Metal Salts To observe and record colours

Indicators
¤ of indicators at various pH

MS1 H To recall the colours for Litmus

and Universal Indicator for
Beetroot and rose petals can be used to make indicators . strong/weak acids and alkalis.

These change colour in either an acid or an alkali. Mixtures of

indicators make up full-range or Universal Indicator which can
be used to judge the strength of an acid or alkali.
Universal Indicator Colour Chart
pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Colour

Using this chart you will experiment will different solutions and different indicators.

Your first task will be to find out the pH value for a number of liquids. Once you know these
numbers you will use them to create charts like the one above for different indicators.
Solution pH
tested Value

Strong acid
Weak acid
Neutral
Place 5-6 drops of each solution on From their colours you will be able
a spotting tile, Carefully add 2-3 to work out the pH values for each
Weak alkali
drops of Universal Indicator liquid Strong alkali

Now that you know the pH values of these solutions you can use them to create different
colour charts for some new indicators.

Methyl Orange Colour Chart

Strong
Acid
Weak
acid
Weak Strong
Alkali Alkali pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Colour
Neutral

Litmus
Place 5-6 drops of fresh pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
solutions onto a clean Colour
spotting tile, Carefully add
2-3 drops of a new
indicator. You already Phenol phthalein
know their pH numbers pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
and you can colour five
boxes on these charts
Colour

In each chart there will be none empty boxes. You can either use a book to found out the
colours for the empty boxes or you could have a go at mixing up solutions of your own for
these missing boxes (See following).

To make a missing pH start with a test tube of water and add one drop of strong acid or alkali.
Put a drop of this onto a tile and test with universal indicator. Keep adding one drop of strong
acid (alkali) and testing one drop on a tile until you reach the desired pH.

You could try combinations of phenolphthalein + litmus or phenolphthalein + methyl orange as

indicators and draw up charts in your book.
Metal Salts To observe and record colours

Indicators
¤ of indicators at various pH

MS1 F To recall the colours for Litmus

and Universal Indicator for
You will have used Universal Indicator several times before to strong/weak acids and alkalis.

find out if different liquids are acid, alkali or neutral

Task 1 Colour in the following chart to show the colours and their meanings.

Universal Indicator Colour Chart

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Colour

Weak
acid

Task 2 Using Universal Indicator and a spotting tile, find out the pH values for the five
solutions your teacher gives you.
Solution pH
tested Value

Strong acid
Weak acid
Neutral
Place 5-6 drops of each
Add 2-3 drops of Indicator. Weak alkali
solution on a spotting tile
Strong alkali

Task 3 Using Litmus Indicator and a clean spotting tile, find out the colours that this indicator
turns using fresh samples of the same five solutions.

You will be able to colour in five of the empty boxes below.

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Litmus
Colour

Task 3 Repeat the experiment with two new indicators, phenolphthalein and methyl orange..

Methyl pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
orange Colour

Phenol- pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
phthalein Colour

Task 4 If you can find out the colours for the empty boxes in the charts you created - your
teacher will show you how to make up new solutions to test.
OR
You might be able use these three indicators at the same time and find out what their
combined colours are in the five different solutions.
Indicators Indicators
Different indicators can be used to investigate acids and alkalis; this chart shows some Different indicators can be used to investigate acids and alkalis; this chart shows some
examples examples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
colourless pink magenta colourless pink magenta
red orange yellow red orange yellow
red purple blue red purple blue

Q1 What colour would neutral tap water (pH7) turn with each indicator ? Q1 What colour would neutral tap water (pH7) turn with each indicator ?

Using the same three indicators work out the missing colours for these results. Using the same three indicators work out the missing colours for these results.

Q5 Which of the three substances is/are alkaline ? Q5 Which of the three substances is/are alkaline ?

Q6 Limewater is fairly alkaline. What colour would it turn phenolphthalein ? Q6 Limewater is fairly alkaline. What colour would it turn phenolphthalein ?

Q7 Blood plasma has a pH of 7.4. What colour would it turn litmus indicator ? Q7 Blood plasma has a pH of 7.4. What colour would it turn litmus indicator ?

This table gives information on 5 substances tested with full range or 'Universal Indicator' This table gives information on 5 substances tested with full range or 'Universal Indicator'

A A
B B
C C
D D
E E

Q8 Why is Universal Indicator a particularly useful indicator ? Q8 Why is Universal Indicator a particularly useful indicator ?

Q9 Which substance from A to E is the weakest acid ? Q9 Which substance from A to E is the weakest acid ?

Q10 Which substance from A to E is the strongest alkali ? Q10 Which substance from A to E is the strongest alkali ?

Antacids are used to settle upset stomachs. They work by neutralising stomach acid. Antacids are used to settle upset stomachs. They work by neutralising stomach acid.

Q11 Although C is an alkali and could be used as an antacid it is unsuitable. Why ? Q11 Although C is an alkali and could be used as an antacid it is unsuitable. Why ?

Q12 B could be used as an antacid but would cause 'wind'. Why ? Q12 B could be used as an antacid but would cause 'wind'. Why ?
Metal Salts To identify some common acids and

Acids, Alkalis and Bases

¤ their uses.

MS2 To introduce the ideas of acid and

alkalis in terms of ions
Acids and alkalis are chemical opposites. Substances which
are neither acids or alkalis are neutral. The strength of acids To suggest ions formed when acids
and alkalis are added to water
and alkalis can be measured on the pH scale..

Acids can be obtained as pure substances but they are normally mixed with water to produce
either dilute or concentrated solutions eg HNO3(aq) means aqueous nitric acid

Name of acid Formula Description Use or Found in

acid H2SO4 Oily liquid Car Batteries

Nitric acid Fuming liquid Making Fertilisers
Hydrochloric acid HCl Fuming gas Stomach acid
acid (HCO2)3C3H50 White crystals Lemon and other Citric fruits
Formic acid HCO3H Colourless liquid stings

All acids have a taste. In water, strong acids break up into positive and negative
pieces or ions - this is shown below.

All acids contain positive ions (in fact when we measure pH we are measuring
the amount of these charged ions).

A base is the chemical of an acid. Most bases are made by burning metals
to make chemicals called . If a base dissolves in water it is called an

Alkalis feel to the touch. Examples of alkalis are lithium hydoxide LiOH,
barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2.

Just like acids, alkalis break up in water to give charged .

All alkalis contain the same negative ion

which has the formula .

This is called the hydroxide ion.

When lithium hydroxide breaks up in

water it produces positive lithium ions
and hydroxide ions.

This is written as
complete this diagram
LiOH => + OH-

We can also use the pH scale to measure the strength of an alkali. Strong alkalis have a
value of and weak alkalis have a value of .
Metal Salts To observe and record temperature

Neutralisation
¤ changes when acids and alkalis react

MS3 To interpret results in terms of

neutralisation reactions
Acids can be neutralised by carefully adding suitable quantities
of alkalis. If too much alkali is added (an excess) the pH will To revisit the terms exothermic and
endothermic.
rise above 7 (neutral) - too little and the pH will stay beneath 7.

Aim
To investigate temperature changes which occur when acids and alkali are mixed.

Method
You must wear goggles throughout this experiment

You will need to collect (either individually or as a whole class) a series of temperatures by
changing the volume of alkali and keeping the volume of acid the same.

Measure out Pour the acid Record the Measure out Add this to Record the
10 cm³ of into a clean dry starting x cm³ of the acid in the highest
hydrochloric acid boiling tube. temperature sodium hydroxide boiling tube. temperature.

Results
Complete the following table to show the temperature changes which occur during the
reaction.
Graph
Volume of Start Highest Change in
alkali / cm³ temp / °C temp / °C temp / °C Plot a line-graph using the
following axis.
0
2
Temperature change / °C

4
6
8
12
16
20
Volume of alkali / cm³

Questions

(1) Using the highest point on the curve, what was the highest temperature change ?

(2) For this particular temperature what was the volume of alkali added ?

(3) If indicator had been added to the mixture at this point, what result would you expect ?

(4) Is this reaction (neutralisation) exothermic or endothermic ? Explain your answer.

Metal Salts To recall the ions which acids and

Neutralisation 2
¤ alkalis contain

MS4 To explain neutralisation in terms

of ions
Acids and alkalis are chemical opposites. Substances which
are neither acids or alkalis are neutral. The presence of acids To name salts produced during
neutralisation reactions..
and alkalis can be measured using a pH meter.

The pH scale is used to measure the strengths of acid and alkalis. The scale runs from
to . Number 7 indicates and numbers below this mean

If exactly the right amounts of acid and alkali are mixed, the result is a neutral mixture. This is
known as

If hydrochloric acid is mixed with sodium hydroxide, the positive hydrogen ions from the acid
and the negative ions from the alkali join together to form water (HOH or H2O)

This is written as

Salts

Water is only one of the two products made during neutralisation. In the reaction shown
above Na+ and Cl- can join together to give sodium chloride. This is an example of a salt.

Different salts can be made by using different acids and alkalis.

Salt Alkali used Acid used

Sodium nitrate Sodium hydroxide Nitric acid

Sodium chloride Hydrochloric acid
Calcium chloride Calcium hydroxide
Calcium sulphate Sulphuric acid
Magnesium sulphate
Ammonium nitrate Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid

We can write a general equation to show how acids and alkalis react

In your book explain how someone can make one particular salt - how to decide which acid
and which alkali they need.
Metal Salts To prepare and separate copper

Neutralisation 3
¤ sulphate crystals.

MS5 To interpret colour changes in terms of

chemicals (reactants and products).
Salts are made when acids are neutralised. Alkalis are
commonly used in these neutralisation reactions but other To identify compounds suitable to use
in neutralisation ractions.
substances are available.

Chemical type Examples

Alkali Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)

Base Copper oxide (CuO), (CaO)
Carbonate (CuCO3), Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3)

In addition to adding compounds to acids, metals can be added directly to make salts.

Aim
To make the salt, copper sulphate, from sulphuric acid and a base.

Method
You must wear goggles throughout this experiment

Use the following diagrams to help you neutralise the acid - your teacher will tell you how
much of each substance to use.
Cut
or
Copy
Sulphuric acid Gently Copper Blue solution
(Care!) warm oxide

Remove heat

Excess Filter solution Evaporate ½ Crystallize

oxide

In your book write the Aim and Method for this experiment. Under the heading Results put
any observations you made into full sentences. Finally copy and complete the following
equation and descriptions of chemicals involved in this experiment.

Colourless liquid Blue crystals Colourless liquid

CuO + H2SO4 => CuSO4 + H 2O
Sulphuric acid

White magnesium sulphate crystals can be made in the same way - write similar equations
Sulphuric acid Gently Copper Blue solution Sulphuric acid Gently Copper Blue solution
(20 ml) warm oxide (20 ml) warm oxide

Remove heat Remove heat

Excess Filter solution Evaporate ½ Crystallize Excess Filter solution Evaporate ½ Crystallize
oxide oxide

Sulphuric acid Gently Copper Blue solution Sulphuric acid Gently Copper Blue solution
(20 ml) warm oxide (20 ml) warm oxide

Remove heat Remove heat

Excess Filter solution Evaporate ½ Crystallize Excess Filter solution Evaporate ½ Crystallize
oxide oxide
MS5 ps