ORAL COMMUNICATION in CONTEXT
These are control, social interaction, motivation,
Communication is a two-way process of connecting to
both living and non-living things. It is also a means of
sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas,
and feelings for mutual understanding (Gregoriom,
J.C., 2015).
Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more
people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written
or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both
spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.
Elements of Communication
These elements are the following:
1. Speaker – the source of information or message
2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts
conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message
into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker
understands
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as
personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which
the encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded
message of the speaker by the receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone
who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information
provided by the receiver
8. Context – the environment where communication
takes place
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of
communication
Process of Communication
Functions of Communication
Basically, there are five functions of communication.
emotional expression, and information dissemination.
1. Control – Communication functions to control
behavior.
2. Social Interaction – Communication allows
individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or
encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates
people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.
5. Information dissemination – Communication
functions to convey information.
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION – known as the “MOTHER OF
ALL COMMUNICATION MODEL” created and
develop by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in
1949. It is a linear or one-way process consisting of
five elements: a source (producer of message); a
transmitter (encoder of message into signals); a
channel (signals adapted for transmission); a
receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and
a destination. Linear communication is one-way,
focusing on the transmission of a message to a
receiver who never responds or has no way of
responding to the information conveyed.
2. SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION –
proposed by Wilbur Schramm in 1954. Schramm
(1954) visualized the process of communication as
an exchange of thoughts and ideas. Feedback was
added to the Shannon-Weaver Model. The
recipient of the message decodes it and creates a
feedback based on his understanding of the
information sent and vice versa. The figure
identifies the six elements of communication which
are the sender, the message sent, the receiver and
the feedback provided by the receiver and sent
back as a response to the sender and the processes
of encoding and decoding.
3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION –
developed by Dean Barnlund in 1970.
Communication is dynamic. It has a complex
nature. It takes place among individuals at any
given time with any given subject. However, there
are tendencies that barriers would interfere which
may create a sudden impact and change in the
processing of information. Unlike the Shannon-
Weaver Model, which is a one-way process, the
Transaction Model is a two way process with the
inclusion of feedback as one element. This model is
more interactive. There is a collaborative exchange
of messages between communicators with the aim
of understanding each other. It also shows that a
barrier, such as noise, may interfere with the flow
of communication. Feedback is given freely and
deliberately to one another or to all members
participating in the communication transaction.