Research Activity #2

Frane, Rupert Joaquin D. [BSBA-HRM 3

 Brief History of Energy Consumption
E. Cook [1971] calculated daily human energy consumption at six distinct
stages of societal development. The Primitive Period, Hunting Period, Primitive
Agricultural Period, Advanced Agricultural Period, Industrial Period, and
Technological Period are the six periods from earliest to most recent. Food was
the earliest source of energy, and it was needed for life. Cook thought that food
was the only source of energy for people living during the "Primitive" period.
People could utilize wood to heat and cook during the Hunting period
because they could regulate fire. At night, fire gave light and could illuminate
caverns. In a home environment, firewood was the first source of energy for
consumption.
Domestication of animals defined the Primitive Agricultural Period.
Animals were able to assist humans in growing crops and cultivating their
farms. The capacity to produce more food than you required sparked the
development of an agricultural enterprise.
Furthermore, during the Advanced Agricultural period, when humans
learned to use coal and created machinery to capture wind and water, more
energy was consumed.
Moreover, The rise of steam engine in the Industrial period allowed heat
energy to be converted into mechanical energy.
Finally, the development of internal combustion engines and uses of
electricity are related with the modern Technological era.
Uses and Sources of Energy

Coal
In the United States, coal is largely utilized to create electricity. Bituminous coal,
subbituminous coal, and lignite are burnt in coal-fired power plants. The heat generated
by coal combustion is utilized to turn water into high-pressure steam, which is used to
power a turbine that generates electricity.

Oil
Many houses and businesses have oil-fired furnaces or employ various technology to
turn oil into energy for lighting and appliances. Petroleum is responsible for the heat
and light you have in your house or business.

Natural Gas
Natural gas is used in the business sector to heat buildings and water, run refrigeration
and cooling equipment, cook, dry clothing, and provide outdoor lighting.
The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on the limited
natural resources that are used to power industrial society are diminishing
as the demand rises. The supply of these natural resources is restricted.
While they do occur naturally, replenishing the stockpiles can take
hundreds of thousands of years. Governments and concerned citizens are
collaborating to prioritize the use of renewable resources and reduce
reckless use of natural resources through enhanced conservation.

Energy Crisis and Conservation

Alternative Sources of Energy
One of our planet's most plentiful and
Solar readily available energy sources is
sunlight. The quantity of solar energy
Energy that reaches the earth's surface in one
hour is enough to meet the planet's
whole annual energy needs.
Hydro power is one of the most
Hydro commercially established renewable
energy sources. A big reservoir may
Energy be utilized to create a regulated flow
of water that will run a turbine and
generate power by constructing a
dam or barrier.
Wind is an abundant clean energy
Wind source. Turbines operate generators,
which ultimately send power onto
Energy the National Grid, allowing wind
energy to be harnessed.
Although tidal flow is not continuous,
Tidal it is very predictable and can thus
compensate for periods when the
Energy tide current is low, unlike some other
hydro energy sources.
Alternative Sources of Energy

“By harnessing the natural heat below

the earth’s surface, geothermal energy
Geothermal can be used to heat homes directly or to
Energy generate electricity.”

A conversion of solid fuel made from

Biomass plant materials into electricity.
Energy
Earthquakes,
Location, &
Frequency
 What is Earthquake?

● An earthquake, in its most basic

description, is a violent shaking of
the Earth's surface. Movements in
Earth's outermost layer are causing
the shaking.
 What is Earthquake Location?

● The epicenter is the location where

an earthquake begins. The
epicenter of an earthquake
produces the most violent shaking.
An earthquake's vibrations, on the
other hand, can be felt and
identified hundreds, if not
thousands, of miles distant from the
epicenter.
 What is Earthquake Frequency?
● About once a year, a large earthquake
occurs. Smaller earthquakes, such
magnitude 2 earthquakes, happen
hundreds of times every day. Several
million medium-sized earthquakes
spanning tens of millions of years might
be required to form a mountain system.

● The expanded Richter Magnitude scale,

displayed on the left side of the picture,
was used to characterize the size of an
earthquake. The earthquake will be
greater if the number is higher. The
amount of high explosives necessary to
create the energy released by the
earthquake is shown by the scale on the
right-hand side of the illustration.
Effects of Earthquakes
● Ground Shaking - Body waves and surface waves create
ground tremors. Ground shaking intensity increases as
magnitude increases and decreases as distance from the
causing fault increases, in general.
● Surface Faulting - The differential movement of the two
sides of a crack at the Earth's surface is known as
surface faulting, and it can be strike-slip, normal, or
reverse (or thrust).
● Ground Failure - One example of ground collapse is a
landslide. Rockfalls and rock fragment slides on steep
slopes are the most common forms of
earthquake-induced landslides. Shallow debris slides on
steep slopes, as well as soil and rock slumps and block
slides on moderate to severe slopes, occur, albeit they are
less common. Earthquakes seldom reactivate dormant
slumps or block slides.
● Tsunamis - Tsunamis are water waves created by a
significant region of the sea bottom suddenly moving
vertically during an underwater earthquake.
 Earthquake Prediction

It is currently impossible to forecast when and where

an earthquake will strike, let alone its magnitude.
Seismologists, on the other hand, can calculate
probabilities and predictions to predict where earthquakes
are likely to hit. The average rate of historical seismic
activity in a location can be used to determine
probabilities. This method is especially beneficial in areas
where earthquakes have been recorded using
seismographs, which were initially widely used in the early
1900s.
Earthquake Precaution

● DROP - BEFORE the earthquake pushes you down, go

down on your hands and knees. This stance keeps
you from falling while still allowing you to maneuver
if necessary.
● COVER - cover your head and neck (and, if feasible,
your entire body) with a strong table or desk. If you
don't have access to a shelter, lie down against an
interior wall or low-lying furniture that won't fall on
you and cover your head and neck with your arms
and hands.
● HOLD - hold on to your shelter (or your head and
neck) until it stops shaking. Prepare to relocate your
shelter if the earthquake causes it to shift.
Volcanic Eruptions
● A volcanic eruption occurs when a volcano
releases lava and gas, sometimes
explosively. A 'glowing avalanche,' which
occurs when newly erupted lava slides
down the flanks of a volcano, is the most
deadly sort of eruption. They move swiftly
and may reach temperatures of up to
1,200°F. Ash fall and lahars are two further
dangers (mud or debris flows). Volcanoes
frequently result in human dislocation and
food scarcity.
Volcanic Eruptions
● Eruptions may sometimes be a catastrophically
destructive force. Changes in the global
environment have a significant impact. Every year,
roughly 50 volcanoes above sea level throughout
the world erupt, endangering the lives and
property of millions of people. Significant-scale
explosive eruptions can produce ash fallout that
can blanket large parts of the planet. Eruptions
can create floods, pyroclastic flows, and
mudflows, all of which can result in significant
loss of life and property, burying towns and
villages in minutes. . Eruptions may turn fertile
regions into desolate deserts in a matter of
minutes.
 What is a Typhoon?
A typhoon is a massive storm
system with a circular or spiral
structure of severe winds that spans
hundreds of kilometers or miles. The
winds swirl around a low air
pressure area. These storms in the
Western Pacific are referred to as
"typhoons."
 What is a Flood?
A flood occurs when water
overflows and submerges normally
dry terrain. Floods are a topic of
research in the field of hydrology.
They are by far the most common
and widespread natural occurrence
of severe weather. Floods can take
on many various forms, ranging
from a few inches to many feet of
water. They might also appear
suddenly or gradually.
Energy Source of Typhoons
● The tremendous latent heat of the sea is a
typhoon's secret energy source. The air
above the tropics is drier than you may
assume. Despite the fact that both the air
and the water are warm and quiet,
evaporation might occur since the air is not
at 100% relative humidity.
● Water transforms from liquid to vapor and
enters the atmosphere quietly and
discreetly. The energy necessary to perform
this shift originates from the sun, and it is
resting dormant in the vapor, waiting to be
released when it condenses back into
liquid. This occurs when air rises in a cloud
or thunderstorm.
 Effects of Typhoons
Typhoons have a devastating effect on
both humans and animals, taking lives in the
process. While this can happen immediately,
such as when flying debris or collapsing
structures harm or kill people, the lack of
accessible supplies and infrastructure that may
accompany typhoon impact is a "silent killer" of
sorts. Typhoons may damage food reserves and
supplies, as well as transmit illness. Individuals
may not be able to receive the medical treatment
they require in towns cut off by typhoons, and
famine becomes a serious threat.
 Effects of Flooding
As most people are aware, flooding has direct
consequences such as loss of life, property damage,
crop devastation, animal loss, and worsening of
health due to waterborne infections. Some economic
activity may come to a halt when communication
linkages and infrastructure such as power plants,
highways, and bridges are damaged or interrupted,
forcing people to flee their homes and disrupting
regular life.
Floods can also cause long-term stress to
victims and their families. The loss of a loved one
has a profound effect on children. Displacement
from one's home, loss of property, and interruption of
business and social activities may all add to one's
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psychological effects on certain people might be
long-lasting.
 Effects of Flood in the
Environment
Flooding may be harmful to animals,
resulting in drowning, disease spread, and
habitat degradation. Floodwaters may also
change the terrain by eroding riverbanks and
causing them to collapse, for example. As
floodwaters bring silt from eroding banks, the
debris becomes suspended in the water,
lowering water quality and causing toxic algal
blooms. Furthermore, contaminants such as
agricultural pesticides, industrial chemicals,
trash, and sewage can pollute floodwater.
References:
● https://is.muni.cz/el/fss/podzim2013/MEB423/um/Energy_Concepts.pdf
● https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-coal-used
● https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/use-of-natural-gas.php
● https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-solutions-to-the-global-energy-crisis.php
● https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/earthquakes/en/
● https://www.iris.edu/gallery3/general/posters/exploring_earth/EarthquakeFrequency
● https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/what-are-effects-earthquakes
● https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/earthquakes/earthquakes-probabilities
● https://www.ifrc.org/volcanic-eruptions
● http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c12/e1-07-01-08.pdf
● https://www.openhazards.com/faq/hurricanes-tropical-cyclones-and-typhoons/what-typhoon
● earthnetworks.com/flooding/
● https://www.chiefscientist.qld.gov.au/publications/understanding-floods/flood-consequences
● https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/many-effects-flooding/