve d
S e t h , A d a m w a s 1 3 0 ye a r s o l d . 4 1
Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e s cr ip t u r a lly
fa it h fu l c o m p u t a t i o n s o f t h e Ar c h b i s h o p o f Ar m a g h , J a m e s U s s h e r
( 1 5 8 1 – 1 6 5 6 ) , A d a m wa s c r e a t e d i n 4 0 0 4 B C . T h u s , S e t h w a s b o r n
i n 3 8 7 4 B C . G e n e s i s 5 : 6 – 2 0 g i ve s u s a n e x a c t t o l l o f t h e ye a r s
b e t w e e n S e t h a n d h is gr e a t - gr e a t - gr e a t - gr e a t gr a n d s o n E n o c h - 2 :
2 75
Ag e o f father
Fath e r So n at son’s birth
Se t h En os 10 5
En os Ca in a n 90
Ca in a n M a h a le e l 70
M a h a le e l J ared 65
Tared E n och - 2 16 2
To tal years 492
Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e Bi b l e , E n o c h - 2 w a s b o r n 4 9 2 ye a r s a ft e r t h e
b i r t h o f S e t h , o r i n 3 3 8 2 B C . N O W , C o m m a n d e r P ik e ’s b o o k , Morals
and Dogm a, r e c k o n s its d a t e o f p u b l i c a t i o n i n b o t h Ch r i s t i a n ( 1 8 7 1
A D ) a n d M a s o n i c ( 5 6 8 0 A M ) c h r o n o l o g y. T o fin d o u t t h e b e g i n n i n g
o f M a s o n i c h i s t o r y – t h a t “e a r li e s t t i m e ” i n w h i c h E n o c h e r e c t e d
h i s “s y m b o l s , e m b l e m s , a n d a l l e g o r i e s ” – i n t e r m s o f C h r i s t i a n
c h r o n o l o g y, w e s u b t r a ct t h e g i v e n Ch r i s t i a n ye a r fr o m it s M a s o n i c
e q u i v a l e n t ( 1 8 7 1 fr o m 5 6 8 0 ) . T h i s gi ve s u s a fir st M a s o n i c ye a r o f
3 8 0 9 BC. 4 2
Bu t t h e figu r e s s h o w t h a t E n o c h - 2 w a s n o t b o r n u n t i l
3 3 8 2 , s o m e 4 2 7 ye a r s after F r e e m a s o n r y’s “e a r lie s t t i m e ”! E n o c h - 2
c o u l d n o t p o s s ib ly h a v e e r e c t e d t h e p r o t o t yp i c a l s ym b o l i c d e v i c e s
o f w h i c h F r e e m a s o n r y h a s e v e r b e e n c u s t o d i a n a n d d e p o s i t o r y.
H o w e v e r , Ca i n ’s s o n , E n o c h - 1, ve r y w e l l c o u l d h a v e !
C a i n b e g a n h i s w a n d e r i n g a ft e r Ab e l ’s d e a t h , w h i c h t h e Bi b l e
m a r k s w i t h Se t h ’s c o n c e p t i o n a n d Ad a m ’s a ge , 1 3 0 ye a r s , i n a b o u t
3 8 7 6 B C . I f w e g i ve C a i n t e n ye a r s t o fin d a w i fe , s e t t le d o w n , a n d
s ir e a c h i l d , E n o c h - 1 w o u l d h a v e b e e n b o r n i n 3 8 6 6 B C . T h i s
w o u l d m a k e h i m a 5 5 - ye a r - o l d m a n i n t h e fir st M a s o n i c yea r , 3 8 0 9 .
At t h a t a ge , E n o c h - 1 w o u l d h a v e b e e n fu lly e q u i p p e d t o e r e ct s ym -
b o ls a n d a lle go r i e s m e m o r i a l i z i n g h i s fa t h e r ’s d i v i n e a p p o i n t m e n t
t o r u le p o p u l a t i o n s “o u t fr o m t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e L o r d . ” 43
I n c i d e n t a l l y, P r o fe s s o r S a y c e p l a c e d C a i n i n M a s o n r y’s e a r ly
ye a r s against his previous determ inations. S a y c e a d m i t t e d t o b e i n g
c o m p e l l e d b y t h e s ch o la r ly d ilige n ce o f a la t t e r - d a y Ba b yl o n i a n
k i n g t o a c c e p t t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t S a r g o n l i ve d a s e a r ly a s fo u r t h o u -
s a n d ye a r s b e fo r e Ch r i s t :
T h e last k in g o f Ba b ylo n ia , N a b o n id a s , h a d a n t iq u a r ia n
2 76
t a st es, a n d bu sied h im s e lf n o t o n ly wit h t h e r es t or a t ion of t h e

old t em p les of h is cou n t r y, bu t also wit h t h e d isin t er m en t of t h e
m em or ia l cylin d er s wh ich t h eir bu ilder s an d restorers h ad bu r ied
b en ea t h t h eir fou n d a t ion . It was k n o wn t h a t t h e gr eat t em p le of
t h e Su n - go d a t Sip p a r a ... h a d or igin a lly b e e n er ect ed b y
N a r a m - Sin [ E n och ] , t h e son of Sa r go n , a n d a t t em p t s h a d b e e n
alr ead y m a d e t o fin d t h e r ecor d s w h i ch , it was assu m ed , h e h a d
e n t o m b e d u n d er its a n gles. W i t h tr u e a n t iq u a r ia n zea l,
N a b o n id a s co n t in u e d t h e sea r ch u n t il h e h a d ligh t ed u p on ‘t h e
fou n d a t ion st on e’ of N a r a m - Sin h im self. Th is ‘fou n d a t ion -st on e’
h e t ells u s h a d b e e n seen b y n o n e of h is p r ed ecessor s for 3 2 0 0
year s. In t h e op in ion , accor d in gly, of N a b on id a s, a kin g wh o was
cu r iou s a b ou t t h e p ast h ist or y of h is cou n t r y, a n d wh os e r oya l
p osit ion ga ve h im t h e best possible op p or t u n it ies for lea r n in g all
t h a t cou ld b e k n o w n a b ou t it, N a r a m - Sin an d h is fat h er Sa r gon
lived 3 2 0 0 years befor e h is o wn t im e, or 3 7 5 0 BC.
W h a t w e s e e i n t h e Bib le ’s a c c o u n t o f h o w U n u k c a m e a b o u t
is n o t h i n g less t h a n the foundation of the w orld’s legal sy stem . T h a t
G o d wo u ld o r d a in a n e vil m a n t o a d m in is t e r t h e la w m a k e s su b-
lim e s e n s e t o m e .
I n o u r fi n a l c h a p t e r , I s h a l l a sk yo u r i n d u l g e n c e in a fe w p e r -
s o n a l r e fle ct io n s o f m y o w n a s t o h o w a s ys t e m d e s ign e d t o p r o ce s s
e vi l c a n d o a s m u c h g o o d a s it d o e s .
2 77
Chapter 25
THE TWO MINISTRIES
“ T h e ye a r s p a s s s o q u i c k l y – w h e r e d o t h e y go ? – s o
q u ick ly, a n d t h e n w e ge t o ld . W e n e v e r k n e w w h a t
a n y of it wa s a b ou t .”
—W O O D Y ALLE N , RADIO DAYS
W
H AT , T O M E , m a k e s t h e Bi b le s u c h a n i n vi t i n g r e s o u r ce i s
t h e vi g o r w i t h w h i c h t h e r u le r s o f e v i l h a v e s u p p r e s s e d
it s u n l i c e n s e d r e a d i n g . It ’s b e e n m y e x p e r i e n c e t h a t a s
p r e d i c t a b l y a s s u c h r u le r s p la y w i t h t r u t h , t h e Bi b l e fo r t h r i g h t l y
t e lls it .
T h e p r e vi o u s c h a p t e r s h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n i n t h e p r e s u m p t i o n
t h a t r u lin g i n s t i t u t i o n s are w h a t t h e y sa y t h e y a r e ( u n d e r t h e C a i n
c o v e n a n t t h e y m u s t t r u t h fu lly id e n t ify t h e ir o r igin s , w h i c h t h e y d o
w i t h c a b a l a h ) . It ’s o n l y fa ir , t h e n , t h a t I w r i t e t h i s c h a p t e r i n t h e
p r e s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e Bi b l e r e a lly is w h a t it sa ys it is. I t c l a i m s t o
b e t h e u n i q u e , r e v e a l e d W o r d o f G o d , a n d t h e v e r i t a b l e lit e r a r y
1
e m b o d i m e n t o f J esu s Ch r i s t . I f w e d i s b e l i e ve t h a t c l a i m , w e m u s t
2
d i s b e l i e v e a ll t h e m o t t o e s , i n s i g n i a , b u lls , e n c y c l i c a l s , l a w s , a ct s ,
o r d i n a t i o n s , c o n s t i t u t i o n s , o a t h s , a n d d e cr e e s o f t h e r u ler s o f e vi l.
Ac c o r d i n g t o G o d (a s g i v e n i n S c r i p t u r e ) , t h e p u r p o s e o f la w
is t o r e gu la t e e vi ld o e r s . H e a r t h e a p o s t le P a u l:
2 79
We also k n o w t h a t law is m a d e n o t for t h e r igh t eou s b u t for

la wb r ea ker s a n d r eb els, t h e u n god ly a n d sin fu l, t h e u n h o ly a n d
ir r eligiou s; for t h ose wh o kill t h eir fa t h er s or m ot h er s , for m ur -
der er s, for ad u lter er s an d p er ver t s, for slave traders an d liars an d
p er ju r er s – a n d for wh a t e ve r else is co n t r a r y t o t h e sou n d d oc-
tr in e t h a t con for m s t o t h e glor iou s gosp el of t h e blessed Go d . 3
I n o t h e r w o r d s , a n y b e h a v i o r n o t c o n f o r m i n g t o “t h e glo r i o u s
g o s p e l ” o f G o d b e l o n g s t o t h e la w, w h i c h , o b v i o u s l y fr o m it s s u b -
j e c t m a t t e r , is a ju r i s d i ct i o n fo r e ign t o J esu s Ch r i s t .
Scr i p t u r e t e a c h e s u s t h a t t h e glo r io u s go s p e l c o m m a n d s ( 1) r e-
p e n t i n g o f s in fu l life s t yle s , ( 2 ) l o v i n g n e i g h b o r a s o n e s e lf, ( 3 ) lo v-
4 5
in g a n d b le s s in g o n e ’s e n e m i e s , ( 4 ) g i v i n g fr e e ly w i t h o u t t h o u g h t
6
o f r e wa r d , ( 5 ) fo r gi vi n g d e b t s a n d in ju r ie s , a n d ( 6 ) p r e a c h i n g t h a t
7 8
w h o e v e r b e li e ve s t h e e v i d e n c e o f Ch r i s t ’s life, d e a t h , a n d r es u r r ec-
t i o n e n t e r s t h e r o ya l fa m ily o f G o d for a ll e t e r n it y. N o t e ve r y p er -9
s o n a l i t y i s d r a w n t o t h e glo r i o u s g o s p e l , 10
a l t h o u g h S c r i p t u r e t e lls
u s t h a t e ve r yo n e is a sked ( in som e wa y) t o k n o w it . 11
For t h e p r o-
t e c t i o n o f t h o s e d r a w n t o t h e glo r io u s go s p e l, a n d for t h e m a n a g e -
m e n t o f t h o s e fo r e i g n t o it , t h e r e e xi s t s t h e “r u le o f la w. ” R u l e o f
la w i s t h e s ys t e m b y w h i c h a u t h o r i t i e s b e a r i n g Ca i n ’s “p o w e r s a n d
in s ign ia o f k i n g s h i p ” r u le t h e W o r l d . Ve r y br iefly, it c o m p a r e s w i t h
t h e glo r io u s go s p e l in t h e fo l l o w i n g wa ys :
Gl o r i o u s go s p e l R u l e o f law
R e p e n t o f s i n fu l l i fe s t yl e M a n a g e s i n fu l li fe s t yle
Lo ve n e igh b o r a s on eself Ac h i e v e a d va n t a ge o ve r n e igh b o r
L o v e a n d b le s s o n e ’s e n e m i e s C o n q u e r o n e ’s e n e m i e s b y l e g a l m e a n s
G i v e fr e e l y w i t h o u t t h o u g h t o f r e w a r d G i v e r eq u ir in g r ewa r d
F o r give d e b t s a n d in ju r ies E n fo r c e p a y m e n t o f d e b t s a n d in ju r ies

w i t h in t er est
P r e a ch t h a t w h o e ve r b e lie ve s t h e e vi- P r e a ch t h e a b sen t ee, im p er son a l G o d

d e n c e o f Ch r i s t ’s life , d e a t h , a n d r e s - o f C a i n , D e i s m , a n d o t h e r fa i t h s
u r r e ct i o n e n t e r s t h e r o ya l fa m ily o f
G o d fo r a l l e t e r n i t y
280
C H AP T E R 2 5 T H E T W O M I N I ST R I E S
T h e fo llo w i n g t a b le s h o ws h o w r ea d ily t h e R o m a n Ca t h o l i c
Ch u r c h - S t a t e o r ga n i s m co n fo r m s t o t h e r u le o f la w:
Se cu lar Ro m an
R u le o f law Go ve r n m e n t Ca t h o l i c i s m
M a n a g e s i n fu l li fe s t yle Le gis la t io n , p o lice , cr im i- P o n t ifica t io n , I n q u isit ioi

n a l ju s t ice, p h ila n t h r o p y, t h e H o ly Sa cr a m en t s,
m ed ia m ed ia
Co m p e t it io n : Ac h i e v e Se lf- in t e r e s t e d p o lit ica l Se lf- in t e r e s t e d p o lit ica l

a d va n t a ge o ve r n e igh b o r a ct io n , c o m p e t i t i o n , p a r t i- a c t i o n in t h e gu ise o f eci
sa n ism , n a t io n a lis m m e n i s m (e.g., Tr e n t )
C o n q u e r o n e ’s e n e m i e s b y W a r an d em er gen cy p ow- “ E n d ju s t ifie s t h e m e a n s ”

lega l m e a n s er s, D a r w i n i a n s u r viva l- r a t ion a le of t h e Ch u r c h
ism , p a t r io t is m M i l i t a n t (Regim ini m ilit a n -
tis ecclesiae)
G i v e , r eq u ir in g r ewa r d P r o fi t - b a s e d t r a d e a n d Sa lva t ion ear n ed by g o o d

com m er ce wo r ks ; t h e sellin g o f
in d u lgen ces
E n fo r ce p a ym e n t o f d e b t s J u d i c i a r y, p o l i c e F o r g i v e n e s s o f s in s i n
a n d in ju r ies w i t h in t e r e s t e x c h a n g e fo r p a y m e n t s
an d p en a n ces
Pr ea ch t h e absen t ee, P r e a c h i n g “I n G o d W e P r a y i n g t o s a i n t s fo r
im p er son a l G o d of Ca i n , Tr u st ” wh ile p r o h ib it in g in t er cession wit h a n
D e i s m , a n d o t h e r fa i t h s Bib le s i n s c h o o l s a b sen t ee, im p er son a l
Sa vio u r
T h e r u le o f la w is w h a t Sc r i p t u r e ca lls a “m i n i s t r a t i o n o f c o n -
d em n at ion .” 12
T h e “s t r e n g t h ” o f t h e r u le o f la w i s s i n . 13
Th i s is
o b s e r v a b l e i n h o w la w i s a t it s m o s t v i b r a n t w h e n fe r r e t i n g o u t ,
p r o s e c u t i n g , a n d p u n i s h i n g c r i m e . O ffi c i a l s o f t h e r u le o f la w a r e
ca lle d “m in is t e r s o f r igh t e o u s n e s s , w h o s e e n d s h a ll b e a c c o r d i n g t o
t h eir wo r k s .” 14
( I t a ke t h is t o m e a n “G o o d wo r ks , go o d e n d ; b a d
w o r k s , b a d e n d . ”) As m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d o f a m in is t r y a p p o i n t e d t o
C a i n , w h o Sc r i p t u r e t e lls u s wa s “o f t h a t w i c k e d o n e , ” 13
t h e m in is -
t r a t i o n o f c o n d e m n a t i o n – t h e r u le o f la w – b e l o n g s t o S a t a n . I t is
a s h o c k i n g t h i n g t o r e a lize t h a t , a c c o r d i n g t o Sc r i p t u r e , w o r l d la w
is Sa t a n ’s p r o v i n c e . Bu t s u r p r is in gly, S c r i p t u r e a ls o t e a c h e s t h a t a
c e r t a i n d e gr e e o f co r d ia lit y e xis t s b e t w e e n G o d a n d S a t a n .
281
W e le a r n fr o m t h e b o o k o f J ob t h a t S a t a n i s w e l c o m e i n G o d ’s
h e a ve n ly t h r on e r o o m , 16
e v e n t h o u g h h e h a s le d a r e b e l l i o n i n
H e a v e n fo r w h i c h o n e t h i r d o f t h e a n g e l i c p o p u l a t i o n w e r e ca s t
out. 17
H i s b u s in e s s co n s is t s o f “g o i n g t o a n d fr o i n t h e e a r t h , w a l k -
in g u p a n d d o w n i n i t . ” 18
S i n c e h e i s a n a n g e l , a n d t h e r e fo r e i n c a -
p a b le o f a b o d i ly e x i s t e n c e , S a t a n c a n o n l y a ffect h u m a n affair s b y
( i ) p r o v i d i n g s p ir it u a l d i r e c t i o n t o h u m a n b e i n g s w h o c o n s e n t t o
h i m a s “t h e g o d o f t h i s w o r l d , ” 19
a n d ( 2 ) m a n i p u l a t i n g t h e fo r ce s
o f n a t u r e a s “p r i n c e o f t h e p o w e r o f t h e a ir . ” 20
To s ecu r e p o p u la r
c o n s e n t t o h is s p ir it u a l d i r e c t i o n , h e e m p lo ys h is s u p e r n a t u r a l a b il-
it ies t o m a k e h i m s e lf ir r esist ib ly a t t r a c t i ve . H e ’s a n a n ge l o f l i g h t , 21
t h e a u t h o r of t h e h u m a n is t e xt r a va ga n za – p o m p a n d cir cu m -
s t a n ce , b r e a t h t a k i n g vis u a l e x p e r i e n c e , d i s o r i e n t i n g e m o t i o n a l i s m ,
a r ch it ect u r e t h a t o ve r wh e lm s . H e m ea n s t o co n vi n ce u s ( 1) t h a t
h e w i e l d s t h e p o w e r o f G o d Al m i g h t y o n e a r t h , a n d ( 2 ) t h a t w e
a r e t h e r e fo r e b o u n d t o fo l l o w h i s m o r a l g u i d a n c e . 2 2
J es u s C h r i s t
a gr e e d w i t h t h e fir st p r o p o s i t i o n ( a n d i n s o d o i n g a ffir m e d , i n m y
op in ion , t h e co ve n a n t b et ween G o d an d Ca i n ) , bu t a d m on ish ed
S a t a n t h a t only the w ritten w ord of God is fit t o gu id e m a n k i n d a n d
Tr ick s t e r a l i k e . 23
Q u i t e a p a r t fr o m its in fa llib le m o r a l g u i d a n c e , t h e
w r i t t e n w o r d o f G o d a p p e a r s t o b e the only truthful disclosure o f
Satan’s origin, scope, and purpose. I t s p o t e n t i a l fo r d a m a g i n g h is
a p p e a l is w h y t h e h i g h e s t r u ler s o f la w h a v e t r a d i t i o n a lly p r o h i b i t -
e d , o r a t lea s t n o t d i li ge n t ly e n c o u r a g e d , Bi b le r e a d in g.
T H E e a r l i e s t Ch r i s t i a n s w e l l u n d e r s t o o d R o m e ’s i n d i s p e n s a b l e
s a t a n ic r o le in h u m a n affair s. I n t h e le ga l p r o ce s s w h i c h Ch r i s t
e s t a b l i s h e d for m e m b e r s o f h is C h u r c h , t h e h a r s h e s t s e n t e n c e a n
o ffe n d e r c o u l d r e c e i ve wa s a b a n d o n m e n t t o Ca e s a r e a n a u t h o r it y:
I f you r b r o t h e r sin s a ga in st you , go an d sh ow h im h is fa u lt ,

ju st b e t we e n t h e t wo of yo u . I f h e list en s t o you , you h a ve wo n
you r b r ot h er over . Bu t if h e will n o t list en , t a ke on e or t wo ot h -
ers a lo n g, so t h a t ‘ever y m a t t er m ay b e est a b lish ed b y t h e t est i-
m o n y of t wo or t h r ee wit n esses.’ I f h e refuses t o list en t o t h e m ,
t e ll it t o t h e ch u r ch ; a n d if h e r efuses t o list en e ve n t o t h e
ch u r ch , tr eat h im as you wou ld a p agan or a t ax collect or . 24
282
C H AP T E R 2 5 T H E T W O M I N I STRI E S
W r i t i n g a b o u t “H y m e n a e u s a n d Al e x a n d e r , w h o m I h a v e hand-
ed over t o Satan t o b e t a u g h t n o t t o b l a s p h e m e , ” 25
t h e a p o s t le P a u l
wa s n o t t a lk in g a b o u t c o m m i t t i n g u n r u ly c h u r c h m e n t o s o m e
s a t a n ic cu lt . N o r d id h e m e a n b y t h e fo llo win g co u n s e l t h a t t h e
c h u r c h a t C o r i n t h s h o u ld e n ga ge i n d e m o n i c i n c a n t a t i o n s :
W h e n you are assem bled in t h e n a m e of ou r Lor d J esus an d

I am wit h you in sp ir it , a n d t h e p ower of ou r Lor d J esus is p r es-
en t , hand this m an over to Satan, so t h a t t h e sin fu l n a t u r e m ay be
d estr oyed an d h is spirit saved on t h e day of t h e Lor d . 26
I n b o t h ca s e s , P a u l w a s h e e d i n g Ch r i s t ’s c o m m a n d m e n t c o n -
ce r n in g b r e t h r e n w h o r e je ct e d b o t h t h e glor iou s go s p e l a n d t h e
r u le o f la w: t u r n t h e m o v e r t o t h e Ca e s a r e a n c r i m i n a l j u s t i c e sys-
t e m for their ow n good and for the good of the church. T h u s , t h e e a r li-
e s t Ch r i s t i a n s w e r e k e e n l y a w a r e t h a t R o m e ’s p u r p o s e , a s t h e
s p ir it u a l h e i r o f C a i n a n d t h e i n c a r n a t i o n o f t h e s a t a n i c s p ir it , wa s
( 1) t o t e a ch t h e p eop le of G o d n o t t o b la sp h em e, ( 2 ) t o d estr oy
t h e s in fu l n a t u r e , t h e r e b y ( 3 ) t o s a ve m a n ’s s p ir it fr o m e t e r n a l
d a m n a t i o n o n j u d g m e n t d a y. T h i s v i o l e n t g o o d - w o r k i n g s p ir it i s
c h a r a c t e r i z e d a t P s a l m 2 : 9 a n d a g a i n a t R e v e l a t i o n 2 : 2 7 a s a “r o d
o f ir o n ” w i t h w h i c h Ch r i s t r u les n a t i o n s a n d d a s h e s t h e m t o p ie ce s .
T h e J u d a e a n p o l i t i c a l le a d e r s , a n t i c i p a t i n g a M e s s i a h w h o w o u l d
o v e r t h r o w Ca e s a r , d i d n ’t u n d e r s t a n d t h a t Rom e wa s Ch r i s t ’s r o d o f
i r o n . Be c a u s e H e w o u l d n o t d a s h R o m e t o p i e c e s , t h e y d e c l a r e d
H i m a n im p o s t o r , d e m a n d e d H is cr u cifixio n , a n d glo a t e d w h e n H e
fa i le d t o c o m e off t h e cr o s s . T h e y c o u l d n o t f a t h o m H i s c o n s e n t -
in g t o su ffer u n d e r t h e v i o l e n t j u s t i c e o f H i s o w n r o d . N o r c o u l d
t h e y fo r e s e e t h a t H e w o u l d u s e t h i s s a m e r o d o n S e p t e m b e r 8 , 7 0
i n t h e p e r s o n o f t h e R o m a n g e n e r a l Ve s p a s i a n u s T i t u s , w h o c a p -
t u r e d t h e ir r e b e llio u s cit y, J e r u s a le m , a n d d a s h e d it t o p ie ce s .
P a u l , w h o m h i s n o n - b e l i e v i n g I s r a e li t e b r e t h r e n c o n t i n u a l l y
m u g g e d , p e r s e c u t e d , j a i le d , t o r t u r e d , a n d h o u n d e d t h r o u g h o u t h is
M e d i t e r r a n e a n a n d A e g e a n m in is t r y, u n d e r s t o o d t h e r o d o f ir o n .
I t w a s i n h is l e t t e r t o t h e R o m a n s t h a t w e fin d p e r h a p s t h e m o s t
e lo q u e n t s t a t e m e n t o n t h e N e w W o r l d O r d e r e ve r w r i t t e n ( I cit e
fr o m t h e N e w I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ve r s i o n ) :
283
Ever yon e m u st su b m it h im self t o t h e go ve r n in g a u t h or it ies,

for t h er e is n o a u t h or it y excep t t h a t wh ich Go d h as est a b lish ed .
T h e a u t h or it ies t h a t exis t [“p ower s t h a t b e” in t h e Kin g J am es
Ver sion ] h a ve b e e n establish ed b y Go d .
Co n s e q u e n t ly, h e w h o r eb els a ga in st t h e a u t h o r it y is
r eb ellin g a ga in st wh a t G o d h as in st it u t ed , an d t h ose wh o d o so
will br in g ju d gm en t on t h em selves.
For rulers h old n o terror for t h ose wh o d o r igh t , bu t for th ose
wh o d o wr o n g. Do you wa n t t o b e free fr om fear of t h e o n e in
au t h or it y? T h e n d o wh a t is r igh t an d h e will com m en d you .
For h e is God ’s ser va n t t o d o you good . Bu t if you d o wr on g,
be afraid, for h e d oes n ot bear t h e sword for n ot h in g. H e is God ’s
s er va n t , a n a gen t of wr a t h t o b r in g p u n is h m e n t on t h e wr o n g-
doer.
Th e r e fo r e , it is n ecessa r y t o su b m it t o t h e a u t h o r it ie s , n o t
o n ly b eca u se of p ossib le p u n is h m e n t b u t a lso b eca u s e of co n -
scien ce.
Th is is also wh y you p ay t a xes, for t h e a u t h or it ies are Go d ’s
ser van t s, wh o give t h eir full t im e t o gover n in g.
G i v e e ve r yo n e wh a t you owe h im : I f you o we t a xe s , pay
t axes; if r even u e, t h e n r even u e; if r esp ect , t h e n r esp ect; if h on or ,
t h en h on or .
Let n o d eb t r em a in ou t st a n d in g, excep t t h e co n t in u in g d eb t
t o love on e a n ot h er , for h e wh o loves h is fellowm a n h as fulfilled
t h e law. 27
Sin ce t h e e p o ch o f E m p er or Co n s t a n t i n e , t h e R o m a n p a p a cy
h a s fo s t e r e d t h e c o n c e p t t h a t t h e r u le r w h o t e r r o r ize s w r o n g d o e r s
is n e ce s s a r ily a Ch r i s t i a n . P o p e Sylve s t e r , t h e Bi s h o p o f R o m e w h o
s u p p o s e d l y c o n v e r t e d C o n s t a n t i n e t o Ch r i s t i a n i t y , s a w n o t h i n g
s t r a n ge in a wa r r io r c o m i n g t o fa it h in a cr u cifie d Ch r i s t b y s la u gh -
t e r in g h is e n e m i e s . ” 2 8
T h i s t h i n k i n g p e r v a d e d S yl ve s t e r ’s s u c c e s -
s o r s , a s w e l l a s t h e Cr u s a d e s , t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e , E u r o p e a n
n a t io n a lis m , t h e Am e r i c a n R e vo l u t i o n , t h e W a r o f S o u t h e r n Se -
ce s s io n , a n d t h e wa r s o f t h e t w e n t i e t h ce n t u r y. I n d e e d , p e r h a p s t h e
b l a c k p a p a c y’s m o s t a d m i r a b l e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c o n q u e s t i s t h a t
P r o t e s t a n t s ge n e r a lly a gr e e t h a t a r m e d r u le r s h ip is a n a u t h o r i t y in -
s t it u t e d b y G o d for Ch r i s t i a n s t o e xe r c i s e . S i n c e t h e r e i s n o s cr ip -
284
C H AP T E R 2 5 T H E T W O M I N I STRI E S
t u r a l a u t h o r i t y for a m e m b e r o f t h e Bo d y o f Ch r i s t t o b e a r a n y k i n d
o f a r m a m e n t w h a t s o e v e r o t h e r t h a n t h e fi g u r a t i ve w e a p o n r y o f
G o d ’s W o r d , a g r e e i n g t o s u c h a p r i n c i p l e s ign ifie s prim a facie a d -
h e r e n ce t o t h e m or a l gu id a n ce of h im w h o bear s t h e p o we r of
Al m i g h t y G o d o n e a r t h , t h e p e r s o n w h o le git im a t e ly b ea r s t h e
m a r k o f C a i n in a l o n g s u cce s s io n b e g u n w i t h P e t e r . Ye s , t h e p o p e s
c a n t r u t h fu lly d e c l a r e t h a t “P e t e r ” i s t h e i r f o u n d a t i o n b y h o l d i n g
i n m e n t a l r e s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e H e b r e w D J r , p r o n o u n c e d “p a y-
t er ,” m e a n s . . . firstling, w h i c h o f co u r s e is Ca i n ’s p r im a r y a t t r ib u t e
29
a s fir s t b or n of E ve .
Su p p o r t e r s o f t h e a r gu m e n t fa vo r in g le t h a l- fo r ce Ch r i s t i a n
r u le r s h ip u s u a lly s t a n d o n a s in gle s cr ip t u r a l p a s s a ge . It’s t h a t ve r s e
i n L u k e 2 2 w h e r e i n , a s t h e b e t r a ya l n e a r s , Ch r i s t a d m o n i s h e s h is
d is cip le s , “I f yo u d o n ’t h a v e a s wo r d , sell yo u r c l o a k a n d b u y o n e . ” 30
I h a v e o ft e n h e a r d Ch r i s t i a n m i l i t i a m e n ( s o m e o f w h o m I a m n o t
a s h a m e d t o c a l l m y fr i e n d s ) u se t h i s t o ju s t ify a r m i n g t h e m s e l v e s
a ga in s t t h e m i n i o n s o f u n ju s t r u le r s . Bu t J esu s e x p l a i n e d o t h e r w i s e
i n t h e ve r y n e x t ve r s e : “I t i s w r i t t e n : ‘An d h e w a s n u m b e r e d w i t h
t h e t r a n s gr e s s o r s ’ [see I s a i a h 5 3 : 1 2 ] ; a n d I t e l l y o u t h a t t h i s m u s t
b e fu lfi lle d i n m e . ” I n o r d e r t o fu lfill p r o p h e c y, C h r i s t h a d t o b e
n u m b e r e d a m o n g l a w b r e a k e r s , w h i c h b e a r i n g s wo r d s w o u l d ce r -
t a in ly m a k e o f t h e d is cip le s o f a n y t r u e P r i n ce o f P e a c e . As s o o n a s
t h e d is cip le s p r o d u c e d t w o s wo r d s – t h e m i n i m u m n u m b e r c o n s t i -
t u t i n g t h e p l u r a l “t r a n s gr e s s o r s ” – p r o p h e c y w a s fu lfi lle d . Ch r i s t
t h e n t o ld t h e m “I t i s e n o u g h . ” F r o m t h e n o n , n o m o r e clo a k s w e r e
s o ld , n o m o r e s wo r d s b o u g h t .
R O M A N Ch r i s t i a n i t y’s s u cce s s a t a v e n g i n g e v i l h a s r e s u lt e d i n a
w o r l d t h a t s e v e r e l y m is t r u s t s t h e C h r i s t i a n g o s p e l . It ’s t o
R o m e ’s a d v a n t a g e t h a t t h e Ch r i s t i a n go s p e l b e m is t r u s t e d , fo r a n y
s o u l t h a t m is t r u s t s Ch r i s t is R o m e ’s la wfu l p r e y. It ’s t o R o m e ’s a d -
va n t a g e t h a t g o ve r n i n g b o d i e s b e r e b e lle d a ga in s t a s t yr a n n i c a l , for
r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t t yr a n t s i s d i s o b e d i e n c e t o t h e g l o r i o u s g o s p e l .
M u c h a s I d e s p a ir e d o v e r t h e vi c i o u s t a k i n g o f i n n o c e n t life in t h e
W a c o m a s s a cr e , I h a d n o c h o i c e b u t t o s e e it a s a r a t h e r s t a n d a r d
C h u r c h - M i l i t a n t i n q u i s i t o r i a l p r o c e d u r e a ga i n s t p e r c e i v e d r e b e l-
285
lio u s n e s s . A T F S p e c i a l A g e n t D a v y Ag u i l e r a ’s a ffid a vit , 31

w h i c h r e-
s u lt e d in t h e wa r r a n t u n d e r w h i c h g o ve r n i n g b o d ie s in va d e d t h e
D a v i d i a n c o m p o u n d , dutifully listed the scriptural errors of David Ko-
resh. Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e a ffid a vit , Ve r n o n H o w e l l a d o p t e d t h e n a m e
D a v i d Ko r e s h b e c a u s e h e “b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e n a m e h e l p e d d e s i g-
n a t e h i m a s t h e m e s s i a h o r t h e a n o i n t e d o n e o f G o d ” ( p 2 ) . Ye t o n e
gr o u p m e m b e r s t a t e d t h a t Ko r e s h ’s t e a c h i n g “d id n o t a l w a ys c o i n -
c i d e w i t h t h e Bi b l e ” ( p 11) . T h i s a l l e g a t i o n i s s u p p o r t e d b y Ag u i l -
er a ’s fin d in g t h a t t h e “a n o i n t e d o n e o f G o d ” a n d h is fo llo w e r s h a d
s p e n t a t le a s t $ 4 4 , 0 0 0 o n gu n s a n d e x p l o s i v e s d u r i n g 1 9 9 2 a l o n e ,
i n c l u d i n g h a n d gr e n a d e s a n d r ifle gr e n a d e s , g u n p o w d e r a n d p o t a s -
siu m n it r a t e ( p 6 ) . W h e r e in Scr ip t u r e are t h e a n o in t e d on es o f
Ch r i s t t o ld t o s t o ck u p o n d e s t r u ct ive we a p o n r y? Ac c o r d i n g t o
Ag u i l e r a ’s i n q u i s i t i o n , “ D a v i d Ko r e s h s t a t e d t h a t t h e B i b l e g a v e
h i m t h e r i gh t t o b e a r a r m s ” ( p 15 ) . W h e r e i n t h e glo r i o u s g o s p e l i s
a n a n o i n t e d o n e o f G o d g i v e n t h e r i g h t t o b e a r a r m s ? Ko r e s h
p r o p h e s i e d t h e i m m a n e n t e n d o f t h e w o r l d , “t h a t i t w o u l d b e a
‘m i l i t a r y t yp e o p e r a t i o n ’ a n d t h a t a ll t h e ‘n o n - b e l i e v e r s ’ w o u l d
h a v e t o su ffer ” ( p 9 ) . W h e r e i n Sc r i p t u r e a r e Ch r i s t i a n s c o m m a n d -
e d t o m a k e wa r a ga in s t n o n - b e l i e ve r s ?
F r o m t h e I n q u is it io n ’s s t a n d p o i n t , t h e D a v i d i a n s p a id lip - s e r v-
i ce t o J esu s C h r i s t b u t d e m o n s t r a t e d a s u b s t a n t i v e i n fi d e l i t y t o
H i m b y i n fr i n g i n g u p o n t h e a n c i e n t C a i n fr a n c h i s e – t h e m a r k –
w h i c h flows t h r o u g h t h e U n i t e d St a t e s g o v e r n m e n t fr o m t h e b l a c k
p a p a c y. Ag a i n s t Ch r i s t ’s c o m m a n d m e n t , e v e n w h i l e p r o fe s s i n g
s cr ip t u r a l k n o w l e d g e , t h e D a vi d i a n s ch o s e t o b r a n d is h d e a d ly
we a p o n s – we a p o n s t h a t Ca i n cou ld e n vis io n p o in t e d a t h im self
s o m e d a y. H o w c o u l d a n y m a r k - b e a r i n g r u le r r es is t m o b i l i z i n g s e v-
e n f o l d v e n g e a n c e i n s e l f- d e fe n s e ? H o w c o u l d C a i n r esist h o l d i n g
t h e s e p r o fe s s e d Ch r i s t i a n s r e s p o n s i b l e u n d e r Ch r i s t ’s w a r n i n g a t
R e v e l a t i o n 1 3 : 1 0 : “H e t h a t k i l l e t h b y t h e s w o r d m u s t b e k i l l e d b y
t h e s wo r d ”? I s it a n y w o n d e r t h a t g o v e r n m e n t r e ga r d s m e m o r i e s o f
W a c o a s lit t le m o r e t h a n a n n o y a n c e s t o b e s t o n e w a lle d ?
Y E T o n e c a n live in t e llige n t ly, fr eely, a n d sa fely in a W o r l d le git -

im a t e ly g o v e r n e d b y t h e Tr ick s t e r . T h e s e cr e t is r e ve a l e d in t h e
286
r e s o u r ce w h i c h t h e Tr i c k s t e r h a s la b o r e d s o t ir e le s s ly t o m a r g i n a l -
ize: t h e H o l y Bi b le . I cit e a ga in t h a t r e m a r k a b le ve r s e in H a b a k k u k
( 2 : 4 ) , i n w h i c h G o d t e lls u s t h a t a l t h o u g h g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s h a v e
t h e w r o n g d es ir es , we c a n li ve sa fely in their faith t h a t G o d w i ll n o t
p u n i s h t h e m for a n n i h i l a t i n g t h e ir m o r t a l e n e m i e s .
S c r i p t u r e r e d u c e s a ll h u m a n i n t e r a c t i o n t o t w o g r e a t m i n -
is t r ie s : t h e m i n i s t r y o f C o n d e m n a t i o n ” 3 2
a n d t h e m in ist r y o f R e c-
on cilia t ion . 3 3
C o n d e m n a t i o n i s t h e r u l e r s h i p o f e v i l b y la w ; i t
ju d ge s a n d d o e s ju s t ice . S i n c e its s u b je ct is t h e c r i m i n a l m i n d ( “t h e
s t r e n g t h o f t h e la w i s s i n ”) , C o n d e m n a t i o n r e q u ir e s t h e b r i l l i a n c e
o f t h e fi r s t li n g, C a i n , a l o n g w i t h t h e d e v i o u s n e s s o f J e s u it r y a n d
S u n - T z u . C o n d e m n a t i o n e n fo r ce s its a u t h o r i t y w i t h d e a d ly fo r ce –
it “d o e s n o t b e a r t h e s wo r d for n o t h i n g . ”
T h e m in ist r y o f R e c o n c i l i a t i o n t e a ch e s a n d a d m in ist er s t h e
glo r io u s go s p e l o f Ch r i s t . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n d o e s n o t ju d ge e x e c u t a b l y
o r d o j u s t i c e . R a t h e r , it ju d ge s s p ir it u a lly, it l o ve s , n u r t u r e s , su ffer s
p a t i e n t ly, fo r give s , a n d r e jo ice s i n t h e t r u t h . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n n e v e r
fa ils b e ca u s e its s t r e n gt h is n o t s in b u t t h e p o w e r o f G o d .
T h e m i n i s t r y o f C o n d e m n a t i o n o p e r a t e s “o u t fr o m t h e p r e s -
e n c e o f t h e Lo r d . ” I t s o n l y p r o o f o f d i v i n e a s s o c i a t i o n i s a n i n e r t
s u b s t a n c e , a s e a l, a p a l l i u m , a m it e r , a co lla r , a b a d g e , t h e m a r k of
C a i n , t h e i n s i gn i a o f it s a u t h o r i t y t o t e r r o r ize e vi l d o e r s . T h e m i n -
ist r y o f R e c o n c i l i a t i o n is d i r e c t l y a n i m a t e d b y t h e Lo r d o p e r a t i n g
w i t h i n . I t p r o ve s d i v i n e a s s o c i a t i o n b y e v e r yt h i n g it d o e s : it s m e r e
existence is its s e a l.
T h e r e ar e e xce p t i o n s , o f cou r s e: Co n d e m n o r s w h o R e c o n c i l e
an d R e co n cile r s w h o Co n d e m n . M a n y lo vin g R o m a n Ca t h o li c
p r ie s t s d e d i c a t e t h e i r live s t o a fo r m o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , Co n f e s s i o n
a n d Ab s o l u t i o n . Bu t a r e n ’t t h e s e s a c r a m e n t s r e a lly a p r o c e s s o f
Co n d e m n a t i o n in w h i c h t h e co n fe s s a n t p le a d s gu ilt y a n d is sen -
t e n c e d o n t h e s p o t b y t h e p r ie s t ly ju d ge t o c e r t a i n p e n i t e n t i a l a ct s
w h i c h p a r d o n t h e gu ilt ? R e c o n c i l i a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o Scr ip t u r e for -
give s t h e s in free o f charge a n d d ir e ct s t h e co n fe s s a n t ’s e n e r gie s n o t
t o p u n i s h m e n t s b u t t o w a r d a r e p e n t a n t , c o n s t r u c t i v e life w i t h i n
t h e m i n d o f Ch r i s t . I s u s p e ct t h e r e a r e lo t s o f C a t h o l i c p r ies t s w h o
d o t r u e R e c o n c i l i a t i o n , e v e n t h o u g h it’s t e c h n i c a l l y h e r e t i c a l . M y
287
e ld e r ly Br it is h J esu it fr ie n d s t a t i o n e d a t t h e G e s u wa s a R e c o n c i l e r
o f s or t s : h e t o o k c o n fe s s i o n e ve r y w e e k d a y a ft e r n o o n b y t h e c l o c k
in I t a lia n , a la n gu a ge h e d id n ’t u n d e r s t a n d .
M y fa t h e r wa s a g o o d la wye r w h o d e n i e d h i m s e lf m a n y a h a n d -
s o m e le ga l fe e b y t r yin g t o r e c o n c i l e m a r r ia ge s o u t o f d i vo r c e co u r t .
H e wa s a m in is t e r o f C o n d e m n a t i o n b y t r a d e , ye t t h e w o r d o f G o d
w r i t t e n o n h is h e a r t m a d e a R e c o n c i l e r o u t o f h i m a l m o s t i n s p it e
o f h i m s e l f. T h i s , I b e l i e v e , i s w h a t S c r i p t u r e c a l l s “e v e r y k n e e
b o w [ i n g] a t t h e n a m e o f J esu s Ch r i s t , i n h e a v e n a n d o n e a r t h , a n d
un der th e ear t h .” 34
It ’s p r o o f o f t h e gr e a t p o w e r o f R e c o n c i l i a t i o n
t h a t t h e W o r ld h igh ly est eem s Co n d e m n o r s w h o R e co n cile , Co n -
d e m n o r s for w h o m t h e n a m e o f J esu s Ch r i s t m a y n o t b e i m p o r t a n t
o r e v e n cr e d ib le . ( M y p r iva t e o p i n i o n i s t h a t m a n y w h o fin d Ch r i s t
u n i n t e r e s t i n g h a v e b e e n s o ld a n i n fe r i o r g o s p e l b y h y p o c r i t i c a l
p r e a c h i n g . I t e n d t o a gr e e w i t h G . K. Ch e s t e r t o n ’s r e m a r k , “I t ’s n o t
t h a t Ch r i s t i a n i t y h a s b e e n t r i e d a n d fo u n d w a n t i n g , b u t t h a t it ’s
h a r d ly b e e n t r ie d a t a ll.”)
D e s p i t e c r o s s o ve r s , C o n d e m n a t i o n a n d R e c o n c i l i a t i o n w o r k
t o g e t h e r a s o p p o s i t e s , lik e m a l e a n d fe m a l e , s e a a n d l a n d , n i g h t
a n d d a y, y i n a n d y a n g . C o n d e m n a t i o n p u n i s h e s u s fo r a l i e n a t i n g
G o d ; R e c o n c i l i a t i o n l o v i n g l y b r i n gs u s t o g e t h e r w i t h G o d . C o n -
d e m n a t i o n c a n n o t b r i n g u s t o G o d , b u t i t c a n d r i ve u s t o H i m .
R e c o n c i l i a t i o n c a n n o t p u n i s h u s fo r a l i e n a t i n g G o d , b u t i t c a n
r e le a s e u s t o C o n d e m n a t i o n , w h i c h w a l k s t o a n d fr o i n s e a r c h o f
co r r u p t R e c o n c i le r s t o p e r s e cu t e a lo n g w i t h t h e u su a l s u s p ect s .
R e le a s e is a co n cilia t o r y o p e r a t io n . T h e sp ir it u a l ju d gm e n t s of
R e c o n c i l i a t i o n ar e e xe c u t e d in r e le a s e , w h i le t h e n a t u r a l ju d g-
m e n t s o f C o n d e m n a t i o n a r e e x e c u t e d b y t h e o p p o s i t e o f r e le a s e :
r est r ict ion – r e s t r i c t i o n o f b o d y, c o m f o r t , fr e e d o m , p r o p e r t y,
o p t i o n s , life.
R e s t r i c t i o n i s t h e fle xu r e o f C o n d e m n a t i o n ’s m u s c l e , a n d t h is
is g o o d fo r R e c o n c i l i a t i o n . I t p r o v i d e s G o d a c a p t i v e a u d i e n c e . I
s a w it in a d o ze n ja il ce lls in T e n n e s s e e , O k l a h o m a , G e o r g i a , M i s -
sissip p i, a n d Ca l i fo r n i a . C o n d e m n a t i o n c a n s o r e s t r ict t h a t its su b -
j e c t cr ie s o u t for R e c o n c i l i a t i o n . I n ja il, G o d is n o t a p h i l o s o p h i c a l
p r o p o s i t i o n t o b e d e li b e r a t e d a t le is u r e . H e ’s a v i v i d b e n e fit gr a s p e d
288
a s t h o u g h H e w e r e a k e y t o t h e j a i l h o u s e l o c k . I h a v e s e e n it s o
o ft e n , u n d e r s o m a n y c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h a t I h a v e t o r e ga r d it a s a
p r in cip le : T h e M o r e R e s t r ict io n , t h e Cl o s e r t o G o d . 3 5
So e ve n
t h o u gh t h e m in ist r y of Co n d e m n a t i o n is d ir ect ed b y Sa t a n t o d o
j u s t i c e a m o n g e v i l d o e r s ( a n d w h a t c o u l d b e m o r e ju s t t h a n fo r
S a t a n t o r u le e v i l ? ) , t h e u l t i m a t e b e n e fi c i a r y i s H e w h o o r d a i n e d
t h e w h o l e s ys t e m in t h e first p la ce .
For , ju s t a s P a u l s a ys , S a t a n is a n a n g e l o f l i g h t a n d h i s m i n i s -
t er s a r e m in is t e r s o f r igh t e o u s n e s s w h o s e e n d s h a ll b e a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e ir wo r k s . Scr ip t u r e is a ca t a lo g of s a t a n ic m in is t e r s w h o we r e
a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y for C h r i s t t o p e r fo r m H i s fi n i s h e d w o r k : t h e
Ser p en t , Ca i n a n d E n o ch , H a m , N im r o d , Esau, P h a r a o h , t h e
Am a l e k i t e s , N e b u ch a d n e zza r , Be ls h a zza r , Cy r u s , Ah a s u e r a s ,
H a m a n , J u d a s , a n d m a n y, m a n y o t h e r s . S o m e w e r e d e p l o r a b l y
w i c k e d , o t h e r s u r p r is in gly m o r a l – it w a s J u d a s ’ s e n s e o f gu i lt t h a t
d r o ve h i m t o s u i ci d e . T h e J es u it p r ie s t w h o i n a u gu r a t e d m y p r o s e -
c u t i o n o n t h e F e a s t D a y o f S t . I gn a t iu s wa s a s a t a n i c m in is t e r , a n d
h e wa s a b s o lu t e ly n e ce s s a r y for m y m a t u r it y a s a Ch r i s t i a n . H e s e n t
m e o n a fift e e n - ye a r j o u r n e y t h a t h a s b r o u g h t m e t o t h is p a ge .
O N C E I u n d e r s t o o d t h e t w o m in is t r ie s , h a r d q u e s t i o n s a n s we r e d
t h e m s e lve s . W h a t c a n a r e s p o n s ib le cit ize n d o t o r est or e
m o r a l , fa ir , c o n s t i t u t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t ? F ir s t , r e a lize t h a t n o ju d g-
m e n t t h a t g o v e r n m e n t is i m m o r a l , u n fa ir , o r u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c a n
b e e x e c u t e d u n le s s b y a n a u t h o r i ze d p e r s o n . O n l y C o n d e m n a t i o n
h a s a u t h o r i t y t o a lt e r g o ve r n m e n t ’s p a t t e r n s o f c o n d u c t . To c h a n g e
g o v e r n m e n t b y c o n v e n t i o n a l m e a n s , I m u s t b e c o m e a Co n d e m n o r .
( C a n a n y o n e n a m e a t r u e R e c o n c i l e r w h o i s gr e a t i n t h e W o r l d ? )
T o g a i n i n fl u e n c e a m o n g C o n d e m n o r s , I m u s t m a s t e r t h e a r t s o f
S u n - T z u a n d t h e Tr ick s t e r . Li t t le g o o d t h is w i ll d o , for a s m y i n ve s -
t i g a t i o n h a s t e n d e d t o s h o w , a l w a ys t h e p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f C o n -
d e m n a t i o n ’s r e s o u r c e s go i n t o k e e p i n g t h e s ys t e m e v i l . I f I b u i l d
fo r ce s ca p a b le o f m e a n i n gfu lly a lt e r in g t h e s ys t e m , t h e m a s t e r s will
t e r m i n a t e m e b e c a u s e t h e y a r e a u t h o r i ze d b y G o d t o a v e n g e s e v-
e n fo l d t h o s e w h o w o u l d s la y C a i n . I n s h o r t , t h e p o t e n t i a l for
i m p r o v e m e n t w ithin t h e s ys t e m o f C o n d e m n a t i o n a p p e a r s t o b e
289
lim it e d t o cyclica l p er iod s of p r et t y go o d t im es, p r et t y b a d t im es.

I sn ’t t h is o b vi o u s fr o m h is t o r y a n d t h e n e ws ?
O f co u r s e , G o d c o u l d c h a n g e g o v e r n m e n t b y a s im p le m i r a c l e ,
a n d R e v e l a t i o n sa ys H e w i l l , o n t h e “la s t d a y,” t h e fe a r fu l d a y o f
co s m i c s h a k e d o w n w h e n u n r e p e n t a n t e vild o e r s will b u r n w i t h
t h e i r b e a s t a n d o n l y t h e p e r fe c t w i l l r e m a i n . S c r i p t u r e i s s i l e n t a s
t o w h e n t h a t d a y w i ll c o m e . I n t h e m e a n t i m e , R e c o n c i l e r s a r e t o ld
t h a t i m p r o v i n g h u m a n r u le r s h ip is their r e s p o n s ib ilit y. N o t b y t a k -
in g c o n t r o l o f t h e s ys t e m , a n d n o t b y s e a l i n g t h e m s e l v e s o ff i n
w e l l - fo r t i fi e d c o m m u n e s , e i t h e r . R e c o n c i l e r s i m p r o v e t h e s ys t e m
b y m a k i n g t h e m s e l v e s . . . available. R e c o n c i l e r s a r e a t t r a c t i v e t o
C o n d e m n a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e y d o n ’t j u d g e o r a t t e m p t t o d o j u s t i c e .
T h e y d o n ’t p u t d o w n , a t t a c h b l a m e , o r p i n g u i l t . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,
R e c o n c i l e r s a r e n o t p e r c e i ve d a s a t h r e a t . T h e y ar e wis e a s s e r p e n t s
a n d h a r m le s s a s d o v e s . 36
T h i s i s n o t t o sa y t h a t R e c o n c i l e r s c o n d o n e e vi l. T h e i r p o s t u r e
t o w a r d s in i s t h i s : P e o p l e k n o w r i g h t fr o m w r o n g . P e o p l e d o n ’t
n e e d t o b e t o l d t h e y’r e s in fu l. P e o p l e k n o w . G o d ’s la w w r i t t e n o n
t h eir h ea r t s co n t in u a lly r em in d s t h e m . W h a t t h e W o r ld n eed s is
t h e friendship o f s o m e o n e w h o i s G o d - m i n d e d ( if n o t w e l l - v e r s e d
i n t h e W o r d o f G o d ) , s o m e o n e c o n f i d e n t i n t h e Love o f G o d w h o
c a n p a t i e n t l y a n d n o n - j u d g m e n t a l l y h o l d t h e m o s t e vi l o f s ou ls i n
fr i e n d s h i p w h i l e h e l p i n g i t w o r k t h r o u g h r e p e n t a n c e t o h e a l t h i e r
va lu e s a t it s o w n p a c e .
M a n y ye a r s i n C o n d e m n a t i o n h a v e d r i v e n m e i n t o t h e m i n -
ist r y o f R e c o n c i l i a t i o n , a n d t h e h e a r t o f R e c o n c i l i a t i o n is l o v e . I
n o w a p p r e c i a t e t h e s i m p l e w i s d o m i n F e l i x M e n d e l s s o h n ’s q u e s -
t i o n , “ W h y s h o u l d a n y m a n o ffe n d t h e p e o p l e i n p o w e r ? ” O ffe n d -
in g p e o p l e in p o w e r – o ffe n d i n g a n y o n e – is n o l o n g e r a t t r a c t i v e
t o m e . I d o g o o d , o r a t le a s t t r y t o w i t h o u r Lo r d ’s h e l p . T h e m o s t
r e lia b le i n s t r u ct i o n I ’ve ye t fo u n d for t h is p u r p o s e is t h e Bi b le w i t h
it s g l o r i o u s g o s p e l , a n d t h e Bi b l e t e lls m e t h a t i f I d o g o o d ( n o t
g o o d a s I see it , b u t g o o d a s t h e go s p e l d e fin e s it : Love God w ith all
y our heart, soul, and m ind; love y our neighbor as y ourself), t h e r u ler s
o f e vi l w i ll c o m m e n d m e .
A n d s o I fr e e ly s u b j e ct m ys e lf t o C o n d e m n a t i o n fo r e x a m i n a -
290
t i o n o f m y c o n s c i e n c e . W h o k n o w s ? I m i g h t ju s t in t e r e s t t h e e x a m -
in e r i n t h e j o ys o f R e c o n c i l i a t i o n . T a xe s ? I c o n t i n u e t o p a y e ve r y
t a x for w h i c h I a m lia b le , a n d n o n e for w h i c h I ’m n o t .
F in a lly, I a n t i c i p a t e t h a t s o m e m a y d is a gr e e w i t h c e r t a i n o f t h e
c o n c l u s i o n s i n t h is a n d o t h e r c h a p t e r s . I w e l c o m e d i s a g r e e m e n t .
D i s a g r e e m e n t i s t h e m o t h e r o f t h is b o o k . N o b o d y i s p a yi n g m e t o
m a r k e t a n y p a r t icu la r d o c t r i n e . I ’m n o t t h e k i n d o f p e r s o n w h o h a s
t o b e r i g h t . I le t t h e e v i d e n c e le a d m e . T h e e v i d e n c e s h a p e d m y
c o n c l u s i o n s . T h e e v i d e n c e w r o t e t h is b o o k . T o a n yo n e w h o k n o w s
o f c o u n t e r v a i l i n g e v i d e n c e , e v i d e n c e t h a t m i g h t p o i n t m e in a dif-
fe r e n t d i r e c t i o n , t h is is m y r e q u e s t t o see it . I ’m n o t a b o v e r e p e n t -
in g a g a i n , n o r w o u l d I s h r i n k fr o m p r i n t i n g r e t r a c t i o n s . I w a n t
R e c o n c i l i a t i o n , a n d I w a n t Tr u t h .
I f S t . F r a n c i s X a v i e r c a n sa y “I w o u l d n o t e v e n b e l i e v e i n t h e
Gospels w e r e t h e H o l y C h u r c h t o fo r b id it ,” w i t h n o less c o m m i t -
m e n t I c a n sa y t h a t I w o u l d n o t b e l i e v e e v e n t h e Bible w e r e T r u t h
t o fo r b id it .
291
Appendix A
FIFTY CENTURIES OF THE ANNU SIGNATURE
A b o v e . T h e h e m o f M a r d u k ’s g a r m e n t ( s e e
p a ge 2 6 7) con sist s o f t h e A n n u s ign a t u r e,
a u t h o r i z i n g M a r d u k t o r u le e v i l d o e r s .
Righ t . An c i e n t Ba b ylo n ia n
c y l i n d e r i n t h e Br i t i s h M u s e -
u m d ep ict s t h e Q u e e n o f
H e a v e n , Ish tar, e m p o w e r e d b y
fo u r A n n u s i g n a t u r e s .
Le ft . S t o n e t a b l e t i n
t h e Br i t i s h M u s e u m
d ep ict s N a b o n i d a s ,
t h e s ch o la r ly Ba b y-
lon ia n Pontifex Max-
im us, s u p e r v i s i n g t h e
p la cem en t of th e
a n c i e n t A n n u sign a -
ture d u r in g t h e
r est or a t ion of
A n n u ’s t e m p l e a t
Sip p a r a e igh t or
n in e cen t u r ies
b e fo r e C h r i s t .
293
Le ft . S t . P e t e r ’s P i a zza a t
R o m e , wh e r e t h r on gs ga t h er
t o give a u d ie n ce t o t h e
p o p e s , is in la id w i t h t h e
A n n u sign a t u r e
B e l o w . F r o n t a n d b a c k - s i d e o f a n a n c i e n t As s y r i o - B a b y l o n i a n b r o n z e t a b l e t
“r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e w o r l d i n t h e c l u t c h e s o f a n e v i l d e m o n ” ( 19 5 9 Britannica Vo l .
7 , p 19 0 ) . T h e “ d e m o n ” i s j u s t a d o g , w h o s h e p h e r d s u n r u l i n e s s fo r A n n u , a s
d o e s S a t a n fo r Ya h w e h “b y
g o i n g t o a n d fr o i n t h e e a r t h ,
an d wa lkin g u p an d d o w n in
it .” N o t e t h e A n n u s ign a t u r e
j u s t b e l o w a n d t o t h e le ft o f
t h e d o g ’s g a p i n g m o u t h .
Ca n i n e s a r e a fa vo r it e
m e t a p h o r fo r C a i n . T h e r e ’s n o
b r igh t er star in t h e h e a ve n s
t h a n t h e “d o g s t a r ,” n a m e d
C a n i s M a j o r a ft e r C a i n . T h e
E gyp t ia n s ca lle d Ca n i s t h e
“ s e c o n d s u n ” b e c a u s e i t r u le d
t h e m ys t e r io u s w o r ld o f n i g h t ,
a r u le r o f w h a t P a u l c a l l s “ t h e
d a r k n e s s o f t h i s w o r l d ” ( E p h e s i a n s 6 : 12 ) . H o m e r c a l l e d C a n i s “ t h e e v i l s t a r ”
b e c a u s e it s r i s i n g b r o u g h t o n t h e h o t s u m m e r s e a s o n a n d it s a t t e n d a n t p e s t i -
l e n c e . H u m a n s a cr i fi ce s w e r e o ffe r e d t o a p p e a s e t h e d o g s t a r , b e l i e v e d b y m a n y
s c h o l a r s t o b e t h e “L u c i f e r ” o f I s a i a h 14 : 12 .
R igh t . T h e A n n u sign a t u r e d ecla r es t h e

e n t r a n ce t o H a r va r d La w Sc h o o l .
294
AP P E N D I X A F I F TY CE N T U R I E S O F T H E A N N U S I G N AT U R E
Le ft . A s t h e C o m m a n d e r A l b e r t
P ik e a t t est ed , t h e A n n u sign a t u r e
a n d o t h e r e m b le m s r ep r esen t in g
C a i n ’s a u t h o r i t y t o r u le h a v e b e e n
p r o t e ct e d b y F r e e m a s o n r y sin ce
t h eir cr e a t io n b y E n o c h . E ve r y
M a s o n i c t e m p l e p r o c l a i m s it s
d evot ion t o An n u .
B e l o w . T h e U . S . S u p r e m e C o u r t B u i l d i n g r e v e a l s t h e A n n u s i g n a t u r e i n it s
e x t e r i o r s t o n e a n d b r o n z e w o r k , a s w e l l a s it s i n t e r i o r t h r o u g h o u t . A m e r i c a n
j u s t i c e a v e n g e s it s o ffe n d e r s a t le a s t s e v e n f o l d n o t b e c a u s e i t i s c o r r u p t b u t
b e c a u s e i t h a s i n h e r i t e d C a i n ’s d i v i n e e m p o w e r m e n t t o d o s o .
295
1. Ign atiu s Loyola , 1 Ap r il 15 4 1 – 3 1 J uly 15 5 6 ( 6 5 yrs a t d ea t h )

2 . Die go Layn ez, 2 J uly 15 5 8 – 10 J an 15 6 5 ( 5 3 )
3 . Fr an cis Bor gia, 2 J uly 15 6 5 – 1 Oct o b e r 15 7 2 ( 6 2 )
4 . Ever ar d Mer cu r ia n , 2 3 Ap r il 15 7 3 – 1 Au gu s t 15 8 0 (?)
5 . Cla u d iu s Aq u a viva , 19 Feb 15 8 1 – 3 1 J an 16 15 ( 7 2 )
6 . Mu t iu s Vit elles ch i, 15 N o v 16 15 – 9 Feb 16 4 5 ( 8 2 )
7. Vin ce n t Car affa, 7 J an 16 4 6 – 8 J un e 16 4 9 ( 6 5 )
8 . Fr an cis P iccolim in i, 2 1 Dec 16 4 9 – 17 J un e 16 5 1 ( 6 9 )
9 . Ale xa n d e r Got t ifr ed , 2 1 J an uary 16 5 2 – 13 M a r ch 16 5 2 ( 5 8 )
10 . Go s win N ick e l, 17 M a r ch 16 5 2 – 3 1 J uly 16 6 4 ( 8 2 )
11. J oh n Pa u l O l i va , wh o h a d b e e n e le ct e d Vicarius Generalis perpetuus
cum jure succedendi 7 Junii 1661 was im m ed ia t ely in ves t ed wit h t h e
go ve r n m e n t of t h e So cie t y a t N icke l’s d e a t h . H e d ied 9 6 N o ve m b e r
16 8 1 ( 8 1)
12 . Ch a r les d e N o ye lle , 5 J uly 16 8 2 – 12 Dec 16 8 6
13 . Th yr su s Gon za les, 6 J uly 16 8 7 – 19 N o v 17 0 5 ( 78 )
14 . Mich a e la n ge lo Ta m b u r in i, 3 1 J an 17 0 6 – 2 8 February 17 3 0
15 . Fr an cis Ret z, 3 0 N o v 17 3 0 – 19 N o v 17 5 0 ( 7 8 )
16 . Ign atiu s Vico n t i, 4 J uly 17 5 1 – 4 Ma y 17 5 5
17 . Lu igi Aloysiu s Ce n t u r io n i, 3 0 N o ve m b e r 17 5 5 – 2 Oct o b e r 17 5 7
18 . Lor en zo Ricci, 2 1 May, 17 5 8 – 2 4 N o v 17 7 5 ( 7 2 )
T h e br ief of Cle m e n t XI V for suppressin g t h e Societ y, d at ed 2 1 J uly 17 7 3

was p u t in e xe cu t io n 16 Au gu st .
296
AP P E N D I X B S U P E R I O R G E N E R AL S O F T H E S O CI E T Y OF J ESUS
Superior Generals of the Society of Jesus

a c c o r d i n g to The Historical Catechism , chiefly relating to the English
Province of the Society , E d . b y G e o r g e O l i ve r , St N i c h o l a s P r ior y,
E xe t e r , 18 3 8 ; a m p lifie d b y cu r r e n t r e s e a r ch )
IN RU SSIA
19 . St a n is la u s Cze r n ie wicz, p e r m it t e d b y Ca t h e r i n e t h e Gr e a t t o fe ign

for life a s “Su p er ior Ge n e r a l for Ru ssia” 17 O c t 17 8 2 – 2 1 O c t , 17 8 5
( 57)
2 0 . Ga b r ie l Len kiewisz, 8 Oct ob er , 17 8 5 – 2 1 Oct o b e r 17 9 8 ( 7 7 )
2 1. Fr an cis Kar ew, 12 Feb 17 9 9 – 4 Au g 18 0 2 ( 7 1)
2 2 . Ga b r ie l Gr u b er , 2 2 O c t 18 0 2 – 6 Ap r il 18 0 5 ( 6 7 )
2 3 . Th a d d e u s Br zozowski, e le ct e d in 18 0 5 , wo u ld ser ve a s h e a d of t h e
wh o le So cie t y wh e n it was r est or ed 7 Au gu s t 18 14 b y t h e Bu ll of
P op e Piu s VI I Solicitudo om nium Ecclesiarum , b u t wou ld n e ve r r e-
m o ve t o R o m e b eca u se t h e Ru s s ia n G o ve r n m e n t r efu sed h i m p er -
m ission t o lea ve, d ied 5 Feb 18 2 0
2 4 . Aloysiu s For tis, 18 O c t 18 2 0 – 2 9 J an 18 2 9 ( 8 1)

2 5 . J oh n R o o t h a a n 18 2 9 – 18 5 3
2 6 . Piet er J ean Beckx, 18 5 3 – 18 8 7
2 7. Lu d o vico Ma r t in , 18 9 2 – 19 0 1
2 8 . Franz Xa vie r W e r n z, 19 0 7 – 19 14
2 9 . Vla d im ir Led och owski, 19 15 – 19 4 2
3 0 . J ean -Baptiste J an ssen s, 19 4 6 – 19 6 4
3 1. Ped r o Ar r u p e, 19 6 5 – 19 8 1 (r em oved b y Pop e J oh n Pau l II)
3 2 . P a o lo Dezza , Giu s e p p e P it t a u , 19 8 1 – 19 8 3 ( a p p o in t e d b y J oh n Pa u l
II)
3 3 . Pet er H a n s Ko lve n b a ch , 19 8 3 –
297
Appendix C
GLOSSARY
a b s o l u t i o n : a r e m i s s i o n o f s in s p r o - b u ll: a s o l e m n p a p a l le t t e r s ea led w i t h
n o u n c e d b y a p r iest a b u lla or w i t h a r e d - in k im p r in t
o f t h e d e vice o n t h e b u lla
a c r o n y m : a w o r d f o r m e d fr o m t h e i n i -
t ia l le t t e r o r let t er s o f e a c h o f t h e c a b a l a h : ( c a b a l a , q a b b a l a , e t c ) : a s ys -
s u cce s s ive p a r t s or m a jo r p a r t s of t e m o f s ign s , le t t e r s , n u m b e r s ,
a com p ou n d term a n d im a ges b e li e ve d t o p u t o n e in
p r iva t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h G o d
a n a th e m a : a b a n or cu r se s o le m n ly
a n d like- m in d ed p er son s; a gn os-
p r o n o u n ce d b y ecclesia st ica l
t i c s ys t e m m a r k e d b y m y s t i c i s m ,
a u t h or it y a n d a cco m p a n ie d b y
m a gic, a n d a b e lie f in cr e a t io n
excom m u n ica t ion
t h r o u gh e m a n a t io n ; esot er ic d o c-
As s yr i a : a n a n c i e n t we s t As i a n t r in e or m ys t e r io u s ar t
em p ir e e xt e n d in g a lon g t h e m id -
Ca e s a r : a p o w e r f u l , a u t o c r a t i c r u le r ,
d le Tigr is R i v e r a n d o ve r fo o t h ills
d ict a t or , h e a d o f r eligiou s a n d
t o t h e e a s t , i d e n t i fi e d w i t h B a b y -
civil go ve r n m e n t s b u t lim it e d in
lon ia
M a t t h e w 22:21 t o t h e c i v i l
au to cracy: go ve r n m e n t in w h i c h o n e p o w e r . F ir s t t o h o l d t h e t i t l e w a s
p er son possesses u n lim it e d p o we r G a i u s J u liu s M a r i a ( 10 0 - 4 4 B C

)
B a b yl o n : t h e a n cie n t civiliza t io n Ca l v i n i s m : t h e t h e o l o g i c a l s y s t e m o f
s p a wn e d o n fo u n d a t io n s b u ilt b y J o h n C a l v i n ( c. 1570 ) a n d h i s
t h e h is t o r ica l C a i n a n d h is s o n fo llo we r s m a r k e d b y s t r o n g
E n o c h ; a m e t a p h o r fo r R o m e em p h a sis o n t h e s o ve r e ign t y o f
G o d , t h e d e p r a vit y o f m a n k i n d ,
b l a c k p o p e : i n f o r m a l n a m e fo r t h e an d t h e d oct r in e of r ed est in a t ion
Su p er ior Ge n e r a l o f t h e So cie t y
o f J es u s c a s u i s t r y : a r e s o l v i n g o f s p e c i fi c c a s e s
o f c o n s c i e n c e , d u t y, o r c o n d u c t
t h r o u g h g e n e r a l l y fa ls e i n t e r p r e - e m p i r e : f r o m L a t i n im perium , a b s o l u t e
t a t i o n o f e t h i c a l p r in cip le s o r r eli- a u t h o r it y; a m a jo r p o lit ica l u n it
giou s d o ct r in e ; s p e cio u s h a v i n g a t er r it or y of gr ea t e x t e n t
a r gu m e n t , r a t io n a liza t io n or a n u m b e r of t er r it or ies or p e o -
p les u n d e r a s in gle s o ve r e i g n
Ch r i s t e n d o m : t h e p a r t o f t h e w o r l d i n
a u t h or it y
w h i c h Ch r i s t i a n i t y p r e va ils
e n c yc li c a l: a p a p a l let t er t o t h e b is h -
Ch r i s t i a n : o n e w h o p r o fe s s e s b e l i e f i n
ops
t h e t e a c h i n g s o f J esu s Ch r i s t
En c yc lo p e d i s ts : t h e wr it er s of t h e
Ch r i s t i a n i t y : t h e r e l i g i o n d e r i v e d
Fr en ch Ency clopedia of Sciences,
fr o m J esu s Ch r i s t , b a s e d o n t h e
Arts and Trades ( 17 4 3 – 5 1 ) w h o
Bib le a s sa cr ed s cr ip t u r e, a n d p r o -
w e r e i d e n t i fi e d w i t h t h e E n l i g h t -
fe s s e d b y E a s t e r n , R o m a n
e n m e n t a n d a d vo ca t e d d eism a n d
Ca t h o lic, P r ot est a n t , a n d n o n -
s c i e n t i fi c r a t i o n a l i s m
d e n o m in a t io n a l b od ies
En ligh te n m e n t: a p h ilos op h ic m o ve -
c o n d e m n a tio n : a u t h o r it a t ive ly ju d g-
m e n t o f t h e 18 t h c e n t u r y m a r k e d
in g a m a t t e r a n d r e n d e r in g an
by a r eject ion of t r a d it ion a l
e n fo r ce a b le o p i n i o n
s ocia l, r eligiou s, a n d p o lit ica l
D e i s m : a m o v e m e n t or s ys t e m of id ea s a n d a n e m p h a s i s o n r a t io n -
t h o u g h t a d v o c a t i n g n a t u r a l r e li- a lis m
gi o n i n d e p e n d e n t o f scr ip t u r a l
e q u ivo c a tio n : t o u se t r icky la n gu a ge
r e v e l a t i o n , e m p h a s i z i n g m o r a l i t y,
esp ecia lly w i t h in t e n t t o d e ce ive ;
an d d e n yin g t h e p er son al
t o a vo id c o m m i t t i n g o n e s e lf in
i n vo l ve m e n t o f t h e Cr e a t o r in
w h a t o n e s a ys ; l y i n g
h u m a n a ffa ir s o r w i t h t h e l a w s o f
t h e u n ive r s e e xtirp a te : t o d es t r oy co m p le t e ly, t o
wip e o u t , t o p u ll u p b y t h e r oot s,
D i e t : ( f r o m M i d d l e E n g l i s h diete,
t o c u t o u t b y s u r ge r y, t o e x t e r m i -
d a y’s j o u r n e y, d a y s e t fo r a m e e t -
nate
i n g , f r o m M e d i e v a l L a t i n dieta,
d a ily r e g i m e n ) : a fo r m a l d e lib e r a - fa s cis m : a p o lit ica l p h ilo s o p h y, m o v e -
t ive a ssem b ly of p r in ce s or m e n t , o r r e gim e t h a t exa lt s
est a t es; a n y o f va r io u s n a t i o n a l o r n a t i o n a b o ve t h e in d ivid u a l a n d
p r o vi n c i a l legis la t u r es t h a t s t a n d s fo r a c e n t r a l i z e d a u t o -
cr a t ic g o ve r n m e n t h e a d e d b y a
e c u m e n i c a l : of, r e l a t i n g t o , o r r e p r e -
d i c t a t o r i a l le a d e r , s e v e r e e c o n o m -
sen t in g t h e wh o le of a b od y of
ic a n d socia l r e gim e n t a t io n , a n d
ch u r ch es; p r om ot in g or t en d in g
fo r c i b l e s u p p r e s s i o n o f o p p o s i t i o n
t o wa r d wo r ld wid e Ch r i s t i a n u n it y
or coop er a t ion Ge s u , th e : t h e in t er n a t ion a l h ea d -
q u a r t er s of t h e So c i e t y of J esu s, a t
299
N o . 5 Bo r go S a n c t o Sp ir it u , G e n e r a l o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s
Rom e
Illu m in a ti: a n y of va r io u s gr ou p s
gn o s ticis m : t h e t h o u gh t a n d p r a ct ice c la i m i n g s p e cia l r eligiou s e n ligh t -
e s p e cia lly o f va r io u s cu lt s o f la t e e n m e n t ; person s w h o are or wh o
p r e - Ch r i s t i a n a n d e a r ly Ch r i s t i a n cla im t o b e u n u su a lly e n ligh t e n e d
cen t u r ies d ist in gu ish ed b y t h e
i llu m i n i s m : b e lie f in or c l a i m t o a
c o n vi c t i o n t h a t m a t t e r is e vil a n d
person al en ligh t en m en t n ot
th at em a n cip a t ion com es t h r ou gh
a ccessib le t o m a n k i n d in ge n e r a l
gnosis ( “k n o w i n g ”)
In qu is itio n : a n in ve s t iga t io n co n -
go s p e l: sa cr ed wr it in g, t h e m e s s a ge or
d u c t e d w i t h l i t t l e r e g a r d fo r i n d i -
t e a ch in gs of a r eligiou s t e a ch e r ,
vid u a l r igh t s ; a s e ve r e
s o m e t h i n g a c c e p t e d a s i n fa l l i b l e
q u est ion in g; a R o m a n Ca t h o li c
t r u t h or as a gu id in g p r in cip le;
t r i b u n a l fo r t h e d i s c o v e r y a n d
t h e m e s s a ge c o n c e r n i n g Ch r i s t ,
p u n i s h m e n t o f h e r e s y, p r e s e n t l y
t h e k i n g d o m o f G o d , a n d s a lva -
fu n c t i o n i n g u n d e r t h e t it le C o n -
t ion
g r e g a t i o n fo r t h e D o c t r i n e o f t h e
h ie ra rc h y: a r u lin g b o d y of cler gy Fa it h
o r ga n ize d in t o or d er s o r r a n ks
I s r a e l : a c o m p l e x i d e n t i fi e r , b e i n g ( 1)
e a ch su b or d in a t e t o t h e o n e
t h e n a m e g i v e n b y Ya h w e h t o
a b o v e it : a b o d y o f p e r s o n s i n
J a c o b , s i g n i fyi n g J a c o b ’s a c q u i r i n g
a u t h o r it y; t h e cla s s ifica t io n of a
h i s t w i n b r o t h e r E s a u ’s b i r t h r i g h t
gr o u p o f p e o p le a cco r d i n g t o a b il-
t o l e a d G o d ’s c h o s e n p e o p l e ; ( 2 )
it y o r t o e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , o r p r o -
th e a n cien t H eb r ew n a t ion
fe s s i o n a l s t a n d i n g
w h i c h , a ft e r t h e d e a t h o f
H o l y Ro m a n Em p ire : t h e c o m m o n - S o l o m o n , d ivid e d in t o t w o k in g-
w e a l t h o f E u r o p e r u led b y p a p a cy d o m s , Isr ael t o t h e n o r t h , J u d a h
an d H o ly R o m a n Em p er or a s co- t o t h e sou t h ; (3) t h e b iologica l
o r d i n a t e s o ve r e i gn s . At va r io u s n a t i o n o f w h i c h t h e m a n J esu s
t im es, t h e E m p e r o r cla im e d Ch r i s t wa s a d e s ce n d a n t t h r o u gh
a u t h or it y o ve r t h e G e r m a n states h is m o t h e r ; ( 4 ) a m o d e r n st a t e
a n d H u n ga r y, P o la n d , F r a n ce , o ccu p yin g t h e r ou gh geogr a p h ica l
Sp a in , t h e Sca n d in a via n p en in - p er im et er s of Ca e s a r e a n J u d a ea
s u la , a n d t h e B r i t i s h I s le s . H o w - a n d S a m a r i a , h a v i n g a n o fficia l
e ve r , t h e “e f f e c t i v e e m p i r e ” p o licy o f d e n yin g t h e N e w Test a -
e m b r a c e d o n l y G e r m a n y , Bu r - m e n t Gosp el; (5) t h e am or p h ou s
g u n d y, a n d t h e o l d L o m b a r d k i n g - b o d y of t h os e w h o , t h r o u gh stu-
d o m i n I t a ly’s P o Va l l e y d i o u s b e l i e f i n a n d l o v e fo r J e s u s
C h r i s t , h a v e b e e n g r a ft e d b y
Ign a tia n : n o u n : a p er s on u n d e r sp e- d i v i n e s u r ge r y t o t h e a n c i e n t
cia l o a t h t o p e r fo r m s e r vice s , u su - H eb r ew n at ion
a lly c l a n d e s t i n e , fo r t h e S u p e r i o r
30 0
AP P E N D I X B G LO S S AR Y
J u d a e a : G r e e k t e r m fo r J u d a h , t h e o ve r t h e ch a su b le by a p op e or
sou th er n H eb r ew kin gd o m wh ose a r c h b i s h o p a s a s y m b o l of fu ll
i n h a b i t a n t s w e r e ca lle d J ews ep iscop a l a u t h or it y
le arn in g again s t le a rn in g: c o n c e p t p a p a c y : t h e o ffice o f p o p e ; a s u c c e s -

a d va n ce d b y Ca r d i n a l T h o m a s sion or lin e of p op es; t h e t e r m of
W o ls e y t h a t p it t ed h u m a n is t d oc- a p o p e ’s r e i g n ; t h e s y s t e m o f g o v -
t r in e a ga in s t scr ip t u r a l Ch r i s t i a n e r n m e n t of t h e R o m a n Ca t h o lic
t ea ch in g Ch u r c h of wh ich t h e p op e is t h e
suprem e h ead
libe ratio n th e o lo g y: a r e ligio u s m o v e -
m e n t esp ecia lly a m o n g R o m a n P a p a l S ta te s : la n d s r u led d ir e ct ly b y
Ca t h o l i c cler gy i n La t i n Am e r i c a t h e p o p e s i n c e n t r a l I t a ly
t h a t co m b in e s p olit ica l p h iloso- b e t w e e n 7 5 5 - 18 7 0
p h y u s u a lly of a M a r xi s t o r ie n t a -
p e n a n c e : a n a ct o f s e lf- a b a s e m e n t ,
t io n w i t h a t h e o lo gy of s a lva t io n
m o r t ifica t io n , o r d e v o t i o n p er -
a s lib e r a t io n fr o m in ju st ice
fo r m e d t o s h o w s or r ow o r r e p e n -
M a je s t e r i u m : t h e t e a c h i n g a u t h o r i t y t a n c e fo r s i n
o f t h e R o m a n Ca t h o lic Ch u r c h
p h ilo s o p h e s : t h e d eist ic or m a t er ia lis-
m e n tal re s e rvatio n o r re s e rve : in t e n - t ic wr it e r s a n d t h in k e r s o f t h e
t ion a l wit h h o ld in g of t r u t h w h e n 18 t h c e n t u r y F r e n c h E n l i g h t e n -
it is r e g a r d e d a s i n c o n v e n i e n t t o m ent
d is clo s e it (as fr o m p e o p le w h o
Po n t ife x M a xim u s : a n c i e n t t i t l e fir s t
ar e r ega r d ed a s u n a b le t o u n d e r -
a p p lied t o h e a d o f Ba b ylo n ia n
s t a n d it o r r e c e i ve it w i t h b e n e fit )
ci vi l a n d r eligiou s g o v e r n m e n t ,
m is s io n ary ad ap tatio n : p r ocess by m e a n i n g “s u p r e m e ( o r s o v e r e i g n )
w h i c h p op u la t ion s are b r ou gh t b r i d g e b u i l d e r ; ” fi r s t a s s u m e d b y
u n d er su b ject ion t o t h e R o m a n R o m a n a u t o c r a t s a t t h e d e i fi c a -
p a p a cy b y h a r m o n io u s cu lt u r a l t i o n o f G a i u s M a r i a a s J u liu s C a e -
in t egr a t ion sa r i n 4 8 B C ; t i t l e o w n e d b y t h e
R o m a n popes
n o t a r iq o n : c a b a l i s t i c t e c h n i q u e i n
w h i c h t h e in it ia ls o f a n a c r o n y m Pro te s tan t: o n e w h o m a kes or en t er s
cr ea t e a wo r d t h a t e n h a n ce s t h e a p r ot est ; a n y of a gr ou p of Ge r -
a c r o n y m ’s m e a n i n g m a n p r in ces a n d cit ies p r e s e n t in g
a d e fe n s e o f fr e e d o m o f c o n -
p a ga n : a fo llo we r of a p o lyt h e i s t i c
s c i e n c e a g a i n s t a n e d i c t i n 152 9
r e ligio n (as in a n ci e n t R o m e ) ;
in t e n d e d t o su p p r ess t h e Lu t h e r -
o n e w h o d e ligh t s in s e n s u a l p lea s -
an m o ve m e n t ; a m em b er of any
ur es a n d m a t e r ia l go o d s
o f s e ve r a l c h u r c h d e n o m i n a t i o n s
palliu m : a wh it e w o o le n b a n d wit h d e n yi n g t h e u n ive r s a l a u t h o r it y
p e n d a n t s i n fr o n t a n d b a c k w o r n o f t h e P o p e a n d a ffi r m i n g t h e
30 1
R e f o r m a t i o n p r i n c i p l e s o f ju s t ifi- s a c ra m e n t: a Ch r i s t i a n r it e ( in
c a t i o n b y fa it h a l o n e , t h e p r iest - R o m a n Ca t h o li ci s m : b a p t ism ,
h o o d o f a ll b e l i e v e r s , a n d t h e H o ly Eu ch a r ist or Ma s s , p e n a n ce ,
p r i m a cy o f t h e Bib le a s t h e o n ly m a t r i m o n y, a n o i n t i n g o f t h e s ick,
s o u r ce of r e ve a le d t r u t h ; a Ch r i s t - co n fir m a t io n b y t h e Ch u r c h , a n d
ia n n o t of a Ca t h o l i c or Ea st er n h o ly or d er s) t h a t is b e lie ve d t o
ch u r ch h a v e b e e n o r d a in e d b y Ch r i s t a n d
t h a t t h e Ma gis t er iu m h old s t o b e
P s y c h o p o m p : f r o m G r e e k psy cho-
a m e a n s of d ivin e gr a ce
pom pas, “s o u l d i r e c t o r ; ” a n a m e
o ft e n a p p lie d t o M e r cu r y, R o m a n s o d a l i t y : f r o m L a t i n sodalitas, “ c o m -
god o f co m m e r ce , co m m u n i ca - r a d e s h i p ”: a n a s s o c i a t i o n o f
t ion , a n d t h ie ve r y R o m a n C a t h o l i c la it y
r a t io s t u d io r u m : L a t i n “ m e t h o d o f Sibyllin e pro ph e cie s : u t t er a n ces of

s t u d y; ” t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o c e s s b y a n y o f s e v e r a l p r o p h e t e s s e s u s u a l-
w h i c h t h e J e s u it s c h o o l s a n d c o l - ly a cce p t e d a s t e n in n u m b e r a n d
leges o b s cu r e t h e m o r a l s u p r e m a - cr ed it ed t o wid ely sep ar at e parts
cy o f t h e H o l y Bib le a n d secu r e o f t h e a n c i e n t wo r ld (as Ba b ylo -
t a cit o b e d i e n c e t o t h e will o f t h e n i a , E g y p t , G r e e c e , a n d I t a l y)
b la ck p a p a cy
S p i r i t u a l E x e r c i s e s : L o y o l a ’s 3 0 - d a y
re co n ciliatio n : r est or a t ion of h a r m o - in t e n s ive p r o gr a m o f p s ych o lo gi-
n y a n d fr ie n d s h ip ; i n R o m a n ca l in d o ct r in a t io n d es ign ed t o
Ca t h o l i c i s m : p e n a n c e , t h e r e s u lt a lign in d ivid u a l t h o u gh t w i t h
of t h e s a cr a m en t of a b solu t ion p a p a l a u t h or it y
s a lva tio n : d e li ve r a n ce fr o m t h e p o w e r Vu l g a t e : a La t i n ve r s i o n o f t h e Bib le

a n d e ffe ct s o f s i n ; t h e a g e n t o r a u t h o r ize d a n d u sed b y t h e
m e a n s t h a t e ffe ct s s a l v a t i o n R o m a n Ca t h o lic Ch u r c h
30 2
Appendix D
NOTES
PP 1- 16
Ch a p t e r 1: S u b l i m i n a l R o m e
1. “H o ly Al l i a n c e : H o w R e a g a n a n d t h e P o p e co n s p ir e d t o assist P ola n d ’s So lid a r it y

m o ve m e n t a n d h a s t e n t h e d em ise o f Co m m u n i s m . ” Ti m e , Feb r u a r y 2 4 , 19 9 2 .
2 . An u p d a t in g of t h is list will n o t r eflect a s ign ifica n t ch a n ge in t h e p r e s e n ce of
R o m a n Ca t h o l i c la y-p er son s in t h e h igh e r le gis la t ive r e a ch e s . Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e
As s o c i a t i o n o f J esu it Co lle ge s a n d U n ive r s it ie s , in t h e 1o 6 t h Co n gr e s s t h e r e ar e 4 0
J esu it a lu m n i w h o gr a d u a t ed fr om 17 J esu it in s t it u t io n s . T h e r e ar e 5 a lu m n i in t h e
U S . Se n a t e a n d 3 5 a lu m n i in t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t ive s . O u t o f t h es e 4 0 a lu m -
n i, 2 3 r e ce ive d gr a d u a t e or p r ofession a l d egr ees fr om J esu it U n ive r s it ie s . Ge o r g e -
t o w n U n ive r s it y h a s t h e m ost gr a d u a t es, b o a s t in g 15 a lu m n i in t h e U . S . Co n gr e s s .
P r es id en t W i l l i a m J . Cl i n t o n is a gr a d u a t e of G e o r g e t o w n U n ive r s it y a n d Se cr e t a r y
o f Co m m e r c e , W i l l i a m M . Da ley, is a gr a d u a t e o f Lo yo la U n ive r s it y o f Ch i c a g o .
3. Sch a r f, History of W estern Mary land, Ba lt im o r e ( 18 8 2 ) , p p 2 7 - 3 0
4. W e, the People: The Story of the United States Capitol: Its Past and Its Prom ise, U . S .
Ca p i t o l H is t o r ica l So cie t y, p 56 .
Ch a p t e r 2 : M i s s i o n a r y A d a p t a t i o n
1. 19 8 9 Ca t h o l i c Al m a n a c , p 175 .
2 . U . S . Co u r t o f Ap p e a ls for t h e T h i r d Ci r cu i t , Ca s e N o . 8 5 – 13 0 9 .
3 . J ust a s t h e R o m a n p r iest s t r a d it io n a lly t o o k a s t h e ir o w n t h e n a m e of t h e god or
god d ess t h e y ser ved , ju d ges o n t h e U n i t e d St a t e s Su p r e m e Co u r t ce r e m o n ia lly
a d o p t t h e a p p e la t io n of t h e god d ess J u st it ia , a s in “Mr . J u st ice An t o n i n Sca lia .”
4 . Al e x a n d e r d el Ma r , Mid d le Age s Revisited, Ca lifo r n ia 9 0 2 50 : H a w t h o r n e , O m n i
Bo o k Cl u b (or ig. p u b . 18 9 9 ) , p p 10 1– 10 2 .
5. Ibid., p 8 6
6. Ibid., pp 144– 146
7. Ch a d w i c k , The Early Church, E er d m a n s ( 19 6 7 ) , p 243
8 . T h e N e w Ca t h o l i c E n cycyclo p e d ia , “Mis s io n a r y Ad a p t a t i o n . ”
Ch a p t e r 3 : M a r g i n a l i z i n g t h e B i b l e
1. J . E d win H e n d r ick s , Charles Thom son and the Making of A New Nation 1729-1824,
Fa ir leigh D i ck i n s o n U n ive r s it y Pr ess ( 19 7 9 ) , p p 13 6 - 13 7
30 3
NOTES P P . 16 - 3 8
2 . Co u n c i l o f To u lo u s e , 12 2 9 .
3. P et er d e Ros a , SJ , Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy , N e w Yor k: Cr o w n
P u b lish er s ( 19 8 8 ) , p 16 2 ff.
4 . Pontifex Maxim us h a s la u n d er ed t h e I n q u isit ion ’s n a m e t wice . I n 19 0 8 , P op e Piu s X
r e n a m e d it “t h e H o ly Office ,” w h i c h P a u l VI t r a n sfor m ed in t o “Co n gr e ga t i o n for
t h e D o ct r in e o f t h e F a it h ” in 19 6 5,
Ch a p t e r 4 : M e d i c i Le a r n i n g
1. P et er d e R o s a , Vicars of Christ, p 116 —118

2. Ibid.
3. De R o s a , Vicars of Christ, p 12 0
4 . “Si n c e p r in t in g c a n n o t b e p u t d o w n , it is b est t o set u p learning against learning, a n d
b y in t r o d u cin g a ll p er son s t o d is p u t e, t o su sp en d t h e la it y b e t we e n fear a n d co n t r o -
ver sy. T h i s a t m os t will m a k e t h e m a t t e n t ive t o t h e ir su p er ior s a n d t e a ch e r s .” Q u o t -
ed in Lor d H er b er t ’s Life of Henry VIII.
Ch a p t e r 5 : A p p o i n t m e n t A t Cy p r u s
1. I n co n s t r u ct in g t h is b r ief b iogr a p h y of Lo yo la , I d r a w fr om t h e fo llo win g sou r ces:

Ba r t h el’s Jesuits, Ma r t in ’s Jesuits, Ave lin g’s Jesuits, Meissn er ’s Ignatius, Ca r a m a n ’s
Ignatius, Le t s o n & W iggin s ’ The Jesuit My stique, Par is’ Secret History of the Jesuits,
Ca t h o l i c E n cyclo p e d ia , N e w Ca t h o l i c E n cyclo p e d ia , a n d E n cyclo p e d ia Br it a n n ica .
I n ce r t a in n eed fu l in s t a n ce s , a n in d ivid u a l sou r ce will b e e n d n o t e d .
2. W .W . Meissn er , SJ , M D , Ignatius of Loy ola: The Psy chology of A Saint, N e w H a ve n ,
Lo n d o n : Ya le U n ive r s it y Pr ess ( 19 9 2 ) , P 55.
3. Lo u is J . P u h l, The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, We s t m in s t e r , M D : T h e N e w m a n
Pr ess ( 19 5 9 )
4. Ibid.
5. M a n fr e d Ba r t h e l, t r a n sl. by M a r k H o w s o n , The Jesuits: History and Legend of the
Society of Jesus, N e w Yor k: Q u i ll, W i l l i a m M o r r o w ( 19 8 2 - 8 4 ) , p 2 9 .
6. M i c h e l e t , Life of Luther, p 70 , 71
7. P h ilip Ca r a m a n , SJ , Ignatius Loy ola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits, Sa n
Fr a n cisco: H a r p e r & R o w ( 19 9 0 ) , p 4 8
Ch a p t e r 6 : T h e E p i t o m e o f Ch r i s t i a n V a l u e s
1. W h i l e t h e u n a n im o u s ly- a ccla im e d Ce le s t i n e I I wa s b e in g in s t a lled , “t h e Fr a n gip a n i

fam ily, wit h t h e c o n n i va n c e o f Ch a n c e l l o r Ai m e r i c , b r o k e in t o t h e a ssem b ly a n d a t
s wo r d - p o in t h a d Ca r d i n a l La m b e r t o a ccla im e d H o n o r iu s II.” The Oxford Dictionary
of Popes, p 16 5 ff.
2 . E n cyclo p e d ia Br it a n n ica , “Ch i n a . ”
3. P iq u e t , Des Banqiers au Moy en Age: les Tem pliers, Pa r is, ( 19 3 1) , as cit e d in Holy
Blood, Holy Grail, p 4 51
4. Da r a u l, History of Secret Societies, pp 46ff.
5. J . M. R a go n , Cours Philosophique et Interpretatif des Initiations anciennes et m odernes,
e d it io n sa cr ee a l’u sa ge d es Lo ge s et d es M a c o n s SEULEMENT ( M a s o n ic yea r 5,8 4 2 ) p
37.
30 4
NOTES PP. 3 9 - 5 6
6. J . B. Fabr e P a la p r a t , Recherches historiques sur les Tem pliers, ( 18 3 5 ) p 31

7. M i c h e l e t , Procès des Tem pliers, II, 4 0 4 . T h i s wor k la r gely con sist s of t h e p u b lica t io n
in La t in of t h e P a p a l b u lls a n d t r ials of t h e Te m p la r s b efor e t h e P a p a l Co m m i s s i o n
in Par is.
8 . J u les Loiseleu r , La doctrine secrète des Tem pliers, p 14 1
9 . Le vit icu s 16 : 6 – 10
10 . I Kin gs 11: 4
11. T h e Zoh a r , Se c t i o n Ah r e M o t h , folio 70 a.
12 . I Kin gs 3 : 12 .
13 . Ibid, 11: 4 .
Ch a p t e r 7 : T h e F i n g e r s t r o k e o f G o d
1. T h e St a t u t e of U s e s (2 7 H e n r y VI I I , c. 10 ) P a r lia m e n t co n cu r r e d in H en r y’s
a s s u m p t io n o f R o m e ’s cle r ica l p o we r wit h its A c t o f Su p r em a cy, w h i c h st a t ed :
“Al b e i t t h e kin g’s Ma jes t y ju st ly a n d r igh t fu lly is a n d o u gh t t o b e t h e su p r em e h ea d
of t h e Ch u r c h of E n gla n d , a n d so is r ecogn ized b y t h e cler gy of t h is r ea lm in t h eir
co n vo ca t i o n s , yet n e ve r t h e le s s , for co r r o b o r a t io n a n d co n fir m a t io n t h er eof, a n d for
in cr ea se of vir t u e in Ch r is t ’s r e ligio n w i t h i n t h is r ea lm of E n gla n d , a n d t o r epr ess
a n d e xt ir p a t e all er r or s, h er esies, a n d o t h e r e n o r m it ie s a n d abu ses h e r e t o fo r e u sed
in t h e sa m e, b e it e n a ct e d , b y a u t h or it y of t h is p r esen t P a r lia m e n t , t h a t t h e k in g,
ou r s o ve r e ign lor d , h is h eir s a n d su ccessor s, kin gs of t h is r ea lm , sh a ll b e t a k e n ,
a cce p t e d , a n d r ep u t ed t h e o n ly su p r em e h e a d in e a r t h o f t h e Ch u r c h o f E n gla n d ,
ca lled An glica n s Ecclesia; a n d sh a ll h a ve a n d en joy, a n n e xe d a n d u n it e d t o t h e
im p er ia l cr o w n of t h is r ea lm , a s we ll t h e t it le a n d st yle t h er eof, a s a ll h o n o r s , d ign i-
t ies, p r e - e m in e n ce s , ju r is d ict io n s , p r ivileges , a u t h o r it ie s , im m u n it ie s , p r ofits, an d
co m m o d it ie s t o t h e said d ign it y o f t h e su p r em e h e a d o f t h e sa m e Ch u r c h b e lo n gin g
a n d a p p e r t a in in g; a n d t h a t ou r said s o ve r e ign lor d , h is h eir s a n d su ccessor s, kin gs of
t h is r ea lm , s h a ll h a ve fu ll p o we r a n d a u t h or it y fr om t im e t o t im e t o visit , r ep r ess,
r ed r ess, r ecor d , or d er , co r r e ct , r est r a in , a n d a m e n d a ll s u ch er r or s, h er esies, abu ses,
offen ses co n t e m p t s a n d e n o r m it ie s , wh a t s o e ve r t h ey b e , w h i c h b y a n y m a n n e r of
sp ir it u a l a u t h or it y or ju r is d ict io n o u gh t or m a y la wfu lly b e r efor m ed , r ep r essed ,
or d er ed , r ed r essed , co r r e ct e d , r est r a in ed , or a m e n d e d , m ost t o t h e p lea su r e of
Al m i g h t y G o d , t h e in cr ea se o f vir t u e in Ch r is t ’s r e ligio n , a n d for t h e co n s e r va t io n
of t h e p e a ce , u n it y, a n d t r a n q u illit y of t h is r ea lm ; a n y u sa ge, for eign la n d , for eign
a u t h or it y, p r es cr ip t ion , or a n y o t h e r t h in g or t h in gs t o t h e co n t r a r y h e r e o f n o t wit h -
s t a n d in g.” [Fr om : M i l t o n Vio r s t , ed ., The Great Docum ents of W estern Civilization
( N e w Yor k; Ba r n es a n d N o b l e , 19 6 5 ) p p . 9 7- 9 8 ]
2. P et er de Ros a , Vicars of Christ, p a ge 28
3 . P a r t I X, Se ct io n s 76 4 a n d 76 5
4 . J . H u b er , Les Jesuites, Par is: Sa n d o z et F is ch b a ch e r ( 18 7 5 ) , p p 7 1ff
Ch a p t e r 8 : M o v i n g I n
1. F o u r t h session , Ap r i l 8 , 15 4 6 , The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, t r a n s-
la t ed b y H.J Sh r oed er , R o ck fo r d IL: T A N Bo o k s ( 19 78 )
30 5
NOTES PP. 5 6 - 8 6
2. Ba r t h e l, The Jesuits, p 10 1
3 . I I Ti m o t h y 3 : 16 .
4 . E n cyclo p e d ia Br it t a n ica , Livy ii, 2 1, 7; 2 7,5 .
5. Ba r t h e l, The Jesuits, p 49
Ch a p t e r 9 : S e c u r i n g Co n f i d e n c e
1. La Ch a i ze p r ob a b ly d ir e ct e d t h e Ki n g t h r o u gh t h e Fift h E xe r cis e , t h e fa m ou s “m e d -
it a t io n o n h e ll,” w h i c h b e ca m e t h e ce n t e r p ie ce o f P r ot es t a n t “h ellfir e a n d b r im -
s t o n e ” p r e a ch in g. T h e Fift h E xer cis e, in its en t ir et y, is a s follows : “Fir st p o in t . T h i s
will b e t o see in im a gin a t io n t h e va s t fires, a n d t h e sou ls e n clo s e d , a s it we r e , in
b o d ie s o f fire. Se c o n d p o in t . To h e a r t h e wa ilin g, t h e h o wlin g, cr ies, a n d b la s-
p h e m ie s a ga in st Ch r i s t ou r Lor d a n d a ga in st H is sa in t s. T h i r d p o in t . W i t h t h e sen se
o f s m ell t o p e r ce ive t h e s m o k e , t h e su lp h u r , t h e filt h , a n d co r r u p t io n . F o u r t h p o in t .
To t a st e t h e b it t er n ess of t ea r s, sa d n ess, a n d r em or se of co n s cie n ce . Fift h P o in t .
W i t h t h e sen se o f t o u ch t o feel t h e flam es w h i c h e n ve l o p a n d b u r n t h e sou ls. Co l -
loqu y. E n t e r in t o co n ve r s a t io n w i t h Ch r i s t ou r Lo r d . R e ca ll t o m e m o r y t h a t o f
t h os e w h o a r e in h e ll, s o m e ca m e t h e r e b eca u s e t h e y d id n o t b e lie ve in t h e co m in g
o f Ch r is t ; o t h e r s , t h o u gh t h e y b e lie ve d , b eca u s e t h e y d id n o t k e e p t h e Co m m a n d -
m e n t s . D i vi d e t h e m all in t o t h r e e classes: 1. T h o s e w h o wer e lost b efor e t h e co m -
in g o f Ch r is t ; 2 . T h o s e w h o wer e lost d u r in g H is lifet im e; 3 . T h o s e w h o wer e lost
after H is life h e r e o n e a r t h . T h e r e u p o n , I will give t h a n k s t o G o d ou r Lor d t h a t H e
h a s n o t p u t a n e n d t o m y life a n d p e r m it t e d m e t o fa ll in t o a n y of t h es e t h r e e cla ss-
es. I sh a ll a lso t h a n k H i m for t h is, t h a t u p t o t h is ve r y m o m e n t H e h a s s h o wn H im -
self so lo vi n g a n d m er cifu l t o m e . Cl o s e wit h a n Our Father.”
2 . Sa m u e l Sm ile s , The Huguenots, N e w Yor k: H a r p e r & Br ot h er s ( 18 6 9 ) , p 153
3 . J am es J . W a ls h , M D , Am erican Jesuits, N e w Yor k: T h e M a c m i l l a n Co m p a n y ( 19 3 4 ) ,
P 174
4. M a n fr e d Ba r t h e l, The Jesuits, p 12 5
5. H e n r y Foley, SJ , Records of the English Province SJ, VI I , Par t 2, Lo n d o n
( 18 7 7 - 18 8 3 ) , p p 116 2 ff.
6 . Ga r r y W ills , W itches & Jesuits: Shakespeare’s Macbeth, N e w Yor k: O xfo r d U n ive r s i-
t y Pr ess ( 19 9 5 ) , p 20 .
7. Ba r t h e l, The Jesuits, p a ge 42
8. Ibid.
9. E d m o n d Pa r is, The Secret History of the Jesuits (t r a n sla t ed 19 75 , o r igin a l p u b lis h er
a n d p u b lica t io n d a t e u n k n o w n ) , d ist r ib u t ed b y C h i n o C A : C h i c k P u b lica t io n s , p p
12 7 - 8
10 . P et er de R o s a , Vicars of Christ, p 5
11. Ibid., p 13 8
12 . Ba r t h e l, The Jesuits, p 2 6 0
13 . Education Reporter, M a y 19 9 6 , p u b lis h ed m o n t h ly b y Ea gle F or u m E d u ca t io n &
Le ga l De fe n s e F u n d , St . Lou is , M O 6 3 10 5
Ch a p t e r 1 1 : T h e T h i r t e e n A r t i c l e s Co n c e r n i n g M i l i t a r y A r t
1. E s t im a t io n in 178 4 o f t h e n F a t h er Su p e r io r o f t h e Am e r i c a n M is s io n , J o h n Ca r r o ll,
30 6
NOTES p p . 8 7 - 14 4
a J esu it p r iest a n d b r o t h e r o f D a n ie l Ca r r o ll, u p o n wh o s e la n d , “R o m e , ” t h e U . S .

Ca p i t o l b u ild in g wa s e r e ct e d .
2. M. M a r t in , SJ , The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betray al of the Rom an Catholic
Church, N e w Yor k: Si m o n & Sch u s t e r ( 19 8 7 ) , p 4 9 0 . Pr of. M a r t in co n clu d e s t h a t
s in ce t h e cu r r e n t ly- r e ign in g Su p e t io r Ge n e r a l , P et er H a n s Ko l ve n b a c h , “s a n ct io n s ”
a b o o k b y J esu it J u a n Lu is Se gu n d o , Theology and the Church ( 19 8 5 ) , t h e b o o k co n -
st it u t es Ko lve n b a ch ’s “u lt im a t e a n swer t o t h e co n t in u e d d issa t isfa ct ion o f P op es
w i t h t h e n e w So cie t y.”
Ch a p t e r 12 : Lo r e n z o R i c c i ’s W a r
1. J . C. H . Ave l i n g , The Jesuits, p 225

2. H yn e m a n a n d Lu t z, ed it or s, Am erican Political W riting During the Founding Era
17 6 0 - 18 0 5 , I n d ia n a p o lis : Lib er t y Pr ess ( 19 8 3 ) , Vo l. I , p 3 8 3 .
3 . Ibid. T h e a n o n ym o u s a u t h o r o f t h is 17 7 6 m a t er ia l o n t h e P e n n Ch a r t e r a n d t h e
cit y of P h ila d e lp h ia wa s , in t h e ed it or s’ o p i n i o n “p r ob a b ly a la wyer – or a t lea st h a d
co n s id e r a b le k n o wle d ge o f lega l m a t t er s.”
4. Ave l i n g , The Jesuits, p 2 2 5
5. M a r t in , The Jesuits, p 2 15
6 . Ave l i n g , p 2 78
7. Ba r t h e l, The Jesuits, p 20 8
8 . M a r t in , p 2 12
9 . Catholic Ency clopedia, “Lo r e n zo R i cci ”
Ch a p t e r 1 3 : T h e S e c r e t B r i d g e
1. M a r t in , The Jesuits, p 23
2. Oxford Book of Popes
5. Sid n e y H a yd e n , W ashington and His Masonic Com peers, N e w Yor k: M a s o n i c P u b -
lis h in g a n d M a n u fa ct u r in g Co m p a n y ( 18 6 8 )
3. H e n d r ick s , Charles Thom son and the Making of A New Nation, p. 18 9
4 . R u s h , Autobiography , p . 155
Ch a p t e r 1 5 : T h e M a d n e s s o f K i n g G e o r g e I I I
1. K o c h a n d P e d e n , The Selected W ritings of John & John Quincy Adam s, N e w Yor k:

Alfr e d A. Kn o p f ( 19 4 6 ) , let t er o f J uly 3 , 1776
2 . I n 17 7 9 , t h e y wo u ld d ivid e Bu t e Co u n t y in t o t w o n e w co u n t ie s , n a m e d W a r r e n
a n d F r a n k lin , after p a t r iot s J osep h a n d Be n ja m in . Bu t e Co u n t y n o lo n ge r exist s.
3 . J o h n G. Miller , Origins of the Am erican Revolution, N e w Yor k: Lit t le , Br o wn ( 19 4 3 ) ,
p 19 0
4. S. Bu llo ck , Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freem asonry and the Transform ation of the
Am erican Social Order, 17 3 0 - 18 4 0 , Ch a p e l H ill: U n ive r s it y o f N o r t h Ca r o li n a
Pr ess, ( 19 9 6 ) , p 10 6
5. D a vi d S. Mu zzey, Our Country ’s History , Bo s t o n : G i n n &Co m p a n y ( 19 6 1) , p 9 2
30 7
NOTES PP. 1 4 7 - 1 8 1
Ch a p t e r 16 : T w e a k i n g t h e R e l i g i o u s R i g h t
1. D e n is G w y n n , Bishop Challoner, Lo n d o n : D o u gla s O r g a n ( 19 4 6 ) , p 19 2

2 . G w y n n , Challoner, p 19 1
3. F in k e & St a r k , The Churching of Am erica, N e w J er sey: R u t ge r s U n ive r s it y Pr ess
( 19 9 3 ) , p 2 5
4. T h e o d o r e Se d gw i ck , J r., A Mem oir of the Life of W illiam Livingston, N e w Yor k
( 18 4 4 ) , p 13 6
5. The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, N e w Yor k ( 19 0 1) , Vo l I, p 4 9 0
6 . J o n a t h a n Bo u ch e r , in M ille r , Origins, p 19 5
7. T h o m a s O ’G o r m a n , History of the Rom an Catholic Church in the United States, N e w
Yor k ( 18 9 5 ) , p 20 8
8 . Sid n e y H a yd e n , W ashington and his Masonic Com peers, N e w Yor k: M a s o n i c P u b lis h -
in g a n d M a n u fa ct u r in g C o . , ( 18 6 8 ) , p 3 7 1. Befor e t h e P r o vin cia l G r a n d Lo d ge o f
N e w Yor k, R e v. Se a b u r y d e live r e d a n ad d r ess D e ce m b e r 2 7, 178 2 , a s s e e n b y t h e
fo llo win g r ecor d o f t h a t b o d y: “R e s o lve d u n a n im o u s ly, t h a t t h e t h a n k s o f t h is
Lo d ge b e gi ve n t o ou r R e v. Br o . Dr . Se a b u r y, for h is s e r m o n d e live r e d t h is day,
b efor e t h is a n d o t h e r Lo d ge s , c o n ve n e d for t h e ce le b r a t io n o f St . J o h n t h e E va n ge -
list .”
9 . Ah l s t r o m , Religious History of the Am erican People, p p 3 6 8 - 7 0
Ch a p t e r 17 : A T i m e l y G r a n d T o u r
1. T h e Ba r o n y of St o u r t o n , a cco r d in g t o Burke’s Peerage, is “t h e old es t s u r vivin g
b a r o n y cr e a t e d b y Le t t e r s P a t e n t .” A “le t t e r p a t e n t ” is a r o ya l gr a n t .
2 . T h e J o h n Ca t r o l l P a p er s , G e o r g e t o w n U n ive r s it y,
3 . J .C. P a p er s, Le t t e r t o T h o m a s Eller ker , O c t o b e r 2 6 , 1772
4 . M a t t h e w 2 4 :2 4
5. Ga r cia ’s m a n u s cr ip t t r a n s la t io n fr om t h e F r e n ch of Am i o t ’s Thirteen Articles Con-
cerning Military Art, u sed by p e r m is s io n of La Be lle Eglise.
Ch a p t e r 18 : T h e S t i m u l a t i n g E f f e c t s o f Te a
1. As s u ch , East I n d ia seem s likely t o h a ve b e e n t h e sou r ce o f fu n d in g for Am i o t ’s

t r a n s la t io n o f Su n - T zu . P er h a p s s o m e d a y t h is c o n n e c t i o n ca n b e in ve s t iga t e d .
2 . Country Life, O c t o b e r 10 , 19 6 8
3. Ibid.
4. Ge o ffr e y H o lt , S.J , St. Om ers and Bruges Colleges, 1593-1773: A Biographical Dictio-
nary , Lo n d o n ( 19 7 9 )
5. Bla ck’s La w Dict io n a r y, 5 t h e d it io n , p a ge 70 9
6 . P a t S h a n n a n , w h o in ve s t iga t e s cla n d e s t in e g o ve r n m e n t i n vo l ve m e n t in gr ea t p u b -
lic ca t a s t r o p h e s s u ch a s t h e b o m b i n g o f t h e M u r r a h Bu ild in g in O k l a h o m a Cit y,
su ggest s t h a t t h e m ys t e r io u s s h o t m igh t h a ve b e e n fired b y S a m Ad a m s h im self.
W h e n I s p o k e w i t h S h a n n a n in J u ly 19 9 9 , h e h a d ju st r e t u r n e d fr om s e ve r a l we e k s
o f s le u t h in g a r o u n d Le x i n g t o n G r e e n . H e t o ld m e t h e fo llo win g: “S a m Ad a m s a n d
J o h n H a n c o c k h a d b ig p r ices o n t h e ir h e a d s a n d we r e h id in g o u t d u r in g t h e ear ly
m o r n in g h ou r s o f 19 Ap r i l in t h e h o m e o f R e v. J on a s Cl a r k e . Cla r k e ’s h o u s e is less
30 8
NOTES P P . 18 8 - 2 3 1
t h a n a q u a r t er m ile fr om Le xi n g t o n G r e e n . Ad a m s d e live r e d m a n y o f h is r a b b le-

r ou sin g s p e e ch e s a t t h e m e e t in g- h o u s e n ea r t h e G r e e n . I t wa s fr om b e h in d t h is
m e e t in g- h o u s e sh or t ly after d a yb r ea k t h a t t h e in it ia l s h ot wa s fir ed on t h e r ed coa t s.
As t o w h o wa s r esp on sib le for fir in g t h a t s h ot , r ea lly t h e first o f t h e R e vo l u t i o n , m y
n u m b e r o n e su sp ect s in ce m y fir s t visit t o Le xi n g t o n yea r s a go h a s a lwa ys b e e n Sa m
Ad a m s . H e h a d m o t i ve , h e h a d a ccess, a n d h e , m or e t h a n a n yo n e else, h a d b e e n in
t h e Kin g’s fa ce for a lo n g t im e w i t h h is fir eb r a n d s p e e ch e s . H e wa s a lwa ys u r gin g
t h e p e o p le t o va lu e lib er t y m or e t h a n life it self – w h i c h is r ea lly wh a t t h a t s h ot was
a b o u t .”
Ch a p t e r 19 : T h e D e a t h & R e s u r r e c t i o n o f Lo r e n z o R i c c i
1. H a ll, The Secret Teachings,etc., p CL X VI I I

2 . Ibid., CC
Ch a p t e r 2 0 : A m e r i c a n Gr i f f i t i
1. Co u n c i l of Tr e n t , Decree Concerning the Canonical Scriptures, F ou r t h Se s s io n .

2 . T h e b e s t - d o cu m e n t e d , m os t r ea s on ed , a n d ce r t a in ly m ost e n e r ge t ic a n a lysis o f t h e
con flict b e t w e e n R o m a n Ca t h o l i c i s m a n d Scr ip t u r e is r egu la r ly p u b lis h ed b y D a ve
H u n t , o f Be n d , O r e g o n . H is m o n t h ly n ews let t er , “T h e Be r e a n Ca l l , ” is st u d iou sly
r esea r ch ed , wo n d e r fu lly wr it t e n , a n d fr ee for t h e a s kin g. O t h e r fin ely r ea s on ed
wor ks on t h e su b ject ar e J am es R. W h i t e ’s The Rom an Catholic Controversy , a n d
Rom an Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreem ents and Differences by N o r m a n Ge is le r
a n d R a lp h M a cKe n zi e .
3 . Dictionary of Sy m bols, M a l m o , Sw e d e n : M e r k u r I n t e r n a t io n a l KB
4. Pennsy lvania Gazette, J u n e 8 , 176 9
5. H is lo p , The Tw o Baby lons, p p 2 4 0 ,2 4 1. H is lo p cit es t h e Phocica of P a u sa n iu s ( Bo o k
x, ch a p xv, p 8 3 3 )
6 . D a n i e l 5:2 5, 2 6
7. D e l Ma r , The W orship of Augustus Caesar, p 3 0 6 . “I n all t h e ea r lier wo r k s r efer r in g
t o [J ulius] h e is ca lle d Ca i u s Ca e s a r , an d s o m e t im e s sim p ly Ca iu s .”
8 . Sym e , The Rom an Revolution, p 2 18 ff
9. D e l Ma r , W orship of Augustus Caesar, p 3 18
Ch a p t e r 2 1 : J u p i t e r ’s E a r t h l y A b o d e
1. As p u b lis h e d in Se n a t e D o c u m e n t 3 3 2 , 71s t Co n gr e s s , 3 d Se s s io n , a n d a va ila b le

t h r o u gh t h e Lib r a r y of Co n gr e s s a s “J oh n son ’s M a p of G e o r g e t o w n a n d W a s h in g-
t o n .” T h i s p h e n o m e n o n wa s first p o in t e d o u t t o m e b y D a n ie l Sa lm o n s , w h o h a s
e xp lo r e d t h e ca b a lis m of t h e fed er a l cit y’s la yo u t w i t h in cr e d ib le fer vor a n d im a gi-
n a t io n .
2. Mary land Gazette for Se p t e m b e r 2 6 , 179 3
3 . Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e office o f t h e Ar c h i t e c t o f t h e Ca p i t o l , t h e silver p la q u e h a s b e e n
lost , a lo n g w i t h t h e co r n e r s t o n e , d esp it e t wo scien t ific e xca va t io n s in r e ce n t year s.
30 9
NOTES PP. 2 3 7- 2 6 9
Ch a p t e r 2 2 : T h e I m m a c u l a t e Co n c e p t i o n
1. National Republic, M a r c h 19 6 0
2. Ch i n i q u y, Fifty Years in the Church of Rom e: The Conversion of a Priest, or ig. p u b .
Lo n d o n , 18 8 6 , b y P r o t e s t a n t Lit er a t u r e Dep osit or y. Ab r id ge d ve r s io n p u b lis h ed
19 8 5 b y Ch i c k P u b lica t io n s , C h i n o C A . For r efu sin g t o ob ey h is b ish op ’s or d er t o
sen d a r ich p a r is h io n e r t o a n u n n e r y ( t h e r e b y e xp r o p r ia t in g h er w e a lt h for t h e
Ch u r c h ) , R e v. Ch i n i q u y wa s first e xc o m m u n i c a t e d , t h e n cr im in a lly p r o s e cu t e d in
U r b a n a , I llin o is , o n t r u m p e d - u p s e xu a l im p r op r iet y ch a r ges . Yo u n g Ab r a h a m Lin -
c o l n w o n h is a cq u it t a l in 18 56 b y e xp o s in g p er ju r y in t h e t e s t im o n y of sever a l
p r iest s. Ch i n i q u y a n d Li n c o l n r e m a in e d go o d fr ien d s.
3 . I was p er son a lly in for m ed b y t h e Ar c h i t e c t of t h e Ca p i t o l in 19 9 2 t h a t “n o gr ou n d -
le ve l p h o t o gr a p h s o f F r e e d o m are k n o w n t o e xis t .”
Ch a p t e r 2 3 : T h e D o m e o f t h e G r e a t S k y
1. Se e The Dom e of the United States Capitol: An Architectural History ( U . S . G o v e r n -

m e n t P r in t in g Office, 19 9 2 ) , a n d W e, the People: The Story of the United States Capi-
tol ( U . S . Ca p i t o l H is t o r ica l So cie t y, in a s s o cia t io n w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l Ge o g r a p h i c
So cie t y, 19 8 5 ) . M o s t o f t h e m a t er ia l r e la t ive t o Br u m id i’s a s s o cia t io n w i t h t h e
Ca p i t o l p r o je ct is d e r ive d fr om t h es e t w o h a n d y r esou r ces.
2. Ch i n i q u y, Fifty Years in the Church of Rom e, p 3 12
3. Ibid.
4. Br ig. G e n . T h o m a s H a r r is, Rom e’s Responsibility for the Assassination of Abraham Lin-
coln, or ig. p u b . 18 9 7, r ep u b . b y P et er sb u r g OH 4 4 4 5 4 : P ilgr im Br e t h r e n Press
( 19 8 9 ) , p 19 .
5. J o h n Co t t r e ll, Anatom y of a n Assassination, N e w Yor k: F u n k & W a gn a lls ( 19 6 6 )
Ch a p t e r 2 4 : T h e M a r k o f Ca i n
1. S. H . H o o k e , Baby lonian and Assy rian Religion, N o r m a n O K: U n ive r s it y of O k l a -
h o m a P r e s s ( 19 6 3 ) , p 15
2 . Ge o r g e Sm i t h , The Chaldean Account of Genesis, N e w Yor k: Scr ib n e r , Ar m s t r o n g &
C o . ( 18 7 6 ) , p p 54 – 55
3. H o o k e , Baby lonian Religion, p 61
4 . Ge n e s is 4 :7. G o d ca u t io n e d Ca i n t h a t if h e fa iled t o d o we ll, t h e E vild o e r wo u ld lie
a t h is d oor . “An d u n t o t h e e s h a ll b e h is d esir e, a n d t h o u sh a lt rule over him .”
5. Ge n e s i s 4 :15
6 . Ge n e s i s 4:8
7. Ge n e s i s 4 :10
8 . Ge n e s i s 4:5
9 . Ge n e s i s 4:2
10 . Ge n e s i s 4:4
11. H e b r e ws 9 :22
12 . M a t t h e w 2 6 :2 8 , Ac t s 2 0 :2 8 , R o m a n s 3 :2 5, 5:9 , Ep h es ia n s 1:7, 2 :13 , Co lo s s ia n s
1: 14 , H e b r e w 9 : 12 , 9 :20 , 10 : 19 , 13 : 12 , I P et er 1:2, 19 , I J o h n 1:7, R e ve la t i o n 1:5,
7: 14 , 12 : 11.
3 10
NOTES PP. 2 6 9 - 2 7 6
13 . E p h e s ia n s 2:6
14 . Ge n e s i s 4 :6 , 7
15 . I Sa m u e l 15:9
16 . Ge n e s i s 4 :2 6 . O n l y u p o n t h e b ir t h o f Se t h ’s son E n o s h d id “m e n [begin ] t o ca ll o n
t h e n a m e o f t h e Lo r d .” U p t o t h a t t im e , m os t o f h u m a n it y a p p a r e n t ly ign or ed o r
d e n ie d t h e H o ly N a m e . T h e s e we r e Ca in ’s la wfu l su b ject s.
17. Ge n e s i s 4 : 16
18 . Ge n e s i s 4 : 17
19 . Sa yce , The Hibbert Lectures on Baby lonian Religion ( 18 8 7 ) , p 18 5
20 . M r s . Si d n e y Br is t o we , Sargon the Magnificent, Ca n a d a : Bu r n a b y, B. C. , As s o c i a t i o n
o f t h e Co v e n a n t P e o p le ( u n d a t e d , b u t e s t im a t e d c. 19 2 5 ) , p 8 3 . Sa yc e u sed t h e
t er m M e r o d a c h , w h i c h is t h e H e b r e w va r ia n t o f M a r d u k .
2 1. H . S. W i lli a m s , Ed it or , The Historians’ History of the W orld, A Com prehensive Nar-
rative of the Rise and Developlm ent of Nations As Recorded by the Great, Lo n d o n : T h e
Tim e s ( 19 8 0 ) , Vo l I , p 3 7 3 . Se e a lso G e o r g e S m i t h , The Chaldean Account of Gene-
sis: Containing the description of the creation, the fall of m an, the deluge, Lo n d o n :
Sa m p s o n Lo w ( 19 7 6 ) , p 2 9 5.
2 2 . Ibid. Se e a lso Br is t o we , Sargon, for a we ll- d o cu m e n t e d p r e s e n t a t io n fa vo r in g t h e
id e n t ifica t io n o f C a i n w i t h Sa r go n a n d n u m e r o u s m yt h o lo gi ca l p er s on a ges .
2 3 . E d it io n 2 , Vo l. 3 , “Ba b ylo n ia ”
2 4 . Le o n a r d Kin g, Egy pt, Baby lon and Palestine, p 28 ( n o t e d in Br is t o we )
2 5. W i lli a m s , Tim es History , Vo l. I p 3 5 6 .
2 6 . H .R . H a ll, The Ancient History of the Near East, Lo n d o n : M i t h u e n & C o . ( 11t h
E d it io n , 19 5 0 ) , p 172
2 7. Ge n e s i s 3
2 8 . Br is t o we , Sargon, p p 3 9 - 4 0
2 9 . R a go zin , Ze n a id e A. , Chaldea from the Earliest Tim es to the Rise of Assy ria, Lo n d o n :
T. Fish er U n w i n ( 18 8 6 ) , p p 2 0 5 - 2 0 7
3 0 . Cam bridge History , Vo l I, p 4 0 6 ( n o t e d in Br is t o we )
3 1. “Sla ve r y wa s p a r t o f t h e fo u n d a t io n u p o n w h i c h Ba b ylo n ia n s o cie t y r est ed .”
Sa yce , Baby lonia and Assy ria, p . 67
3 2 . [London] Tim es History , Vo l. I, p 3 6 2
3 3 . Web s t er ’s d e fin it io n .
3 4 . Ge n e s i s 4 : 2 3 - 2 4
3 5 . Ge n e s i s 17 : 7 - 8
3 6 . Ge n e s i s 4 : 14
3 7. H a b a k k u k 2:4
3 8 . P ik e , Morals and Dogm a, p 2 10
3 9 . Ge n e s i s 5 : 17
4 0 . Ge n e s i s 4 :25
4 1. Ge n e s i s 5:4
4 2 . T h e r e is a d is cr e p a n cy of 19 1 yea r s b e t w e e n P ike’s r e ck o n i n g a n d t h a t in scr ib ed
in t o t h e p la q u e o f t h e Ca p i t o l Co r n e r s t o n e ( 17 9 3 AD fr om 5 79 3 A M ) I a m in clin e d
t o b e lie ve Pike’s is m o r e s cie n t ifica lly d e t e r m in e d .
4 3 . Ge n e s i s 4 : 16
3 11
NOTES PP. 2 7 9 - 2 9 0
Ch a p t e r 2 5 : T h e T w o M i n i s t r i e s
1. H e b r e ws 1:1
2 . J o h n 1: 1- 14
3 . 1 Tim o t h y 1: 9 - 10 ( N I V)
4 . M a t t h e w 3:8
5. M a t t h e w 19 : 19
6 . M a t t h e w 5:4 4
7. M a t t h e w 10 :8
8 . M a t t h e w 6 :12 ; 18 :2 2
9 . M a r k 16 : 15
10 . J o h n 6:44
11. I Ti m o t h y 2:4
12 . I I Co r i n t h i a n s 3:9
13 . I Co r i n t h i a n s 15: 56
14 . I I Co r i n t h i a n s 11: 15
15 . I J o h n 3 :12
16 . J ob 1:6,7
17. Isa ia h 14 : 12 , R e ve l a t i o n 12 : 12
18 . J ob 1:7
19 . II Co r i n t h i a n s 4:4
20 . Ep h es ia n s 2:2
2 1. I I Co r i n t h i a n s 11: 13
2 2 . M a t t h e w 4 : 1- 10
2 3 . Ibid.
2 4 . M a t t h e w 18 : 14 - 17 . I n o t h e r wor d s , “R e s p e ct h is wis h t o a void yo u , a s t h e p a ga n s
d o .” T h e t a x co lle ct o r s k n o w n t o t h e Isr a elit es we r e d is loya l b r e t h r e n h ir ed b y
R o m a n s t o t a x o t h e r Isr a elit es for p er son a l p r ofit . Tod a y’s e q u iva le n t m igh t b e
u n d e r co ve r a gen t s wo r k in g t o cr ea t e t a x lia b ilit y for a ch u r ch .
2 5. 1 Tim o t h y 1:20
2 6 . 1 Co r i n t h i a n s 5 : 4 - 5
2 7. R o m a n s 13 : 1- 8
2 8 . De Ros a , Vicars of Christ, p 36
2 9 . St r on g’s H e b r e w Le xi c o n , n o . 6 3 6 3
3 0 . Lu k e 22:36
3 1. U . S . Dis t r ict Co u r t , W e s t e r n Dis t r ict o f Te xa s , filed Feb r u a r y 2 6 , 19 9 3 , N o . W -
9 3 - 15 M .
3 2 . II Co r i n t h i a n s 3:9
3 3 . I I Co r i n t h i a n s 5: 18
54. P h ilip p ia n s 2:10
3 5 . T h e p r in cip le is p r o ve d b y its r ever se: T h e Less R e s t r ict io n , t h e Fa r t h er fr om G o d ,
w h i c h is b o r n e ou t b y h i g h r e cid ivis m st a t ist ics. T h e fr ee wor ld t en d s t o d ilu t e t h e
in t im a cy w i t h G o d w h i c h r es t r ict ion h a s est a b lish ed .
3 6 . M a t t h e w 10 : 16
3 12
Appendix E
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3 17

Rulers of Evil Useful Knowledge About Governing Bodies F Tupper

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Rulers of Evil Useful Knowledge About Governing Bodies F Tupper

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RULERS OF EVIL

Useful Know ledge About Governing Bodies

* sketch by the author

15 : T h e Ma d n ess o f Kin g Ge o r ge III 13 5

A l l r igh t , Rulers of Evil is e x t r e m e . ( D o e s t h a t fr i g h t e n yo u ? ) I t

— Peter Flem ing

“The only new thing in this w orld is the

“The Rom an Catholic Church is a State.”

J u d ge W illia m Cla r k W i lli a m W ils o n

J osep h Bid e n J oh n Ker r y

H e n r y Go n za le z Bar bar a Miku ls ki

Va t i c a n C o u n c i l IPs Constitution on the Church ( 1 9 6 4 ) in s t r u ct s

o f t h e Catholic Ency clopedia’s a r t i c l e o n D a n i e l Ca r r o l l . T h e a r t i-

T H E Am e r i c a n Ca p i t o l a b o u n d s w i t h clu e s o f its R o m a n o r igin s .

AP OSTOLI C N UN CI ATURE , U N I TE D STATES OF AMERI CA

Av e n u e N . W . e n a b l e s Pontifex Maxim us t o s u p e r vis e m o r e c l o s e l y

S k e t c h of M it h r a s ( le ft ) , fr om a s t o n e ca r vin g. M it h r a s wa s “Sol Invictus” t h e

Feast Da y of Den is, b ish op of Par is, an d t wo com p a n ion s id en t i-

I ve h e m e n t ly d issen t from t h ose wh o wou ld n o t h a ve p r iva t e

T h o u g h ou r ch ild r e n live in t h e m id st of a Ch r is t ia n wor ld ,

I t w a s o n e t h i n g t o r e c o m m e n d learning against learning, a n d

“W h a t sayest t h o u , O Kin g? So lo n g a s t h o u d ost e xe r cis e

P o n t iff.” P h i l i p t h e n a c c u s e d t h e p o p e o f i lle gi t i m a cy, s e xu a l m is -

P a u l III is a m a j o r figu r e in t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e S o c i e t y o f J esu s,

fo l l o w i n g p r i n ci p le : W hat seem s to m e w hite, 1 w ill believe black if the

I d o fu r th er p r om ise an d d ecla r e t h a t I will h a ve n o op in ion

ca ll all t h e h ea ven ly an d glor iou s h ost of h e a ve n t o wit n ess th ese

H e is a h er et ic wh o d oes n o t b elieve wh a t t h e R o m a n H ier -

r em ission of all sin b elon g t o t h ose wh o sign ed wit h t h e cross for

w h e n I h a ve h a d h i m [Lou is XI V] a t con fes s ion , I h a ve s h ook

in clin a t io n t o m e, a n d was willin g t o b e u n d er m y go ve r n m e n t ;

t h e d em olit ion of all t h e r em a in in g Pr ot est a n t t em p les t h r ou gh -

r ep r esen t ed a cou n t r y, lo n g h e a vily op p r essed u n d er t h e Ir on

T h e p h ilosop h ic ideals p r om u lgat ed t h r ou gh ou t Sh a kesp ea r -

Ye t , a s G a r r y W i l l s in h i s b o o k W itches & Jesuits p o i n t s o u t ,

C E RTAI N LY t h e m o s t e la b o r a t e s in gle J esu it t h e a t r i c a l e v e n t wa s

t h er e was n o fu n d a m e n t a l d iffer en ce b e t we e n N a t io n a l So cia l-

t r u ly ca lle d go o d . E m b r a cin g, a s sh e d oes , t h e wh o le of h u m a n

a p a t er n a l in ju n ct ion n o t t o a llow film s t o be m ad e wh ich are at

J o h n XXI I I u r ge d t h a t P iu s XI ’s n a t i o n a l film r e vi e w i n g offices

b e en t r u st ed t o m e n w h o are e xp e r ie n ce d in cin e m a , sou n d

a sp ecia l r esp on sib ilit y for t h e p r op er use of t h e m ea n s of socia l

J e s u i t. O n e of t h e societ y of J esus, so ca lled , fou n d ed by Ign atiu s

O n e h u n d r e d s e v e n t y - e i g h t ye a r s la t e r , W e b s t e r ' s Third New

J e s u i t: 1: a m em b er of a r eligiou s societ y for m en fou n d ed by St .

W e b s t e r ' s o n l i n e d i ct i o n a r y, W W W ebster ( 1 9 9 9 ) , is p a r t icu la r -

“Did you for ce t h e win d ow t o ga in felon iou s en t r y in t o t h ese

To t h e en t r ea t ies of h er h u sb a n d , sh e a b solu t ely d e n ie d t h e

If len d in g on e h u n d r ed fran cs you are losin g t en fr an cs by it,

Ye sh a ll d o n o u n r igh t eou s n es s in m ea su r e. J ust b a la n ce s ,

European im m igr a n t s t r a n s fo r m e d Rom an Ca t h o li ci s m fr o m

Église produced a very fine m anuscript English translation by Her-

A M I O T b e gin s The Thirteen Articles b y n o t i n g h o w o d d it is t h a t

If we are t o ju d ge t h e Ch in e s e by t h eir m or als ... an d in gen -

W h a t H e r o e s ! W h a t P o lit icia n s ! W h a t Wa r r ior s ! N o

an d I e xclu d e n o o n e fr om m y offer, in clu d in g t h e m ost m u t i-

before t h e Kin g, & I in t en d for t h em to be d on e p er fectly.”

Aft e r r e p e a t in g h is in s t r u ct ion s t h r ee t im es, Su n - t zu a ga in

d isob eyed m e, t h ey will d ie.” So sa yin g, h e p u lled ou t h is swor d

T h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n co n fir m s t h a t P a u l I ll's wa r d e c l a r a t i o n Regi-

W i t h o u t givin g b a t t le , wit h o u t s p illin g a d r op of [t h e

LORENZO RI CCI A/ K/ A LAURENCE RICH EY.

A s t h ese r o u n d e d st on es b e ga n r ollin g, m or e s u ccu m b e d t o