MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 3: Vectors

Exercise 3.01: Vectors

Question 1

a Length – scalar. d Force – vector.

It has no direction.
b Velocity – vector.
It has both direction and
magnitude.
It has both direction and
magnitude.
e Time – scalar.
It has no direction

c Displacement – vector.
It has both direction and
magnitude.

Question 2

a c

b 2 h × 80 km h–1 = 160 km d

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e 145 km h–1 × 3 h = 435 km

Question 3

a a is parallel and opposite to c d b is parallel to e

   
i.e. a = −c e = 8b
   
b d is parallel to i e d is parallel to h
   
d = 5i 5
  d= h
 8
c f is parallel and equal to g
  f i is parallel and opposite to j
i.e. f = g  
  i.e. i = − j
 

Question 4

a i Compass bearing =N 45° E

ii True bearing = 045°

b i Compass bearing = N 70° W

ii True bearing = 290°

c i Compass bearing = S 60° W

ii True bearing = 240°

d i Compass bearing = south

ii True bearing = 180°

e i Compass bearing = S 65° E

ii True bearing = 115°

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Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

a c opp 2.4
tan=
θ =
adj 3.7
 2.4 
θ= tan −1  = 33°
 3.7 

Bearing = 180 + 33 = 213°

b c2 = a2 + b2

= 3.72 + 2.42

= 19.45

c = 4.4 km

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Question 8

b c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
= 297 2 + 3652 − 2 × 297 × 365cos153°
= 414 613
= = 644 km
c 643.9

Question 9

a b a b
=
sin A sin B
x 17.2
=
sin121° sin 21°
17.2 × sin121°
x=
sin 21°
x = 41.1 km

c i Due west, so 270°

ii Due east, so 090°

Question 10

a b sin A sin B
=
a b
sin θ sin105°
=
58 123.5
58sin105°
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C sin θ =
123.5
= 952 + 582 − 2 × 95 × 58cos105° sin θ =0.45
= 15 241 θ= 27°
c = 123.5 cm
Bearing = 125 – 27 = 098°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 4

Question 11

b The particle ends at 11 cm

c The distance travelled is 7 + 15 = 22 cm

Question 12

12 + 14 = 26 m

Question 13

a 5 + 4 – 11 = –2 cm
It is 2 cm to the left of its starting position.

b 4 + 11 = 15 cm

Question 14

b –5 mm

c 12 + 15 + 8 = 35 mm

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Exercise 3.02: Adding and subtracting vectors

Question 1

a i ii

b i ii

Question 2
     
a AB + BC = AC e DA − AB = CA
      
b AD + DB = AB f AB − AD = AB + DA
 
   = DA + AB
c DC + CA = DA 
= DB
     
d CD + CB = CA g BC − CD = AC
(By the parallelogram rule)

Question 3

a c= a + b d c= a + b
     
b c =−a + b e c =−a + b
     
c c =−b + a
  

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Question 4
a c

Question 5
a c

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Question 6
  
a AB + BG = AG
  
b GE + EF = GF
  
c BG − CG = BC
  
d GC − BC = GB
   
e GE + EF + FA = GA

Question 7
  
a AD + DO = AO
  
b DE + EC = DC
  
c AE − AO = OE
  
d DB − DA = AB
  
e AE − AC = CE

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 8

Exercise 3.03: Scalar multiplication

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

1
a
10

1
b
3

c 4

d 2

1
e
7

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Question 4

Question 5

µ = 0.4

Question 6

Question 7

a b = λa b a = λb
   
10 5 4 2
λ= = = 2.5 λ= = = 0.4
4 2 10 5

Question 8
 
a AD, BC
   
b CF , FB, DE , EA
 
c FD, BE

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Exercise 3.04: Vectors in the Cartesian plane

Question 1

Question 2

Answers are not unique.

a d

b e

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 Question 3

3  5
a   d  
 2  −5 

 4  −2 
b   e  
1   −1 

 −2 
c  
 4

Question 4

   −3   2   −1

a OA + OB =   +   =  
 4  1   5 

   2   −3  5

b OB − OA =   −   =  
1   4   −3 

   −3   2   −5 
c OA − OB =   −   =  
 4  1   3 

Question 5

  2    −4 
=OX =  , OY  
5  3

   2   −4   −2 
a OX + OY =   +   =  
5  3   8 

   −4   2   −6 
b OY − OX =   −   =  
 3   5   −2 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 12

Question 6

 6   −2   4 
a  +  =  
 −1  4   3 

 2   −8   −6 
b  +  =  
 −1  −5   −6 

 0   9   −9 
c  −  =  
 −2   2   −4 

 −4   4   −8 
d  −  =  
 −5   −2   −3 

 2   −1  3 
e  −  =  
 −5   6   −11

 3  15 
f 5  =  
 4   20 

 6   −18 
g −3   =  
 −2   6 

 2   −1   4   5 
h  + +  =  
1   −3   −5   −7 

 −1   2  1  2 
i   + 2  −   = 
 −2   −3  1  −9 

 2   −2   −2   8   −6   −2 
j 4   − 3  −   =  − − 
 −7   3   −6   −28   9   −6 
 16 
= 
 −31

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 13

 Question 7

 a   −5   −2 
 +  =  
3  b  5 
a + 5 =−2 ⇒ a =3
3 +=b 5 ⇒ = b 2

Question 8

  a    −1 
=OA =  , OB  
b   −3 
   7 
OB − OA =  
3
 −1   a   7 
 −  =  
 −3   b   3 
−1 − a =7 ⇒ a =−8
−3 − b =3 ⇒ b =−6

Question 9

 x   −12 
−3   =  
 y   39 
−3 x = −12 ⇒ x =4
−3 y = 39 ⇒ y = −13

Question 10

 p   2   14 
4   − 3  =  
 −2   q   −8 
4p −6 = 14 .
4 p = 20 ⇒ p = 5
−8 − 3q = −8 ⇒ − 3q = 0 ⇒ q=
0

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 14

Exercise 3.05: Magnitude and direction of a vector

Question 1

3a = 3 × 4

= 12 cm
Direction of 3a = 108°

b

5a = 5 × 7

= 35 cm
Direction of 3a = 243°


Question 2

 3
=  32 + 12
1
= 10
≈ 3.2

 4
=  42 + 7 2
7
= 65
≈ 8.1

 −1
 = ( −1) + 22
2

2
= 5
≈ 2.2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 15

d

 −5 
 = ( −5) + ( −4 )
2 2

 −4 
= 41
≈ 6.4

 6
 = 62 + ( −4 )
2

 −4 
= 52
≈ 7.2

Question 3

 −2 
 = ( −2 ) + 32
2

3 
= 13

5
= 52 + 7 2
7
= 74

 −9 
 = ( −9 ) + ( −7 )
2 2

 −7 
= 130

 2
=  22 + 92
9
= 85

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 16

e

4 
 = 42 + ( −1)
2

 −1
= 17

Question 4

1 
 
 4
4
tan θ =
1
θ = tan −1 ( 4 )
θ= 76°

 2
 
1 
1
tan θ =
2
1
θ = tan −1  
2
θ= 27°

 −2 
 
 −5 
−5
tan θ =
−2
5
θ = tan −1  
2
θ= 68°
As θ is in the third quadrant
=
θ 180° + 68= ° 248°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 17

d

 −1
 
3 
3
tan θ =
−1
=θ tan ( −3)
−1

θ = −72°
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ 180° + ( −72°=
= ) 108°
e

6 
 
 −2 
−2
tan θ =
6
 1
=θ tan −1  − 
 3
θ = −18°
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360° + ( −18° )
=
= 342°

 −3 
 
4 
4
tan θ =
−3
 4
=θ tan −1  − 
 3
θ = −53°
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ 180° + ( −53°=
= ) 127°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 18

g

5
 
9
9
tan θ =
5
9
θ = tan −1  
5
θ= 61°

 −2 
 
 −9 
−9
tan θ =
−2
9
θ = tan −1  
2
θ= 77°
As θ is in the third quadrant
=
θ 180° + 77= ° 257°

7 
 
 −1
−1
tan θ =
7
 1
=θ tan −1  − 
 7
θ = −8°
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360° + ( −8°=
= ) 352°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 19

j

 −2 
 
 −8 
−8
tan θ =
−2
θ = tan ( 4 )
−1

θ= 76°
As θ is in the third quadrant
=
θ 180° + 76=
° 256°

Question 5

  2    −1

=OA =  , OB  
5 3 
  
= OB − OA
AB
 −1  2 
=  − 
3  5
 −3 
= 
 −2 

AB = ( −3) + ( −2 )
2 2

= 13
≈ 3.6

  −3    6 
=OA =  , OB  
 −2  5
  
= OB − OA
AB
 6   −3 
=  − 
 5   −2 
9
= 
7

= 92 + 7 2
AB

= 130
≈ 11.4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 20

c

  0    −3 
=OA =  , OB  
 −4  1 
  
= OB − OA
AB
 −3   0 
=  − 
1   −4 
 −3 
= 
5 

AB = ( −3) + 52
2

= 34
≈ 5.8

A= ( −3, 2 ) , B =
(1,9 )

AB= B − A
= (1,9 ) − ( −3, 2 )
= ( 4, 7 )

=
AB 42 + 7 2

= 65
≈ 8.1

A = (1,1) , B = ( −2, 4 )

AB= B − A
( −2, 4 ) − (1,1)
=
= ( −3,3)

AB = ( −3) + 32
2

= 18
≈ 4.2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 21

Question 6

 1    5 
=OA =  , OB  
 2  4
  
= OB − OA
AB
 5  1 
=  − 
 4  2
 4
= 
 2
2
tan θ =
4
1
θ = tan −1  
2
= 26°34′

  −1   4 

=OA =  , OB  
2  3
  
= OB − OA
AB
 4   −1
=  − 
3 2 
5
= 
1 
1
tan θ =
5
1
θ = tan −1  
5
= 11°19′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 22

c

  7    6 
=OA =  , OB  
 −1  2
  
= OB − OA
AB
6 7 
=  − 
 2   −1
 −1
= 
3 
3
tan θ =
−1
=θ tan ( −3)
−1

=−71°34′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ =180 + ( −71°34′ ) = 108°26′

A= ( −5, 0 ) , B =
( 4, 4 )

AB= B − A
= ( 4, 4 ) − ( −5, 0 )
= ( 9, 4 )
4
tan θ =
9
4
θ = tan −1  
9
= 23°58′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 23

e

A = ( 3, −4 ) , B = ( −1, −2 )

AB= B − A
= ( −1, −2 ) − ( 3, −4 )
= ( −4, 2 )
2
tan θ =
−4
 1
=θ tan −1  − 
 2
=−26°34′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ =180 + ( −26°34′ ) =
153 26′

Question 7

  5 
OX =  
9

OX= 52 + 9 2

= 106 ≈ 10.3
9
tan θ =
5
9
θ = tan −1  
5
θ= 60°57′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 24

b

 −1 
v= 
  −3 

v= ( −1) + ( −3)
2 2


= 10 ≈ 3.2
−3
tan θ =
−1
θ = tan ( 3)
−1

θ= 71°34′
As θ is in the third quadrant
=
θ 180 + 71°34= ′ 251°34′

  −4 
OP =  
 −1 

OP = ( −4 ) + ( −1)
2 2

= 17 ≈ 4.1
−1
tan θ =
−4
1
θ = tan −1  
4
θ= 14°2′
As θ is in the third quadrant
θ =180 +14°2′ = 194°2′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 25

d

  3 
OA =  
 −2 

OA= 32 + ( −2 )
2

= 13 ≈ 3.6
−2
tan θ =
3
 −2 
θ = tan −1  
 3 
θ = −33°41′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ = 360 + ( −33°41′ ) = 326°19′

 −7 
w= 
 5 

w = ( −7 ) + 52
2


= 74 ≈ 8.6
5
tan θ =
−7
 5 
θ = tan −1  
 −7 
θ = −35°32′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ = 180 + ( −35°32′ ) = 144°28′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 26

Question 8

  −3    4 
=OA =  , OB  
2  5
  
= OB − OA
AB
 4   −3 
=  − 
5 2 
7
= 
3

= 7 2 + 32
AB

= 58 ≈ 7.6
3
tan θ =
7
3
θ = tan −1  
7
θ= 23°12′

  3    2 
=OA =  , OB  
 −7   −8 
  
= OB − OA
AB
2  3 
=  − 
 −8   −7 
 −1
= 
 −1

AB = ( −1) + ( −1)
2 2

= 2 ≈1.4
−1
tan θ =
−1
θ = tan (1)
−1

θ= 45°
As θ is in the third quadrant
=
θ 180 + 45= ° 225°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 27

c

  −4    −2 
=OA =  , OB  
 −1  3 
  
= OB − OA
AB
 −2   −4 
=  − 
 3   −1 
 2
= 
 4

=
AB 22 + 42

= 20
= 2 5 ≈ 4.5
4
tan θ =
2
θ = tan ( 2 )
−1

θ= 63°26′

A= ( 5, −2 ) , B =( 4,3)

AB= B − A
= ( 4,3) − ( 5, −2 )
= ( −1,5)

AB = ( −1) + 52
2

= 26 ≈ 5.1
5
tan θ =
−1
=θ tan ( −5 )
−1

θ = −78°41′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ = 180 + ( −78°41′ ) = 101°19′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 28

 e

A= ( −1, 4 ) , B =
( 0,8)

AB= B − A
= ( 0,8) − ( −1, 4 )
= (1,12 )

=
AB 12 + 122

= 145 ≈ 12.0
12
tan θ =
1
θ = tan (12 )
−1

θ= 85°14′

Question 9

  5   1

=OA =  , OB  
 2  1

a
  
= OB − OA
AB
 1  5 
=  − 
 1  2 
 −4 
= 
 −1 

AB = ( −4 ) + ( −1)
2 2

= 17 ≈ 4.1
−1
tan θ =
−4
1
θ = tan −1  
4
= 14°2′
As θ is in the third quadrant
θ = 180° + 14°2′ = 194°2′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 29

b
  
= OB − OA
AB
 1  5 
=  − 
 1  2 
 −4 
= 
 −1 
 
BA = AB

= 17 ≈ 4.1
1
tan θ =
4
1
θ = tan −1  
4
= 14°2′

c
 
OA + OB
 5   1
=  + 
 2  1
6
= 
3
 
OA + OB = 62 + 32

= 45
= 3 5 ≈ 6.7
3
tan θ =
6
1
θ = tan −1  
2
= 26°34′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 30

 Question 10

  −2    8 
=OX =  , OY  
1   −3 

a
  
= OY − OX
XY
 8   −2 
=  − 
 −3  1 
10 
= 
 −4 

= 102 + ( −4 )
2
XY

= 116
= 2 29 ≈10.8
−4
tan θ =
10
 −2 
θ = tan −1  
 5 
= −21°48′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ = 360 + ( −21°48′ ) = 338°12′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 31

 b
 
OX + OY
 −2   8 
=  + 
1   −3 
6 
= 
 −2 
 
OX + OY= 62 + ( −2 )
2

= 40
= 2 10 ≈ 6.3
−2
tan θ =
6
 −1 
θ = tan −1  
 3 
= −18°26′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ = 360 + ( −18°26′ ) = 341°34′

c
  
OX − OY = YX

= − XY
 
YX = XY

= 2 29 ≈ 10.8

=θ angle of XY − 180°
θ 338°12′ − 180=
= ° 158°12′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 32

 Question 11

  3    −4 
=OA =  , OB  
 −2   −1 

a
  
= OA − OB
BA
 3   −4 
=  − 
 −2   −1 
7 
= 
 −1

= 7 2 + 12
AB

= 50 ≈ 7.1
−1
tan θ = [4th quadrant]
7
 −1 
θ = tan −1  
 7 
= 360 − 8° 8′= 351° 52′

b
 
OA + OB
 3   −4 
=  + 
 −2   −1 
 −1 
= 
 −3 
 
OA + OB = ( −1) + ( −3)
2 2

= 10 ≈ 3.2
−3
tan θ = [3rd quadrant]
−1
θ = tan ( 3)
−1

θ = 180 + ( 71° 34′ ) =251° 34′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 33

 c
  
OB − OA = AB

= − BA
 
AB = BA

= 50 ≈ 7.1

=θ angle of BA −180°
θ = 351° 52′ − 180=
° 171° 52′

Question 12

  2    −3 
=OA =  , OB  
5 1 

a
 
OA + OB
 2   −3 
=  + 
 5  1 
 −1
= 
6 
 
OA + OB = ( −1) + 62
2

= 37 ≈ 6.1
6
tan θ =
−1
=θ tan ( −6 )
−1

=−80°32′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ = 180° + ( −80°32′ ) = 99°28′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 34

b
  
OB − OA = AB
 −3   2 
=  − 
1   5 
 −5 
= 
 −4 
 
OB − OA = ( −5 ) + ( −4 )
2 2

= 41 ≈ 6.4
−4
tan θ =
−5
4
θ = tan −1  
5
= 38°40′
As θ is in the third quadrant
θ = 180° + 38°40′ = 218°40′

c
  
OA − OB = BA

= − AB
 
BA = AB

= 41 ≈ 6.4

=
θ 180° + (angle of AB)
θ =180° + 218°40′ =398°40′ =38°40′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 35

 Question 13

  −1    6 
=OA =  , OB  
 −2   −3 

a
 
OA + OB
 −1   6 
=  + 
 −2   −3 
5 
= 
 −5 
 
OA + OB= 52 + ( −5 )
2

= 5 2 ≈ 7.1
−5
tan θ =
5
=θ tan ( −1)
−1

=−45°
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ = 360° + ( −45° )= 315°

b
  
OA − OB = BA
 −1   6 
=  − 
 −2   −3 
 −7 
= 
1 
 
OA − OB = ( −7 ) + 12
2

= 50
= 5 2 ≈ 7.1
1
tan θ =
−7
 −1 
θ = tan −1  
 7 
=−8°8′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ = 180° + ( −8°8′ ) = 171°52′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 36

 Question 14

x
 = 6, θ= 150°
 y
=x 6 cos150°
= −3 3
=y 6sin150°
=3

Question 15

a
 = 4, θ= 300°
b 
=a 4 cos 300°
=2
=b 4sin 300°
= −2 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 37

Exercise 3.06: Components of a vector

Question 1

a −3i − 2 j
 
b 4i − 3 j
 
c i +5j
 
d 5i + 2 j
 
e −6i + j
 

Question 2

v=i −2j w=3i + 5 j

     
a

  
( 
) (
v + w = i − 2 j + 3i + 5 j

)
= 4i + 3 j
 
b

  
( 
) (
v − w = i − 2 j − 3i + 5 j
 
)
= −2 i − 7 j
 
c

  
(  
) (
w − v = 3i + 5 j − i − 2 j

)
= 2i + 7 j
 
d

= (
4v 4 i − 2 j
  
)
= 4i − 8 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 38

e

−2 w =

(
−2 3i + 5 j
 
)
=−6 i − 10 j
 
f

 
(  
) (
v + 3w = i − 2 j + 3 3i + 5 j
 
)
= 10 i + 13 j
 
g

  
(  
) (
5v − w = 5 i − 2 j − 3i + 5 j

)
= 2 i − 15 j
 
h

  
( 
) (
6v + 7 w = 6 i − 2 j + 7 3i + 5 j
 
)
= 27 i + 23 j
 
i

−2v − w =
   
(
−2 i − 2 j − 3i + 5 j
 
) ( )
=−5i − j
 
j

−5v − 7 w =
 
( ) (
−5 i − 2 j − 7 3i + 5 j
   
)
=−22 i − 11 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 39

Question 3

=
v 4i − 5 j
  
= 42 + ( −5 )
2
v

= 41 ≈ 6.4
 −5 
tan θ = 
 4 
 −5 
θ = tan −1  
 4 
θ = −51°20′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360 + ( −51°20=
= ′ ) 308°40′

v= −3i + 4 j
  
v = ( −3) + 42
2


= 25
=5
 4 
tan θ = 
 −3 
 4 
θ = tan −1  
 −3 
θ = −53°8′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ 180 + ( −53°8′=
= ) 126°52′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 40

c

=
v 9i − 2 j
  
v= 92 + ( −2 )
2


= 85 ≈ 9.2
 −2 
tan θ = 
 9 
 −2 
θ = tan −1  
 9 
θ = −12°32′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360 + ( −12°32=
= ′ ) 347°28′

v= −6 i − 5 j
  
v = ( −6 ) + ( −5 )
2 2


= 61 ≈ 7.8
 −5 
tan θ = 
 −6 
5
θ = tan −1  
6
θ= 39°48′
As θ is in the third quadrant
θ 180 + ( 39°48=
= ′ ) 219°48′

v= −2 i + j
  
v = ( −2 ) + 12
2


= 5 ≈ 2.2
 1 
tan θ = 
 −2 
 1 
θ = tan −1  
 −2 
θ = −26°34′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ 180 + ( −26°34′=
= ) 153°26′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 41

Question 4

A = (–2, 5), B = (1, –7)

a

AB = (1, −7 ) − ( −2,5)
= ( 3, −12 )
= 3i − 12 j
 

AB= 3i − 12 j
 

AB= 3 + ( −12 )
2 2

= 153
= 3 12 ≈12.4
 −12 
b tan θ =  
 3 
=θ tan −1 ( −4 )
θ= −75°58′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ= 360 + ( −75°58′ )= 284°2′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 42

Question 5

a =4 i − 2 j b =−3i + 7 j
     
a

(  
)
3a = 3 4 i − 2 j =12 i − 6 j
 
b −b = 3i − 7 j
  
c
  
(  
) (
  
)
a + b = 4 i − 2 j + −3i + 7 j = i + 5 j

 
(
  
) (
b − a = −3i + 7 j − 4 i − 2 j

)
=−7 i + 9 j
 
e

 
(  
) (
7 a + 2b= 7 4 i − 2 j + 2 −3i + 7 j
 
)
= 28i − 14 j − 6 i + 14 j
   
= 22 i

f

−5b − 2a =
  
( 
) (
−5 −3i + 7 j − 2 4 i − 2 j

)
= 15i − 35 j − 8i + 4 j
   
= 7 i − 31 j
 
g

 
(  
) (
9a − 2b= 9 4 i − 2 j − 2 −3i + 7 j
 
)
= 36 i − 18 j + 6 i − 14 j
   
= 42 i − 32 j
 
h

−3b − 4a =
  
( 
) (
−3 −3i + 7 j − 4 4 i − 2 j
 
)
=9 i − 21 j − 16 i + 8 j
   
= −7 i − 13 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 43

Question 6

a=6i + 3 j b=2i − j
     
a

( ) (
a + b= 6 i + 3 j + 2 i − j
     
)
= 8i + 2 j
 
a + b = 82 + 2 2
 
= 68 ≈ 8.2
= 2 17
2
tan θ =
8
1
θ = tan −1  
4
θ= 14°2′

( ) (
a − b= 6 i + 3 j − 2 i − j
     
)
= 4i + 4 j
 
a + b= 4 2 + 4 2
 
= 32 ≈ 5.7
=4 2
4
tan θ =
4
θ = tan −1 (1)
θ= 45°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 44

 Question 7

x= 5i + 3 j y= −2 i − 5 j
     
( ) (
x + y= 5i + 3 j + −2 i − 5 j
     
)
= 3i − 2 j
 
x + y= 32 + ( −2 )
2

 
= 13 ≈ 3.6
−2
tan θ =
3
 −2 
θ = tan −1  
 3 
θ = −33°41′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360 + ( −33°41=
= ′ ) 326°19′

Question 8

a=i +7j b= 4i − 9 j
     
 
(  
) (
b − a= 4i − 9 j − i + 7 j
 
)
= 3i − 16 j
 
b − a= 32 + ( −16 )
2

 
= 265 ≈ 16.3
−16
tan θ =
3
 −16 
θ = tan −1  
 3 
θ = −79°23′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360 + ( −79°23=
= ′ ) 280°37′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 45

 Question 9

=v ai + 3 j
  
v =5

=5 a 2 + 32
= a 2 + 32
25
a 2 = 16
a = ±4

Question 10

=
v 6 i + bj
  
θ =45
tan θ =1
b
∴1 =
6
b=6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 46

 Question 11

=v ai + bj
  
v =4

=4 a 2 + b2
= a 2 + b2
16
θ =120
tan120 = − 3
b
∴ = − 3
a
b = −a 3

( )
2
16= a 2 + −a 3
16 = 4a 2
a2 = 4
a = ±2
b = 2 3
a = 2, b = −2 3
a=
−2, b =
2 3

But 120°, so 2nd quadrant, so a =

− 2, b =
2 3

Question 12

r2 = x2 + y2 [Pythagoras]

=r x2 + y 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 47

Test yourself 3

Question 1

v || w
 
v=w
 
A, B

Question 2

Question 3

DB= a − b
 
B

Question 4

(–25, –9) is in the 3rd quadrant.

−9 9
=
tan θ =
−25 25
θ ≈ 180° + 20=
° 200°

Question 5

a Acceleration – vector

b Distance – scalar

c Mass – scalar

d displacement – vector

e Velocity – vector

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 48

 Question 6

  5    −6 
=OA =  OB  
 −2   −1 

   5   −6 
OA + OB =   +  
 −2   −1 
 −1 
= 
 −3 
 
OA + OB = ( −1) + ( −3)
2 2

= 10 ≈ 3.2
−3
tan θ =
−1
θ = tan ( 3)
−1

= 71°34′
As θ is in the third quadrant
θ = 180° + ( 71°34′ ) = 251°34′

   −6   5 
OB − OA=   −  
 −1   −2 
 −11
= 
1 
 
OA + OB = ( −11) + 12
2

= 122 ≈11.0
1
tan θ =
−11
 1 
θ = tan −1  
 −11 
=−5°12′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ = 180° + ( −5°12′ )= 174°48′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 49

Question 7

Question 8

 p   −1  22 
3  −   =  
 −4   q   −5 
3 p +1 = 22
3 p = 21
p=7
−12 − q =−5
q=7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 50

Question 9

=d 862 + 532
d = 101m
53
tan θ =
86
b
 53 
θ = tan −1  
 86 
θ= 31°39′
Bearing = 180° + 31°39′ = 211°39′

Question 10

1
Scalar =
12

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 51

Question 11

=
v 4i + j
  
=
v 42 + 12

= 17 ≈ 4.1
1
tan θ = 
4
1
θ = tan −1  
4
θ= 14°2′

v= i − 3 j
  
v= 12 + ( −3)
2


= 10 ≈ 3.2
 −3 
tan θ = 
 1 
=θ tan −1 ( −3)
θ = −71°34′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360° + ( −71°34=
= ′ ) 288°26′

v= −2 i − 4 j
  
v = ( −2 ) + ( −4 )
2 2


= 20
= 2 5 ≈ 4.5
 −4 
tan θ = 
 −2 
θ = tan −1 ( 2 )
θ= 63°26′
As θ is in the third quadrant
θ 180 + ( 63°26=
= ′ ) 243°26′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 52

d

v= −4 i + 3 j
  
v = ( −4 ) + 32
2


= 25
=5
 3 
tan θ = 
 −4 
 3 
θ = tan −1  
 −4 
θ = −36°52′
As θ is in the second quadrant
θ 180 + ( −36°52′=
= ) 143°8′

Question 12

 −4 
v= 
 1 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 53

Question 13

a=9i + 5 j b=4i − 7 j
     
a

( ) (
a + b = i + 7 j + 4i − 9 j
     
)
= 13i − 2 j
 
a += 132 + ( −2 )
2
b
 
= 173 ≈13.2
−2
tan θ =
13
 −2 
θ = tan −1  
 13 
θ =−8°45′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360° + ( −8°45=
= ′ ) 351°15′

( ) (
a − b = i + 7 j − 4i − 9 j
     
)
= 5i + 12 j
 
a − b = 52 + 122
 
= 169
= 13
12
tan θ =
5
 12 
θ = tan −1  
 5
θ= 67°23′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 54

Question 14

 −3   −1  −4 
 +  =  
 −8   3   −5 

 4   −5   9 
 −  =  
 −9   2   −11

 3   −15 
−5   =  
 −5   25 

 −2   3   −4   −9 
 − +  =  
 9   −1  −1   9 

 2  2   −2 
3  − 4   =  
0  −4   20 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 55

Question 15

Question 16

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 56

Question 17

b –5 cm (5 cm to the left)

c 3 + 6 = 9 cm

Question 18

  −5 
OX =  
 −12 

OX = ( −5 ) + ( −12 )
2 2

= 169
= 13
−12
tan θ =
−5
 12 
θ = tan −1  
5
θ= 67°23′
As θ is in the third quadrant
=
θ 180° + 67°23= ′ 247°23′

Question 19

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 57

 Question 20
  
= OB − OA
AB
 2   −3 
=  − 
 2  4 
5 
= 
 −2 

AB= 52 + ( −2 )
2

= 29
≈ 5.4
−2
tan θ =
5
θ ≈ 360° − 22° ( 4th quadrant )
= 338°

Question 21

 1    −3 
=OA =  , OB  
6 5 

  1   −3 
OA + OB =   +  
6 5 
 −2 
= 
11 

   −3  1 
OB − OA =   −  
5  6
 −4 
= 
 −1 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 58

 Question 22

x =2 i + j y =− i − 6 j
     
 
(  
) (
x + y= 2 i + j + − i − 6 j
 
)
= i −5 j
 
x + y= 12 + ( −5 )
2

 
= 26 ≈ 5.1
−5
tan θ =
1
= θ tan ( −5 )
−1

θ = −78°41′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ 360° + ( −78°41=
= ′ ) 281°19′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 59

Question 23

v =5i − 7 j w =− i + 3 j
     
a

 
( 
) (
v + w= 5i − 7 j + − i + 3 j
 
)
= 4i − 4 j
 
b

 
(  
) (
w − v = − i + 3 j − 5i − 7 j
 
)
= −6 i + 10 j
 
c

(
−4 w =−4 − i + 3 j
  
)
= 4 i − 12 j
 
d

3v + 2=
   
( 
) (
w 3 5i − 7 j + 2 − i + 3 j

)
= 13i − 15 j
 
e

2v − 6=
   
( 
) (
w 2 5i − 7 j − 6 − i + 3 j

)
= 16 i − 32 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 60

Question 24

( −5, 2 ) , B =
A= ( 3, − 8)
a

AB =− A + B
= ( 3, −8) − ( −5, 2 )
= (8, −10 )
= 8i − 10 j
 
b

AB= 82 + ( −10 )
2

= 164
= 2 41 ≈12.8
−10
tan θ =
8
 −5 
θ = tan −1  
 4 
= −50°12′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
θ = 360° + ( −50°12′ ) = 309°48′

Question 25

a v=−4 i + 3 j
  
b =
v 6i − j
  
c v=−8i + 7 j
  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 61

 Challenge exercise 3

Question 1

=
v ai + bj
  
v = ( 5 cos105°, 5 sin105° )

=a 5 cos105° ≈ −1.3
=b 5 sin105° ≈ 4.8

Question 2
  
AB + BC = AC
 
= OC − OA
 −3  1 
=  − 
 −2   3 
 −4 
= 
 −5 

AC = ( −4 ) + ( −5 )
2 2

= 41 ≈ 6.4
−5
tan θ =
−4
5
θ = tan −1  
4
= 51°20′
As θ is in the third quadrant
θ = 180° + ( 51°20′ ) = 231°20′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 62

 Question 3

a (
v = 3 2 cos 225°,3 2 sin 225°

)
=x 3 2 cos 225°
 1 
= 3 2 ×− 
 2
= −3
y = 3 2 sin 225
 1 
= 3 2 ×− 
 2
= −3

b v=−3i − 3 j
  

Question 4

f = ( 6 cos118°, 6sin118° )

=f H 6 cos118°
= −2.8 N (horizontal)
=fV 6sin118°
= 5.3 N (vertical)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 63

Question 5

=
v 4i − 3 j
  
= 42 + ( −3)
2
v

= 25
=5
−3
tan θ =
4
 −3 
θ = tan −1  
 4 
θ = −36°52′′
As θ is in the fourth quadrant
=
θ 360° − 36°52= ′ 323°8′
=v ( 5, 323°8′ )

b

 −2 
v= 
  −2 3 

v = ( −2 ) + −2 3 ( )
2 2


= 16
=4
−2 3
tan θ =
−2
θ = tan −1 ( 3)
θ= 60°
As θ is in the third quadrant
=
θ 180° + 60°
=
θ 240°
=v ( 4, 240° )


© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 64

c

 −2 
v= 
 6 

v = ( −2 ) + 62
2


= 40
≈ 6.3
6
tan θ =
−2
= −3
As θ is in the 2nd quadrant
θ ≈ 180° − 72=° 108°
=v ( 6.3, 108° )


© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 65