LIPID - Organic Compounds found in living organism;

Organic compounds made up of fatty acid and their naturally existing compounds and
derivatives

Properties of lipid

1. Soluble in organic solvents (benzene, ether , chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride.

2. Insoluble in water
3. Insoluble in dilute acids and alkalies
4. Contains carbon , oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes it contains sulphur and phosphorous.

FUNCTION of LIPID

1. Provide a major way of storing chemical enery and carbon atoms in the body
2. Surround and insulate vital body organs.
3. Provide protection from mechanical shock and excessive loss of heat energy.
4. Basic component of cell membrane.
5. Several cholesterol derivative function as chemical messenger within the body.

Classification of lipid based on biochemical function

1. Energy storage lipid - ( Triacylglycerol)

2. Membrane lipid – (phospholipid, sphingoglycolipid, and cholesterol)
3. Emulsification lipid - ( Bile acids)
4. Messenger lipid - ( steroid, hormone , and eicosanoid)
5. Protective - coating lipid - (biological waxes)

Classification based upon whether saponification occurs when lipid is placed in basic solution

1. Saponifiable lipid – Can be converted two or more smaller molecules when hydrolysis
occurs
Examples; triacylglycerol, phospholipid, sphingoglycolipids and biological waxes.

2, Nonsaponifiable lipid Cannot be broken up into smaller units when hydrolysis occurs.
Examples ; cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, eicosanoid

FATTY ACID - naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid; product of fat hydrolysis

, Classification of fatty acid

1. Saturated fatty acid – fatty acid containing single bond
Examples: lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, and aracidic acid
2. Unsaturated fatty acid – fatty acid that contains double bond
a. Monosaturated fatty acid - contains one double bond
Examples ; palmitoleic acid and oleic acid
B. Polyunsaturated fatty acid – fatty acid that contains two or more double bonds
Examples: linolinic, linoleic, arachidonnic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
Docosahexnoic acid (DHA)
 Omega - 3 fatty acid – unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond is three carbon away
from the methyl group. Primary source are cold water fish which include salmon, mackerel, tuna,
and trout.

Omega – 6 fatty acid – the double bond is six carbon atom away from the methyl group. Primary
sources are vegetable oils , nut s and seeds. Good for the heart

TRIACYLGLYCEROL - lipid formed by esterfication of three fatty acid to a glycerol molecule.

Known as fat.
Triacylglycerol maybe;
1. Simple triacyglycerol – triacylglycerol that contains the same fatty acid
Example; tripalmitin
2. Mixed triacylglycerol – triacylglycerol that contains different fatty acid chain
Example. Palmito –oleo –stearin

FATS and OILS

Fat - triacylglycerol that is solid at room temperature

Oil – triacyglycerol tha is liquid at room temperature

GENERALIZATION AND COMPARISON OF FAS AND OILS

1. Fats are composed largely of triacylglycerol in which saturated fatty acid predominates.
Oils contains triaylglycerol with larger amount of momo and polyunsaturated fatty acid than
those in fats
2. Fats are of animal origin and iol s are of plant origin.
3. Fats and oils are colorless, tasteless and odourless.

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID: - fatty acid needed for complete nutrition for of the human body , they must
be supplied from the food that we eat, since our body cannot synthesize them.
1. Linoleic acid – primary member of omega – 6 fatty acid
2. Linolenic acid – primary member of – 3 fatty acid

Importance of Essential fatty acid

1. Needed for proper membrane structure.
2. Serve as starting material for the production of several biochemically important longer-
chain omega-6 fattyacid and omega – 6 fatty acid.
3. Needed for growing children

Lacking of essential fatty acid in the diet may lead to;

1. Impaired growth and reproduction
2. Skin disease such as dermatitis and eczema
3. Infection and dehydration
4. Development of abnormalities in the liver
Linoleic acid is the starting material for the biosynthesis of acrachidonic acid.
Arachidonic acid – major starting material for eicosanoid

Eicosanoid – substances that help regulate body regulate blood pressure,,clotting and several
other important body function. They are not transposted via bloodstream to their site of action but
rather take effect where they are synthesized.

LINOLENIC ACID - starting material for two additional omega – 3 fatty acid.
1. Eicospeteanoic acid (EPA)
2. Docosahexaenoic aci (DHA)
EPA and DHA - are important constituent of the communication membranes of the brains of the
brain and are necessary for normal brain development. They are also active in the retina of the
eye..

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF FAT

1. Hydrolysis - reaction of fat and water to produce fatty acid and glycerol
2. Saponification – heating fat with strong base to produce salt of fatty acid and water.
3. Hydrogenation - addition of hydrogen to the double bond which increase the saturation as
some multiple bons are converted to single bond..
Solid cooking oil shortening and stick margarine are produced from liquid plant oils through
partial hydrogenation. Soft spread margarine are also partial hydrogenation products.
4. Rancidity – fats develop an unpleasant odor and taste due on standing for sometimes for a
short period of time. Rancidity is due to oxidation and hydrolysis. During oxidation the
double bond present in the fatty acid residues of fat are subject to oxidation of molecular
oxygen from the air as the oxidizing agent to produce short chain aldehyde and carboxylic
acids
ENERGY – STORAGE LIPID

1. TRIACYLGLYCEROL – or FAT - is a lipd formed by estrification of three fatty acids to a

glycerol. It function as energy storagematerial. . They are primarily concentrated in special
cell (adipocytes) that are nearly filled with the materials. Adipose tissue containing these
cells is found in various part of the body, under the skin, abdominal cavity, in the mammary
glands and various parts of the body
Triacy glycerol maybe mixed triacylglycerol or simple triacylglycerol.
Simple triacylglycero - triester formed from one glycerol and three identical fatty acid.
Example : tristearin
Mixed triacylglycerol - is a triester formed from one glycerol and three different fatty acid.
Example - palmito – oleo –stearin

Fat - is triacylglycerol mixture that is solid or semi solid at room temperature.

Oil –is triacylglycerol that is liquid at room emperature.

Generalization and comparison of fats and oils

 1. Fats are composed of triacylglycerol which are saturated fatty acid and oil is omposed larely
of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acid.
2. Fats are primarily obtained from animals and oils are obtained from plants
3. Fata and oils are colorless, tasteless, and odourless.

Saturated fats - are bad fats, can increase heart disease risk
Monosaturated fats – good fat – decrease heart disease and breast cancer risk
It helps reduce the stickiness of blood platelet. This help prevent the formation
of blood clots and may also dissoleclots once they form. Peanut and tree nuts are good sources of
MUFAs.

Polyunsaturted fat – both good fat and bad fat - reduce heart disease but promote breast cancer.

PHOSPHOLIPID - most abundant type of cell membrane; On hydrolysis will yield one or more fatty
acid molecules, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base…They are involved in metabolism of other
lipid and nonlipid

GLycerophospholipid – glycerol based lipid

Sphingophospholipid - sphingosine based phospholipid-

Glycerophospholipid that contains amino alcohols are;

1. Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) – waxy solid that forms colloidal dispersion in water.
They are prevalent in cell membrane is made by the liver thus they are not essential
nutrients. In food industry they are used us emulsifier that promte mixing of other
immiscible materials. The sources are egg yolk, and soybeans.
2. Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) - They are found in heart and liver tissue and
higher concentration in the brain. They are important in blood clotting. Found
essentially in all living organism.

Sphingo phospholipid- - lipid that contains fatty acid, one phosphate group attached to a
sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to phosphate group.. They are common membrane
component , because they possess both hydrophilic and hydropholbic character.

Sphingomyelin – found in all cell membrane and are important structural component of myelin
sheath.

Sphingoglycolipid – lipid that contains both fatty acid and carbohydrate attaché to a sphingosine
molecule. It can undergo hydrolysis and saponification reaction.
Glycolipid – sphingoglycolipid that contains carbohydrate.
1. Ceresoside – contain single monosaccharide , either glucose or galactose. Primarily found in
the brain and also in the myelin sheath of the nerve.
2. Gangleoside - resemble cerebroside in structure bu contain oligosaccharide rathe than
simple monosaccharide
CHOLESTEROL - third of the major type of membrane lipid. It is also a steroid.
It is found in animal tissue particularly in brain and nerve tissue in the blood stream and as
gallstone. It aids in the absorption of fatty acid in the small intestine.

The normal cholesterol level is 200 – 220 mg/dl and slight higher for older individual.

Biosynthesis of cholesterol is distributed to cell throughout the body for various uses via
bloodstream. Because cholesterol is only sparingly soluble in water (blood) a protein carrier system
is used for its distribution. These cholesterol -protein combination are called lipoprotein.

LIPOPROTEIN – substance made up of protein and and lipid the carry cholesterol through the
bloodstream.
Type of Lipoprotein
1. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) known as bad cholesterol - carries cholesterol from the liver
to various tissues.
2. High density lipoprotein (HDL) known as good cholesterol – carry excess cholesterol from
tissues back to the liver.
3. Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) - made up by the liver. Contain the highest amount of
triglyceride.. Transport triacylglycerol synthesized in the liver to adipose tissue
4. Chylomicron – transport triacylglycerol from the intestine to the liver and to the adipose
tissue.

Cell Membrane - is a lipid based structure that separate a cell’s aqueous –based interior from
the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. Besides its “separation “ function”, a cell
membrane also controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Up to 80% of the mass
of the cell membrane is lipid material made up of phospholipid, glycolipids and cholesterol.
-
Lipid bilayer - is a two- layer- thick layer structure of phospholipid and glycolipids in which the
nonpolar tails of the lipid are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the
outsidesurfaces of the structure. There are three distinct parts to the bilayer; the exterior polar
“heads” the interior polar heads and the central nonpolar”tails’
Cholesterol molecule is also the components of the cell membrane. They regulate membrane
rigidity because of their compact shape.

Proteins are also components of the lipid bilayers. The proteins are responsible for moving
substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane, and they also acts as receptors
that bind hormones and neurotransmittes.

Two general types of membrane proteins

1. Integral protein -- membrane protein that penetrates the cell membrane
2. Peripheral protein - nonpenetratiing membrane protein

TRANSPORT ACROSS THE MEMBRANES

 1. Passive transport - transport process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane
by diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
wiyhout the expenditure of any cellular energy.
2. Facilitated transport - transport process in which a substance moves across a cell
membrane , with aid of membrane protein, from a region of lower concentrarionwithout the
expenditure of cellular energy.
3. Active transport - trans port process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane
with the aid of membrane protein, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of
cellular energy. Proteins involved in active transport are called “pump” because they
require energy much as a water pump requires energy in order to function.

EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS: BILE ACIDS

Emulsifier - substance that can disperse and stabilize water insoluble substances as colloidal
particles in an aqueous solutions
Bile acids - is a cholesterol derivative that function as emulsifying agent in aqueous environment of
the digestive tract.

Two types of bile acids

1. Simple(free) bile acids they are not the actual emulsifying agent that aid in the digestion of
fat.
2. Complexed bile acids - enhanced emulsifying ability stemming from one end of the molecule
being strongly hydrophilic and the rest of the molecule being largely hydrophobic.
Bile -- fluid containing emulsifying agent that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and
released in the small intestine during digestion.

MESSENGER LIPID
Hormone - biochemical substance produced by ductless gland. That has a messenger function

Steroid hormone - hormone that is a cholesterol derivative

Control glucose
1. Sex hormone
2. Adrenocorticoid hormone

Sex hormne includes;

1. Estrogen --femsle sex hormone
2. Androgen - male sex hormone
3. Progestin - pregnancy hormone
Adrenocorticoid hormone
1, Mineralocorticoid hormone -- control the balance of Na+ and K+ ions in cells and body fluids
3. Glucocorticoid hormone -- control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation

Messenger lipid : Eicosanoid

Eicosanoid - hormone like molecule rather than true hormone. Because they are not transported
in the bloodstream to their site of action as true hormone are. Instead they exert their effects on
the site where they are synthesized.

Physiological effects of eicosanoid

1. INFLAMMATION RESPONSE
2. PRODUCTION OF PAIN AND FEVER
3. Regulation of blood pressure
4. Induction of blood clotting
5. Control of reproduction function, such as induction of labor
6. Regulation of sleep wake cycle

Principal types of eicosanoid

1. Prostacglandine - isolated from most mammalian tissues , including the male and female
reproductive system, liver, kidney heart, lungs, brain and intestine. The richest source is
human seminal fluid.
2. Thromboxane -- Promote the formation of blood clots. Produced btblood platelets and
promote platelet aggregation.
3. Leukotirene -- found in leukocytes (whit blood cells). Various inflammation and
hypersensitivity are associated with elevated levels of leukotriene

Biological wax --protective coating lipidthat undergo hydrolysis in basic solution to yield two or
moresmaler productsmolecules Made up of hih molecular mass fatty acid and high molecular mass
alcohol.

Examples carnauba wax, beeswax. Lanolin wax, and permaceti wax