Proceedings of the ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition

IMECE2015
November 13-19, 2015, Houston, Texas

IMECE2015-50451

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FRICTION STIR WELDING PROCESS UNDER

DIFFERENT CONTROL AND ENERGY PARAMETERS

Dalong Yi Hui Zhang

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Email: ydl11@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn Email: zhhui@tsinghua.edu.cn

Rs Radius of shoulder, m
ABSTRACT T Temperature, K
Ta Ambient temperature, K
Friction Sir Welding (FSW) process is a solid state welding c Heat capacity, J/(kgˑK)
technology which is widely used in manufacturing field for h Surface film coefficient, W/(m2ˑK)
joints of many types of same or dissimilar materials such as k Thermal conductivity, W/(mˑK)
aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and steels and so on. In n Normal direction, 1
addition, FSW process is also a complex process associated qs Heat flux of surface, W/m2
with heat transfer, plastic deformation, grain recrystallization r Radius from center, m;
and material property changing phenomenon. It is commonly t Time, s
known that the thermal condition or the temperature x Dimension in x direction, m
distribution of space and time is important to the final welding y Dimension in y direction, m
condition. However, due to the limitation of experiment z Dimension in z direction, m
measurement and the unfinished work of numerical heat ηfh Coefficient of friction energy to heat, 1
transfer model, the relationship between thermal condition and θ Angle, rad
control parameters still remains a question. In this work, a new μ Friction coefficient, 1
numerical model based on energy analysis and finite element ρ Density of material, kg/m3
method is built to calculate the thermal field of FSW process. σnormal Normal stress, N/m2
The energy generation due to plunge depth and the converting σyield Yield stress of material, N/m2
coefficient of friction energy to heat are considered in the τA Surface shear stress of area, N/m2
model. The effects of energy distribution of both sides, energy τyield Shear yield stress of material, N/m2
efficiency of friction, plunge depth, normal force, traverse ω Angular velocity, rad/s
speed and rotation speed on the temperature distribution of
FSW process are investigated.
INTRODUCTION
NOMENCLATURE
Friction Sir Welding (FSW) process is a solid state welding
A Area, m2 technology which is first invented to use in aluminum
F Force, N manufacturing in 1991 by Welding Institute, UK[1]. With the
Fn Normal force, N development of twenty years, FSW process is now widely used
Hd Height of plunge depth, m in manufacturing field for joints of many types of same or
Hp Height of pin, m dissimilar materials such as aluminum alloys, magnesium
M Momentum, Nˑm alloys, steels and even titanium alloys and so on [2-6].
Q Energy generated, W Comparing with normal welding process, FSW has lower
Qf Energy generated of friction, W residual stress, finer grain size and lower energy input which
Qfh Heat energy of friction, W contribute to better welding quality [7]. All these advantages
Qv Heat source, W/m3 make FSW process a promising manufacturing process in many
Rp Radius of pin, m parts of modern life such as shipbuilding, aerospace, and train

1 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 railways industry.
Figure 1 shows the basic schematic diagram of friction stir
welding system which consists of work pieces and welding tool.
(To describe the simplest condition, the other parts like support
plate, fixing equipment, heating system are not shown). The
welding process is usually like this: Firstly, the tool which is
consisted of shoulder and pin is inserted into work piece at
certain start position by normal load. Secondly, there may be a
short and staying welding time: the tool just rotates without
traverse motion at the start position for a certain time to get an
initial welding condition. Thirdly, the tool rotates and traverses
at the same time along the welding line to form the welding
joint of work pieces. Fourthly, after getting to the certain end
position, the tool stays at the end position to rotate for a short
time like the second step. Fifthly, the tool is plunged out from
the work piece and the whole welding process finishes.
Furthermore, since the rotation and traverse motion is not
symmetrical in the two sides (Advancing side and Retreating
side) of welding line, there is a difference in microstructures
and mechanical properties of welding specimens [8].
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of friction stir welding process
As mentioned before, FSW becomes popular in
manufacturing field, however, relationship between welding
quality and control parameters are not fully understood and the
control of welding quality still remains a question. It is well
known that the characteristic region of microstructure zone of
work piece under FSW process usually consisted of three parts
as below: nugget zone, thermo mechanical affected zone and
heat affected zone [9]. The thermal condition of these areas
affects the microstructure evolution which contributes to the
final welding property in the end. So the understand of thermal
condition and the effects of control parameters on thermal
fields are important to improve the welding quality control of
FSW process. Due to the difficulties and costs of experimental
measurement of temperature distribution, a thermal model of
FSW is needed.
2 Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo
Many researchers investigated thermal condition of FSW
through both experimental and numerical ways. Chen et al [10]
built a 3D finite element model to study the thermo mechanical
fields of FSW of AA6061. The comparison between
experimental temperature and simulation temperature showed a
good agreement. However, their work just considered the
friction energy caused by shoulder and the pin parts were not
included. Song et al [11] studied the thermal fields of FSW
process of AA6061 by a heat transfer model in a moving
coordinate. In their work, the heat generation of both pin and
shoulder was considered and their results showed good match
with experiment measured temperature. Schmidt et al [12]
investigated the heat generation in FSW of AA2024 through an
analytical model. The friction behavior is described as a mixed
stick and slip condition by using a contact state variable and the
friction energy from three surfaces of shoulder and pin
respectively are considered in their model. Based on the
experimental results and analytical analysis, a sliding friction
coefficient was got.
Nandan et al [13] studied the heat transfer and plastic flow
during FSW process of mild steel though a 3D thermo
mechanical model. They found that the heat and mass flow
were strongly three-dimensional and would increase with the
increasing of rotation speed and traverse speed. Riahi et al [14]
investigated the temperature and stress fields of FSW process
of AA6061 though a stepped thermo mechanical model. The
frictional heat generated by bottom surfaces of pin and shoulder
were considered in their model and their results showed a
non-symmetry phenomenon respect to the welding center line.
Yaduwanshi et al [15] measured the temperature distribution of
FSW process of AA1100 and built a 3D heat transfer model
study the thermal field. Three parts of friction energy from
surfaces of shoulder and pin are considered and the simulation
work showed a good agreement with experiment results. They
believed that the heat generation of side and bottom surfaces of
pin played an effective role in thermal analysis and the
temperature distributions of advancing and retreating side were
different.
Even though much work on thermal condition had been
done by researchers, the thermal model is still not perfect. For
example, the friction energy is not fully 100% converted to heat
which can be as low as 84% from previous work on friction
behavior [16]. However, people seldom considered this part in
heat generation model of FSW. Besides, when plunge depth
was introduced in the FSW process, there should be energy
generated by the side surface of shoulder and there are very few
references of FSW mentioned this part. In addition, researchers
pointed out the asymmetry of temperature distribution, but
there needs more work to discuss the distribution values. In this
work, the friction energy generated by four surfaces of shoulder
and pin are analytically studied at first, and then a new 3D heat
transfer model is built to study the effects of the energy
distribution of both sides, converting coefficient of friction
energy to heat, plunge depth, applied force, traverse speed and
rotation speed on temperature distribution of FSW process.
 1. Operating condition setting of FSW process to total heat energy is believed to be the major parts of all total
heat energy [10]. So in this model of heat transfer, the energy
A condition of FSW process of two workpieces of
generation is considered only from friction.
aluminum alloys (AA2024) on a support plate (steel) welded by
With plunge depth, the friction energy generated by tool
a tool (steel) is studied in this article. The work piece and
contains four parts from shoulder and pin as shown in Figure 2:
support plate are all cuboid, the geometry are respectively
Q1 - energy from the bottom surface of pin; Q2 - energy from
200mm*100mm*6mm (same size for two work piece) and
side surface of pin; Q3 - energy from the bottom surface of
240mm*240mm*10mm. The geometry of tool is given as
shoulder; Q4 - energy from partial of side surface of shoulder
10mm*5mm*3mm (shoulder radius*pin height*pin radius). In
(height is equal to the plunge depth). In the previous work done
addition, the total welding length is 180mm along workpiece.
by researchers [10-12], Q4 is usually not considered. However,
There are five parameters (converting coefficient, plunge
this part of surface of shoulder must contact with the material
depth, normal force, traverse speed, rotation speed) investigated
of work piece and should have friction energy contribution.
in this work and each parameter is set to have 3 levels as shown
The calculation of four parts of friction energy is given
in table 1. The converting coefficient of friction energy to heat
below. Firstly, by using the assumption that shear force in the
is studied in a single parameter way. Since the normal force and
certain surfaces are uniform, the friction energy due to the
plunge depth is usually one-controlled or controlled separately
rotation motion is given [12]:
in FSW process, so these two parameters are also studied in a
single parameter way. The following parameters of traverse dQ f ω=
= dM ω=
rdF ω rτ A dA (1)
speed and rotation speed are often coupled in FSW process, so A 2p Rs
= ∫=
ω rτ A dA ∫ ∫ ωr τ drdθ (2)
2
these two parameters are studied together in a coupled way. Qf A
Table 1 Range of control parameters of simulation 0 0 Rp

For different surfaces, the friction energy is given:

Parameters Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 2p R p
2p
A1

= ∫=
ω rτ A1 dA ∫ ∫ ω r=
τ drdθ ω R p 3τ A1 (3)
2
Qf 1 A1
Converting coefficient, 1% 80 90 100 3
0 0 0
Plunge depth, mm 2 3 4 A2 2p H p
= ∫=
ω rτ dA ∫ ∫ ω r=
τ dzdθ 2pω R p 2 H pτ A2 (4)
2
Normal Force , N 4000 6000 8000
Qf 2 A2 A2
0 0 0
2p Rs
2p
Traverse Speed, mm/s 4 6 8 A3

=Qf 3 ∫=
ω rτ dA ∫ ∫ ω r =
s τ drdθ 2
A3 ω ( Rs 3 − R p 3 )τ A3 (5)
Rotation Speed, rpm 500 750 1000 3
0 0 Rp

A4 2π H d
2. Thermal-Mechanical model
= ∫=
ω rτ A4 dA ∫ ∫ ω r=
τ dzdθ 2πω Rs 2 H dτ A4 (6)
2
Qf 4 A4
2.1. Heat Generation 0 0 0
In order to give a reasonable and easy using (no state
variable needs to be tested by experiment for every different
condition), the friction of bottom surfaces of pin and shoulder
are assumed to be sliding condition, and the friction of side
surfaces of pin and shoulder are assumed to be sticking
condition. The calculations of friction force of four surfaces are
given below:
Fn
τ= τ= mσ normal
= m (7)
A1 + A3
A A1 3

σ yield
τ=
A τ=
A2
τ yield
= 4
(8)
3
As mentioned before, heat is just a part of friction energy
and the converting of friction to heat is given[16]:
Q fh = h fh Q f (9)
In this model, the friction coefficient is picked as a constant
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of friction energy calculation value of 0.3 which is based on the analytical and experimental
work of FSW [12, 17]. In addition, the yield shear stress of side
In normal FSW process, heat can be generated by friction surface is also set to be a constant based on a evaluated average
and plastic deformation. However, the contribution of friction value 20.8 MPa from ref [12]. In fact, this work is to show the

3 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 effects of energy of side part due to depth and the converting transpose of matrices)
efficiency of friction energy to heat, the choosing of friction
2.3. Geometry, element meshing, boundary conditions
coefficient and the yield shear stress should be more careful for
and temperature monitors
high accuracy such as temperature dependent and strain
dependent.
2.2. Heat transfer and finite element method
Friction stir welding process is a 3D transient heat transfer
process. The governing equation of transient thermal fields are
given [18]:
∂T ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T 
ρc =  kx  +  ky  +  ky  + Qv (10)
∂t ∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z 
The three basic types of boundary condition are given[18]:
T = T ( x, y , z , t ) (11)
∂T ∂T ∂T
kx nx + k y ny + k z nz =qs ( x, y, z , t ) (12)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂T ∂T ∂T
kx nx + k y ny + k z nz =h (Ta − T ) (13)
∂x ∂y ∂z
The initial condition is given[18]:
T ( x, y, z ,0) = T ( x, y, z ) (14)
Figure 3 Boundary condition and element meshing
The basic finite element method for heat transfer is given The transient thermal analysis of friction stir welding of
[19]: workpieces of AA2024 on a support place of steel is conducted
∂T by using the commercial software ABAQUS [20]. The basic
C + KT =
P (15)
∂t boundary condition and element meshing is shown in Figure 3.
The formation of matrix and element matrix which contains The element using for the analysis of transient heat transfer for
boundary conditions is given below[19]: both parts are DC3D8 which is an 8 node brick element [20].
∑
T = NT e (16)
The total element numbers of workpiece and support plate are
respectively 144000 and 129780. The element dependence is
=K ∑(K + H ) e e
(17) done by increasing the number of element and comparing the
difference of results. The boundary conditions of thermal model
C = ∑ (C ) e
(18) are given below: (a) Workpiece: 1, ABB’A’, BCC’B’, CDD’C’,
DAA’D, ABCD: heat convention with convention coefficient of
P ∑(P + P + P )
= 1
e
2
e
3
e
(19) 80 W/(m 2 •K) and ambient temperature of 293.15 K; 2, EFF’E’
(2 surfaces) stick with each other, no thermal resistance. 3,
 ∂N T ∂N ∂N T ∂N ∂N T ∂N 
K= ∫  ∂x k x ∂x + ∂y k y ∂y + ∂z k z ∂z  dV (20) A’B’C’D’: stick with support place surface GHJK, no thermal
e

Ve  resistance. (b) Support Plate: 1, GHJK (expect the area

A’B’C’D’, exposed part): heat convention with convention
H e = ∫ N T hNdS (21) coefficient of 80 W/(m 2 • K) and ambient temperature of 293.15
S3
K; 2, KJJ’K’, JHH’J’, HGG’H’, GKK’G’, G’K’J’H’:
C e = ∫ N T ρ cNdV (22) temperature fixed to 293.15 K.
Ve The heat generation of friction as discussed in Chapter 2.1
is applied as a moving volume heat source though user
P1e = ∫ N T Qv dV (23) subroutine DFLUX [20], and the moving speed is equal to
Ve traverse speed. Furthermore, the initial conditions of two parts
P2 e = ∫ N T qs dS (24) are both the same with the room temperature of 293.15 K.
S2 Since the welding part is the most important part of friction stir
welding and effects of other parts like inserting, dwell parts are
P3e = ∫ N T hTa dS (25) not significant for the temperature distribution as shown in Ref
S3 [15]. Just the welding process of FSW is simulated in this work
where, T - temperature matrix; C - heat capacity matrix; H - and the calculation time is given the value of welding length
heat convection matrix; K - thermal conductivity matrix; P - divide traverse speed.
temperature load matrix; N - shape function matrix; V - volume;
S - surface area. (Right Superscript: e - element value, T -

4 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 3. Results and discussion
3.1. Typical results of temperature distribution

Figure 4 Temperature monitors and geometry

In order to understand the thermal process of FSW deeper,
there are some temperature monitors (TM1~TM9) using in the
simulation to record the history of temperature and their
Figure 5 Temperature distributions at welding process
locations are given in Figure 4.
2.4. Material properties
As mentioned before, the workpiece is made of AA2024
and the support plate is made of steel and their basic physical
properties are given in Table 2.
Table 2 Physical properties of Steel and AA2024 [21-24]

Property Steel AA2024

Thermal conductivity, W/(m·K) 26 193
Specific Heat Capacity, J/(kg·K) 400 875
3
Density, m /kg 8080 2780
Poisson’s Ratio 0.3 0.33
Young’s Modules, GPa 200 73.1

Figure 6 Temperature histories at TWs of baseline case

The parameter setting of converting coefficient - 90%,
plunge depth - 3mm, normal force - 6000 N, traverse speed -
6mm/s, rotation speed - 750 rpm are selected as the baseline
case to show typical results of temperature. The temperature
distribution at calculation time of 15s (total 30s of this case) is
given in Figure 5.
It can be seen that the maximum temperature of welding
center is almost 520K. The asymmetrical distribution of
temperature in X direction (Z=100mm, XY plane) shows the
effects of traverse speed on temperature. In addition, since the
heat source is symmetrical Z direction, the temperature
distribution in YZ place (X=100mm) is also symmetrical.
The temperature history results of temperature monitor
TW1~TW9 are given in Figure 6. It can be concluded that in X
direction (welding direction) except the first TW1, the results of
other TW2~TW5 shows a same trend and value which indicates

5 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 a steady temperature condition of FSW process in certain sets
of control parameters. In addition, the peak value of
temperature of steady condition (TW2~TW5) could be a
characterized value for evaluating the effects of control
parameters. The history results of temperature of TW3, TW7&8
and TW6&9 show that with the increasing of the distance of Z
direction from the welding center, the peak temperature drops.
Same as contour results, the similar values of temperature of
TW7&8 and TW6&9 are because of the symmetry of heat
source in Z direction.
3.2. Energy distribution of both side
Researchers pointed out that the distributions of
temperature of advancing side and retreating side welding of
FSW are not symmetrical [14, 15]. However, the ratio values of
distribution are still questions and the effects of this asymmetry
are not fully understood.
Figure 8 Temperature histories at TWs of energy redistributed case
From Figure 5~8, it can be concluded that after the
redistribution of the energy, the temperature distribution
changes from the original symmetrical condition to an
asymmetrical one in Z direction. In addition, the maximum of
temperature of redistributed case is almost 539 K which is
higher than the baseline case (520K). This is because that when
the total value of energy is the same, concentrating the heat
energy in a smaller region could lead to higher maximum
temperature. In addition, the asymmetrical temperature field
could further leads to different microstructure evolution firstly
and different material properties finally (advancing side is
different from retreating side). However, this part of analysis is
just a begging of asymmetrical research, more effects and
experiment data are needed to improve the accuracy of results.
3.3. Effects of parameters
By picking up the max value of temperature results of TWs
after reaching a steady state, the effects of five parameters
(converting coefficient, plunge depth, normal force, traverse
speed, rotation speed) are studied and given in Figure 9~Figure
12.
Figure 7 Temperature distributions at welding process: (a) Baseline
case; (b) Redistributed case. (Same calculation time 15s)
By giving a distribution ratio of heat energy 0.7:0.3
(advancing side to retreating side) and using the same setting
with baseline case, the thermal field of energy redistributed
case is simulated.

6 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 Figure 9 Peak temperatures and convert coefficient Figure 11 Peak temperatures and normal force

Figure 10 Peak temperatures and plunge depth Figure 12 Peak temperatures and rotation speed or traverse speed
Table 3 Effects of parameters on peak temperature
Concerting Plunge Normal Traverse Rotation Peak Control Temperature T/C
Parameter
Coefficient Depth Force Speed Speed Temperature Change Change Comparing
Name
(1) (mm) (N) (mm/s) (rpm) (K) Ratio Ratio Ratio
Center 90 3 6000 6 750 518.961 N/A N/A N/A
Converting 80 3 6000 6 750 493.842 0.111 0.048 0.436
Coefficient 100 3 6000 6 750 544.015 -0.111 -0.048 0.434
Plunge 90 2 6000 6 750 505.398 0.333 0.026 0.078
Depth 90 4 6000 6 750 532.459 -0.333 -0.026 0.078
Normal 90 3 4000 6 750 477.495 0.333 0.080 0.240
Force 90 3 8000 6 750 560.362 -0.333 -0.080 0.239
Traverse 90 3 6000 4 750 544.509 0.333 -0.049 -0.148
Speed 90 3 6000 8 750 497.419 -0.333 0.042 -0.125
Rotation 90 3 6000 6 500 443.669 0.333 0.145 0.435
Speed 90 3 6000 6 1000 594.188 -0.333 -0.145 0.435

7 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo

 The relationship between peak temperature and these
parameters are obvious and close to a linear relationship as
shown in the Figure 9~12. With the increasing of converting
coefficient, plunge depth, normal force, rotation speed and
decreasing of traverse speed, the peak temperature rises.
Researches seldom considered the effect of converting
coefficient and plunge depth, the results show a view of their
effects which cannot be neglected for the thermal analysis of
FSW.
By taking all the results of parameters study together and
comparing with the baseline case, the extent of their effects on
peak temperature are studied. As shown in Table 3, the
converting coefficient of friction energy to heat and rotation
speed have the highest effects on peak temperature. That is
because they are both linear and direct proportion in the
calculation of friction energy (Equation 1~9). The normal force
is also direct proportion but just affects two parts of friction
energy, so the effects of normal force are not as high as rotation
speed and converting coefficient. Comparing with other
parameters, the plunge depth has the lowest comparing values.
However, the comparing values are still in same order of
magnitudes which indicates the effects of plunge depth should
not be neglected.
4. Conclusions
A 3-D thermal finite element model is built to investigate the
friction stir welding process under different parameters. The
distribution and history of temperature results are got through
the numerical model. The effects of parameters on thermal field
are studied though simulation results.
 For the certain range of parameters in our work, after the
initial welding state, temperature evolution along
welding line reacheas a steady state.
 In the condition of energy balance, by given a different
speration of energy or redistributed energy in advancing
and retreating side, an asymmetrical distributed thermal
field can be got. For same control parameters, peak
temperature of asymmetrical condition is higher than
symmetrical condition.
 The converting coefficient of friction energy to heat and
the plunge depth have their own effects on thermal field
which cannot be neglected.
 With the increasing of converting coefficient, plunge
depth, normal force, rotation speed and decreasing of
traverse speed, the peal temperature rises.
REFERENCES
[1] W.M. Thomas, E. D. N., J.C. Needham, M.G. Murch, P.
Templesmith, C.J. Dawes, G.B, 1991, "Friction stir butt
welding,"UK.
8 Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo
[2] Su, J. Q., Nelson, T. W., Mishra, R., and Mahoney, M., 2003,
"Microstructural investigation of friction stir welded 7050-T651
aluminium," Acta Mater., 51(3), pp. 713-729.
[3] Aydın, H., Bayram, A., and Durgun, İ., 2010, "The effect of
post-weld heat treatment on the mechanical properties of
2024-T4 friction stir-welded joints," Mater Design, 31(5), pp.
2568-2577.
[4] Paventhan, R., Lakshminarayanan, P. R., and
Balasubramanian, V., 2011, "Prediction and optimization of
friction welding parameters for joining aluminium alloy and
stainless steel," Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of
China, 21(7), pp. 1480-1485.
[5] Luo, J., Chen, W., and Fu, G., 2014, "Hybrid-heat effects on
electrical-current aided friction stir welding of steel, and Al and
Mg alloys," J. Mater. Process. Technol., 214(12), pp. 3002-3012.
[6] Edwards, P. D., and Ramulu, M., 2015, "Material flow during
friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4V," J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
218(0), pp. 107-115.
[7] Mishra, R. S., and Ma, Z. Y., 2005, "Friction stir welding and
processing," Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports,
50(1–2), pp. 1-78.
[8] Rao, D., Huber, K., Heerens, J., dos Santos, J. F., and Huber,
N., 2013, "Asymmetric mechanical properties and tensile
behaviour prediction of aluminium alloy 5083 friction stir
welding joints," Materials Science and Engineering: A, 565(0),
pp. 44-50.
[9] Bussu, G., and Irving, P. E., 2003, "The role of residual stress
and heat affected zone properties on fatigue crack propagation
in friction stir welded 2024-T351 aluminium joints," Int J
Fatigue, 25(1), pp. 77-88.
[10] Chen, C. M., and Kovacevic, R., 2003, "Finite element
modeling of friction stir welding—thermal and
thermomechanical analysis," International Journal of Machine
Tools and Manufacture, 43(13), pp. 1319-1326.
[11] Song, M., and Kovacevic, R., 2003, "Thermal modeling of
friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and its
validation," International Journal of Machine Tools and
Manufacture, 43(6), pp. 605-615.
[12] H. Schmidt, J. H. a. J. W., 2004, "An analytical model for the
heat generation in friction stir welding," Modelling and
Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 12-1.
[13] Nandan, R., Roy, G. G., Lienert, T. J., and Debroy, T., 2007,
"Three-dimensional heat and material flow during friction stir
welding of mild steel," Acta Mater., 55(3), pp. 883-895.
[14] Mohammad Riahi, H. N., 2011, "Analysis of transient
temperature and residual thermal stresses in friction stir
welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 via numerical simulation,"
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing,
55:143-152.
[15] Deepak Kumar Yaduwanshi, S. B., Sukhomay Pal, 2014,
"Heat transfer analyses in friction stir welding of aluminium
alloy," Journal of Mechanical Manufacture, 1-12.
[16] Wen Shizhu, H. P., 2008, Principles of tribolofy.
 [17] H. Schmidt, J. H., 2005, "Modelling heat flow around tool
probe in friction stir welding," Sci Technol Weld Joi, Volume
10(Issue 2 (01 April 2005)), p. Issue 2 (01 April 2005).
[18] Shiming Yang, W. T., 2006, Heat Transfer, High Education
Press.
[19] Ted Belytschko, Wing Kam Liu, and Moran, B., 2001,
Nonlinear Finite Element for Continua and Structures.
[20] ABAQUS, Version 6.10 HTML documentation.
[21] ASM International, 1990, Metals Handbook.
[22] ASM International, 1996, ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon
and Alloy Steels.
[23] The Aluminum Association, I., 2000, "Aluminum standards
and data."
[24] The Aluminum Association, I., 2015, "International Alloy
Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought
Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys."

9 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/86880/ on 06/26/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/abo