STES’s

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,

Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________

SYNOPSIS
1. Name of the college Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,Pune - 41

1) Sahil R Kitekar
2) Prithviraj Y Shinde
2. Name of the Student
3) Prathmesh L Thorat
4) Bhojraj J Yeola
3. Name of the Course B.E. Mechanical

4. Name of the Guide Prof.T.S.Sargar

5. Name of Company Guide

6. Month of Registration July 2022

7. Project sponsoring Company

8. Proposed Title of the Project Laser Beam Machining

Relevance:
Laser Beam Machining, the full form of laser is Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation. A laser beam machining is a non-conventional machining method in which the operation is
performed by laser light.
In this process the unwanted material is removed by laser beam or laser light. The laser beam is
called monochromatic light, which is made to focus on the workpiece to be machined by a lens to give
extremely high density to melt and vaporize any material.
There are different types of lasers including gas and solid states. Some of the most commonly used
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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gases consist of Ar, Carbon-dioxide laser. But nowadays most of industrial sheet metal laser cutting is
carried out using two types of lasers: CO2 and Fibre.

Fig 1- Laser Beam Machining

Types of Laser Beam Machining: -

1. The Gaseous CO2 Laser
2. The Solid-state Nd: YAG Laser

Applications: -
1. Wood
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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2. Paper
3. Leather
4. Glass
5. Ceramic
6. Metal

Drawbacks: -
1. Material Limitation
2. The process is limited to a thin sheet.
3. Very low material removal rate.
4. It cannot be used to cut metals that have high heat conductivity or high reflectivity.

Advantages: -
1. Cuts material with ease.
2. Reliable and fast machinery for rapid turnaround.
3. Uses less energy while cutting.
4. Cut complex shapes with precise details.

Literature Review:
1. A Parthiban in their paper in 2018,[1] Laser cutting of stainless-steel sheet widely used in fabrication
industries and the selection of laser cutting parameters such as laser power, cutting speed and gas pressure
for cutting of steel materials. In this work CO2 laser cutting parameters on stainless steel 304 width 2.5
mm thickness were studied. AISI304 stainless Steel is wide range of application like architectural,
consumer, and transportation industries applications. The main aim of this work is to develop a
mathematical model using RSM for curved profile. The experiment is conducted AMADA making CO2
laser cutting machine. In this work Continuous Wave laser are used and AISI 304 2.5 mm thickness sheet
work piece material is used. laser parameters are laser power 2000-4000 KW, cutting speed 3500-5500
mm/min and Assist gas pressure 0.7-0.9 MPA. Each specimen is cut curved profile in 25mm radius.The
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
RSM is used for identifying influences of the process parameters and interaction effects of parameters on
considered top and bottom kerf width responses. the top kerf width is low range from (0.405 to 0.415
mm) at entry level of the Beam power (2500-3000 watts) while high level of Cutting speed (5000-5500
mm/min). Top kerf width is gradually increased with respect to increase the Beam power and cutting speed.
The top kerf width is maximum (0.430 mm) at the high level of beam power (3500-4000 watts). Initially
the top kerf width is low range from (0.395 to 0.405mm) at mid-level of the Beam power (2500-3000 watts)
while low level of gas pressure (0.70-0.75 Mpa). Top kerf width is gradually increased with respect to
increase the Beam power and Gas pressure. Top kerf width is maximum (0.430 mm) at the high level of
beam power (3500-4000 watts).This work provides with detailed study on the Kerf quality of the AISI 304
stainless steel sheet. The CO2laser cutting parameters levels was analysed and then the experimentation
was carried out according to the optimization approaches. The Best ranges obtained by using the genetic
algorithm approach are Laser power 2571 watts, Cutting speed 5498 mm/min and Gas pressure 0.899 Mpa.
To achieve optimal Kerf quality of Genetic Algorithm is Top kerf width 0.4033mm and Bottom kerf width
is 0.3246mm.

2. In their experiment in 2018Dhrupal J. Kotadiyaa, Jaydeep M. Kapopara, Anjal R. Patel, Chirag G.

Dalwadi, D. H. Pandya.[2] Stainless steel is an important engineering material that is difficult to be cut by
because of the high melting point and low viscosity but it is suitable to cut with the help of laser. Laser
beam machining or cutting process involving a laser beam as a heat source. The laser cutting parameters
are laser power, cutting speed and gas pressure etc. Laser cutting is widely used in various manufacturing
industries due to its high speed, precision of operation and low cost. A 3 mm thick stainless steel (SS-304)
was used as workpiece material. A CNC laser cutting machine YLR-500 ytterbium fiber laser machine is
used in experiment. The laser light is focused on workpiece material, and it will melt because of high heat.
The melt is then blown out of the kerf width by assist gas. The laser cutting quality depends on laser power,
cutting speed, gas pressure, beam diameter, beam incident angle, stand-off distance, pulse frequency and
focus positions. SS-304 has been used in high-temperature applications for various industrial and household
applications as well as power generating plants due to its high corrosion resistance.

Technical specifications of laser cutting machine.

 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
1. Model Specification
2. Laser continuous rated output 500 W
3. Maximum cutting size 3000 × 1500 mm
4. Beam diameter 1.5 mm (max.)
5. Positioning accuracy (x, y axes) ± 0.04 mm/m
6. Positioning accuracy (z axes) ± 0.04 mm/m
7. Wavelength 10.6 µm
8. Frequency 50-60 Hz

Laser cutting variables and their levels

1. Symbols Factors(F) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

2. A Laser Power (watt) 500 450 400
3. B Cutting speed (mm/min) 2000 1900 1800
4. C Gas pressure (bar) 17 16 15

The objective of this work is to do parametric analysis of process parameters for fiber laser cutting system
on surface characteristics of the cut section. The optimal values of these parameters were achieving the
required surface roughness and kerf width. Laser power and cutting speed were identified most significant
interactive parameter. The optimized value of parameters found as power 500 W, gas pressure 15 bar and
cutting speed 2000 mm/min for the minimum value of surface roughness 4.39939 µm and top kerf width
283.688 µm. The optimal cutting condition of surface roughness and top kerf width were minimized and
improve both the quality of the cut section and the cutting efficiency.

3. The paper was published by A. Parthiban, C. Dhana Sekaran, S. Siva Ganesan, S. Sathish on 2019. [3]
Here it is said that Co2 laser cutting method is the widely used in the cutting process in which quality of
finished product mainly depends on the input parameters are Laser beam power, cutting speed and Assist
gas pressure. we are using response surface methodology, to identify and develop the different
mathematical modelling. The cutting of sheet metal in CO2 laser to achieve high speed cut. But cutting
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
edges are damages are occurred and HAZ (Heat affected zone). The HAZ of the material depends mainly
on different gas types and pressures. The lower cutting speed improves the cutting-edge quality and surface
roughness during CO2 laser cutting. Laser cutting process consumes very high cost for carrying out the
production. Heat affected Zone are considered as dependent variables and the independent variables are
Laser Beam Power, cutting speed and Assist gas pressure. The work piece considered for this work is AISI
304 Stainless steel 2.5 mm thickness sheet are used. and the input parameters are laser beam, cutting speed,
and gas pressure. The operation is carried out by AMADA make CO2 Laser cutting machine. The range of
cutting parameters are laser power is 2000 to4000 watts, cutting speed is 3500 to 5500 mm/min, and gas
pressure is 0.7mpa to 0.9 Mpa. In this experiment total 17 operation runs carried out. In this study 3
mathematical models were used to predict the values of Heat affected zone.fig.1 linear, fig. 2 2FI, and fig.3
quadratic model. The predicted values of Heat affected Zone were compared with the corresponding
experimental values and the percentage of error. The Quadratic model gives lesser percentage of deviation
compared 2FI and Linear models.

Fig2

In this study the main objective to develop the Mathematical model for Heat affected Zone in AISI 304
Stainless steel sheets. The developed mathematical models can be found out to predict response values
within the limits of experimental values. This developed model can reduce the experimental cost and time
in fabrication industries and increase the quality of cutting.
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
4. M. Boujelbene, B. El Aoud , E. Bayrakt , I. Elbadawi, I. Chaudhry , A. Khaliq a, A. Ayyaz , Z. Elleuch
on 6 December 2020. [4] The high-power CO2 laser cutting of the 2 mm thick sheet of pure Ti is
investigated. The Taguchi method was applied to minimize the surface roughness of the cut parts and to
optimize the cutting parameters. The quality of laser cutting can be achieved in terms of high cutting speed,
minimal and limited material loss, high precision, high productivity, etc. The Titanium offer superior and
profitable properties for a wide range of applications, for examples aeronautical, space, industrial, marine,
medical, and civil and military construction industries. This study will focus on optimising the effect of
laser manufacturing parameters that include laser power (Pu), laser cutting speed (V) and gas pressure (p)
on the surface topography of the cut pieces. Ti sheet dimension are 12 mm, 8 mm and a thickness of 2 mm
were used. The laser cutting processing input variables where Pu is 1 to 3 kW, pressure p is 2 to 14 bars
and V is 480 to 2400 mm/min. The cutting surfaces quality of the parts is improved by increasing the
cutting speed beyond 2400 mm/min. The laser cutting operations generate a significant increase in heat,
and therefore cut by localized melting of the material and rapid cooling of the cut surface. If the cutting
speed V is relatively low, it results in a larger and wider kerf, and greater damage to the cutting precision
and the surface quality of the produce partster. If the cutting speed is increased enormously, the latter may
produce insufficient exposure of the part to the laser beam and may cause problems in the machining parts.
To determine the most significant parameters on the responses of the machining system, we worked on the
scientific Taguchi method. The quality and the surface topography of the cut pieces were influenced by the
main input parameters such as the power of the laser beam and the speed of movement of the nozzle. A
cutting speed of 2400 mm/min resulted in high quality surfaces after cutting process. The optimal values
of the parameters are Pu is 2 kW, V is 2400 mm/min, and the gas pressure p is 2 bars.

5. K. Muralitharan, S. Shalini Packham Kamala, D. Alankrutha, K. Bhanu Prakash, Ram Sobia, S. Mariehamn
on 19 October 2020. [5] In modern engineering industries, unconventional machining methods are applied
to form the hard material. Laser machining is used to cut the hard material with accuracy. The CO2laser
was used to cut strenx 900 steel plates The CO2 laser was commonly used because of its better-quality
characteristics such as high intensity, low beam power, good focusing and narrow heat affected zone. The
present concept was used to investigate the parametric analysis using Taguchi method and performance of
laser cutting on strenx steel.The cutting size of the work piece was 80x40x5mm.The laser cutting was a
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
stable, reliable, and accurate cutting process which was depends on the input factors such as laser power
(500–700 W), gas pressure e (6–10 bar) and cutting speed (800–900 mm/min). Strenx 900 steel was high
impact toughness and resistance to fractures. The CNC Laser Cutting Machine was used to cut the strenx
steel. The cutting surface quality was measured through different level of input factors such as laser power
(500–700 W), gas pressure (6–10 bar) and cutting speed (800–900 mm/min).

Laser cutting experimental results are shown in following table.

Exp. No Laser power (W) Cutting speed (mm/min) Gas pressure (bar) Surface roughness (mm)
1 500 800 6 1.12
2 500 850 8 1.24
3 500 900 10 1.98
4 600 800 8 2.13
5 600 850 10 2.78
6 600 900 6 2.88
7 700 800 10 1.66
8 700 850 8 2.93
9 700 900 6 3.32

The surface roughness was depending on laser power, cutting speed and gas pressure. The optimal SR was
attained at laser power of 600 W, cutting speed of 900 mm/min and gas pressure of 6 bar. Laser power was
produced 54.66% of effect on SR followed by cutting speed.

6. K. Rajesh, V.V. Murali Krishnam Raju, S. Rajesh, N. Sudheer Kumar Varma-2019Laser assisted oxygen
cutting (LASOX) of 20–40 mm thick mild carbon steel is performed using fiber-[6]coupled diode lasers
with a combined optical power of 400 W. The experimental cutting headsassembly is designed to deliver
the laser beam off-axis to the cutting oxygen jet. The high-powerdiode lasers used in the experimental
cutting setup are four 100 W, 976 nm fiber-coupled diod. The output fibers are multimode with 105 µm
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
diameter core and 0.15 NA. The four laser di-odes are coupled to two 10 m long multimode delivery fibers
with 220/ 242 µm core/clad diameter and 0.22 NA, using two high power multi-mode pump combiners
(ITF).. The experimental results show that, a fiber-coupled diode laser system with a power as low as 400
W is capable of cutting thick mild steel sections of up to 40 mm. 20 mm thick workpieces can be cut with
a speed of 200 mm/min and an edge quality potentially acceptable for industrial applications.

7. Jae Sung Shin,Seong Yong Oh, Hyunmin Park, Chin-Man Chung, Sangwoo Seon, Taek-Soo Kim,In this
work Continuous Wave laser are used and AISI 304 2.5 mm thickness sheet work piece [7]

material is used. The experiments plan is based on Box-Behenken design, considered laser

parameters are laser power 2000-4000 KW, the Cutting speed 3500-5500 mm/min and Assist gas
pressure 0.7-0.9 MPA. Each specimen is cut Curved profile in 25mm radius . The top and bottom kerf
width is measured by using Tool maker’s microscope at 10X magnification. The top and bottom kerf
widths were measured at five different locations along the length of the cuThe Best ranges obtained
by using the genetic algorithm approach are Laser power 2571 watts, Cutting speed 5498 mm/min
and Gas pressure 0.899 Mpa. To achieve optimal Kerf quality of Genetic Algorithm is Top kerf width
0.4033mm and Bottom kerf width is 0.3246mm.
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________

8. A Parathibana, M Chandrasekaranb, V Muthuramanc, S Sathishd- 2017 [8] They studied the change in
mathematical value of surface roughness and kerf width while conducting experimentation of co2 laser
cutting on ss-304 stainless steel using nitrogen assist gas. They worked on parameters like laser power,
cutting speed, gas pressure, as input parameters while surface roughness and kerf width are observed as
output responses. A 3 mm thickness ss-304stainless steel was used as work piece material and the size of
the work piece is 205mm*120mm*and 15mm*30mm slot were cut down from 3 mm thickness plate. Based
upon the experiment alresults through regression model it is found surface roughness increase with cutting
speed and laser power.

9. Sakaev, A.A. Ishaaya-2020 [9] Stainless steel and carbon steel plates of various thicknesses were cut at
a laser power of 6-kW. As representative results, the maximum cutting speeds for a 60-mm thickness were
72 mm/min for the stainless-steel plates and 35 mm/min for the carbon steel plates, and those for a 100-
mm thickness were 7 mm/min for stainless steel and 5 mm/min for carbon steel plates. These results show
an efficient cutting capability of about 16.7 mm by kW, whereas other groups have shown cutting
capabilities of ∼10 mm by kW. Moreover, the maximum cutting speeds were faster for the same thicknesses
than those from other groups. Inaddition, the kerf widths of 60-mm and 100-mm thick steels were also
obtained as another important parameter determining the amount of secondary waste.
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Fig-3
10R.P Zelimann in 2022 in his experiment studied [10] the evaluation of the influence variation of the
cutting power, speed, and the assist gas pressure parameters in the roughness values, it was defined that the
experimental procedure would consist in cutting 8 samples in 3 replicates, totalizing 24 samples. The
material set for the cutting of the specimens was the ABNT 1045 steel with 3.75 mm thickness.
Table 1 – Cutting parameters

Parameters Values

Power 3,700 – 4,400 W

Beam quality mode TEM00

Speed 3,500 – 4,200

mm/min
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Cutting type Continuous

Assist gas 0.6 – 1.5 bar

Nozzle distance 0.7 mm

/workpiece

Wavelength 2,00 µm

Nozzle diameter 1 mm

Focus position -1 mm
From the above experiment he concluded that all the analysed samples, numbers 1 and 2 were the ones
that obtained the lowest roughness in all the 3 measured regions. The parameters utilized to cut the samples
were the ones that most approached to the technology table that the laser cutting machine has loaded in its
memory for the SAE 1045 steel with a 3.75 mm thickness and, therefore, the given data by the manufacturer
is coherent to the industry applications. Nevertheless, to obtain lower roughness values close to the lower
face it will be necessary to adjust the cutting power, speed and assist gas pressure parameters, because the
assist gas pressure loses influence over the cutting section, and to obtain lower roughness is necessary to
make the adjustment of the three parameters. Also, in order to have a decreased in the burr formation on
the lower face during the laser cutting process, the cutting speed and assist gas pressure values must be
optimized, because both parameters were significant, according to the variance analysis in the burr
formation.

11.Yadvinder Singh in 2021 [11] An analysis of recent Taguchi method implementations for laser cutting
optimization was discussed in this paper. The following are the most significant findings from the past
research. The Taguchi approach is used in laser cutting to find a ‘‘robust” solution, i.e., identifying laser
cutting conditions unaffected by parameter changes and noise.For Optimization (multi-objective) of
Nd:YAG pulsed laser cutting of distinct materials, primarily aluminium and its alloys, the Taguchi
approach has been used in most cases. Most of the performance variables considered are associated with
machined geometry (kerf width, taper, and kerf deviation) as well as surface quality (surface roughness).
Also, the Taguchi approach has only been used to improve metallurgical characteristics (HAZ, Burr
inclusion) and productivity efficiency characteristics (MRR). Other essential performance variables, for
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
instance, precise cutting speed, efficiency, processing time, and costs, should be considered using the
Taguchi method. The Taguchi approach has been associated with numerous techniques, including grey
relational analysis, weighted sum approach, RSM, & fuzzy logic, to find near-optimal solutions in multi-
objective optimization.The Taguchi approach restricts the quest for the best variable settings to discrete
variable values from the experiment matrix. The Taguchi approach does not perform any further
interpolation or extrapolation because it is a model-free optimization technique. To address this
shortcoming, the Taguchi method and response surface methodology are combined to combine the benefits
of both at the same time. There is currently no literature that demonstrates a hybrid approach, i.e.,
combining the Taguchi method and artificial neural networks for process variable optimization, and further
research is needed in this field.

12.Gavendra Norkey in 2020 [12] He suggested that High energy density laser beam is a best approach to
cut difficult- to- laser cut materials. Laser is most suitable to cut highly reflective and thermal conductive
materials i.e. Aluminium and its alloy which is difficult to laser cut material. The optical and thermal
characteristics of material are the main proficiency of laser beam machining. The industries as automobiles
and aircraft which need complicated design or difficult portrait forward with inflexible model condition
adopt that types of material extensively. The quality of laser cutting mainly possible with the appropriate
selection of input process parameters. For optimal setting of process parameters, the effect of their variation
on different quality characteristics of interest is required to be investigated. In this paper the simulation test
results show that the simulated values of material removal rate (MRR) using neural network model are
quite close to the values calculated with theoretical formulae. To express the relation between cutting
quality and cutting specification the artificial neural network (ANN) approach is established for vertical
laser cutting position. For optimizing the parameters, concluding cutting results and surmising new cutting
information the artificial neural network (ANN) provides outstanding outcomes.

13. Andreas Wetzig in2019 [13] in his experiment he studied about the emergence of high power single
mode fiber lasers cutting velocities of more than 100 m/min can be achieved easily on a straight cut. Results
of laser fusion cutting of thin sheet metal with a 2 kW single mode fiber and 4 kW laser will be introduced.
Several thicknesses of electrical sheets, aluminium sheets and high strength steel sheets have been cut with
maximum speeds of 150 m/min. The cutting quality in terms of cutting edge appearance, burr formation,
and kerf width has been analysed. In the case of 2D contour cutting high cutting speeds cannot be
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
accomplished due to steady decelerating and accelerating of the cutting machine. Two alternative concepts
will be presented which help to realize high cutting speeds on a contour cut: The first concept shifts the
machine movement for filigree structures to high dynamic light weight linear axes whereas the second
concept forbears to use cutting gases and allows therefore the usage of galvanometer driven fast mirrors to
move the laser beam.

14. Ya-Zhou Mao1, Jian-Xi Yang1 and Jin-Chen Ji2 in 2020 [14] Surface profile and quality of the formed
micropits were analyzed using NanoFocus 3D equipment. Lasers have a strong antiinterference capability,
concentrated energy power density, high brightness, making them ideal for advanced manufacturing. Laser
machining operates in a clean and pollution-free environment, which contrasts with conventional
machining. The factors significantly affecting the surface texture of the micropit are the energy and pulse
width. The influences of the process parameters (including the diameter, wavelength, and power) on laser
machining were analyzed. The relationship between taper angle and energy is appropriately linear.

Fig4. Model of millisecond laser machining

An axisymmetric model of a millisecond laser acting on a material surface in a cylindrical coordinate

system is shown in Fig. 1. Laser acts vertically on the material surface. When the laser interacts with the
surface of the material, the energy cannot completely act on the surface. Most of the laser energy is absorbed
by the target surface, with a small part lost in the air. The laser-formed specimen was cut to the size of 1.3
cm (radius 9.3 cm) Brass has a corresponding surface roughness of 1.6 lm.
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Fig5. Micropit Surface Texture

The output wavelength of the Nd:YAG laser used in the study is 1064 nm; the maximum power is 50 W;
and the repetition frequency is not more than 50 kHz. When the transient laser acts on the brass surface,
the diameter of the micropits expands outward during the laser ablation process. A slight ‘crater-like’’
material bulge can be seen around them. Micropit surface profile is shown in Fig. 2. The strength threshold
for promoting the expansion of the. diameter expansion was primarily due to stress, whereas the secondary
melting damage was primarily radial melting. Based on the thermal convection model of laser machining,
the influences of the key parameters on the texture formation, the geometrical morphology, and the surface
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
position were studied. Lasers can quickly produce a micropit surface texture that has undergone a series of
phase changes. The surface saturated vapor pressure is an important index of the liquid mass mobility index.
Compressive stress damage occurs first, followed by melting, splashing, cooling, and solidification.

15. C.A.Buffi, J. Fiocchi and A.Tuissi in 2022 [15] Here It is said that the material Shape Memory Alloy
(SMA) is now used in every field like aerospace and biomedical. Along with this laser cutting is the most
used technology for understanding SMA mini and micro devices. In this paper publisher reviews about the
performance of laser cut elements in NiTi SMA with technological, metallurgical, functional and prototypal
approach.Laser beam machining (LBM) is widely used in several applications because the generated
radiation can be absorbed by almost all engineering materials. The laser beam can easily be shaped in the
spatial and temporal domains to cover numerous processes, such as cutting, welding, heat treatments,
surface texturing, marking, material deposition and material deposition. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are
likely the most sensitive to temperature changes. SMAs are functional materials that are characterised by
two peculiar properties:pseudoelasticity (PE) and shape memory effect (SME).SMAs constitute a particular
class of functional materials that exhibit peculiar properties not found in other materials. These
extraordinary properties are the SME and superelasticity (SE) They are due to a thermomechanical phase
transformation between a high-temperature parent phase (B2, austenite) and a lowtemperature product
(B190) phas Austenite and martensite are characterised by body-centred cubic and crystal structures.
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________

Fig6- Schematic of Laser Cutting Process

Laser cutting, one of the most established laser material processing technologies, is a thermal method for
shaping and separating a workpiece into segments of the desired geometry. The process is performed by
moving a focused laser beam on the workpiece, as shown schematically in Fig. 1. The industrial
configuration of the laser system used for laser cutting consists of a laser source, which is typically an
active fibre laser, Nd:YAG, CO2, or femtosecond laser, coupled with an optical chain for delivering and
focusing the laser beam. A flow of shielding gas, which may be inert or active depending on the material
type, is adduced coaxially-driven with a nozzle by a nozzle. The technological investigations present the
effects of the main process parameters on kerf quality. The most important process parameter in laser
cutting is the pulse duration. Other process parameters, such as power, speed, spot size, shielding gas type,
flow, on the kerf characteristics, that is, width, taper, and roughness, as well as HAZ extension. The cutting
process was conducted on NiTi plates using a Nd:YAG laser source. We discuss the principal technological
results achieved using long, short, and ultrashort laser pulses. Laser processing is among the most
widespread technologies for manufacturing NiTi SMA mini- and micro-devices for both the industrial and
scientific applications. The most important parameters of the laser cutting process, such as pulse duration
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
and emission wavelength, can significantly affect the conduction of the heat, and the quality of the cut
edge. The adoption of short lasers or hybrid processes, like water jet guided laser beam cutting and cutting
under liquid immersion, can also promote the best quality of NiTi SMAs. The use of a laser beam in cutting
is a precise tool, able to readjust its characteristics for improving its performance.

16. Hai Cheng, Liangabg Zhou, Jianqui Sun, Sihan Wen, Tuning Wang, Baohua Chang and Dong Du [16]
The laser-materials interaction is crucial for laser material processing. In the keyhole mode, the oscillating
keyhole pushed the molten pool to flow in a vortex, which improved the stability of the welding process.
When the laser energy absorbed by the liquid metal was not sufficient to form a keyhole, the key hole mode
transited to the transition mode. In the conduction mode, material evaporation hardly occurred. Only a few
metals on the surface melted. There was almost no porosity generated in the laser weld. The results
indicated that the LBOW process could be classified into three modes.Welding is indispensable and crucial
technology in the manufacturing process of aluminum alloy structural parts. Laser beam oscillating welding
(LBOW) is a potential welding method that has quickly developed recently. LBOW could stabilize the
laser welding process of aluminium alloys, such as tungsten gas (TIG) welding. It is necessary to further
study the interaction mechanism of materials and the high-speed moving laser. The differences of weld
geometry, internal defects, and microstructure among different modes were studied.An IPG YLS-6000-
6000 fiber laser and a Precitec ScanTracker YW52 LBOW head were used for the welding experiments.
The base metal was a 7 mm-thick 2219-T87 Al–6Cu alloy with a size of 300 mm × 100 mm. The Reis 6-
axis (6-axis) robot was used, moving at a pre-configured welding speed. Analysis of the macrostructure
and microstructure was conducted using an optical microscope. A series of LBOW experiments were
conducted to study the effect of the beam oscillating parameters on the weld bead geometry. When the
oscillating frequency or amplitude increased, the ripples on the surface of the welds became more uniform,
smoother, and finer. The weld fusion line was gradually getting more flat, and the weld line became more
flat. As the weld speed increased, as the cross-sectional area of the welding process decreased, the volume
of the molten metal was the main reason for the difference in the volume. The LBOW process could be
classified into three modes according to the oscillating speed ranges and corresponding process
characteristics. Effects of the laser energy on the dynamics of the welding process are further discussed
below. The suppression of keyhole-induced porosity in the laser weld by the beam oscillating could be
attributed to the following three reasons: 1, 2, 3, 4: Mode1- Keyhole mode, Mode-2- Transition mode,
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Mode3-Conduction mode and Mode4- The threshold of processing modes transition. In this study, the
effects of welding parameters on the processing modes of 2219 aluminum alloy and its transition
mechanism were studied. According to the oscillating speed range and the corresponding process
characteristics, the LBOW process could be classified into three modes. There were obvious differences
between the two modes: Keyhole mode and Conduction mode. In this mode, the size of the molten pool
was small, and the laser absorption rate was the lowest. The volume of liquid metal formed by laser melting
was the smalls.

Research Gap-
After working on research papers and creating a literature review, we came to know that the maximum
power of laser beam machine used for cutting is 50KW. Also, the steel material above 10mm is not cut
using laser beam machining. Different process parameters are used in different researches like speed ,
wavelength, power and repetition frequency.

Problem statement-
To have a comparative study on input parameters of Laser Beam Machining (LBM) like cutting speed,
power, drilling power, material removal rate and have analysis and comparison of results of output
parameters like surface roughness, thickness, spatter formation, micro cracks.

Proposed work:
Present work includes the basic study of LBM and its different working parameters, process
parameters and performance parameters.
Project work includes:
1. To study Advanced Machining Processes (AMPs).
2. To have in depth study of Laser Machining Process.
3. To analyze the various performance and process parameters.
4. To perform various tests of samples on laser machining.
5. Analyze the obtained results experimentally and theoretically.
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________
Methodology-
The engineering methodology is a systematic approach used to in reaching the desired solution to a
problem, which has been specified. Example- Details about the material to be used, manufacturing process,
software that will be used, testing method.

Schedule- Week wise schedule is expected as below

Sr. Duration Aug-22 Sep-22 Oct-22 Nov-22 Dec-22 Jan-23 Feb-23 Mar23 Apr-23
No Activity I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV
1. Topic selection,
concept, schemat-
ic and budgeting
2. Identification of
typesof machining
3. Study of LBM
4. Selecting LBM for
research
5. Collection of
research papers.
6. Creating review of
research papers.
7. Creating a review
paper of proposed
work.
8. Cutting of actual
material in Laser
industry.
9. Designing on basis
of outputs
obtained.
10. Final work

Available facilities:

1. Office facility : Computer, internet.

2. Matlab : Design software
3. Library facility.
4. Laser industry

Expected date of completion of work –

 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________

References:
1)Parametric analysis and performance of laser cutting on strenx steel-Oct2020_K. Muralitharan, S. Shalini
Packham Kamala, D. Alankrutha, K. Bhanu Prakash, Ram Sobia, S. Mariehamn Murali Krishnam Raju, S.
Rajesh, N. Sudheer Kumar Varma-2019.

2)Effect of cutting conditions on surface roughness of machined parts in CO2 laser cutting of pure titanium-
Dec2020-M. Boujelbene, B. El Aoud , E. Bayrakt , I. Elbadawi, I. Chaudhry , A. Khaliq a, A. Ayyaz , Z.

3)Modeling on surface cut quality of CO2 laser cutting for Austenitic Stainless steel sheet-July2019_.
Parthiban, C. Dhana Sekaran, S. Siva Ganesan, S. Sathish.

4)Optimization of CO2 Laser Cutting of Stainless Steel Sheet for Curved Profile-2018_A Parthibana*, M
Chandrasekaranb, V Muthuramanc, S Sathishd.

5)Parametric analysis of process parameter for Laser cutting process on SS-304-2018_Dhrupal J.

Kotadiyaa, Jaydeep M. Kapopara, Anjal R. Patel, Chirag G. Dalwadi, D. H. Pandya.

6)Effect of process parameters on machinability characteristics of CO2 laser process used for cutting SS-
304 Stainless steels_ K. Rajesh,V. Murali Krishnam Raju, S. Rajesh, N. Sudheer Kumar Varma.

7)Laser cutting of steel plates up to 100 mm in thickness with a 6-kW fiber laser for application to
dismantling of nuclear facilities_Jae Sung Shin,Seong Yong Oh, Hyunmin Park, Chin-Man Chung,
Sangwoo Seon, Taek-Soo Kim,Lim Lee, Jonghwan Lee. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2017.

8)Optimization of CO2 Laser Cutting of Stainless-Steel Sheet for Curved Profile_ A Parathibana, M
Chandrasekaranb, V Muthuramanc, S Sathishd- 2017.

9)Diode laser assisted oxygen cutting of thick mild steel with off-axis beam delivery_Sakaev, A.A. Ishaaya-
2020.

10)Effects of cutting power, speed and assist gas pressure parameters on the Surface integrity cut by
laser.2022. R.P Zeipmann, R.D Conrado.

11)Process parameter optimization in laser cutting of Coir fiber reinforced Epoxy composite - a review -
Yadvinder Singh a, Jujhar Singh a, Shubham Sharma a, Abhinav Sharma, Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan.

12)Intelligent parameters optimization for laser cutting of highly reflective and thermally conductive
materials using artificial neural network-Gavendra Norkey, Kaushal Pratap Singh, Akanksha Prajapati,
Vivek Sharma-2019.
 STES’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,
Pune-41
Department of Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________________________________

13)Fast Laser Cutting of Thin Metal-Peter Rauschera,Andreas Wetzig 2019.

14)Theoretical and experimental study of surface texturing with laser machining-June2020_Ya-Zhou

Mao1, Jian-Xi Yang1 and Jin-Chen Ji2.

15)Relevant aspects of laser cutting of NiTi shape memory alloys-Feb2022_C.A. Buffi, J. Fiocchi and
A.Tuissi.

16)Processing modes in laser beam oscillating welding of Al- 6Cu alloy-July2021_Hai Cheng, Liangabg
Zhou, Jianqui Sun, Sihan Wen, Tuning Wang, Baohua Chang and Dong Du.

Prof. T.S. Sargar Dr. A.B.Jadhav Prof. T.S. Sargar

Guide Project coordinator H.O.D. Mechanical Engineering