Python

Cheat Sheet

Pandas | Numpy | Sklearn

Matplotlib | Seaborn
BS4 | Selenium | Scrapy
by Frank Andrade
Python Basics Variables
Variable assignment:
Creating a new list:

numbers = [4, 3, 10, 7, 1, 2]

Cheat Sheet
message_1 = "I'm learning Python" Sorting a list:
message_2 = "and it's fun!" >>> numbers.sort()

[1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10]
Here you will find all the Python core concepts you need to String concatenation (+ operator):

message_1 + ' ' + message_2 >>> numbers.sort(reverse=True)

know before learning any third-party library.
[10, 7, 4, 3, 2, 1]
String concatenation (f-string):
f'{message_1} {message_2}'
Data Types

Update value on a list:

>>> numbers[0] = 1000
Integers (int): 1 >>> numbers
Float (float): 1.2
List [1000, 7, 4, 3, 2, 1]
String (str): "Hello World" Creating a list:

Copying a list:
Boolean: True/False countries = ['United States', 'India', new_list = countries[:]
'China', 'Brazil'] new_list_2 = countries.copy()
List: [value1, value2]

Dictionary: {key1:value1, key2:value2, ...}

Create an empty list:

my_list = [] Built-in Functions

Numeric Operators Comparison Operators Indexing: Print an object:
>>> countries[0] print("Hello World")
+ Addition
== United States

Equal to

Return the length of x:
- Subtraction >>> countries[3] len(x)

!= Different Brazil

Multiplication
Return the minimum value:
*

> Greater than >>> countries[-1] min(x)
Division
Brazil

/ < Less than

Return the maximum value:

Slicing:
Exponent
max(x)
** >= Greater than or equal to >>>countries[0:3]

['United States', 'India', 'China']

Returns a sequence of numbers:
% Modulus range(x1,x2,n) # from x1 to x2
<= Less than or equal to

>>>countries[1:] (increments by n)
// Floor division ['India', 'China', 'Brazil']

Convert x to a string:
>>>countries[:2] str(x)
['United States', 'India']

String methods
Convert x to an integer/float:
Adding elements to a list: int(x)
string.upper(): converts to uppercase countries.append('Canada') float(x)
string.lower(): converts to lowercase countries.insert(0,'Canada')

string.title(): converts to title case Convert x to a list:

Nested list: list(x)
string.count('l'): counts how many times "l" nested_list = [countries, countries_2]

appears

string.find('h'): position of the "h" first Remove element:

countries.remove('United States')
ocurrance countries.pop(0) # removes and returns value
string.replace('o', 'u'): replaces "o" with "u" del countries[0]
Dictionary If Statement Functions
Creating a dictionary: Create a function:
Conditional test:
my_data = {'name':'Frank', 'age':26} def function(<params>):
if <condition>:

<code> <code>
Create an empty dictionary: elif <condition>: return <data>
my_dict = {} <code>

...
Get value of key "name": else:
Modules
>>> my_data["name"] <code> Import module:
'Frank'
import module

Example: module.method()
Get the keys: if age>=18:

>>> my_data.keys() print("You're an adult!") OS module:

dict_keys(['name', 'age'])
import os

Conditional test with list: os.getcwd()

Get the values: if <value> in <list>: os.listdir()
>>> my_data.values() <code> os.makedirs(<path>)
dict_values(['Frank', 26])

Get the pair key-value:

>>> my_data.items()
Loops Special Characters
dict_items([('name', 'Frank'), ('age', 26)]) For loop: # Comment

for <variable> in <list>:

Adding/updating items in a dictionary: <code> \n New Line

my_data['height']=1.7
my_data.update({'height':1.8, For loop and enumerate list elements:
'languages':['English', 'Spanish']}) for i, element in enumerate(<list>): Boolean Operators Boolean Operators
>>> my_data <code> (Pandas)
{'name': 'Frank',

'age': 26, For loop and obtain dictionary elements: and logical AND & logical AND
'height': 1.8, for key, value in my_dict.items():

'languages': ['English', 'Spanish']} <code> or logical OR | logical OR

Remove an item: While loop: not logical NOT ~ logical NOT

my_data.pop('height') while <condition>:
del my_data['languages'] <code>
my_data.clear()

Copying a dictionary: Data Validation

new_dict = my_data.copy()

Try-except: Below are my guides, tutorials and

try: complete Data Science course:
<code>
except <error>: - Medium Guides
<code> - YouTube Tutorials
- Data Science Course (Udemy)
Loop control statement:
break: stops loop execution - Make Money Using Your Programming
continue: jumps to next iteration & Data Science Skills
pass: does nothing
Made by Frank Andrade frank-andrade.medium.com
Pandas
Concatenate multiple data frames horizontally:
Selecting rows and columns df3 = pd.DataFrame([[7],[8],[9]],
index=['A','B','C'],

Cheat Sheet
Select single column: columns=['col3'])
df['col1']

pd.concat([df,df3], axis=1)
Select multiple columns:

Pandas provides data analysis tools for Python. All of the df[['col1', 'col2']] Only merge complete rows (INNER JOIN):
following code examples refer to the dataframe below.
df.merge(df3)
Show first n rows:

df.head(2) Left column stays complete (LEFT OUTER JOIN):

axis 1
df.merge(df3, how='left')
col1 col2 Show last n rows:

df.tail(2) Right column stays complete (RIGHT OUTER JOIN):

A 1 4
df.merge(df3, how='right')
Select rows by index values:

axis 0
df = B 2 5

df.loc['A'] df.loc[['A', 'B']] Preserve all values (OUTER JOIN):

df.merge(df3, how='outer')
C 3 6 Select rows by position:

df.iloc[1] df.iloc[1:] Merge rows by index:

df.merge(df3,left_index=True,
right_index=True)
Getting Started Data wrangling

Fill NaN values:

Import pandas: Filter by value: df.fillna(0)
import pandas as pd df[df['col1'] > 1]

Apply your own function:
Sort by one column: def func(x):
Create a series: df.sort_values('col1') return 2**x
s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3],
df.apply(func)
Sort by columns:

index=['A', 'B', 'C'], df.sort_values(['col1', 'col2'],

name='col1') ascending=[False, True]) Arithmetics and statistics
Create a dataframe:

Identify duplicate rows: Add to all values:

data = [[1, 4], [2, 5], [3, 6]] df.duplicated() df + 10
index = ['A', 'B', 'C']

df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=index, Identify unique rows: Sum over columns:

df['col1'].unique() df.sum()
columns=['col1', 'col2'])

Read a csv file with pandas: Swap rows and columns: Cumulative sum over columns:
df = pd.read_csv('filename.csv') df = df.transpose() df.cumsum()
df = df.T

Mean over columns:
Advanced parameters: Drop a column: df.mean()
df = pd.read_csv('filename.csv', sep=',', df = df.drop('col1', axis=1)

Standard deviation over columns:
names=['col1', 'col2'], Clone a data frame: df.std()
index_col=0, clone = df.copy()

encoding='utf-8',
Count unique values:
Concatenate multiple dataframes vertically: df['col1'].value_counts()
nrows=3) df2 = df + 5 # new dataframe

pd.concat([df,df2]) Summarize descriptive statistics:

df.describe()
 Hierarchical indexing Data export Visualization
Create hierarchical index: Data as NumPy array: The plots below are made with a dataframe
df.stack() df.values with the shape of df_gdp (pivot() method)

Dissolve hierarchical index: Save data as CSV file:

df.unstack() df.to_csv('output.csv', sep=",") Import matplotlib:


import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Format a dataframe as tabular string:

Aggregation

df.to_string() Start a new diagram:

plt.figure()
Create group object: Convert a dataframe to a dictionary:

g = df.groupby('col1') df.to_dict() Scatter plot:

df.plot(kind='scatter')
Iterate over groups: Save a dataframe as an Excel table:

for i, group in g: df.to_excel('output.xlsx') Bar plot:

print(i, group)
df.plot(kind='bar',


xlabel='data1',
Aggregate groups: ylabel='data2')
g.sum()
g.prod()
Pivot and Pivot Table

Lineplot:
g.mean() Read csv file 1: df.plot(kind='line',
g.std() df_gdp = pd.read_csv('gdp.csv') figsize=(8,4))
g.describe()

The pivot() method: Boxplot:
Select columns from groups: df_gdp.pivot(index="year", df['col1'].plot(kind='box')
g['col2'].sum() columns="country",

g[['col2', 'col3']].sum() values="gdppc") Histogram over one column:

df['col1'].plot(kind='hist',
Transform values: Read csv file 2: bins=3)
import math df_sales=pd.read_excel(

g.transform(math.log) 'supermarket_sales.xlsx') Piechart:

df.plot(kind='pie',
Apply a list function on each group: Make pivot table: y='col1',
def strsum(group): df_sales.pivot_table(index='Gender', title='Population')
return ''.join([str(x) for x in group.value]) aggfunc='sum')

Set tick marks:
g['col2'].apply(strsum) Make a pivot tables that says how much male and
female spend in each category:
df_sales.pivot_table(index='Gender',
columns='Product line',
labels = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
positions = [1, 2, 3, 4]
plt.xticks(positions, labels)
plt.yticks(positions, labels)

Below are my guides, tutorials and Label diagram and axes:

complete Pandas course: values='Total',
aggfunc='sum') plt.title('Correlation')
- Medium Guides
plt.xlabel('Nunstück')
plt.ylabel('Slotermeyer')
- YouTube Tutorials

- Pandas Course (Udemy) Save most recent diagram:

- Make Money Using Your Programming plt.savefig('plot.png')
plt.savefig('plot.png',dpi=300)
& Data Science Skills plt.savefig('plot.svg')
Made by Frank Andrade frank-andrade.medium.com
NumPy Saving & Loading Text Files Aggregate functions:
np.loadtxt('my_file.txt') a.sum()
np.genfromtxt('my_file.csv', a.min()

Cheat Sheet delimiter=',') b.max(axis= 0)

np.savetxt('myarray.txt', a, b.cumsum(axis= 1) # Cumulative sum
delimiter= ' ') a.mean()
NumPy provides tools for working with arrays. All of the Inspecting Your Array b.median()
a.shape a.corrcoef() # Correlation coefficient
following code examples refer to the arrays below. np.std(b) # Standard deviation
len(a)
NumPy Arrays b.ndim

e.size Copying arrays:

axis 1 b.dtype # data type h = a.view() # Create a view
1D Array 2D Array np.copy(a)
b.dtype.name
1 2 3 1.5 2 3 b.astype(int) # change data type h = a.copy() # Create a deep copy
axis 0

Data Types Sorting arrays:

4 5 6 a.sort() # Sort an array
np.int64
np.float32 c.sort(axis=0)
Getting Started np.complex
np.bool Array Manipulation
Import numpy: np.object
np.string_ Transposing Array:
import numpy as np
np.unicode_ i = np.transpose(b)
i.T
Create arrays: Array Mathematics

Changing Array Shape:

a = np.array([1,2,3])
Arithmetic Operations b.ravel()
b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], dtype=float) >>> g = a-b g.reshape(3,-2)
c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], array([[-0.5, 0. , 0. ],

[(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]], [-3. , 3. , 3. ]]) Adding/removing elements:

>>> np.subtract(a,b) h.resize((2,6))
dtype = float)
np.append(h,g)
Initial placeholders: >>> b+a np.insert(a, 1, 5)
np.zeros((3,4)) # Create an array of zeros array([[2.5, 4. , 6. ], np.delete(a,[1])
[ 5. , 7. , 9. ]])

np.ones((2,3,4),dtype=np.int16) >>> np.add(b,a) Combining arrays:

d = np.arange(10,25,5) np.concatenate((a,d),axis=0)
np.linspace( 0,2, 9) >>> a/b np.vstack((a,b)) # stack vertically
array([[ 0.66666667, 1. , 1. ], np.hstack((e,f)) # stack horizontally
e = np.full((2,2), 7) [ 0.25 , 0.4 , 0.5 ]])

f = np.eye(2) >>> np.divide(a,b) Splitting arrays:

np.random.random((2,2))
np.hsplit(a,3) # Split horizontally
>>> a*b np.vsplit(c,2) # Split vertically
np.empty((3,2)) array([[ 1.5, 4. , 9. ],

[ 4. , 10. , 18. ]]) Subsetting 1.5 2 3

Saving & Loading On Disk: >>> np.multiply(a,b) b[1,2] 4 5 6

np.save('my_array', a) >>> np.exp(b) Slicing:

np.savez('array.npz', a, b) >>> np.sqrt(b) a[0:2] 1 2 3

np.load('my_array.npy') >>> np.sin(a)

>>> np.log(a) Boolean Indexing:

1 2 3
>>> e.dot(f) a[a<2]
Scikit-Learn Training and Test Data
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

Cheat Sheet
X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test = train_test_split(X,y,
random_state = 0)#Splits data into training and test set

Sklearn is a free machine learning library for Python. It features various

Preprocessing The Data
Standardization
classification, regression and clustering algorithms. Standardizes the features by removing the mean and scaling to unit variance.
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
Getting Started scaler = StandardScaler().fit(X_train)
standarized_X = scaler.transform(X_train)
The code below demonstrates the basic steps of using sklearn to create and run a model standarized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)
on a set of data.

The steps in the code include loading the data, splitting into train and test sets, scaling Normalization
Each sample (row of the data matrix) with at least one non-zero component is
the sets, creating the model, fitting the model on the data using the trained model to rescaled independently of other samples so that its norm equals one.
make predictions on the test set, and finally evaluating the performance of the model. from sklearn.preprocessing import Normalizer
from sklearn import neighbors,datasets,preprocessing scaler = Normalizer().fit(X_train)
normalized_X = scaler.transform(X_train)
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split normalized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

iris = datasets.load_iris() Binarization

Binarize data (set feature values to 0 or 1) according to a threshold.
X,y = iris.data[:,:2], iris.target from sklearn.preprocessing import Binarizer
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test=train_test_split(X,y) binarizer = Binarizer(threshold = 0.0).fit(X)
scaler = preprocessing_StandardScaler().fit(X_train) binary_X = binarizer.transform(X_test)

X_train = scaler.transform(X_train) Encoding Categorical Features

X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) Imputation transformer for completing missing values.
knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors = 5) from sklearn import preprocessing
le = preprocessing.LabelEncoder()
knn.fit(X_train, y_train) le.fit_transform(X_train)
y_pred = knn.predict(X_test)

accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred) Imputing Missing Values

from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
imp = SimpleImputer(missing_values=0, strategy ='mean')
imp.fit_transform(X_train)
Loading the Data

Generating Polynomial Features

The data needs to be numeric and stored as NumPy arrays or SciPy spare matrix from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
(numeric arrays, such as Pandas DataFrame’s are also ok) poly = PolynomialFeatures(5)
>>> import numpy as np poly.fit_transform(X)
>>> X = np.random.random((10,5))
array([[0.21,0.33],
[0.23, 0.60],
[0.48, 0.62]])
>>> y = np.array(['A','B','A'])
array(['A', 'B', 'A'])
Create Your Model Evaluate Your Model’s Performance
Supervised Learning Models Classification Metrics
Linear Regression Accuracy Score
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression knn.score(X_test,y_test)
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
lr = LinearRegression(normalize = True) accuracy_score(y_test,y_pred)
Support Vector Machines (SVM)

from sklearn.svm import SVC Classification Report

from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
svc = SVC(kernel = 'linear') print(classification_report(y_test,y_pred))
Naive Bayes

from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB Confusion Matrix

from sklearn .metrics import confusion_matrix
gnb = GaussianNB() print(confusion_matrix(y_test,y_pred))
KNN

from sklearn import neighbors Regression Metrics

Mean Absolute Error
knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors = 5) from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error

mean_absolute_error(y_test,y_pred)
Unsupervised Learning Models

Mean Squared Error

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA mean_squared_error(y_test,y_pred)
pca = PCA(n_components = 0.95)

R² Score
K means from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans r2_score(y_test, y_pred)
k_means = KMeans(n_clusters = 3, random_state = 0)

Clustering Metrics
Model Fitting Adjusted Rand Index
from sklearn.metrics import adjusted_rand_score
Fitting supervised and unsupervised learning models onto data. adjusted_rand_score(y_test,y_pred)
Supervised Learning

Homogeneity
lr.fit(X, y) # Fit the model to the data from sklearn.metrics import homogeneity_score
knn.fit(X_train,y_train) homogeneity_score(y_test,y_pred)
svc.fit(X_train,y_train)

V-measure
Unsupervised Learning from sklearn.metrics import v_measure_score
k_means.fit(X_train) # Fit the model to the data v_measure_score(y_test,y_pred)
pca_model = pca.fit_transform(X_train) #Fit to data,then transform

Tune Your Model

Prediction Grid Search
Predict Labels from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
params = {'n_neighbors':np.arange(1,3),
y_pred = lr.predict(X_test) # Supervised Estimators 'metric':['euclidean','cityblock']}
y_pred = k_means.predict(X_test) # Unsupervised Estimators grid = GridSearchCV(estimator = knn, param_grid = params)
Estimate probability of a label grid.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(grid.best_score_)
y_pred = knn.predict_proba(X_test) print(grid.best_estimator_)
Data Viz Barplot
x = ['USA', 'UK', 'Australia']
Seaborn

Cheat Sheet
y = [40, 50, 33] Workflow
plt.bar(x, y)
plt.show() import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library that produces Piechart import pandas as pd
plt.pie(y, labels=x, autopct='%.0f %%') Lineplot
figures in a variety of formats. plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.show()
Figure
flights = sns.load_dataset("flights")
Y-axis Histogram may_flights=flights.query("month=='May'")
ages = [15, 16, 17, 30, 31, 32, 35] ax = sns.lineplot(data=may_flights,
bins = [15, 20, 25, 30, 35] x="year",
plt.hist(ages, bins, edgecolor='black') y="passengers")
plt.show() ax.set(xlabel='x', ylabel='y',

title='my_title, xticks=[1,2,3])
Boxplots ax.legend(title='my_legend,
ages = [15, 16, 17, 30, 31, 32, 35] title_fontsize=13)
Matplotlib X-axis
plt.boxplot(ages) plt.show()
plt.show()

Workflow
Barplot
The basic steps to creating plots with matplotlib are Prepare Scatterplot tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3 ,2, 5, 6, 7] ax = sns.barplot(x="day",
Data, Plot, Customize Plot, Save Plot and Show Plot. y="total_bill,
b = [7, 2, 3, 5, 5, 7, 3, 2, 6, 3, 2]
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.scatter(a, b) data=tips)
Example with lineplot plt.show() Histogram

penguins = sns.load_dataset("penguins")
Prepare data sns.histplot(data=penguins,
x = [2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021]
y = [43, 45, 47, 48, 50]
Subplots Boxplot
x="flipper_length_mm")

Add the code below to make multple plots with 'n' tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
Plot & Customize Plot ax = sns.boxplot(x=tips["total_bill"])
number of rows and columns.
plt.plot(x,y,marker='o',linestyle='--',

fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=1, Scatterplot

color='g', label='USA') ncols=2, tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
plt.xlabel('Years') sharey=True, sns.scatterplot(data=tips,
plt.ylabel('Population (M)') figsize=(12, 4)) x="total_bill",
Plot & Customize Each Graph y="tip")
plt.title('Years vs Population') ax[0].plot(x, y, color='g')
plt.legend(loc='lower right') ax[0].legend()
Figure aesthetics
ax[1].plot(a, b, color='r') sns.set_style('darkgrid') # stlyes
plt.yticks([41, 45, 48, 51]) sns.set_palette('husl', 3) # palettes
ax[1].legend()
Save Plot plt.show() sns.color_palette('husl') # colors
plt.savefig('example.png')

Fontsize of the axes title, x and y labels, tick labels
Show Plot and legend:

plt.show() plt.rc('axes', titlesize=18)

Markers: '.', 'o', 'v', '<', '>' plt.rc('axes', labelsize=14)
plt.rc('xtick', labelsize=13)
Line Styles: '-', '--', '-.', ':' plt.rc('ytick', labelsize=13)
Colors: 'b', 'g', 'r', 'y' # blue, green, red, yellow plt.rc('legend', fontsize=13)
plt.rc('font', size=13)
Web Scraping “Siblings” are nodes with the same parent.
It’s recommended for beginners to use IDs to find
XPath

Cheat Sheet
elements and if there isn't any build an XPath. We need to learn XPath to scrape with Selenium or
Scrapy.
Beautiful Soup

XPath Syntax
Web Scraping is the process of extracting data from a
Workflow An XPath usually contains a tag name, attribute
website. Before studying Beautiful Soup and Selenium, it's
Importing the libraries name, and attribute value.
good to review some HTML basics first. from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests

//tagName[@AttributeName="Value"]
HTML for Web Scraping

Fetch the pages

Let's take a look at the HTML element syntax. result=requests.get("www.google.com") Let’s check some examples to locate the article,
result.status_code # get status code title, and transcript elements of the HTML code we
Tag Attribute Attribute result.headers # get the headers used before.
name name value End tag

Page content

content = result.text //article[@class="main-article"]

<h1 class="title"> Titanic (1997) </h1>
//h1
Create soup
soup = BeautifulSoup(content,"lxml") //div[@class="full-script"]
Attribute Affected content

HTML in a readable format

HTML Element print(soup.prettify()) XPath Functions and Operators

XPath functions
This is a single HTML element, but the HTML code behind a Find an element
soup.find(id="specific_id") //tag[contains(@AttributeName, "Value")]
website has hundreds of them.

Find elements XPath Operators: and, or

HTML code example
soup.find_all("a")
<article class="main-article"> soup.find_all("a","css_class") //tag[(expression 1) and (expression 2)]
<h1> Titanic (1997) </h1> soup.find_all("a",class_="my_class")
<p class="plot"> 84 years later ... </p> soup.find_all("a",attrs={"class":
"my_class"}) XPath Special Characters
<div class="full-script"> 13 meters. You ... </div> Get inner text
sample = element.get_text() Selects the children from the node set on the
</article> /
sample = element.get_text(strip=True, left side of this character
The HTML code is structured with “nodes”. Each rectangle below separator= ' ') Specifies that the matching node set should
Get specific attributes // be located at any level within the document
represents a node (element, attribute and text nodes) sample = element.get('href')
Specifies the current context should be used
Root Element Parent Node
. (refers to present node)
<article>
- Medium Guides/YouTube Tutorials
..
Here are my guides/tutorials and courses Refers to a parent node
A wildcard character that selects all
Element Attribute Element Element - Web Scraping Course * elements or attributes regardless of names
<h1> class="main-article" <p> <div>
Siblings - Data Science Course Select an attribute
@
- Automation Course
Text Attribute Text Attribute Text () Grouping an XPath expression
Titanic (1997) class="plot" 84 years later ... class="full-script"" 13 meters. You ... - Make Money Using Programming Skills Indicates that a node with index "n" should
[n]
Made by Frank Andrade frank-andrade.medium.com be selected
Selenium 4 Scrapy
Note that there are a few changes between Selenium 3.x versions and Scrapy is the most powerful web scraping framework in Python, but it's a bit
Selenium 4. complicated to set up, so check my guide or its documentation to set it up.
Import libraries:

from selenium import webdriver Creating a Project and Spider

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
web="www.google.com"
path='introduce chromedriver path'
service = Service(executable_path=path) # selenium 4
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service) # selenium 4
driver.get(web)
To create a new project, run the following command in the terminal.
scrapy startproject my_first_spider
To create a new spider, first change the directory.
cd my_first_spider
Create an spider
scrapy genspider example example.com

The Basic Template

Note: When you create a spider, you obtain a template with the following content.
driver = webdriver.Chrome(path) # selenium 3.x

import scrapy
Find an element
class ExampleSpider(scrapy.Spider):
driver.find_element(by="id", value="...") # selenium 4

driver.find_element_by_id("write-id-here") # selenium 3.x

name = 'example'

allowed_domains = ['example.com'] Class
Find elements
start_urls = ['http://example.com/']
driver.find_elements(by="xpath", value="...") # selenium 4

driver.find_elements_by_xpath("write-xpath-here") # selenium 3.x

def parse(self, response):

Parse method
Quit driver
pass
driver.quit()

The class is built with the data we introduced in the previous command, but the
Getting the text parse method needs to be built by us. To build it, use the functions below.
data = element.text

Finding elements
Implicit Waits To find elements in Scrapy, use the response argument from the parse method
import time

time.sleep(2) response.xpath('//tag[@AttributeName="Value"]')

Getting the text

Explicit Waits To obtain the text element we use text() and either .get() or .getall(). For example:
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By response.xpath(‘//h1/text()’).get()
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait response.xpath(‘//tag[@Attribute=”Value”]/text()’).getall()
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

Return data extracted

WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, To see the data extracted we have to use the yield keyword
'id_name')))
# Wait 5 seconds until an element is clickable def parse(self, response):

title = response.xpath(‘//h1/text()’).get()
Options: Headless mode, change window size

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options # Return data extracted

options = Options() yield {'titles': title}
options.headless = True

options.add_argument('window-size=1920x1080') Run the spider and export data to CSV or JSON

driver=webdriver.Chrome(service=service,options=options) scrapy crawl example
scrapy crawl example -o name_of_file.csv
scrapy crawl example -o name_of_file.json