RECALL

RECALL
• What are minerals?
• What are the criteria that identify a mineral?
• Provide one property of minerals and explain.
Some Common Rock-Forming
Minerals
QUARTZ
• It is pure or nearly pure silica and
is hard and glassy mineral.
• It is transparent to translucent in
nature and its color varies from
white and gray to smokey.
• It does not have a cleavage and
thus does not break into regular
flat faces.
• Hardness = 7
• Specific Gravity = 2.66
FELDSPAR
• It is silicates of alumina, with
alkaline substances like potassium,
sodium, and calcium.
• Its appearance is not so glassy as
quartz and is dull to opaque with a
porcelain-like appearance.
• Hardness = 6
• Specific Gravity = 2.5
DOLOMITE
• It is magnesium carbonate with
chemical composition as
CaMg(CO3)2
• Metamorphic rocks like dolomitic
marble and few sedimentary rocks
have dolomite as major constituent
• It has three directions of perfect
cleavage
• Hardness = 3.5-4
• Specific gravity = 2.8-2.9
 At the end of this lesson,
you should be able to:
01 Classify and describe the three basic rock types

Establish relationships between rock types and the

02 origin and environment of deposition/formation

Understand the different geologic processes involved

03 in rock formation
Rocks
ROCK
• Refers to a solid mass of the lithosphere.
• Naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more different minerals and organic
matter
• It is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals
GRAIN
• Grains that are not crystals in rock do not have flat shiny faces. They are rounded,
like grain of sand, or jagged, like a piece of broken rock.
• Helps in identifying rocks by their texture

Rounded Jagged
PETROLOGY
• Scientific study of rocks
 Rock
Classification
Rocks are classified on the basis of the mode of
formation. The three rock types are igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
 Igneous Rocks
Based on where in Earth it was formed
IGNEOUS ROCKS
❑ Formed from the solidification of molten rock material, either magma or lava
❑ Two types of Igneous Rocks
1. Plutonic Igneous Rocks – Solidified below the surface of the Earth (Magma)
2. Volcanic Igneous Rock - Solidified at the surface of the Earth (Lava)
❑ Minerals are formed during the crystallization of magma
❑ Cooling is one of the most important factors that control crystal size and texture of the
rock.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
❑ What is the difference between lava and magma?
PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE ROCKS
❑ From solidified magma underneath the Earth
❑ Gradual lowering of the temperature gradient at depth towards the surface would cause
slow cooling/crystallization
❑ Phaneritic Texture – Large interlocking crystals
❑ Examples: Granite, Diorite, Gabbro
PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE ROCKS – Granite
PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE ROCKS – Granite
PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE ROCKS – Diorite
PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE ROCKS – Gabbro
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
❑ From solidified lava at or near the surface of the Earth
❑ Fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge variance in the temperature between
Earth’s surface and underneath
❑ Aphanitic, porphyritic and vesicular textures
❑ Examples: Rhyolite, andesite and basalt
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
❑ Aphanitic - fine-grained texture; minerals not visible to the naked eye; relatively fast
rates of cooling/solidification prevented the formation of large crystals
❑ Porphyritic – large and fine-grained formed through two stages of crystallization:
magma partly cooled below the surface of the Earth, giving time for the large crystals
to grow (phenocrysts) before it is extruded to the surface forming the fine-grained
groundmass.
❑ Vesicular - voids created by rapid cooling which causes air bubbles to be trapped
inside.
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS - Rhyolite
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS - Andesite
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS - Basalt
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS - Pumice
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS - Pumice
❑ serves as a lightweight concrete block in landscaping
and horticulture.
❑ used to exfoliate or in remove dry or dead skin.
❑ In Albay, locals refer to these stones as “panghilod.”
Albayanos believe that it can soften calluses and
corns to reduce pain from friction.

From: FB-National Museum Bicol

VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
❑ Pyroclastic Rocks - fragmental rocks usually associated with violent or explosive type
of eruption
❑ Examples tuff and pyroclastic flow deposits (ignimbrite)
VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS-IGNIMBRITE
INTRUSIVE AND EXTRUSIVE ROCKS COUNTERPARTS
INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE

Granite Rhyolite

Diorite Andesite

Gabbro Basalt
 Igneous Rock
Classification
Based on silica content
IGNEOUS ROCK CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SILICA CONTENT
CLASSIFICATION OTHER TERM SILICA CONTENT COLOR
FELSIC granitic >65% light-colored
INTERMEDIATE andesitic 55-65% medium gray
MAFIC basaltic 45-55% dark-colored
ULTRAMAFIC ultrabasic <40% very dark-colored