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Maths in Focus Ext1 Yr12 CH 10
Maths in Focus Ext1 Yr12 CH 10
MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 10: Further Vectors
Question 1
3 −1
a u.v = . = 3 × −1 + 2 × 5 = 7
2 5
4 −2
b u.v = . = 4 × −2 − 1× 7 = −15
−1 7
6 −4
c u.v = . = 6 × −4 + 3 × 8 = 0
3 8
d u.v = 4 ×1 − 1× −5 = 9
e u.v =−3 × 2 + 4 × 3 =6
f u.v = 1× −3 − 9 × −2 = 15
u.v = −1× 4 2 − 3 × −4 2
= −4 2 + 4 6
u.v = −5 3 × −2 2 + 5 × −2 2
= 10 6 − 10 2
u=
.v 2 × −3 3 − 2 × 3
= −3 6 − 3 2
Question 3
u.v
θ =cos −1
u.v
a u.v = −3 × −5 + 4 ×12 = 63
u = (−3) 2 + 42 = 5
v = (−5) 2 + 122 =13
63
θ= cos −1 = 14°
5 × 13
b u.v = 1× −3 − 2 ×1 = −5
u= 12 + (−2)= 2
5
v = (−3) 2 + 12 = 10
−5
θ cos −1
= = 135°
5 × 10
d u.v = 2 × 3 + 5 × 1 = 11
u= 2 2 + 52 = 29
v= 32 + 12 = 10
11
θ= cos −1 = 50°
29 × 10
e u.v = −4 ×1 − 1× −5 = 1
u= (−4) 2 + (−1) 2 = 17
v= 12 + (−5)=
2
26
1
θ= cos −1 = 87°
17 × 26
f u.v = 3 × −4 − 2 × −1 = −10
u= 32 + (−2)=
2
13
v= (−4) 2 + (−1) 2 = 17
−10
θ cos −1
= = 132°
13 × 17
x 1
=u = ,v
2 5
u.v = 14
x × −4 + 2 × 5 =14
−4 x + 10 =
14
x = −1
Question 5
u=ai + bj , v =3i − 4 j
=
v 32 + (−4)=
2
5
u.v = 10
u.v
cos θ= , θ= 60°
u.v
10
cos 60° =
u ×5
10
0.5 =
u ×5
10
=u = 4
0.5 × 5
a i
OA = 62 + 22 = 40
OB = 12 + 52 = 26
OA.OB = 6 ×1 + 2 × 5 = 16
OA .OB
θ =cos −1
OA × OB
16
= cos −1
40 × 26
= 60°15′
6 − 1 5
ii OA − OB
= =
2 − 5 −3
OA − OB= 52 + (−3)=
2
34
OA = 40
OB = 26
b The exterior angle of a triangle is the sum of the 2 interior opposite angles.
Question 7
a u.v = 3 × −2 − 6 × −1 = 0
b u= 32 + (−6)=
2
45
v= (−2) 2 + (−1) 2 = 5
u.v
θ =cos −1
u.v
0
= cos −1 =
90°
45. 5
x −1
=u = ,v
2 4
u.v = 24
x × −1 + 3 × 4 = 24
− x + 12 =24
x = −12
Question 9
u.v = 1× a − 3 × 5 = a − 15
u= 12 + (−3)=
2
10
v= a 2 + 52 = a 2 + 25
u.v
cos θ =
u.v
a − 15
cos120° =
10 × a 2 + 25
a − 15
−0.5 =
10 × a 2 + 25
(a − 15) 2
0.25 =
10(a 2 + 25)
Let =
b xi + yj
a= 32 + (−1)=
2
10
a.b = −6
Hence 3 x − y =−6
a.b
cos θ =
a.b
−6
cos 30° =
10. b
3 −6
− = , 2nd quadrant
2 10 b
12
b=
30
12 144
x 2 + y 2= ⇒ x 2 + y 2=
30 30
144
Solve the simultaneous pair of equations 3 x − y =−6 , x 2 + y 2 =
30
3 x − y =−6 ⇒ y =3 x + 6
144 144
x2 + y 2 = ⇒ x 2 + (3 x + 6) 2 =
30 30
10 x 2 + 36 x + 31.2 =
0
−36 ± 362 − 4 ×10 × 31.2
x=
2 ×10
−36 ± 48
=
20
= −1.4535..., −2.1464... ≈ − 1.5, − 2.1
x =−1.5 ⇒ y =3 x + 6 =1.5
x =−2.1 ⇒ y =3 x + 6 =−0.3
b=−1.5i + 1.5 j , b =
−2.1i − 0.3 j
a v= 3i − 4 j
v.v = 3 × 3 − 4 × −4 = 25
= 32 + (−4)= 5⇒ v =
2 2
v 25
Hence v.v = v
2
b =
v ai + bj
v.v = a × a + b × b = a 2 + b 2
= a 2 + b 2 ⇒ v =a 2 + b 2
2
v
Hence v.v = v
2
Question 1
a u.v = 5 × 4 − 2 ×10 = 0
b u.v = 5 × 0 + 0 × −3 = 0
c u.v = 3 × −12 − 9 × −4 = 0
Question 2
u= (−6) 2 + (−3) 2 = 45 = 3 5
v= 22 + 12 = 5
u v = 3 5 × 5 = 15
Hence u.v = − u v
The vectors are parallel and have opposite direction.
1 1
e u.v = −1× + 6 × −3 = −18
2 2
u = (−1) 2 + 62 = 37
2
1 1
=v + (− =3) 2 37
2 2
1 1
u v = 37 × 37 =
18
2 2
Hence u.v = − u v
The vectors are parallel and have opposite direction.
Question 3
x −4
. = 0
2 5
−4 x + 10 = 0
x = 2.5
x −4
= k , where k is a non-zero constant.
2 5
So 2 = 5k ⇒ k = 0.4
x = −4k
=−4 × 0.4
−1.6
2
The constant, k = − , is the same for both components, so the vectors are parallel
5
and have opposite direction.
b OA.OB =4 × 3 + 3 × −7 =−9
The dot product is not zero, so the vectors are not perpendicular.
Let OA = kOB , where k is a non-zero constant.
4 3
=k
3 −7
4
4 = 3k ⇒ k =
3
3
3=−7 k ⇒ k =−
7
The constant, k , is not the same for both components, so the vectors are not parallel.
Hence, OA and OB are neither perpendicular nor parallel.
c u.v =−6 × 4 + 3 × 8 =0
The dot product is zero, so the vectors are perpendicular.
=
u.v 5cos 45°× −8cos 45° + 5sin 45°× −8sin 45°
1 1 1 1
= 5× × −8 × + 5× × −8 ×
2 2 2 2
=−20 − 20 = −40
5
5cos 45° = −8cos 45°k ⇒ k = −
8
and
5
5sin 45° = −8sin 45°k ⇒ k = −
8
5
The constant, k = − , is the same for both components, so the vectors are parallel
8
and have opposite direction.
u.v = 5 × 3 − 3 × b = 15 − 3b
Hence
15 − 3b =
0
b=5
Question 6
a The vectors are parallel in a like direction, so OA = kOB , where k is a non-zero
positive constant.
−2 −5
=k
5 n
2
−2 =−5k ⇒ k =
5
5 = kn
2
5= n
5
n = 12.5
b The vectors are perpendicular, so OA.OB = 0 .
OA.OB = −2 × −5 + 5 × n = 10 + 5n
10 + 5n = 0
n = −2
Question 1
b×a
a Find 2 b
b
1 12
=
3 6
4
=
2
a×b
b Find 2 a
a
b= 122 + 62= 65
a × b = 6 × −4 + 12 × 7 = 60
a×b 60 7
2 a =
a
( ) −4
2
65
12 7
=
13 −4
6.46
−3.69
12
= (− i + 3 j )
5
=
−2.4 i + 7.2 j
b u= 32 + (−15)=
2
234
u × v = 3 × −5 − 15 × −14 = 195
u×v 195
=
2 u (3i − 15 j )
u
( )
2
234
5
= (3i − 15 j )
6
= 2.5i − 12.5 j
c u = 32 + 62 = 45
u × v = 3 × −2 + 6 × 6 = 30
u×v 30 3
2 u =
u
( )
2
45 6
2 3
=
3 6
2
=
4
e u= 42 + (−3)=
2
5
u × v = 4 × 3 − 3 × −1= 15
u×v 15 4
2 u =
u 25 −3
3 4
=
5 −3
2.4
=
−1.8
3 18 + 3 6 −3 6 − 3 2
,
4 4
1
u = −4 ×
2
3
(
, 4 × = −2 3, 2
2
)
v= 6×
1
2
, −6 ×
1
=
2
(3 2, −3 2 )
u = (−2 3) 2 + 22 = 16 = 4
u × v = −2 3 × 3 2 + 2 × −3 2 = −6 6 − 6 2
u×v −6 6 − 6 2
=
2 u
u 42
−2 3, 2 ( )
−3 6 − 3 2
=
8
−2 3, 2( )
−3 6 − 3 2
=
4
− 3,1 ( )
−3 6 − 3 2 −3 6 − 3 2
= − 3 × ,
4 4
3 18 + 3 6 −3 6 − 3 2
,
4 4
Question 4
a =
v 32 + (−4)=
2
5
v × u = 3 × 2 − 4 ×1 = 2
v×u 2 3
2 v =
v 25 −4
0.24
=
−0.32
2 2
=
5 1
0.8
=
0.4
c From a,
0.24
proju v =
−0.32
= 0.242 + (−0.32) 2
= 0.4
d From a,
0.24
proju v =
−0.32
−0.32
tan −1 =−53°
0.24
= 360° − 53°
= 307°
Question 5
Question 1
Let AB = a and AC = b
AC = AB + BC
b = a + BC
b – a = BC [1]
AB = AC + CB
a = b + CB
a – b = CB
= – BC
–(a – b) = BC [2]
b – a = –(a – b)
b − a =−c
But c= a − b
Hence b − a =−(a − b)
Question 2
Question 4
and
PQ = PB + BC − QC [2]
[1] + [2]
PQ + PQ = − AP + AD + DQ + PB + BC − QC
2 PQ = (− AP + PB) + ( DQ − QC ) + AD + BC
= 0 + 0 + AD + BC
Hence, AD + BC = 2 PQ
Question 6
b
= AE − AB
BE
9
= AD − b
11
9
= a −b
11
b
= AD − FD
AF
3
= AD − BD
8
3
= AD − ( AD − AB)
8
1
= (5 AD + 3 AB)
8
1
= (5b + 3a )
8
c = EA + AF
EF
5 3
= – AE + b + a
8 8
1 5 3
=− a + b+ a
2 8 8
5 1
= b– a
8 8
b
= AO + OB
AB
= −OA + b
=−a + b
= DB + BA
DA
= − BD + − AB
4
= a − ( − a + b)
3
7
= a −b
3
Let OC = a and OA = b.
a
OC= AB =
0
0
OA= CB=
b
= OC + CB
OB
a 0
= +
0 b
a
=
b
=
OB a 2 + b2
= a 2 + b2
= OB
DB= a − b .
Take the dot product.
DB.DB = (a − b).(a − b)
= a.a − a.b − b.a + b.b
2 2 2
DB = a + b , since a.b = 0, b.a =
0
AC= a + b
AC. AC = (a + b).(a + b)
= a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b
2
AC= a + b
2 2
2 2
Hence, DB = AC , so DB = AC .
Therefore a = b , ⇒ a = b
2 2
Hence AC.BD = 0 , so the 2 diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
x
Let OB = where r2 = x2 + y2.
y
OA + AB = OB
= OB − OA
AB
x r
= −
y 0
x−r
=
y
OB + BC = OC
= OC − OB
BC
−r x
= −
0 y
−r − x
=
−y
−r − x x − r
BC . AB = .
−y y
= (–r – x)(x – r) – y2
= r2 – x2 – y2
= r2 – (x2 + y2)
= r2 – r2
=0
a= r2 − r1 and b= r2 − r3
Also, let =
r r= r= r3 , which represents the radius of the circle.
1 2
= r2 − r2 r3 cos θ2 − r1 r2 cos θ1 − r1 r3
2
r 2 − r 2 cos θ2 − r 2 cos θ1 − r 2
=−r 2 (cos θ2 + cos θ1 )
= −r 2 (cos θ1 + cos (180° − θ1 ))
=−r 2 (cos θ1 − cos θ1 )
=0
Hence a.b = 0 , so CB and AB are perpendicular.
Question 1
u = (3.4 cos 125°, 3.4 sin 125°), v = (2.8 cos 28°, 2.8 sin 28°)
u + v = (3.4 cos 125° + 2.8 cos 28°, 3.4 sin 125°+ 2.8 sin 128°)
Magnitude:
u + v= x2 + y 2
= 0.5220932 + 4.099637 2
= 4.132 748 …
= 4.1 km
Direction:
y
tan θ =
x
4.099637
=
0.522093
θ = 83°
u = (890 cos 232°, 890 sin 232°), v = (549 cos 138°, 549 sin 138°)
u + v = (890 cos 232° + 549 cos 138°, 890 sin 232° + 549 sin 138°)
Magnitude:
u + v= x2 + y 2
= (−955.925222) 2 + (−333.976867) 2
= 1012.587566 …
= 1012.6 m s–1
Direction:
y
tan θ =
x
−333.976867
=
−955.925222
3rd quadrant:
θ = 180° + 19°
= 199°
c u=−45i − 15 j
15
Direction is tan–1 = 18° south of west = 270 – 18 = 252°.
45
Question 4
u + v= 82 + 52 = 9.4 km h −1
Let
= =
a 7.88, b 67.12
=
Thus C 7.88i + 67.12 j .
67.12
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1 =
83° .
7.88
Question 1
a Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= – 10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
1 1
= 15 × i + 15 × j
2 2
15 2 15 2
= i + j
2 2
Substituting:
15 2 15 2
i + j = – 10(0) j + C = C
2 2
15 2 15 2
So v =
−10t j + i+ j
2 2
15 2 15 2
= i + −10t + j
2 2
s = ∫ v dt
15 2 15 2
= ∫ 2
i + −10t + j dt
2
15 2 15 2
= + −5t 2 +
t i ( t) j+ D
2 2
When t = 0, =
s 0 i+ 0 j
Substituting:
15 2 15 2
=
0 i+ 0 j (0) i + −5(0) 2 + (0) j + D = D
2 2
15 2 15 2
=
So s + −5t 2 +
t i ( t) j
2 2
15 2
−5t 2 + t= 0
2
15 2
t −5t + = 0
2
15 2
−5t + = 0 (t ≠ 0)
2
15 2
= 5t
2
3 2
t= s
2
a Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
1 3
= 120 × i + 120 × j
2 2
= 60 i + 60 3 j
Substituting:
60 i + 60 3 j = – 10(0) j + C = C
So v =
−10t j + 60 i + 60 3 j
(
= 60 i + −10t + 60 3 j
)
Time taken to reach the maximum height is when the y-component of velocity is 0.
−10t + 60 3 =
0
60 3 = 10t
t = 6 3s
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
(
= ∫ 60 i + −10t + 60 3 j dt
)
= 60t i (
+ −5t 2 + 60 3t ) j + D
When t = 0, =
s 0 i+ 0 j
Substituting:
So= + −5t 2 + 60 3t ) j
s 60t i (
y=
−5t 2 + 60 3t
( ) ( )
2
=
−5 6 3 + 60 3 6 3
−5 (108 ) + 1080
=
= 540 m
a Acceleration: a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt = – 10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
1 3
= 5× i + 5× j
2 2
5 5 3
= i + j
2 2
Substituting:
5 5 3
i + j = –10(0) j + C = C
2 2
5 5 3
So v =
−10t j + i + j
2 2
5 5 3
= i + −10t + j
2 2
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
5 5 3
= ∫2
i + −10t + j dt
2
5 5 3
= + −5t 2 +
t i ( t) j+ D
2 2
Substituting:
5 5 3
16=j (0) i + −5(0) 2 + (0) j + D
2 2
16 j = D
So
5 5 3
=
s t i + −5t 2 + t j + 16 j
2 2
5 5 3
=
s t i + −5t 2 + t + 16 j
2 2
5 3
−5t 2 + t + 16 =
0
2
−10t 2 + 5 3t + 32 =0
(5 3 ) − 4 × ( −10 ) × 32
2
−5 3 ±
t=
2 ( −10 )
−5 3 ± 1355
=
−20
−5 3 − 1355
= (t > 0)
−20
= 2.2735
≈ 2.3 s
5
x= ( 2.2735...)
2
= 5.68375...
≈ 5.7 m
a Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= – 9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
When t = 0, =
s 0 i+ 0 j
Substituting:
To find the maximum height, substitute into the y-component for displacement:
y=
−4.9t 2 + 8.7t sin 55°
−4.9 ( 0.7272 ) + 8.7 ( 0.7272 ) sin 55°
=
2
= 2.59130...
= 2.59 m
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= – 10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
When t = 0, s = 15.3 j
15.3 j = D
So
t=
2 ( −5 )
−8.4154... ± 376.8203...
=
−10
−8.4154... − 376.8203...
(t > 0)
−10
= 2.7827
≈ 2.8 s
a Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= – 9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
When t = 0, s = 0
= + −4.9(0) 2 +
0 1200(0) cos 68° i 1200 (0) sin 68° j + D
0=D
So
a Acceleration:
a = –g j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ − g j dt
= –gt j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= u cos α i + u sin α j
Substituting:
So v = − gt j + u cos α i + u sin α j
= u cos α i + ( − gt + u sin α ) j
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ u cos α i + ( − gt + u sin α ) j dt
gt 2
= ut cos α i (
+− + ut sin α) j + D
2
When t = 0, s = 0
g (0) 2
=0 u (0) cos α i sin
+ − + u (0) α j + D
2
0=D
So
gt 2
s = ut cos α i + − + ut sin α j
2
− gt + u sin α = 0
u sin α = gt
u sin α
t=
g
20sin 60°
=
10
3
=2
2
= 3s
gt 2
y=
− + ut sin α
2
( 3)
2
10
= − + 20 3 sin 60°
2
3
= −15 + 20 3
2
= −15 + 30
= 15 m
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 16 cos θ i + 16 sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= 16t cos θ i (
+ −5t 2 + 16t sin θ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0
0=D
So
= + ( −5t 2 + 16t in θ ) j
s 16t cos θ i s
Question 9
Acceleration:
a = –g j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ − g j dt
= –gt j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= v cos β i + v sin β j
Substituting:
So v = − gt j + v cos β i + v sin β j
= v cos β i + ( − gt + v sin β ) j
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ v cos β i + ( − gt + v sin β ) j dt
− gt 2
= vt cos β i sin
+ + vt β j + D
2
When t = 0, s = h j
Substituting:
− g (0) 2
=h j v(0) cos β i si
+ + v(0) n β j + D
2
hj=D
So
− gt 2
=s vt cos β i sin
+ + vt β j + h j
2
− gt 2
= +
s vt cos β i sin + vt β + h j
2
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 24 cos θ i + 24 sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= 24t cos θ i (
+ −5t 2 + 24t sin θ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0
0=D
= + ( −5t 2 + 24t in θ ) j
So s 24t cos θ i s
x = 24t cos θ = 35
35
t=
24 cos θ
Substitute into:
tan θ =
2 ( 6125 )
20160 ± 242251100
=
12250
20160 ± 15564.41775...
=
12250
= 2.91627 … or 0.37514 …
θ ≈ 71° or 21°
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= – 10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= V cos 0° i + V sin 0° j
= Vi
Substituting:
V i = – 10(0) j + C = C
So v =
−10t j + V i
= V i − 10t j
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ V i − 10t j dt
=Vt i −5t 2 j + D
When t = 0, s = 6 j
6 j = V (0) i −5(0) 2 j + D
6j=D
So
s =Vt i −5t 2 j + 6 j
=s Vt i + ( −5t + 6 ) j 2
x = Vt = 2
2
t=
V
Substitute into:
y=
−5t 2 + 6 when y = 0
2
2
0 = −5 + 6
V
−20
0= 2 +6
V
20
=6
V2
20
=V2
6
20
V=
6
= 1.82574...
≈ 1.8 m s–1
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
1 3
=v i +v j
2 2
v v 3
= i + j
2 2
Substituting:
v v 3
i + j = –9.8(0) j + C = C
2 2
v v 3
So v =
−9.8t j + i + j
2 2
v v 3
= i + −9.8t + j
2 2
s = ∫ v dt
v v 3
= ∫2
i + −9.8t + j dt
2
vt vt 3
= i + −4.9t 2 + j+ D
2 2
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
v(0) v(0) 3
0= i + −4.9(0) 2 + j+ D
2 2
0=D
So
vt vt 3
s= i + −4.9t 2 + j
2 2
When t = 5.1, y = 0.
vt 3
y=
−4.9t 2 +
2
v ( 5.1) 3
−4.9 ( 5.1) +
0=
2
2
0=
−127.449 + 2.55v 3
127.449 = 2.55v 3
127.449
=v
2.55 3
v = 28.8559...
≈ 28.86 ms -1
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= 125t cos θ i (
+ −5t 2 + 125t sin θ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0
= + −5(0) 2 +
0 125(0) cos θ i 125 (0) sin θ j + D
0=D
= + ( −5t 2 + 125t θ ) j
So s 125t cos θ i sin
150 6
t= =
125cos θ 5cos θ
Substitute into:
tan θ =
2 ( 6)
125 ± 15481
=
12
125 ± 124.4226...
=
12
= 20.78522 … or 0.048111…
θ ≈ 87° or 3°
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= – 10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= V cos 0° i + V sin 0° j
= Vi
Substituting:
V i = – 10(0) j + C = C
So v =
−10t j + V i
= V i − 10t j
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ V i − 10t j dt
=Vt i −5t 2 j + D
When t = 0, s = 6.2 j
6.2 j = D
So
=s Vt i + ( −5t + 6.2 ) j
2
x = Vt = 10.4
10.4
t=
V
Substitute into:
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= – 10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
1 3
= 30 × i + 30 × j
2 2
= 15 i + 15 3 j
Substituting:
15 i + 15 3 j = –10(0) j + C = C
So v =
−10t j + 15 i + 15 3 j
= 15 i + −10t + 15 3 j
( )
s = ∫ v dt
(
= ∫ 15 i + −10t + 15 3 j dt
)
(
= 15t i + −5t 2 + 15t 3 j + D )
When t = 0, s = 28 j
Substituting:
=
28
(
j 15(0) i + −5(0) 2 + 15 ( 0 ) 3 j + D )
28 j = D
So
=
(
s 15t i + −5t 2 + 15t 3 j + 28 j
)
=s 15t i + ( −5t 2
+ 15t 3 + 28 j )
y=
−5t 2 + 15t 3 + 28 =
0
(15 3 ) − 4 ( −5 )( 28 )
2
− − 15 3 ±
t=
2 ( −5 )
15 3 ± 675 + 560
=
−10
15 3 ± 1235
=
−10
25.98076... ± 35.14256...
=
−10
25.98076... − 35.14256...
(t > 0)
−10
= 6.11233
≈6 s
x = 15t
= 15 × 6.11233 …
= 91.6849 …
≈ 91.7 m
Question 16
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 12 cos θ i + 12 sin θ j
Substituting:
s = ∫ v dt
= 12t cos θ i (
+ −5t 2 + 12t sin θ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
0=D
= + ( −5t 2 + 12t in θ ) j
So s 12t cos θ i s
x = 12t cos θ = 9
9 3
t= =
12 cos θ 4 cos θ
Substitute into:
y=
−5t 2 + 12t sin θ when y =
4
2
3 3
4 −5 + 12 sin θ
4 cos θ 4 cos θ
−45
=4 + 9 tan θ
16 cos 2 θ
−45 sec 2 θ
=4 + 9 tan θ
16
64 = −45sec 2 θ + 144 tan θ
45sec 2 θ − 144 tan θ + 64 = 0
45 ( tan 2 θ + 1) − 144 tan θ + 64 =
0
45 tan 2 θ + 45 − 144 tan θ + 64 =
0
45 tan 2 θ − 144 tan θ + 109 = 0
tan θ =
2 ( 45 )
144 ± 1116
=
90
144 ± 33.4065...
=
90
=1.9711 or 2.84899
θ= 63° or 51°
Question 17
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= – 10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 2 cos 0° i + 2 sin 0° j
= 2i
Substituting:
2 i = –10(0) j + C = C
So v =
−10t j + 2 i= 2 i − 10t j
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ 2 i − 10t j dt
=2t i −5t 2 j + D
When t = 0, s = 5 j
Substituting:
5 j =2(0) i −5(0) 2 j + D
5j=D
So
s =2t i −5t 2 j + 5 j
=s 2t i + ( −5t + 5 ) j 2
y =−5t 2 + 5 =0
5t 2 = 5
t2 = 1
=t 1 (t > 0)
Substitute into:
x = 2t
= 2 ×1
=2 m
Acceleration:
a = –g j = – 10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = 8 i + 5 j
Substituting:
8 i + 5 j = – 10(0) j + C = C
So v =−10t j + 8 i + 5 j
= 8 i + ( −10t + 5 ) j
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ 8 i + ( −10t + 5 ) j dt
= 8t i + ( −5t 2 + 5t ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
0 8(0) i + −5(0) 2 + 5 ( 0 ) j + D
=
0=D
s 8t i + ( −5t 2 + 5 ) j
=
Range is where y = 0.
y =−5t 2 + 5 =0
5t 2 = 5
t2 = 1
=t 1 (t > 0)
Substitute into:
x = 8t
= 8 ×1
=8 m
Question 19
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
π π
= 15 cos i + 15 sin j
6 6
3 1
= 15 × i + 15 × j
2 2
Substituting:
So v =
−9.8t j + 7.5 3 i + 7.5 j
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
0=D
So
Range is where y = 0.
y=
−4.9t 2 + 7.5t =
0
t ( −4.9t + 7.5 ) =
0
−4.9t + 7.5
= 0 (t ≠ 0)
7.5
=t = 1.5306...
4.9
x = 7.5 (1.5306...) 3
= 19.8832...
≈ 19.9 m
Question 20
Hence
62 + v 2 =
10
36 + v 2 =
100
v 2 = 64
v =8
10 cos θ =6
6
cos θ =
10
θ ≈ 53°
8
or tan θ =
6
θ ≈ 53°
c Acceleration:
a = –10 j
Velocity:
v=
∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
V = 6 i + 8 j
Substituting:
6 i + 8 j = –g(0) j + C = C
So v =−10t j + 6 i + 8 j
= 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j dt
= 6t i +(−5t 2 + 8t ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
= + −5(0) 2 + 8(0) j + D
0 6(0) i
0=D
So
s 6t i + ( −5t 2 + 8t ) j
=
−10t + 8 = 0
10t = 8
8
t=
10
= 0.8 s
y=
−5t 2 + 8t
= −5 ( 0.8 ) + 8 ( 0.8 )
2
= 3.2 m
d i When t = 2:
v = 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j
= 6 i + ( −10 [ 2] + 8 ) j
= 6 i − 12 j
62 + ( −12 )
2
Speed =
= 180
= 13.4164 …
≈ 13.4 m s–1
ii When t = 3.1:
v = 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j
= 6 i + ( −10 [3.1] + 8 ) j
= 6 i − 23 j
62 + ( −23)
2
Speed =
= 565
= 23.7697 …
≈ 23.8 m s–1
a Acceleration:
a = –g j = – 9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 15 2 i + 15 2 j
Substituting:
15 2 i + 15 2 j = –9.8(0) j + C = C
So v =
−9.8t j + 15 2 i + 15 2 j
= 15 2 i + −9.8t + 15 2 j
( )
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ 15 2 i + −9.8t + 15 2 j dt
( )
When t = 0, s = 0
=0 15(0) 2 i + −4.9(0) 2 + 15 ( 0 ) 2 j + D
0=D
So
= (
s 15t 2 i + −4.9t 2 + 15t 2 j
)
y=
−4.9t 2 + 15t 2 =
−10
4.9t 2 − 15t 2 − 10 =
0
b Substitute into:
x = 15t 2
= 15 × 4.7581... × 2
= 100.9353...
≈ 100.9 m
a Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 10 i + 10 3 j
= 10 3 i + 10 j
Substituting:
10 i + 10 3 j = – 10(0) j + C = C
So v =
−10t j + 10 i + 10 3 j
(
= 10 i + −10t + 10 3 j )
1st stone
s = ∫ v dt
(
= ∫ 10 i + −10t + 10 3 j dt
)
+ −5t 2 + 10 t j + D
= 10t i 3
( )
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
0 10(0) i + −5(0) 2 + 10 ( 0 ) 3 j + D
=
0=D
So
=
s 10t i + −5t 2 + 10 3t j
( )
1st stone
1st stone:
y=
−5t 2 + 10 3t =
0
(
t −5t + 10 3 =0 )
−5t + 10=3 0 (t ≠ 0)
10 3
t=
5
=2 3
= 3.4641...
≈ 3.5 s
y=
−5t 2 + 10t =
0
t ( −5t + 10 ) =0
−5t +=
10 0 (t ≠ 0)
10
=
t = 2s
5
1st stone:
x = 10t
= 10(2 3 )
= 20 3
≈ 34.6 m
2nd stone:
x = 10t 3
= 10(2) 3
= 20 3
≈ 34.6 m
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 22 cos θ i + 22 sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= 22t cos θ i (
+ −4.9t 2 + 22t sin θ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 2 j
2j=D
So
= + ( −4.9t 2 + 22t θ ) j + 2 j
s 22t cos θ i sin
= + ( −4.9t + 22t in θ + 2 ) j
s 22t cos θ i s 2
x = 22t cos θ = 35
35
t=
22 cos θ
Substitute into:
tan θ =
2 (12 005 )
33 880 ± 199 507 420
=
24 010
33 880 ± 14 124.70955...
=
24 010
=1.99936 or 0.82279
θ= 63° or 39°
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
1 1
= 45 i + 45 j
2 2
45 2 45 2
=
2 2 j
i +
Substituting:
45 2 45 2
i + j = –9.8(0) j + C = C
2 2
45 2 45 2
So v = −9.8t j + i + j
2 2
45 2 45 2
= i + −9.8t + j 1st projectile
2 2
50 2 50 2
v =
i + −9.8t + j 2nd projectile
2
2
s = ∫ v dt
45 2 45 2
= ∫ i + −9.8t + j dt
2 2
45t 2 45t 2
= i + −4.9t +
2
j+ D
2 2
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
45 ( 0 ) 2 45 ( 0 ) 2
= i + −4.9 ( 0 ) + j+ D
2
0
2 2
0=D
45t 2 45t 2
=
So s
2 i +
−4.9t 2
+ j
1st projectile
2
50t 2 50t 2
=s i
+
−4.9t 2
+ j 2nd projectile
2 2
Projectiles land at y = 0.
1st projectile
45t 2
y=
−4.9t 2 + =0
2
− 9.8t 2 + 45t 2 = 0
(
t −9.8t + 45 2 = 0 )
− 9.8t + =
45 2 0 (t ≠ 0)
45 2
t=
9.8
= 6.4938...s
50t 2
y=
−4.9t 2 + =0
2
− 9.8t 2 + 50t 2 = 0
(
t −9.8t + 50 2 = 0 )
− 9.8t + =
50 2 0 (t ≠ 0)
50 2
t=
9.8
= 7.21537...s
t = 7.2153 … + 2 = 9.2153 …s
2nd projectile lands 9.2153 … – 6.4938 … ≈ 2.7 s later than the 1st projectile
Question 25
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –10 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −10 j dt
= –10t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
3 1
= 15 i + 15 j
2 2
1 1
= 20 i + 20 j
2 2
(
= 10 2 i + 10 2 j )
( )
2nd ball
Substituting:
( 7.5 3 ) i + 7.5 j
= –10(0) j + C = C
( )
= 7.5 3 i + ( −10t + 7.5 ) j
1st ball
(
v = 10 2 i + −10t + 10 2 j) (
)
2nd ball
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= ( 7.5t 3 ) i 7.
+ ( −5t + 5t ) j + D
2
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
= + ( −5 ( 0 ) +
( 7.5 ( 0) 3 ) i 7.5 ( 0)) j+ D
2
0
0=D
=
So s
( 7.5t 3 ) i .
+ ( −5t + 7 5t ) j
2
1st ball
=s
+ ( −5t + t 2 ) j
(10t 2 ) i 10
2
2nd ball
1st ball
y = −5t 2 + 7.5t = 0
t ( −5t + 7.5 ) = 0
+ 7.5 0
− 5t= (t ≠ 0)
7.5
t=
5
= 1.5 s
x = 7.5t 3
= 7.5 (1.5 ) 3
= 19.4855...m
2nd ball
y=
−5t 2 + 10t 2 = 0
(
t −5t + 10 2 = 0 )
− 5t + 10 2 = 0 (t ≠ 0)
10 2
t=
5
=2 2
= 2.8284...s
x = 10t 2
= 10 2 2( ) 2
= 40 m
x = 30 – 40 = –10 m
So the distance between where each ball lands is 19.5 – (–10) = 29.5 m
Question 1
=
u ⋅ v u v cos θ
3
u ⋅v = =
20 , cos θ cos=
30° ,=
v 42 + (−3)=
2
5
2
3
20 = u × 5 ×
2
20 × 2 8
=u =
5× 3 3
Question 2
Question 3
u = 32 + 22 = 13
v = (−3) 2 + 42 = 5
v ⋅ u = 2 × 4 + 3 × −3+ = −1
v ⋅u 1 −3
2 v = − 2
v 5 4
1 −3
= −
25 4
−5 =0.5k ⇒ k =−10
2= −0.2k ⇒ k =−10
Question 5
x1 x2
=
Let u = ,v
y1 y2
x1 + x2 x2 + x1
u ⋅v = and v ⋅ u =
y1 + y2 y2 + y1
Hence, u ⋅ v = v ⋅ u
b
x1 x2 x3
=
Let u = ,v = , w
y1 y2 y3
LHS =v ⋅ (u + w)
x2 x1 x3
= ⋅ +
y2 y1 y3
x x +x
= 2 ⋅ 1 3
y2 y1 + y3
x (x + x )
= 2 1 3
y2 ( y1 + y3 )
x x +x x
= 2 1 2 3
y2 y1 + y2 y3
RHS = v ⋅ u + v ⋅ w
x2 x1 x2 x3
= ⋅ + ⋅
y2 y1 y2 y3
x x x x
= 2 1 + 2 3
y2 y1 y2 y3
x x +x x
= 2 1 2 3
y2 y1 + y2 y3
4 −5
=u = ,v
b 2
u ⋅ v = 4 × −5 + b × 2 = −20 + 2b
u ⋅v =24 , so
−20 + 2b = 24 ⇒ b = 22
−2 −4
=u = ,v
1 −9
u ⋅ v = −2 × −4 + 1× −9 = −1
u = (−2) 2 + 12 = 5
v= (−4) 2 + (−9) 2 = 97
u ⋅v
cos θ =
u v
−1
=
5 × 97
1
θ =cos −1
5 × 97
≈ 87°
u=4i + 3 j, v =7i − j
u ⋅ v = 4 × 7 + 3 × −1= 25
u= 42 + 32 = 5
=
v 7 2 + (−1)=
2
50
u ⋅v
cos θ =
u v
25
=
5 × 50
25
θ =cos −1
5 × 50
= 45°
c ⋅ c = (b − a ) ⋅ (b − a )
= b ⋅b − b ⋅ a − a ⋅b + a ⋅ a
2 2
c = b − 2b ⋅ a + a
2
We have a right-angled triangle, so
b ⋅ a = a ⋅b = 0
Hence
c= b + a or c= a 2 + b2
2 2 2 2
a ⋅b
cos θ =
a b
a= 5i + j , θ= 58°
Let =
b xi + yj
a ⋅b =
12 and a ⋅ b = 5 x + y
Hence 5 x + y = 12 ⇒ y = 12 − 5 x [1]
a= 52 + 12 = 26 ,=
b x2 + y 2
12
cos 58° =
26 x 2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 =
19.722 [2]
x 2 + (12 − 5 x) 2 =
19.722
26 x 2 − 120 x + 124.278 =
0
= =
x 1.57, x 3.05
Use =
y 12 − 5 x .
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8 j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 60 cos θ i + 60 sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= 60t cos θ i (
+ −4.9t 2 + 60t sin θ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0.9 j
0.9 j = D
So
x = 60t cos θ = 18
18 3
t= =
60 cos θ 10 cos θ
Substitute into:
y=
−4.9t 2 + 60t sin θ + 0.9 when y = 3
2
3 3
= 3 −4.9 + 60 sin θ + 0.9
10 cos θ 10 cos θ
−44.1
= 3 + 18 tan θ + 0.9
100 cos 2 θ
=2.1 −0.441sec 2 θ + 18 tan θ
=2.1 −0.441( tan 2 θ + 1) + 18 tan θ
2.1 =
−0.441 tan 2 θ − 0.441 + 18 tan θ
0.441 tan 2 θ − 18 tan θ + 2.541 =
0
− − 18 ± ( −18) − 4 ( 0.441)( 2.541)
2
tan θ =
2 ( 0.441)
18 ± 319.5176...
=
0.882
18 ± 17.8750...
=
0.882
= 40.6746 or 0.1417
θ ≈ 89° or 8°
Also,
= AD − CD
AC
1
= AD − BD, since C is the midpoint of BD.
2
Hence,
1 1
AC + AC = AB + BD + AD − BD
2 2
= AB + AD
2 AC
1
=
AC
2
(
AB + AD )
a =
a 42 + (−3)=
2
5
b= 2 2 + 52 = 29
b × a = 2 × 4 + 5 × −3 = −7
b⋅a −7 2
projb a = 2 b =
b 29 2 5
−7 2
=
29 5
−0.48
=
−1.21
a ⋅b −7 4
proja b = 2 a = 2
a 5 −3
−7 4
=
25 −3
−1.12
=
0.84
a u= 7 i − 4 j , v =−3i − 2 j
u ⋅ v = 7 × ( −3) − 4 × ( −2 )
= −13
b u= 7 2 + (−4)=
2
65
v= (−3) 2 + (−2) 2 = 13
u ⋅v
θ =cos −1
u v
−13
= cos −1
65 13
= 116°34′
11
u = v , so the 2 vectors are parallel with like direction.
9
Question 16
a u ⋅ v =−4 × 5 + 7 × 9 =43
b u ⋅ v =10 × ( −5 ) − 3 × 8 =−74
c u ⋅ v = 5 ×1 − 2 × ( −9 ) = 23
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
= 22 cos θ i + 22 sin θ j
Substituting:
Displacement:
s = ∫ v dt
= 22t cos θ i (
+ −4.9t 2 + 22t sin θ) j + D
When t = 0, s = 0
0=D
= + ( −4.9t 2 + 22t θ ) j
So s 22t cos θ i sin
x = 22t cos θ = 15
15
t=
22 cos θ
Substitute into:
y=
−4.9t 2 + 22t sin θ when y =
2
2
15 15
2 −4.9 + 22 sin θ
22 cos θ 22 cos θ
−1102.5
2 + 15 tan θ
484 cos 2 θ
968 −1102.5sec 2 θ + 7260 tan θ
968 −1102.5 ( tan 2 θ + 1) + 7260 tan θ
968 =
−1102.5 tan 2 θ − 1102.5 + 7260 tan θ
1102.5 tan 2 θ − 7260 tan θ + 2070.5 = 0
− − 7260 ± ( −7260 ) − 4 (1102.5)( 2070.5)
2
tan θ =
2 (1102.5 )
7260 ± 43576695
=
2205
7260 ± 6601.2646...
=
2205
= 6.2862 … or 0.2987 …
θ ≈ 81° or 17°
Chapter 19
u ⋅ v = 2× 4 − 5× y
= 8 − 5y
u ⋅v =0
8 − 5y =0
y = 1.6
a
Let D =
b
For the first case, AD is parallel to BC and AB is parallel to DC .
Hence
a − 1 −2
=
b + 1 4
a − 1 =−2 ⇒ a =−1
b +1 = 4 ⇒ b = 3
−1
So D =
3
Note that the same result would have been obtained if we had used the property that AB is
parallel to DC .
Hence
3− a 0
=
4 −b 9
3− a = 0 ⇒ a = 3
4 − b =9 ⇒ b =−5
3
So D =
−5
For the third case, AB is parallel to CD and AC is parallel to BD .
Hence
a −1 2
=
b − 8 5
a −1 = 2 ⇒ a = 3
b − 8 = 5 ⇒ b = 13
3
So D =
13
a Let vB be the velocity of the balloon and vT be the velocity of the tail wind.
The 2 vectors are parallel and taking south to be in the i direction,
vB = 2.3i and vT = 3.9 i .
The resultant velocity is vB + vT = 2.3 + 3.9 = 6.2 ms −1 south.
b Let vH be the head wind, so vH = −1.5i .
The resultant velocity is vB + vH= 2.3 + (−1.5)= 0.8 ms −1 south.
c Let vE be the easterly wind, so let vE = 3.5 j .
The resultant velocity is vB + vE = 2.3i + 3.5 j .
u= 3i − 2 j , =
v xi + 4 j
u ⋅ v = 3x − 8
u= 32 + (−2)=
2
13
v= x 2 + 42 = x 2 + 16
u ⋅v
cos θ =
u v
3x − 8
cos150° =
13 × x 2 + 16
3 3x − 8
− =
2 13 × x 2 + 16
2 2
3 × 13 3 x − 8
− =
2
2 x + 16
39 (3 x − 8) 2
= 2
4 x + 16
3 x 2 + 192 x + 368 =
0
AD 2
AD : DB = 2 : 5 ⇒ =
DB 5
5 5
or= DB = AD a
2 2
=
c AB − AC
= AD + DB − AC
5
= a + a −b
2
7
= a −b
2
7 a − 2b
=
2
1 3
u = (−8cos 60°,8sin 60°) = (−8 × ,8 × ) = (−4, 4 3)
2 2
2 2
v= (2 cos 45°, −2sin 45°)= (2 × , −2 × )= ( 2, − 2)
2 2
u = (−4) 2 + (4 3) 2 =8
u ⋅ v = −4 × 2 + 4 3 × − 2 = −4 2 − 4 6
u ⋅v
proju v = u
u 2
−4 2 − 4 6
2 (−4, 4 3)
8
2+ 6
=
− (−4, 4 3)
16
2+ 6 3( 2 + 6)
= ,−
4 4
2+ 6 6 +3 2
= ,−
4 4
x −6
⋅ = 0
3 8
−6 x + 24 = 0
x=4
b If the vectors are parallel, one vector is a scalar multiple of the other vector.
x −6
= k , for some non-zero constant k.
3 8
x = −6k
3
8k = 3 ⇒ k =
8
3 1
Hence x =−6 × =−2
8 4
Question 26
a +=
b 5.52 + 1.5=
2
5.7
Michelle’s velocity is 5.7 ms −1 .
=
a + b 2.5cos 30° i + 2.5sin 30° j + 3.7 cos 25° i − 3.7 sin 25° j
= (2.5cos 30° + 3.7 cos 25°) i + (2.5sin 30° − 3.7 sin 25°) j
= 5.52 i − 0.31 j
The angle that the resultant force makes with the horizontal is
−0.31
tan −1 =
−3.21°
5.52
Question 28
Hence
x −2
⋅ = −38
−3 4
−2 x − 12 = −38
−2 x = −26
x = 13
4 3
⋅ = 0
−1 n
12 − n = 0
n = 12
4 3
b The vectors are parallel, so = k , for some non-zero constant k.
−1 n
4 3
=k
−1 n
4
3k = 4 ⇒ k =
3
1 3
kn =−1 ⇒ n =− =−
k 4
Question 30
u = (−9) 2 + 52 = 106
u ⋅ v =−9 × ( −1) + 5 × 3 =24
u ⋅v
proju v = u
u 2
24
=
2
(
−9 i + 5 j
)
106
=
12
53
(
−9 i + 5 j
)
108i 60 j
=− +
53 53
AC × OB = 0 , so a − b =0 ⇒ a =b
2 2
Hence the magnitude of each side of the parallelogram is the same, so the shape is a rhombus.
Question 1
Let a be the vector representing the balloon flying east, let c be the cross wind and b be the
resultant direction of the balloon.
a ==
53i , b 42 cos 25° i + 42sin 25° j
c = b − a = (42 cos 25° − 53°) i + 42sin 25° j
= −14.94 i + 17.75 j
c =(−14.94) 2 + 17.752 =
23.2
The velocity is 23.2 kmh −1 .
17.75
The angle the cross wind makes with the horizontal is tan −1 =−49.9° .
−14.94
Acceleration:
a = –g j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ − g j dt
= gt j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
1 1
= v i +v j
2 2
v 2 v 2
= i+ j
2 2
Substituting:
v 2 v 2
i+ j = –g(0) j + C = C
2 2
v 2 v 2
So v =
− gt j + i+ j
2 2
v 2 v 2
= i + − gt + j
2 2
s = ∫ v dt
v 2 v 2
= ∫ 2
i + − gt + j dt 0
2
vt 2 gt 2 vt 2
= i +− + j+ D
2 2 2
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
v ( 0) 2 g ( 0 )2 v ( 0 ) 2
=0 i +− + j+ D
2 2 2
0=D
vt 2 gt 2 vt 2
=
So s i + − + j
2 2 2
gt 2 vt 2
− + =0
2 2
− gt 2 + vt 2 =
0
(
t − gt + v 2 =
0 )
− gt + v =
2 0 (t ≠ 0)
gt = v 2
v 2
t=
g
vt 2
x=
2
v 2
v 2
g
=
2
2v 2
=
2g
v2
=
g
v2
Range is .
g
Maximum height is the vertical component of displacement, x, when the vertical component
of velocity, y , is 0.
v 2
y =− gt + =0
2
v 2
= gt
2
v 2
t=
2g
gt 2 vt 2
y=
− +
2 2
2
v 2 v 2
g v 2
2g 2g
=
− +
2 2
v 2 v 2
2 2
g 2
=
− 4g 2g
+
2 2
v v
2 2
−
2g g
= +
2 2
2 2
v v
=
− +
4g 2g
v 2 2v 2
=
− +
4g 4g
v2
=
4g
v2
Maximum height is .
4g
v2 v2 v2
Range is , which is 4 times the maximum height. 4 × =.
g 4g g
Acceleration:
a = –g j = –9.8 j
Velocity:
v = ∫ a dt
= ∫ −9.8 j dt
= –9.8t j + C
When t = 0:
V = V cos θ i + V sin θ j
3 1
= 7.6
2 i
+ 7.6 j
2
(
= 3.8 3 i + 3.8 j )
Carla
Substituting:
(3.8 3 ) i + 3.8 j
= –9.8(0) j + C = C
( )
= 3.8 3 i + ( −9.8t + 3.8 ) j
Carla
s = ∫ v dt
= (3.8t 3 ) i 3
+ ( −4.9t + .8t ) j + D
2
When t = 0, s = 0
Substituting:
= + ( −4.9 ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) ) j + D
(3.8 ( 0) 3 ) i 3.8 2
0
0=D
=
So s
(3.8t 3 ) i 3
+ ( −4.9t + .8t ) j
2
Carla
Carla
y=
−4.9t 2 + 3.8t = 0
t ( −4.9t + 3.8 ) = 0
− 4.9t=
+ 3.8 0 (t ≠ 0)
3.8
t=
4.9
= 0.7755... s
Substitute into x:
x = 3.8t 3
= 3.8 ( 0.7755 ) 3
= 5.1042...m
y=
−4.9t 2 + 6.7t sin 35° =0
t ( −4.9t + 6.7 sin 35° ) =0
=
− 4.9t + 6.7 sin 35° 0 (t ≠ 0)
6.7 sin 35°
t=
4.9
= 0.7842...s
Substitute into x:
Question 4
Let=
AB a= , BC b= , CD c be lengths of the regular hexagon.
Each side has a matching (parallel) side with unlike direction. This means each parallel pair
of vectors cancel.
Hence
AB + BC + CD + DE + EF = a + b + c + (−a ) + (−b) + (−c)
= (a − a ) + (b − b) + (c − c)
=0
Magnitude:
=
v x2 + y 2
12 = a 2 + b 2
144 = a2 + b2 [1]
Direction:
y
tan θ =
x
b
tan 240° = , where a < 0, b < 0, 3rd quadrant
a
b
3 =
a
3a=b [2]
a2 + ( 3 a)2 = 144
a2 + 3a2 = 144
4a2 = 144
a2 = 36
a = –6 (a < 0)
When a = – 6:
b= 3 × (– 6) = –6 3
Because ABC and ACD are congruent, their corresponding angles are the same.
∠CAD , ( α = β ) and ∠ABC =
That is, ∠BAD = ∠ACD , ( γ = δ ).