698 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

70. T = 500 − 0.6 x 2 − 1.5 y 2 71. PV = nRT

∂T ∂T PV ∂T V
= −1.2 x, (2, 3) = −2.4° m T =  =
∂x ∂x nR ∂P nR
nRT ∂P nRT
∂T ∂T P =  = − 2
= −3 y = ( 2, 3) = −9° m V ∂V V
∂y ∂y
nRT ∂V nR
V =  =
P ∂T P
∂T ∂P ∂V  
V nRT  
nR
⋅ ⋅ =   − 2  
∂P ∂V ∂T  nR  V  P 
nRT nRT
= − = − = −1
VP nRT

72. f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 )
23

2 2
( x + y 2 ) (2 x) = 2 4 x 2 1 3 .
−1 3
For ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0), f x ( x, y ) =
3 3( x + y )

For ( x, y ) = (0, 0), use the definition of partial derivative.

f (0 + Δx) − f (0, 0) (Δx)

43
f x (0, 0) = lim = lim ( Δx)
13
= lim = 0
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0

Section 11.4 Differentials and the Chain Rules

1. z = 5 x3 y 2
dz = 15 x 2 y 2 dx + 10 x3 y dy
1 2 2
 2
( 2 2
2. z =   e x + y − e − x − y )
 e x2 + y2 + e − x2 − y2 
dz = 2 x   dx
 2 
 
 e x2 + y 2 + e − x 2 − y 2 
+ 2 y  dy
 2 
 
= ex( 2 + y2
+ e− x
2 − y2
)( x dx + y dy)
3. w = x 2 yz 2 + sin yz
dw = 2 xyz 2 dx + ( x 2 z 2 + z cos yz ) dy + ( 2 x 2 yz + y cos yz ) dz

x + y 6. f ( x, y) = 16 − x 2 − y 2
4. w =
z − 3y
(a) f ( 2, 1) = 11
1 3x + z x+ y
dw = dx + dy − dz f ( 2.1, 1.05) = 10.4875
( ) ( − 3 y)
2 2
z − 3y z − 3 y z
Δz = f ( 2.1, 1.05) − f ( 2.1) = −0.5125
5. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y (b) dz = −2 x dx − 2 y dy
(a) f ( 2, 1) = 1 = −2( 2)(0.1) − 2(1)(0.05) = −0.5
f ( 2.1, 1.05) = 1.05
Δz = f ( 2.1, 1.05) − f ( 2, 1) = 0.05

(b) dz = 2 dx − 3 dy = 2(0.1) − 3(0.05) = 0.05

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 Section 11.4 Differentials and the Chain Rules 699

7. f ( x, y ) = ye x 10. sin[(1.05)2 + (0.95)2] − sin(12 + 12) = 0

(a) f ( 2, 1) = e2 ≈ 7.3891 11. Yes. Because f x and f y are continuous on R, you know
f ( 2.1, 1.05) = 1.05e 2.1
≈ 8.5745 that f is differentiable on R. Because f is differentiable on
Δz = f ( 2.1, 1.05) − f ( 2, 1) = 1.1854 R, you know that f is continuous on R.

(b) dz = ye x dx + e x dy 12. The differential is greater at ( 12 , 12 ) than at (2, 2) because

= e (0.1) + e (0.05) ≈ 1.1084
2 2
the surface is increasing faster there.

13. A = lh
8. f ( x, y ) = x cos y Δh dA Δ A − dA
dA = l dh + h dl
(a) f ( 2, 1) = 2 cos 1 ≈ 1.0806 h dA
ΔA = (1 + dl )( h + dh) − lh
f ( 2.1, 1.05) = 2.1 cos 1.05 ≈ 1.0449 = h dl + l dh + dl dh l Δl

Δz = f ( 2.1, 1.05) − f ( 2, 1) = −0.0357 ΔA − dA = dl dh

(b) dz = cos y dx − x sin y dy
= cos 1(0.1) − 2 sin 1(0.05) ≈ −0.0301

9. (2.01)2(9.02) − 22 ∙ 9 = 0.44

14. V = xyz, dV = yz dx + xz dy + xy dz
Propagated error = dV = 5(12)( ± 0.02) + 8(12)( ± 0.02) + 8(5)( ± 0.02)
= (60 + 96 + 40)( ± 0.02) = 196( ± 0.02) = ± 3.92 cm3

The measured volume is V = 8(5)(12) = 480 cm3.

ΔV dV 3.92
Relative error = ≈ = ≈ 0.008167 ≈ 0.82%
V V 480

π r 2h
15. V = , r = 4, h = 8
3
2π rh πr2 πr 4π
dV = dr + dh = (2h dr + r dh) = (16 dr + 4 dh)
3 3 3 3
π π
ΔV = (r + Δr )2 (h + Δh) − r 2h = (4 + Δr )2 (8 + Δh) − 128
3  3 

Δr Δh dV ΔV ΔV − dV

0.1 0.1 8.3776 8.5462 0.1686

0.1 −0.1 5.0265 5.0255 −0.0010

0.001 0.002 0.1005 0.1006 0.0001

−0.0001 0.0002 −0.0034 −0.0034 0.0000

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700 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

E 2 dE dR
16. P = , = 3% = 0.03, = 4% = 0.04
R E R
2E E2
dP = dE − 2 dR
R R
dP  2E E2   2E E2  2 1
=  dE − 2 dR P =  dE − 2 dR ( E 2 R) = dE − dR
P R R  R R  E R
dE dR dP
Using the worst case scenario, = 0.03 and = −0.04: ≤ 2(0.03) − ( −0.04) = 0.10 = 10%.
E R P

1  θ  θ
17. (a) V = bhl =  40 sin  40 cos (6)(100) = 480,000 sin θ cm 3 = 0.48 sin θ m 3 b
2
2  2  2
V is maximum when sin θ = 1 or θ = π 2.
h
s2 40 40
(b) V = (sin θ ) l θ
2
2
s2 s2
dV = s(sin θ ) l ds + l (cos θ ) dθ + (sin θ ) dl
2 2
 π  1  402 π π  402  π  1 
= 40 sin (6)(100)  + (6)(100) cos 
  +
3
 sin   = 12,400 cm = 0.0124 m
3

 2  2 2  2  90  2  2  2 

 2h 
18. L = 0.00021 ln − 0.75
 r 
 dh dr   ( ±1 100) ( ±1 16) 
 ≈ ( ±6.6) × 10
−6
dL = 0.00021 −  = 0.00021 −
h r  100 2 
L = 0.00021(ln 100 − 0.75) ± dL ≈ 8.096 × 10−4 ± 6.6 × 10−6 microhenrys

19. z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 x + y

( )
Δz = f ( x + Δx, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 x( Δx) + ( Δx) − 2 x − 2( Δx) + y + ( Δy ) − ( x 2 − 2 x + y )
2

= 2 x( Δx) + ( Δx) − 2( Δx) + ( Δy ) = ( 2 x − 2) Δx + Δy + Δx( Δx) + 0( Δy )

2

= f x ( x, y ) Δx + f y ( x, y ) Δy + ε1Δx + ε 2 Δy where ε1 = Δx and ε 2 = 0.

As ( Δx, Δy ) → (0, 0), ε1 → 0 and ε 2 → 0.

20. z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 y

(
Δz = f ( x + Δx, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 x( Δx) + ( Δx)
2
)( y + Δy) − x y
2

= 2 xy ( Δx) + y ( Δx) + x 2 Δy + 2 x( Δx)( Δy ) + ( Δx) Δy = 2 xy ( Δx) + x 2 Δy + ( yΔx)Δx + 2 xΔx + ( Δx)  Δy

2 2 2
 
= f x ( x, y ) Δx + f y ( x, y ) Δy + ε1Δx + ε 2 Δy where ε1 = y( Δx) and ε 2 = 2 xΔx + ( Δx) .
2

As ( Δx, Δy ) → (0, 0), ε1 → 0 and ε 2 → 0.

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 Section 11.4 Differentials and the Chain Rules 701

 3x 2 y
 , ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0)
21. f ( x, y ) =  x 4 + y 2
0, ( x, y ) = (0, 0)

0
−0
f ( Δx, 0) − f (0, 0) (Δx)
4
f x (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx
0
−0
f (0, Δy ) − f (0, 0) ( Δy )
2
f y (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy
So, the partial derivatives exist at (0, 0).

3 x3 3x
Along the line y = x: lim f ( x, y ) = lim = lim 2 = 0
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x →0 x + x2
4 x →0 x + 1

3x4 3
Along the curve y = x 2 : lim f ( x, y ) = =
( x , y ) → (0, 0) 2x4 2
f is not continuous at (0, 0). So, f is not differentiable at (0, 0). (See Theorem 10.5)

 5x2 y
 , ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0)
22. f ( x, y ) =  x3 + y 3
0, ( x, y ) = (0, 0)

f ( Δx, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0
f x (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx

f (0, Δy ) − f (0, 0) 0−0

f y (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy

So, the partial derivatives exist at (0, 0).

5 x3 5
Along the line y = x: lim f ( x, y ) = lim 3
= .
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x →0 2x 2
Along the line x = 0, lim f ( x, y ) = 0.
( x , y) → (0, 0)

So, f is not continuous at (0, 0). Therefore f is not differentiable at (0, 0).

23. w = x 2 + 5 y 24. w = x2 + y 2
x = 2t , y = t x = cos t , y = et
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy dw ∂w dx ∂w dy
= + = ( 2 x )2 + 5(1) = 4 x + 5 = 8t + 5 = +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
x y
When t = 2,
dw
= 8( 2) + 5 = 21.
= (−sin t ) + et
dt x2 + y2 2
x + y 2

− x sin t + yet −cos t sin t + e 2t

= =
x2 + y 2 cos 2 t + e 2t

dw − (1)(0) + 1 1 2
When t = 0, dt = =
2
=
2
.
12 + 1

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702 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

25. w = x sin y 1
27. w = x − , x = e 2t , y = t 3
y
x = et , y = π − t
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy (a) = +
= + = sin y(et ) + x cos y ( −1) dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
dt ∂x ∂t ∂y dt
1 2
= sin (π − t )et − et cos (π − t ) = et sin t + et cos t = 1( 2e 2t ) + (3t )
y2
dw
= (1)(0) + (1)(1) = 0 + 1 = 1 . 1 2 3
6(
When t = 0,
dt = 2e2t + 3t ) = 2e 2t + 4
t t
y 1 1
26. w = ln (b) w = x − = e 2t − 3 = e 2t − t − 3
x y t
x = cos t dw 3
= 2e 2t + 3t − 4 = 2e 2t + 4
y = sin t dt t
dw  −1  1
=  ( −sin t ) +  (cos t )
dt  x  y 28. w = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , x = cos t , y = sin t , z = et
1 dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= tan t + cot t = (a) = + +
sin t cos t dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt

When t =
π dw
, =
1 1
= . = 2 x( −sin t ) + 2 y (cos t ) + 2 z (et )
4 dt  1  1  2
   = −2 cos t sin t + 2 sin t cos t + 2e 2t = 2e 2t
 2  2 
(b) w = cos 2 t + sin 2 t + e 2t = 1 + e 2t
dw
= 2e 2 t
dt

29. w = xy + xz + yz , x = t − 1, y = t 2 − 1, z = t
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
(a) = + + = ( y + z ) + ( x + z )( 2t ) + ( x + y )
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
= (t 2 − 1 + t ) + (t − 1 + t )( 2t ) + (t − 1 + t 2 − 1) = 3( 2t 2 − 1)

(b) w = (t − 1)(t 2 − 1) + (t − 1)t + (t 2 − 1)t

dw
= 2t (t − 1) + (t 2 − 1) + 2t − 1 + 3t 2 − 1 = 3( 2t 2 − 1)
dt

30. w = xy 2 + x 2 z + yz 2 , x = t 2 , y = 2t , z = 2
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
(a) = + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
= ( y 2 + 2 xz )( 2t ) + ( 2 xy + z 2 )( 2) + ( x 2 + 2 yz )(0) = ( 4t 2 + 4t 2 )( 2t ) + ( 4t 3 + 4)( 2) = 24t 3 + 8

(b) w = t 2 ( 4t 2 ) + t 4 ( 2) + 2t ( 4) = 6t 4 + 8t
dw
= 24t 3 + 8
dt

31. Distance = f (t ) = ( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 ) (10 cos 2t − 7 cos t ) + (6 sin 2t − 4 sin t )

2 2 2 2
=

1 2 −1 2
f ′(t ) = (10 cos 2t − 7 cos t ) + (6 sin 2t − 4 sin t ) 
2

2 

2(10 cos 2t − 7 cos t )( −20 sin 2t + 7 sin t ) + 2(6 sin 2t − 4 sin t )(12 cos 2t − 4 cos t )
 

π  1 −1 2 1 −22 −11 29
f ′  = ( −10) + 42  2( −10)(7) + ( 2( −4)( −12) = (116) ( −44) =
2 −1 2
= ≈ −2.04
2 2  2 2 29 29

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 Section 11.4 Differentials and the Chain Rules 703

( ) ( )
2 2
32. Distance = f (t ) = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
= 48t 3 − 2  + 48t 1 − 2  = 48t 8 − 2 2 − 2 6
   

f ′(t ) = 48 8 − 2 2 − 2 6 = f ′(1)

33. w = x 2 + y 2 34. w = sin ( 2 x + 3 y )

x = s + t, y = s − t x = s +t
∂w y = s −t
= 2 x(1) + 2 y (1) = 2( s + t ) + 2( s − t ) = 4 s
∂s ∂w
= 2 cos( 2 x + 3 y ) + 3 cos( 2 x + 3 y )
∂w ∂s
= 2 x(1) + 2 y ( −1) = 2( s + t ) − 2( s − t ) = 4t
∂t = 5 cos( 2 x + 3 y ) = 5 cos(5s − t )
∂w ∂w ∂w
When s = 1 and t = 3, = 4 and = 12. = 2 cos( 2 x + 3 y ) − 3 cos( 2 x + 3 y )
∂s ∂t ∂t
= −cos( 2 x + 3 y ) = −cos(5s − t )

π ∂w ∂w
When s = 0 and t = , = 0 and = 0.
2 ∂s ∂t

35. (a) w = xyz, x = s + t , y = s − t , z = st 2

∂w
= yz (1) + xz (1) + xy (t 2 )
∂s
= ( s − t ) st 2 + ( s + t ) st 2 + ( s + t )( s − t )t 2 = 2 s 2t 2 + s 2t 2 − t 4 = 3s 2t 2 − t 4 = t 2 (3s 2 − t 2 )

∂w
= yz (1) + xz ( −1) + xy ( 2st ) = ( s − t ) st 2 − ( s + t ) st 2 + ( s + t )( s − t )( 2 st ) = −2 st 3 + 2 s 3t − 2 st 3 = 2 s 3t − 4st 3
∂t
= 2st ( s 2 − 2t 2 )

(b) w = xyz = ( s + t )( s − t ) st 2 = ( s 2 − t 2 ) st 2 = s 3t 2 − st 4
∂w
= 3s 2t 2 − t 4 = t 2 (3s 2 − t 2 )
∂s
∂w
= 2s 3t − 4 st 3 = 2 st ( s 2 − 2t 2 )
∂t

36. (a) w = ze xy , x = s − t , y = s + t , z = st 37. x 2 − xy + y 2 − x + y = 0

∂w
= yze xy (1) + xze xy (1) + e xy (t ) dy F ( x, y ) 2x − y − 1 y − 2x + 1
= − x = − =
∂s dx Fy ( x, y ) −x + 2 y + 1 2y − x + 1
= e(s − t )(s + t ) ( s + t ) st + ( s − t ) st + t 

= e(s − t )(s + t ) 2 s 2t + t  = te s − t ( 2 s 2 + 1)

2 2
38. ln x2 + y2 + x + y = 4
1
∂w
= yze xy ( −1) + xze xy (1) + e xy ( s ) ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) + x + y − 4 = 0
∂t 2
x
= e(s − t )(s + t ) −( s + t )( st ) + ( s − t ) st + s +1
dy Fx ( x, y ) x + y2
2
x + x2 + y2
= − = − = −
= e(s − t )(s + t ) −2 st 2 + s = se s − t (1 − 2t 2 )
2 2
dx Fy ( x, y ) y
+1 y + x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
2 − t2
(b) w = ze xy = ste(s − t )( s + t ) = ste s
∂w
= te s − t + st ( 2s )e s − t = te s − t (1 + 2 s 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2

∂s
∂w
= se s − t + st ( − 2t )e s − t = se s − t (1 − 2t 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2

∂t

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704 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

39. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 43. F ( x, y , z , w) = 7 xy + yz 2 − 4 wz + w 2 z + w2 x − 6
Fx = 2 x, Fy = 2 y, Fz = 2 z Fx = 7 y + w2
∂z F x Fy = 7 x + z 2
= − x = −
∂x Fz z Fz = 2 yz − 4 w + w2
∂z Fy y Fw = − 4 z + 2 wz + 2 wx
= − = −
∂y Fz z
∂w F − ( 7 y + w2 ) 7 y + w2
= − x = =
∂x Fw − 4 z + 2wz + 2wx 4 z − 2wz − 2wx
40. F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 2 yz + z 2 − 1 = 0
∂w − Fy − (7 x + z 2 ) 7x + z2
∂z F ( x, y , z ) −2 x −x = = =
= − x = = ∂y Fw − 4 z + 2wz + 2wx 4 z − 2wz − 2wx
∂x Fz ( x, y, z ) 2 y + 2z y + z
∂w − Fz − ( 2 yz − 4w + w2 ) 2 yz − 4w + w2
∂z Fy ( x, y, z ) −2 z −z = = =
= − = = ∂z Fw − 4 z + 2wz + 2wx 4 z − 2wz − 2wz
∂y Fz ( x, y, z ) 2 y + 2z y + z

44. F ( x, y, z , w) = cos xy + sin yz + wz − 20

41. F ( x, y, z ) = tan ( x + y ) + cos z − 2
Fx = sec 2 ( x + y ) ∂w − Fx y sin xy
= =
∂x Fw z
Fy = sec 2 ( x + y )
∂w − Fy x sin xy − z cos yz
Fz = − sin z = =
∂y Fw z
∂z F − sec2 ( x + y ) sec 2 ( x + y ) ∂w − Fz y cos zy + w
= − x = = = = −
∂x Fz − sin z sin z ∂z Fw z
∂z Fy − sec2 ( x + y ) sec 2 ( x + y )
= − = =
∂y Fz − sin z sin z 45. (a) f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 − 5 xy

f (tx, ty ) = 2(tx) − 5(tx)(ty )

2

42. F ( x, y, z ) = e xz + xy = 0
F ( x, y , z )
( )
= t 2 2 x 2 − 5 xy = t 2 f ( x, y )
∂z ze xz + y
= − x = − Degree: 2
∂x Fz ( x, y, z ) xe xz
∂z Fy ( x, y, z ) −x −1 (b) x f x ( x, y ) + y f y ( x, y ) = x( 4 x − 5 y ) + y ( − 5 x )
= − = = xz = −e − xz
∂y Fz ( x, y, z ) xe xz e
= 4 x 2 − 5 xy − 5 xy
= 2( 2 x 2 − 5 xy )
= 2 f ( x, y )

46. (a) f ( x, y ) = e x y

f (tx, ty ) = etx ty = e x y
= f ( x, y )
Degree: 0
1   x 
(b) x f x ( x, y ) + y f y ( x, y ) = x e x y  + y − 2 e x y  = 0
y   y 

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂f dg ∂f dh
47. = + = +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
At t = 2, x = 4, y = 3, f x ( 4, 3) = −5 and f y ( 4, 3) = 7.

dw
So, = ( −5)( −1) + (7)(6) = 47.
dt

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 Section 11.4 Differentials and the Chain Rules 705

48. w = f ( x, y ) 50. (a) f ( x) = F ( 4 x, 4), u = 4 x, v = 4

x = u −v ∂F ∂F ∂u ∂F ∂v
y = v −u f ′( x) = = +
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x
∂w ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w ∂w ∂F ∂F ∂F
= + = − = ( 4) + ( 0 ) = 4
∂u ∂x du ∂y du ∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂u
∂w ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w ∂w
= + = − + (b) f ( x ) = F ( − 2 x, x 2 )
∂v ∂x dv ∂y dv ∂x ∂y
∂w ∂w ∂F ∂u ∂F ∂v
+ = 0 f ′( x) = +
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x
∂F ∂F
= (− 2) + (2 x)
49. w = ( x − y ) sin ( y − x) ∂u ∂v
∂F ∂F
∂w = −2 + 2x
= −( x − y ) cos( y − x) + sin ( y − x) ∂u ∂v
∂x
∂w
= ( x − y ) cos( y − x) − sin ( y − x) dx
∂y 51. (a) < 0 (moving to the left )
dt
∂w ∂w
+ = 0 dy
∂x ∂y (b) > 0 ( moving upward)
dt

52. V = π r 2 h
dV  dr dh   dr dh 
= π  2rh + r 2  = π r  2h + r  = π (12) 2(36)(6) + 12( −4) = 4608π cm 3 min
dt  dt dt   dt dt 
S = 2π r ( r + h)
dS  dr dh 
= 2π ( 2r + h) + r  = 2π ( 24 + 36)(6) + 12( −4) = 624π cm 2 min
dt  dt dt 

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
53. Given = and = − , x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
= cos θ + sin θ = cos θ − sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

∂v ∂v ∂v  ∂v ∂v 
= (−r sin θ ) + (r cos θ ) = r  cos θ − sin θ 
∂θ ∂x ∂y  ∂y ∂x 
∂u 1 ∂v
So, = .
∂r r ∂θ
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂u ∂u
= cos θ + sin θ = − cos θ + sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

∂u ∂u ∂u  ∂u ∂u 
= (−r sin θ ) + (r cos θ ) = −r − cos θ + sin θ 
∂θ ∂x ∂y  ∂y ∂x 
∂v 1 ∂u
So, = − .
∂r r ∂θ

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706 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

54. Note first that

∂u ∂v x
= = 2
∂x ∂y x + y2
∂u ∂v y
= − = 2 .
∂y ∂x x + y2
∂u x y r cos 2 θ + r sin 2 θ 1
= 2 2
cos θ + 2 2
sin θ = =
∂r x + y x + y r2 r
∂v −y x r 2 sin 2 θ + r 2 cos 2 θ
2(
= 2 − r sin θ ) + 2 2(
r cos θ ) = =1
∂θ x + y x + y r2
∂u 1 ∂v
So, = .
∂r r ∂θ
∂v −y x − r sin θ cos θ + r sin θ cos θ
= 2 cos θ + 2 sin θ = = 0
∂r x + y2 x + y2 r2
∂u x y − r 2 sin θ cos θ + r 2 sin θ cos θ
2(
= 2 − r sin θ ) + 2 2(
r cos θ ) = = 0
∂θ x + y x + y r2
∂v 1 ∂u
So, = − .
∂r r ∂θ

55. g (t ) = f ( xt , yt ) = t n f ( x, y )
Let u = xt , v = yt , then
∂f du ∂f dv ∂f ∂f
g ′(t ) = ⋅ + ⋅ = x + y
∂u dt ∂v dt ∂u ∂v
and g ′(t ) = nt n −1 f ( x, y ).
Now, let t = 1 and we have u = x, v = y. Thus,
∂f ∂f
x + y = nf ( x, y ).
∂x ∂y

Section 11.5 Directional Derivatives and Gradients

1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , P(1, − 2), θ = π 4 5π
3. f ( x, y ) = sin ( 2 x + y ), P(0, π ), θ = −
6
Du f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) cos θ + f y ( x, y ) sin θ
Du f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) cos θ + f y ( x, y ) sin θ
= 2 x cos θ + 2 y sin θ
= 2 cos( 2 x + y ) cos θ + cos( 2 x + y ) sin θ
At θ = π 4, x = 1 and y = − 2,
5π
Du f (1, − 2) = 2(1) cos π 4 + 2( − 2) sin π 4 At θ = − , x = 0 and y = π .
6
= 2 − 2 2 = − 2.  3  1 1
Du f (0, π ) = ( − 2) −  + ( −1) − 2  = 2 + 3
 2 
y 2π
2. f ( x, y ) = , P (3, 0), θ = − π 6 4. g ( x, y ) = xe y , P (0, 2), θ =
x + y 3
Du f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) cos θ + f y ( x, y ) sin θ Du g ( x, y ) = g x ( x, y ) cos θ + g y ( x, y ) sin θ
−y x = e y cos θ + xe y sin θ
= cos θ + sin θ
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
2π
At θ = , x = 0, and y = 2,
At θ = − π 6, x = 3 and y = 0, 3
3  −π  1 2π 1
Du f (3, 0) = sin   = − . Du g (0, 2) = e 2 cos = − e2 .
32  6  6 3 2

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 Section 11.5 Directional Derivatives and Gradients 707

5. f ( x, y ) = 3 x − 4 xy + 9 y, P(1, 2), v =
3 4
i + j 7. g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , P(3, 4), v = 3 i − 4 j
5 5
v 3 4
v 3 4 u = = i − j
u = = i + j = cos θ i + sin θ j v 5 5
v 5 5
x  3 y  4
Du f ( x, y ) = (3 − 4 y ) cos θ + ( − 4 x + 9) sin θ Du g ( x, y ) =  + − 
x2 + y2  5  x2 + y2  5 
3 4
Du (1, 2) = (3 − 4( 2)) + ( − 4(1) + 9) 3  3 4  4 7
5 5 Du g (3, 4) =   + −  = −
= −3 + 4 = 1 5 5 5  5 25

2
6. f ( x, y ) = x 3 − y 3 , P( 4, 3), v = (i + j)
2
v 2 2
u = = i + j = cos θ i + sin θ j
v 2 2

 2  2
Du f ( x, y ) = (3x 2 )  + ( − 3 y )
2

 2   2 
2 2
Du f ( 4, 3) = 3(16) − 3(9)
2 2
21 2
=
2

8. h( x, y ) = e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) , P(0, 0), v = i + j

v 2 2
u = = i − j
v 2 2

Du h( x, y ) = − 2 xe
(
− x2 + y2 )  2  − ( x 2 + y 2 )  2
 2  +  − 2 ye  
    2 
Du h(0, 0) = 0

9. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y 2 , P(1, 1), Q( 4, 5) 11. f ( x, y ) = 3x + 5 y 2 + 1

v = ( 4 − 1) i + (5 − 1) j = 3i + 4 j ∇f ( x, y ) = 3i + 10 yj

v 3 4 ∇f ( 2, 1) = 3i + 10 j
u = = i + j
v 5 5
ln ( x 2 − y )
 3  4 12. z = −4
Du f ( x, y ) = 2 x   + 6 y   x
 5 5
 3  4
 2 ln ( x 2 − y )   1 
Du f (1, 1) = 2   + 6   = 6 ∇z ( x, y ) =  2 − i +  j
5 5 x − y

x 2

  x( y − x ) 
2

1
10. f ( x, y ) = e y sin x, P(0, 0), Q( 2, 1) ∇z ( 2, 3) = 2i − j
2
v = ( 2 − 0) i + (1 − 0) j
v 2 1
v = 2 i + j, u = = i + j
v 5 5

 2   1 
Du f ( x, y ) = e y cos x y
 + e sin x 
 5  5
2 2 5
Du f (0, 0) = =
5 5

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708 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

13. w = 6 xy − y 2 + 2 xyz 3
∇w( x, y, z ) = (6 y + 2 yz 3 )i + (6 x − 2 y + 2 xz 3 ) j + (6 xyz 2 )k

∇w( −1, 5, −1) = 20i − 14 j − 30k

14. w = x tan ( y + z )
∇w( x, y, z ) = tan( y + z )i + x sec 2 ( y + z ) j + x sec 2 ( y + z )k
∇w( 4, 3, −1) = tan 2i + 4 sec 2 2 j + 4 sec 2 2k

15. f ( x, y ) = xy 19. f ( x, y ) = y 2 − x y
1
v =
2
(
i + 3j) ∇f ( x , y ) = −

y i + 2y −
x 
j
 2 y 

∇f ( x, y ) = yi + xj
∇f (0, 3) = − 3 i + 6j
∇f (0, − 2) = −2i
∇f (0, 3) = 3 + 36 = 39
v 1 3
u = = i + j
v 2 2 20. h( x, y ) = x tan y
Du f (0, −2) = ∇f (0, −2) ⋅ u = −1 ∇h( x, y ) = tan yi + x sec 2 yj
 π
∇h 2,  = i + 4 j
16. f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2  4
3  π
v = (i − j + k ) ∇h 2,  = 17
3  4
∇f ( x, y, z ) = 2 xi + 2 yj + 2 zk
∇f (1, 1, 1) = 2i + 2 j + 2k 21. f ( x, y ) = sin x 2 y 3
v 3 3 3
u = = i − j+ k ∇f ( x, y ) = 2 x cos( x 2 y 3 )i + 3 y 2 cos( x 2 y 3 ) j
v 3 3 3
2 1  2
Du f (1, 1, 1) = ∇f (1, 1, 1) ⋅ u = 3 ∇f  , π  = ( −1)i + 3π 2 ( −1) j
3 π  π
1  4 1
 2 2 ∇f  , π  = + 9π 4 = 4 + 9π 6
π  π π
2
17. PQ = i + j, u = i + j
2 2
∇g ( x, y ) = 2 xi + 2 yj, ∇g (1, 2) = 2i + 4 j
22. f ( x, y , z ) = x2 + y2 + z 2
Du g = ∇g ⋅ u = 2 + 2 2 = 3 2
1
∇f ( x, y , z ) = ( xi + yj + zk )
x2 + y2 + z 2
18. g ( x, y, z ) = xye z

1
v = −2i − 4 j ∇f (1, 4, 2) = (i + 4 j + 2k )
21
∇g = ye z i + xe z j + xye z k
∇f (1, 4, 2) = 1
At ( 2, 4, 0), ∇g = 4i + 2 j + 8k.

v 1 2 23. w = xy 2 z 2
u = = − i − j
v 5 5 ∇w = y 2 z 2i + 2 xyz 2 j + 2 xy 2 zk
4 4 8
Du g = ∇g ⋅ u = − − = − ∇w( 2, 1, 1) = i + 4 j + 4k
5 5 5
∇w( 2, 1, 1) = 33

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 Section 11.5 Directional Derivatives and Gradients 709

24. f ( x, y, z ) = xe yz 28. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 2 y 2
∇f ( x, y, z ) = e yz i + xze yz j + xye yz k (a) ∇f = 6 xi − 4 yj
∇f ( 2, 0, − 4) = i − 8 j ∇f (1, 1) = 6i − 4 j
∇f ( 2, 0, − 4) = 65 (b) ∇f (1, 1) = 36 + 16 = 2 13

25. f ( x, y ) = 6 − 2 x − 3 y 1
(3i − 2 j) is a unit vector normal to the level
13
c = 6, P = (0, 0)
curve 3x 2 − 2 y 2 = 1 at (1, 1).
∇f ( x, y ) = −2i − 3 j
(c) The vector 2i + 3 j is tangent to the level curve.
6 − 2x − 3y = 6
3
0 = 2x + 3 y Slope = .
2
∇f (0, 0) = −2i − 3j y −1 = 3
(x − 1)
2

y = 3x − 1 tangent line
26. f ( x, y ) = xy 2 2

c = −3, P = ( −1, 3) (d) y

3
∇f ( x, y ) = yi + xj 2

xy = −3 1

∇f ( −1, 3) = 3i − j
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−2

27. f ( x, y ) = 4 x − y 2 −3

(a) ∇f ( x, y ) = 8 xi − j
x y
∇f ( 2, 10) = 16i − j 29. (a) f ( x, y ) = 3 − −
3 2
z
(b) 16i − j = 257 3 (3, 2, 1)

1
(16i − j) is a unit vector normal to the level 6
257 y

curve 4 x 2 − y = 6 at ( 2, 10).
9
x

(c) The vector i + 16 j is tangent to the level curve.

1 1
16 (b) Du f ( x, y ) = − cos θ − sin θ
Slope = = 16 3 2
1
1 2  1  2 5 2
y − 10 = 16( x − 2) (i) Du f (3, 2) = −  −  = −
 
3 2  
2 2 12
y = 16 x − 22 Tangent line
 1  1   1  3 2 −3 3
(d) y
(ii) Du f (3, 2) = −  −  −   =
 3  2   2  2 12

 1  1   1  3
(iii) Du f (3, 2) = −  −  −   − 
 3  2   2  2 
x
− 15 − 10 − 5 5 10 15 2+3 3
−5 =
− 10
12

 1  3   1  1 
(iv) Du f (3, 2) = −   −   − 
 3  2   2  2 
3−2 3
=
12

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710 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

 1 
(c) (i) u =  (i + j)
 2
1 1 1 1 5 2
Du f = ∇f ⋅ u = −  −  = −
 3 2  2  2 12
(ii) v = −3i − 4 j
v = 9 + 16 = 5
3 4
u = − i − j
5 5
1 2 3
Du f = ∇f ⋅ u = + =
5 5 5
(iii) v − 3i + 4 j
v = 9 + 16 = 5
3 4
u = − i + j
5 5
1 2 1
Du f = ∇f ⋅ u = − = −
5 5 5
(iv) v = i + 3j
v = 10
1 3
u = i + j
10 10
−11 11 10
Du f = ∇f ⋅ u = = −
6 10 60

1 1
(d) ∇f = − i −   j
 3 2
1 1 1
(e) ∇f = + = 13
9 4 6
1 1
(f ) ∇f = − i − j
3 2
∇f 1
= ( −2i − 3j)
∇f 13

So, u = 1 ( )
13 (3i − 2 j) and Du f (3, 2) = ∇f ⋅ u = 0. ∇f is the direction of greatest rate of change of f. So, in a
direction orthogonal to ∇f , the rate of change of f is 0.

8y −16 xy 8 + 8x2 − 8 y2
30. (a) f ( x, y ) = = 2 (b) ∇f = i + j
1 + x2 + y 2 (1 + x 2 + y 2 ) (1 + x 2 + y 2 )
2 2

 4 y = 1 + x2 + y 2 − 3
4 = y 2 − 4 y + 4 + x2 + 1
∇f ( 3, 2 = ) 2
i

(y − 2) + x 2 = 3
2 y

4
Circle: center: (0, 2), radius: 3
3

x
−2 −1 1 2

(c) The directional derivative of f is 0 in the direction ± j.

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 Section 11.5 Directional Derivatives and Gradients 711

31. No. Answers will vary. 37. T ( x, y ) = 50 − x 2 − 4 y 2 , P( 2, −1)

22. z ∇T ( x , y ) = − 2 x i − 8 y j

3 Maximum increase in direction:

∇T ( 2, −1) = − 2 ( 2) i − 8 ( −1) j = − 4 i + 8 j
Maximum rate:
3 ∇T ( 2, −1) = 16 + 64 = 4 5
y
x 5
P
≈ 8.94° per centimeter

38. T ( x, y ) = 400 − 2 x 2 − y 2 , P = (10, 10)

33. h( x, y ) = 5000 − 0.001x 2 − 0.004 y 2
dx dy
∇h = −0.002 xi − 0.008 yj = −4 x = −2 y
dt dt
∇h(500, 300) = −i − 2.4 j or
x(t ) = C1e −4t y (t ) = C2e −2t
5∇h = −(5i + 12 j)
10 = x(0) = C1 10 = y(0) = C2
34.
x(t ) = 10e−4t y (t ) = 10e −2t

y2
1671
18
00
x = y 2 (t ) = 100e −4t
10
B
1994 y 2 = 10 x
A
18
00
39. T ( x, y ) = 100 − x 2 − 2 y 2 , P = ( 4, 3)

x dx dy
35. T = = −2 x = −4 y
x + y2
2 dt dt

y2 − x2 2 xy x(t ) = C1e −2t y (t ) = C2e −4t

∇T = i − j
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
2 2
4 = x(0) = C1 3 = y(0) = C2
7 24 1 x(t ) = 4e −2t y (t ) = 3e −4t
∇T (3, 4) = i − j = (7i − 24 j)
625 625 625
3x 2 3 2
= e −4t = y  u = x
16 16
36. T ( x, y ) = 80 − 3x 2 − y 2 , P( −1, 5)
∇T ( x , y ) = − 6 x i − 2 y j 40. True
Maximum increase in direction: 41. False
∇T ( −1, 5) = ( − 6)( −1) i − 2 (5) j = 6 i − 10 j  π  π
Du f ( x, y ) = 2 > 1 when u =  cos i +  sin  j.
Maximum rate:  4  4

∇T ( −1, 5) = 62 + ( −10)
2
= 2 34 42. True
≈ 11.66° per centimeter
43. True

z2
44. Let f ( x, y , z ) = e x cos y + + C . Then
2
∇f ( x, y, z ) = e x cos yi − e x sin yj + zk.

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712 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

45. You cannot use Theorem 11.9 because f is not a differentiable function of x and y. So, we use the definition of directional
derivatives.
f ( x + t cos θ , y + t sin θ ) − f ( x, y )
Du f ( x, y ) = lim
t →0 t
  t   t    t  t  
f 0 +  , 0 +   − f (0, 0) 4 
 2  2  1  2  2  1  2t 2  2
Du f (0, 0) = lim  = lim   2  2   = lim  2  = lim which does not exist.
t →0 t t →0 t   t   t   t →0 t  t  t →0 t
  +  
  2   2  
 t t 
f 0 + ,0 + −2 1  2t 2 
If f (0, 0) = 2, then Du f (0, 0) = lim 
2 2
= lim  2 − 2 = 0
t →0 t t →0 t t
 
which implies that the directional derivative exists.

Section 11.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

1. F ( x, y, z ) = 3x − 5 y + 3 z − 15 = 0 5. z = x 2 + y 2 + 3, ( 2, 1, 8)
3 x − 5 y + 3 z = 15 Plane F ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + 3 − z

2. F ( x, y, z ) = 36 − x 2 − y 2 − z 2 = 0 Fx ( x, y, z ) = 2 x Fy ( x, y, z ) = 2 y Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 36 Fx ( 2, 1, 8) = 4 Fy ( 2, 1, 8) = 2 Fz ( 2, 1, 8) = −1
Sphere, radius 6, centered at origin. 4( x − 2) + 2( y − 1) − 1( z − 8) = 0

3. F ( x, y , z ) = 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 4 z 2 = 0 4x + 2 y − z = 2

4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 4 z 2 Elliptic cone y
6. f ( x, y ) = , (1, 2, 2)
x
4. F ( x, y, z ) = 16 x 2 − 9 y 2 + 36 z = 0 y
F ( x, y , z ) = − z
16 x 2 − 9 y 2 + 36 z = 0 Hyperbolic paraboloid x
y 1
Fx ( x, y , z ) = − Fy ( x, y , z ) = Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1
x2 x
Fx (1, 2, 2) = −2 Fy (1, 2, 2) = 1 Fz (1, 2, 2) = −1

−2( x − 1) + ( y − 2) − ( z − 2) = 0
−2 x + y − z + 2 = 0
2x − y + z = 2

7. z = x 2 + y 2 , (3, 4, 5)

F ( x, y , z ) = x2 + y 2 − z
x y
Fx ( x, y, z ) = Fy ( x, y, z ) = Fz ( x, y, z ) = −1
x2 + y2 x2 + y 2
3 4
Fx (3, 4, 5) = Fy (3, 4, 5) = Fz (3, 4, 5) = −1
5 5
3 4
( x − 3) + ( y − 4) − ( z − 5) = 0
5 5
3( x − 3) + 4( y − 4) − 5( z − 5) = 0
3x + 4 y − 5 z = 0

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